From b5327c30c4b6ad3d8b89a83641434d9e1ac04c0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Tue, 22 Oct 2024 13:09:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-10-22 13:03:57 --- .../87/03A087C2FFB6FFFAC7C7FBF2FEA0FCC0.xml | 835 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 835 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/03/A0/87/03A087C2FFB6FFFAC7C7FBF2FEA0FCC0.xml diff --git a/data/03/A0/87/03A087C2FFB6FFFAC7C7FBF2FEA0FCC0.xml b/data/03/A0/87/03A087C2FFB6FFFAC7C7FBF2FEA0FCC0.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7fd17130bc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/A0/87/03A087C2FFB6FFFAC7C7FBF2FEA0FCC0.xml @@ -0,0 +1,835 @@ + + + +Species of Wadicosa (Araneae, Lycosidae): a new species from the southeastern Arabian Peninsula + + + +Author + +Kronestedt, Torbjörn +0000-0002-1400-8834 +Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE- 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden +torbjorn.kronestedt@hotmail.com + + + +Author + +Feulner, Gary R. +0009-0005-9064-8082 +Dubai Natural History Group, PO Box 9234, Dubai, United Arab Emirates +grfeulner@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Roobas, Binish +0009-0001-3578-2482 +Dubai Natural History Group, PO Box 9234, Dubai, United Arab Emirates +binishroobas@hotmail.com + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-15 + + +5523 + + +2 + + +291 +300 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.2.10 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5523.2.10 +1175-5326 +13934131 +8DE70F66-B294-442C-82D7-4AC22AF8F97E + + + + + + + +Wadicosa arabica + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +( +Figs 1 +, +2A‒D +, +3‒4 +, +5C‒E +, +6 +) + + + + + + +Pardosa +sp. A + +”Hajar Wadi + +Pardosa + +”: + +Feulner & Roobas 2015: 47 + +, figs 31.1‒2 (live +♂ +♀ +). + + + + + +Type material. + + +Holotype + +♂ +from +UNITED ARAB EMIRATES +, + +Fujairah +: + +Wadi Wurayah +, +25°23’41’’N +, +56°16’02’’E +, + +10 Nov. 2022 + +, leg. +G.R. Feulner +, in +NHRS + +. ‒ + + +Paratypes +. + +OMAN +, + +Ash-Sharqiyyah South +: + +Quhaid +, +21°09’N +, +58°55’E +(probably wrong locality, see below), + +18 Feb. 1986 + +, +1♂ +(Oman Eastern Sands Project, +W. Büttiker +, +NHMB +) + +. + +UNITED ARAB EMIRATES +, + +Fujairah +: + +Wadi Wurayah +, +25°23’41’’N +, +56°16’02’’E +, + +10 Nov. 2022 + +, +3♀ +(incl. +allotype +) ( +G.R. Feulner +, +NHRS +); + + +same locality, +25°22’58’’N +, +56°15’45.5’’E +, + +15 Dec. 2022 + +, +3♂ +( +G.R. Feulner +, +NHRS +) + +. + + + + +Etymology. +The specific epithet refers to the presence of this species in the Arabian Peninsula. + + + + +Diagnosis. +The male differs from congeners by the spear-like shape of the posteriad directed branch ( +TAp +in +Fig.3C +) of the tegular apophysis, the long and narrow embolus with its apex forming two sharply cut halves, and the medially situated posterior retrolateral tegular process ( +pp +in +Fig. 3C +). The female differs from congeners by the configuration of the epigyne, with epigyneal cavity about twice as wide as long and foveola ( +fo +in +Fig. 4C +) somewhat elongate and partly confluent. For comparison with male palp and epigyne of + +W. fidelis + +see +Fig. 2E‒H +. + + +In the field, males ( +Fig. 5C‒D +) may be readily separated from those of + +W. fidelis + +. In the latter ( +Fig. 5F +), the colour pattern of the carapace includes blackish sides (sometimes with a few lighter lateral spots) flanking a pale tan, contrasting, roughly urn-shaped median field with jagged edges, which extends anteriorly to the posterior median eyes. + + + + + +Description. +Male + +( +holotype +). Total length 6.80. Carapace 3.70 long, 3.00 wide. + + +Prosoma +( +Fig. 1A +). Carapace dark (sooty) yellowish grey with dark yellow median field, wide around fovea with edges jagged. Lateral bands yellowish, covered with white setae, in the front part broken into spots. Sides of thoracic part with recumbent black and adpressed thin light setae. Median band with adpressed light and scattered dark setae. Clypeus sooty, brownish laterally. Chelicerae reddish brown, distally more yellowish, with darker elongate markings. Sternum yellowish grey. + + +Eyes. +Width of row I 64 (slightly recurved as seen from front), row II 95, row III 118, row II‒III 92. Diameter of AME 14, ALE 11, PME 36, PLE 32. Distance between AME 10, between AME and ALE 3. + + +Legs +( +Table 1 +). Yellow with dark greyish annulation except on Ta. Coxae light yellow. + + + +TABLE 1 +. Leg (I–IV) measurements (in mm) of + +Wadicosa arabica + +sp. nov. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
FePtTiMtTaTotal
Male
I3.351.402.903.001.6512.30
II3.201.352.552.901.6011.60
III3.101.302.303.301.5011.50
IV3.901.503.305.252.0015.95
Female
I3.651.503.203.151.7513.25
II3.451.502.903.101.6012.55
III3.351.352.603.451.5012.25
IV4.301.553.655.702.1517.35
+ + + +FIGURE 1. + +Wadicosa arabica + + +sp. nov. + +(UAE: Wadi Wurayah).—A, male.—B, female. Scale line = 2 mm. + + + +Opisthosoma +( +Fig. 1A +). Dorsum blackish with pattern of yellowish spots. Lanceolate stripe blackish. On each side of lanceolate stripe one spot basally, and one spot at about half-length and one spot posteriorly. Yellowish transverse bars rearwards from lanceolate stripe. Yellowish spots with whitish setae, otherwise black setae on dorsum. Sides with black and adpressed whitish setae. Venter light greyish with dense covering of long, recumbent light and scattered dark setae. + + +Palp +( +Figs 2A +, +3 +). Pt 0.70, Ti 0.75, Cy 1.75. Fe dark yellowish grey, distally light yellow with white setae. Pt and Ti light yellow with dense, long, white setae and scattered erect dark bristles. Cy blackish brown, slightly lighter distally. Tegular apophysis with transversal branch directed retrolaterad, apically bent posteriad; posteriad directed branch spear-like and heavily sclerotized ( +Figs 2A +, +3 +). Tegulum with spearlike anterior retrolateral process directed ventrally, rearwards continuing into a conspicuous sclerotized scutra which retrolaterally forms a wide rounded crest-like projection and more postero-medially a heavily sclerotized rounded posterior retrolateral process directed obliquely anteriad ( +Fig. 3 +). Conductor as in +Figs 2A +, +3 +. Embolus ( +Figs 2A‒C +, +3 +) long and narrow, forming a conspicuous bend over upper branch of tegular apophysis, apically bipartite. + + +Female +( +allotype +). Total length 7.1. Carapace 3.95 long, 3.15 wide. + + + +FIGURE 2. + +Wadicosa arabica + + +sp. nov. + +(A‒D) (♂ from Oman: Quhaid?, ♀ from UAE: Wadi Wurayah), and + +W. fidelis + +(O.P.- Cambridge) (E‒H) all from Spain.—A, E, right male palp, ventral view.—B, C. F, G, left embolus in ventral (B, F) and anterior (C, G) view.—D, H, epigyne, ventral view. E–G after +Kronestedt & Zyuzin (2009) +, H after +Kronestedt (2015) +. Scale line (applies to all) = 0.5 mm. + + + +Prosoma +( +Fig. 1B +). Carapace greyish brown. Wide median yellow field with jagged edges enclosing fovea. Lateral bands present as yellow spots, the two rear ones more or less confluent. Clypeus yellowish brown, Chelicerae reddish brown, furnished with short whitish and stiff erect dark setae. Sternum light yellow with slight greyish tinge. + + +Eyes. +Width of row I 65 (slightly recurved as seen from front), row II 98, row III 127, row II‒III 94. Diameter of AME 16, ALE 10, PME 34, PLE 30. Distance between AME 10, between AME and ALE 3. + + +Legs +( +Table 1 +). Yellow with dark greyish annulation except on Ta. Coxae light yellow. + + +Opisthosoma +( +Fig. 1B +). Dorsally patterned in blackish and yellowish grey and covered with long and short dark setae, with a row of about five yellowish spots on each side of lanceolate stripe and further backwards. Each spot with dark dot within. Behind second pair of yellow spots, as counted from the front, a transverse row of four white spots (setae tufts), two on each side in the lateral and dorso-lateral positions; several similar but less prominent rows are present posteriorly, all being more conspicuous in life, less so after preservation (cf. +Fig. 5E +). Venter light yellowish with adpressed white pubescence and short thin dark setae. + + +Epigyne +( +Figs 2D +, +4 +). Epigyneal cavity about twice as wide as long, bottom corrugated, slightly widening posteriorly. Anterior part of epigyneal cavity covered by small protruding outgrowths, in front of these median depression occupied by two elongated foveolae, in part confluent and open posteriorly. Spermathecae large, somewhat reniform, with laterad portions bilobed ( +Fig. 4B, D +). + + + +FIGURE 3. + +Wadicosa arabica + + +sp. nov. + +(UAE: Wadi Wurayah), bulbus.—A, B, left male palp in ventral (A) and retrolateral (B) view.—C, D, same palp as in A & B. +ap +, anterior retrolateral tegular process; +co +, conductor; +cr +, crest-like projection; +em +, embolus; +pp +, posterior retrolateral tegular process; +sc +, scutra; +TAp +, posteriad directed branch of tegular apophysis; +TAt +, transversal branch of tegular apophysis. Scale line = 0.2 mm (A, B), 300 µm (C, D). + + + + +FIGURE 4. + +Wadicosa arabica + + +sp. nov. + +(all from UAE: Wadi Wurayah).—A, epigyne, ventral view, in allotype with dark remains of mating plug in foveolae.—B–D, epigyne in ventral (C) and dorsal (B, D) view. +ca +, epigyneal cavity; +fo +, foveola; +sp +, spermatheca. Scale line = 0.2 mm (A, B), 300 µm (C, D). + + + +Size variation. +Carapace length: males 3.40‒3.70 (N = 5), females 3.50‒3.95 (N = 3). + + +Egg sacs. +Two egg +sacs measured 5.2 x 4.0 and 5.2 x +4.4 mm +respectively (lenticular in shape), containing 66 and +75 juveniles +respectively. + + +Habitat. + +Wadicosa arabica + +is active diurnally on gravel, pebbles and cobbles beside wadi pools or gently flowing channels in the wadis of the Hajar Mountains ( +sensu stricto +) of the +UAE +and neighbouring +Oman +( +Feulner & Roobas 2015 +, +Feulner 2023 +, +2024 +; +Fig. 5A‒B +) and can be a common predator in those discrete habitats, especially after rainfall has replenished the wadis. It is found most often where the gravel substrate remains damp and it is not unusual for it to walk (or run) on the water surface. On one occasion when the spiders were common after rainfall, several individuals were seen to take shelter from human observers in tiny holes burrowed vertically in a low, damp gravel bank (as observed by GRF and BR in +December 2022 +), behaviour which is atypical in pardosoid spiders. + + +It should be noted specifically that + +W. arabica + +has never been observed in the mountains of the Musandam peninsula (the Ru’us al-Jibal range), at the northern end of the UAE-Oman mountain chain, and it is believed to be absent from there. The most likely reason is that the hydrology limits suitable habitat. The Hajar Mountains ( +sensu stricto +), which account for most of the mountains of the +UAE +and northernmost +Oman +, consist of rocks which facilitate the formation of intermittent surface pools and streams and hyporheic flow. In contrast, the Ru’us al-Jibal range is a thick sequence of rocks that weather in a karstic fashion, with the result that surface water is very rare and flowing streams even more so, and very ephemeral ( +Feulner 2011 +). + + + +FIGURE 5.— +A‒B, localities in Wadi Wurayah, Fujairah, UAE, where + +Wadicosa arabica + + +sp. nov. + +was common after heavy rain in December 2022.—C‒E, + +W. arabica + + +sp. nov. + +C‒D, male (C from Wadi Wurayah, Fujairah, UAE, May 2015; D from Wadi Ahin, Al Batinah North Governorate, Oman, March 2024). E, female (from Wadi Wurayah, May 2014).—F, + +W. fidelis + +, male (from Wadi Baraq, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE, March 2024). +N. B. +The male palps in + +W. fidelis + +have white pilosity similar to that in + +W. arabica + + +sp. nov. + +Photo credits: GRF (A, B, E), BR (C, D, F). + + + +The congeneric + +W. fidelis + +is common and widespread and its distribution range in the +UAE +has been expanded in recent decades by the construction of dams and water breakers, behind which it inhabits the drying silt deposited by occasional floodwaters. + +W. fidelis + +is found in a diversity of mesic habitats, all characterized by fine-grained substrates—silt or fine sand or soil, while + +W. arabica + +prefers coarser substrates of wadi gravel, pebbles, and cobbles. It is unusual to find them together due to their difference in habitat preferences. + + +Courtship. +GRF and various companions have observed the male’s courtship display in + +W. arabica + + +sp. nov. + +on many occasions over more than 25 years. It is described as consisting of periodic repetitions, usually from an elevated perch, of a few +staccato +raising and lowering movements in unison of the male’s pedipalps, which have a contrasting white colour ( +i.e. +distal femur, patella and tibia) with black tips ( +i.e. +cymbium) ( +e.g. +Feulner & Roobas 2015 +). After a few repetitions in one place, the male spider moves to another. The female’s response has never been observed. In comparison, the male’s courtship in + +W. fidelis + +also consists of a few raisings and lowerings of the palps in unison, similar to that in + +W. arabica + +but at a slower pace and while elevating the whole body in an exaggerated stance (‘tip-toeing’) (as observed by GRF and BR on multiple occasions and at multiple sites in +February 2024 +). Since observed courtships have never resulted in copulation, we are uncertain whether additional behavioural elements are involved in a typical courtship. + + + + +Distribution +. +Oman +, +United Arab Emirates +( +Fig. 6 +). The single male reportedly collected in Quhaid in +Oman +was probably mislabelled. Quhaid is situated in the south of the Wahiba Sands desert and is likely uninhabitable by this species. + + + +FIGURE 6. +Collection/observation localities for + +Wadicosa arabica + + +sp. nov. + +Circle filled with red shows the provenance of the type specimens; square filled with blue shows the record from + +Cowan +et al. +(2020) + +; triangle filled with yellow shows the stated location of the anomalous 1986 record from the southern Wahiba Sands. Black symbols indicate representative sites in the UAE and Oman where + +Wadicosa arabica + + +sp. nov. + +has been recorded by the second author (GRF) from 1999 to the present. + + + +Vladimir Hula (in litt. 2017) stated, after seeing our +Fig. 2A +, that he had collected material of + +W. arabica + +in northern +Oman +, regrettably now unavailable to the authors. GRF and various companions have observed (but not collected) the species in the Hajar Mountains both in the +UAE +and northernmost +Oman +( +e.g. +Feulner & Roobas 2015 +) over more than 25 years. However, GRF has not observed + +W. arabica + +in the course of a limited number of visits to the south-easternmost mountain areas in +Oman +, and inquiries to Oman-based entomologists have also failed to elicit any records from that area. A southern record most probably referring to this species was mentioned in + +Cowan +et al. +(2020) + +. + + + + + +Final remarks + + + +A part of the species in the genus + +Wadicosa + +have been separated into species groups based on the shape of the tegular apophysis and the embolus in the male palps ( +Kronestedt 2023 +). The + +fidelis + +group is the most speciose, previously encompassing six species ( +Kronestedt 2015 +) distributed over Africa (westernmost in +Cape Verde +Is), southern Europe and Asia (easternmost in New +Guinea +). It is characterized by the tegular apophysis having a conspicuous transversal, less pigmented branch directed retrolaterad, a characteristically coiled embolus and a ditto shaped conductor as well as a conspicuous scutra. + +W. arabica + +belongs within the + +fidelis + +group and exhibits its closest morphological similarities to + +W. commoventa + +in the configuration of the tegular apophysis (with a posteriad directed branch) and epigyne (cf. +Zyuzin 1985 +, figs 13‒14, 17‒19). The latter species was described on the basis of material from +Turkmenistan +and has since been found much further south at a locality in +Kerman Province +in +Iran +( + +Zamani +et al. +2017 + +), indicating a wider distribution range. + + + +Wadicosa arabica + +is so far known only from wadis in the mountain areas of northern +Oman +and northeastern +UAE +, +i.e +., the Hajar Mountains +sensu lato +. That area is known to be a centre of species endemism ( +Feulner 2011 +, +2024 +, + +Monks +et al. +2019 + +) but it also has many floral and faunal affinities with southern +Iran +and Baluchistan—a socalled Oman-Makran distribution ( +Kürschner 1986 +, +Feulner 2011 +, +2024 +). Like a number of localized arthropods and other species in southeastern Arabia, + +W. arabica + +is not uncommon and has been known to UAE- and Oman-based naturalists for many years. It remains to be finally determined, however, whether the distribution of + +W. arabica + +is restricted to the currently known range or whether it might extend to the Makran or to the southerly +Dhofar province +of +Oman +or beyond. + + + + \ No newline at end of file