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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.271.4062" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c93c3a93-d2e1-4c85-8ece-bf3aa1a5109d" ID-PMC="PMC3652427" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-271-1" ID-PubMed="23717185" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-271-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 271" ModsDocTitle="A systematic revision of Operclipygus Marseul (Coleoptera, Histeridae, Exosternini)" checkinTime="1451247655320" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Caterino, Michael S. &amp; Tishechkin, Alexey K." docDate="2013" docId="D00105099BA715CFEC3CE13B3E8AEBDF" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 271: 1-401" docOrigin="ZooKeys 271" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.271.4062" docTitle="Operclipygus foveipygus Bickhardt 1918" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="249" masterDocId="4403FF80FFE7FF95FFDA5D0E29259B2F" masterDocTitle="A systematic revision of Operclipygus Marseul (Coleoptera, Histeridae, Exosternini)" masterLastPageNumber="401" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="245" updateTime="1668155382655" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A systematic revision of Operclipygus Marseul (Coleoptera, Histeridae, Exosternini)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Caterino, Michael S.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tishechkin, Alexey K.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>271</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>401</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.271.4062</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.271.4062</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-271-1</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152040905" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D00105099BA715CFEC3CE13B3E8AEBDF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D00105099BA715CFEC3CE13B3E8AEBDF" lastPageId="248" lastPageNumber="249" pageId="244" pageNumber="245">
<subSubSection pageId="244" pageNumber="245" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="244" pageNumber="245">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Operclipygus_foveipygus" authority="Bickhardt, 1918" authorityName="Bickhardt" authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Operclipygus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Operclipygus foveipygus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="244" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foveipygus">Operclipygus foveipygus (Bickhardt, 1918)</taxonomicName>
Figs 64
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D65E–F">C-D65E-F</normalizedToken>
, HMap 24
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="244" pageNumber="245" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="244" pageNumber="245">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Phelister" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phelister foveipygus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="244" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foveipygus">Phelister foveipygus</taxonomicName>
Bickhardt, 1918c: 243;
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Operclipygus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Operclipygus foveipygus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="244" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foveipygus">Operclipygus foveipygus</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Wenzel, RL" journalOrPublisher="Resultats Scientifiques" pageId="377" pageNumber="378" pagination="235 - 266" title="XXVII - Histeridae from Ecuador. Mission zoologique Belge aux Iles Galapagos et en Ecuador (N. et J. Leleup 1964 - 1965)." volume="3" year="1976">Wenzel (1976</bibRefCitation>
: 258).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="244" pageNumber="245" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="244" pageNumber="245">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="244" pageNumber="245">Not specified beyond Bolivia.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="244" pageNumber="245" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="244" pageNumber="245">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="244" pageNumber="245">
Holotype (ZMHB):
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Boliv.”/”Type”/”">&quot;Boliv.&quot;/&quot;Type&quot;/&quot;</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Phelister" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phelister pulvillus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="244" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulvillus">Phelister pulvillus</taxonomicName>
&quot; [sic] /&quot;
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Phelister" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phelister foveipygus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="244" pageNumber="245" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foveipygus">Phelister foveipygus</taxonomicName>
Bickhardt n. sp.&quot; (ZMHB), examined 2010.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="246" lastPageNumber="247" pageId="245" pageNumber="246" type="other material">
<paragraph pageId="245" pageNumber="246">
<pageBreakToken pageId="245" pageNumber="246" start="start">Other</pageBreakToken>
material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="246" lastPageNumber="247" pageId="245" pageNumber="246">
BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: 4: Est. Biol. Valle Sajta, Univ. San Simon, 67.5km E Villa Tunari,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-17.105278">17°06'19&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-64.7825">64°46'57&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 300m, 9-13.ii.1999, FIT, lowland rain forest, F. Genier (CMNC); 1: 117km E Cochabamba, at Lagunitas,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-17.106112">17°06'22&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-65.682495">65°40'57&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 1000m, 8-12.ii.1999, FIT, montane evergreen forest, F. Genier (CMNC); 1: 117km E Cochabamba, Yungas, Cochabamba-Villa Tunari Rd.,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-17.108889">17°6'32&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-65.68667">65°41'12&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 1040m, 1-6.ii.1999, FIT, yungas forest, R. Hanley (SEMC), 1: 6-8.ii.1999, FIT, R. Hanley (CMNC); Santa Cruz: 8: 5km SSE Buena Vista, Flora y Fauna Hotel,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-17.49875">17°29.925'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-63.652134">63°39.128'W</geoCoordinate>
, 440m, 15-24.xii.2003, FIT, S. &amp; J. Peck (CMNC); 1: 5km SSE Buena Vista, Flora y Fauna Hotel,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="17.498667">17°29.92'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="-63.65217">63°39.13'W</geoCoordinate>
, 440m, 24-31.xii.2003, FIT, S. &amp; J. Peck (CMNC) 2: 7-12.v.2004, FIT, A.R. Cline (AKTC), 1: 25.iv.2004, 6.v.2004, FIT, A.R. Cline (AKTC); 2: Amboro National Park, Los Volcanes,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-18.1">18°06'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-63.6">63°36'W</geoCoordinate>
, 1000m, 20.xi-12.xii.2004, FIT, H. Mendel &amp; M.V.L. Barclay (BMNH). ECUADOR: Napo: 4: 20km S. Tena, 600m, 11.vii.1976, forest litter, S. Peck (FMNH); Orellana: 12:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yasuní">Yasuni</normalizedToken>
Res. Stn., mid.Rio Tiputini,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-0.675">0°40.5'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-76.4">76°24'W</geoCoordinate>
, 17-23.vi.1999, FIT, A.K. Tishechkin (LSAM), 3: 18-23.vi.1999 (LSAM), 10: 20-29.vi.1999 (LSAM), 17: 23-30.vi.1999 (LSAM), 25: 28.vi-5.vii.1999 (LSAM), 2: 2.vii.1999, rotten sticks (LSAM),, 2: 4-17.vii.1999 (LSAM), 12: 5-12.vii.1999 (LSAM), 1: 7-13.vii.1999 (LSAM), 13: 11-18.vii.1999 (LSAM), 2: 12-20.vii.1999 (LSAM), 5: 18-25.vii.1999 (LSAM), 19: 23.vii-4.viii.1999 (LSAM), 1: 26-30.vii.1999 (LSAM), 4: 5-10.ix.1999, FIT, primary forest, E.G. Riley (TAMU); 3: Parque Nac.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yasuní">Yasuni</normalizedToken>
, Via Maxus at Puente
<normalizedToken originalValue="Piraña">Pirana</normalizedToken>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-0.65833336">0°39.5'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-76.433334">76°26'W</geoCoordinate>
, 20-24.vii.2008, FIT, A.K. Tishechkin (AKTC), 3: 14-20.vii.2008, FIT, A.K. Tishechkin (AKTC); 25: Tiputini Biodiversity Station,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-0.6376">0.6376°S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-76.1499">76.1499°W</geoCoordinate>
, 2-9.vi.2011, FIT, M.S. Caterino &amp; A.K. Tishechkin, DNA Extract MSC-2172 (SBMNH); 1: Tiputini Biodiversity Station,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-0.63666666">0°38.2'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="-76.14833">76°8.9'W</geoCoordinate>
, 27-31.vii.2007, FIT, A.K. Tishechkin (AKTC), 2: 5-25.ix.2000, D.J. Inward &amp; K.A. Jackson (BMNH); 1: Yuturi Lodge, 21.iii.1999, FIT, R. Brooks (CMNC); 5: Payamino Research Station,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-0.49333608">0°29'36.01&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-77.29143">77°17'29.15&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 300m, 30.vii-12.viii.2007, FIT, CPDT Gillett (BMNH);
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sucumbíos">Sucumbios</normalizedToken>
: 6: Sacha Lodge,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-0.47055554">0°28'14&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-76.45972">76°27'35&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 270m, 21-24.iii.1999, FIT, R. Brooks (SEMC), 1: 24.iii.1999, FIT, R. Brooks (CMNC). GUYANA: Mazaruni Potaro: 1: Takutu Mountains,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="6.25">6°15'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-59.083332">59°5'W</geoCoordinate>
, 11.xii.1983, Window trap, montane rainforest near logging area, P.J. Spangler, R.A. Faitoute &amp; W.E. Steiner (USNM). PERU: Cusco: 1: Consuelo, Manu rd. km 165, 8.x.1982, leaf litter, L. Watrous &amp; G. Mazurek (FMNH), 1: 1.x.1982, litter at rotten logs, L. Watrous &amp; G. Mazurek (FMNH); Loreto: 1: km 63, rd. Iquitos - Nauta, Rio Itaya,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-4.2534165">4°15.205'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-73.43457">73°26.074'W</geoCoordinate>
, 140m, 9-13.i.2011, A.V. Petrov (AKTC); Madre de Dios: 1: Los Amigos Field Station/CICRA,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-12.5624">12.5624°S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-70.093">70.0930°W</geoCoordinate>
, 288m, 2-11.i.2007, pitfall, bamboo forest, J. Jacobs (CASC), 23: 20-29.vii.2006, pitfall, bamboo forest, J. Jacobs (CASC), 4: 31.vii-9.viii.2006, pitfall, terra firma forest, J. Jacobs (CASC), 3: 4-15.iii.2007, pitfall, bamboo forest, J. Jacobs (CASC), 1: 272m, 20-29.vii.2006, pitfall, bamboo forest, J. Jacobs (CASC), 2: 284m, 20-29.vii.2006, pitfall, bamboo forest, J. Jacobs (CASC); 2: Los Amigos Field Station,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-12.5428">12.5428°S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-70.1422">70.1422°W</geoCoordinate>
, 281m, 20-29.vii.2006, pitfall, bamboo forest, J. Jacobs (CASC), 1: 31.
<normalizedToken originalValue="vii–">vii-</normalizedToken>
9.viii.2006, pitfall, bamboo forest, J. Jacobs (CASC); 1: Los Amigos
<pageBreakToken pageId="246" pageNumber="247" start="start">Field</pageBreakToken>
Station,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-12.5421">12.5421°S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-70.1435">70.1435°W</geoCoordinate>
, 292m, 20-29.vii.2006, pitfall, bamboo forest, J. Jacobs (CASC), 1: 20-29.vii.2006, pitfall, terra firma forest, J. Jacobs (CASC); 1: Los Amigos Field Station,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-12.5657">12.5657°S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-70.0988">70.0988°W</geoCoordinate>
, 272m, 2-11.i.2007, pitfall, bamboo forest, J. Jacobs (CASC), 2: 31.
<normalizedToken originalValue="vii–">vii-</normalizedToken>
9.viii.2006, pitfall, bamboo forest, J. Jacobs (CASC), 1: 4-15.iii.2007, pitfall, bamboo forest, J. Jacobs (CASC), 1: 29.vii.2006, pitfall, bamboo forest, J. Jacobs (CASC), 8: 20-29.vii.2006, pitfall, bamboo forest, J. Jacobs (CASC), 1: 2-11.i.2007, pitfall, terra firma forest, J. Jacobs (CASC); 1: Los Amigos Field Station,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-12.5458">12.5458°S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-70.1149">70.1149°W</geoCoordinate>
, 283m, 31.vii-9.viii.2006, pitfall, bamboo forest, J. Jacobs (CASC); 5: Manu National Park, Amazonas Lodge, N. Atalaya,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-12.87">12°52.2'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="-71.37666">71°22.6'W</geoCoordinate>
, 480m, 10-13.xi.2007, FIT, D. Brzoska (SEMC); 2: Manu National Park, Pantiacolla Lodge, Alto Madre de Dios River,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="-12.655">12°39.3'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="-71.23167">71°13.9'W</geoCoordinate>
, 420m, 14-19.xi.2007, FIT, D. Brzoska (SEMC); 6: Manu National Park, Cocha Cashu Bio. Sta.,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-11.895833">11°53'45&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-71.40667">71°24'24&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 350m, 17-19.x.2000, FIT, R. Brooks (SEMC); 2: Manu National Park, Pakitza Bio. Stn., Reserved Zone, Castanal Trail,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-11.944722">11°56'41&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-71.28333">71°17'0&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 317m, 15-16.x.2000, FIT, R. Brooks (SEMC); 2: Manu National Park, Cocha Salvador, Reserved Zone,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-12.003612">12°0'13&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-71.52667">71°31'36&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 310m, 20-21.x.2000, FIT, R. Brooks (SEMC); 3: Tambopata, Reserva Cuzco Amazonico, 15km NE Pto. Maldonado,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-12.55">12°33'S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-69.05">69°03'W</geoCoordinate>
, 200m, 20.vi.1989, FIT, J. Ashe &amp; R. Leschen (SEMC), 4: 15.vi.1989, FIT, J. Ashe &amp; R. Leschen (SEMC), 1: 17.vi.1989, Agaricales, J. Ashe, R. Leschen (SEMC), 7: 17.vi.1989, FIT, J. Ashe &amp; R. Leschen (SEMC), 2: 24.vi.1989, Bolete, J. Ashe, R. Leschen (SEMC), 3: 22.vi.1989, FIT, J. Ashe &amp; R. Leschen (SEMC), 7: 24.vi.1989, FIT, J. Ashe &amp; R. Leschen (SEMC), 1: 28.vi.1989, FIT, J. Ashe &amp; R. Leschen (SEMC), 1: 30.vi.1989, FIT, J. Ashe &amp; R. Leschen (SEMC), 1: 2.vii.1989, FIT, J. Ashe &amp; R. Leschen (SEMC), 1: 4.vii.1989, FIT, J.S. Ashe. R. Leschen, D. Silva (SEMC), 1: 13.vii.1989, FIT, J. Ashe &amp; R. Leschen (SEMC), 2: 16.vii.1989, FIT, J. Ashe &amp; R. Leschen (SEMC), 1: 18.vii.1989, Ganoderma, J. Ashe, R. Leschen (SEMC), 1: 16.vii.1989,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Buchenavia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Buchenavia" order="Myrtales" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Buchenavia</taxonomicName>
fruit fall, J. Ashe &amp; R. Leschen (SEMC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="248" lastPageNumber="249" pageId="246" pageNumber="247" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="246" pageNumber="247">Diagnostic description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="248" lastPageNumber="249" pageId="246" pageNumber="247">
Length: 1.75-2.37 mm, width: 1.56-2.09 mm; body piceous, broadly rounded; frons shallowly depressed at middle, with fine, sparse ground punctation; frontal stria with sides divergent, rounded, sinuate over antennal bases, arcuate across front; supraorbital stria fine, rounded dorsad, detached from sides of frontal stria; epistoma moderately convex; labrum about twice as wide as long, asymmetrically emarginate apically, projecting beneath; left mandible untoothed, right mandible with small, subacute basal tooth; pronotum lacking prescutellar impression, with fine, sparse ground punctation, lacking lateral pronotal punctures; anterior margin of pronotum very weakly projecting at middle; marginal pronotal stria generally broadly interrupted behind head, may be weak and fragmented; submarginal pronotal stria continuous, complete along lateral and anterior margins, marginal bead convex; median pronotal gland openings about three-fourths pronotal length behind anterior margin; elytra with two complete epipleural striae, outer subhumeral stria complete, inner subhumeral stria present in apical half, fine, dorsal striae 1-3 complete, 4th stria present in apical third or slightly more, 5th stria present in apical half, sutural stria present in apical three-fourths; prosternal keel very weakly projecting at base, carinal striae complete,
<pageBreakToken pageId="247" pageNumber="248" start="start">broadly</pageBreakToken>
separated at base, meeting in rather narrow anterior arch; anterior metaventral margin broadly, very shallowly emarginate, marginal stria complete; mesometaventral stria arched forward at middle short of mesoventral midpoint, sinuate laterally, continued obliquely posterolaterad toward outer corner of metacoxa, abbreviated at apex; 1st abdominal ventrite with two lateral striae, both abbreviated posteriorly, with small
<pageBreakToken pageId="248" pageNumber="249" start="start">fovea</pageBreakToken>
near inner corner of metacoxa; propygidium with fine, moderately sparse ground punctation and irregularly oval, shallow punctures over most of disk separated by one-fourth their diameters or slightly more; pygidium with fine, dense ground punctation, lacking coarser punctures except along basal margin; marginal pygidial sulcus deep, but rather fine along most of margin, ending in large, transversely oval basal foveae. Male genitalia (Figs 65
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
, H): accessory sclerites absent; T8 about twice as long as broad, basal membrane attachment line slightly distad basal emargination, apical emargination narrow, shallow, ventrolateral apodemes most strongly developed near base, narrowed to apex, not meeting at midline; S8 with apical guides divergent, strongly and somewhat abruptly expanded near apex, bearing a couple setae; T9 with apices weakly convergent, slightly enlarged and apically truncate, ventrolateral apodemes well developed; T10 with halves fused along basal part of midline; S9 broad, evenly widened to base and apex, with distinct apical emargination, apical flanges separate, more strongly sclerotized along midline and lateral margins; tegmen with sides evenly converging from near base to apex, with strong, narrow medioventral process projecting strongly beneath; median lobe large, nearly as long as tegmen, with wide gonopore, proximal apodemes differentiated into short, thick portion, with proximal arms prominent, sinuate; basal piece short, about one-third tegmen length.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="248" pageNumber="249" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="248" pageNumber="249">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="248" pageNumber="249">
This species and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Operclipygus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Operclipygus fossipygus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fossipygus">Operclipygus fossipygus</taxonomicName>
are the most commonly collected species that have large pygidial foveae, and they are sympatric over much of Amazonia.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Histeridae" genus="Operclipygus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Operclipygus foveipygus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="248" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foveipygus">Operclipygus foveipygus</taxonomicName>
lacks dense punctation on the sides of the propygidium (Fig. 64D), and has coarse secondary punctures more or less uniformly distributed across the propygidium, whereas the coarse punctures are very narrowly limited to the middle of the disk in
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(see Fig. 64B).
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<mods:title id="9876C7A205C0E9FAEFC8426378653A27">Two new species of the genus Arrenurus from Pohnpei, Federal States of Micronesia (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="9FA8CFEA100AF839BB85E5D6FD8089D8" box="[151,602,221,247]" class="Arachnida" family="Arrenuridae" genus="Arrenurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornuatus" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Micruracarus">
<emphasis id="6ADC687B100AF839BB85E5D6FD8089D8" bold="true" box="[151,602,221,247]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Arrenurus (Micruracarus) cornuatus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="6ADC687B100AF839BB85E441FE48884B" bold="true" box="[151,402,330,356]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="87130ACB100AF839BA89E441FDD1884B" box="[411,523,330,356]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
male, Nan Pad stream, Pohnpei, Federal States of
<collectingCountry id="20BFF4F9100AF839BF64E441FADB884B" box="[1142,1281,330,356]" name="Micronesia" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="2C1692A9100AF839BE1CE441FA46884B" box="[1294,1436,330,356]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" value="2008-07-01">1 July 2008</date>
(
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).
<typeStatus id="87130ACB100AF839BA06E47BFE4A88A5" box="[276,400,368,394]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: three females (one juvenile), same data as
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(
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); male, Dolent stream, Pohnpei,
<collectingCountry id="20BFF4F9100AF839BA1FE49EFE468880" box="[269,412,405,431]" name="Micronesia" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
, alt.
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a.s.l.,
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(
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,
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, Nan Pad stream, Pohnpei,
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a.s.l.,
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(
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, Nan Moatoh stream, Pohnpei, Federal States of
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a.s.l.,
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(
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<emphasis id="6ADC687B100AF839BBD4E70EFE9C8B30" bold="true" box="[198,326,517,543]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Petiole antler-shaped.
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<subSubSection id="10B2E7E2100AF839BBD4E721FDC88D5B" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="description">
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<emphasis id="6ADC687B100AF839BBD4E721FE848B6B" bold="true" box="[198,350,554,580]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Description.</emphasis>
Male: Idiosoma 689 (693–753) long and 454 (446–518) wide. The colour cannot be ascertained as the specimen has been fixed in ethanol. Idiosoma anteriorly indented. Dorsal shield rounded, 381 long and 348 wide. Cauda distinctly sett of from anterior idiosoma, with two lobes separated by a shallow indentation, each lobe with a concavity. Petiole antler-shaped. Anterior coxae pointed, extending beyond anterior idiosoma margin. Genital plate long and narrow, extending to lateral idiosoma margin but not onto dorsum; gonopore 42 long. Lengths of PI-PV: 22, 76, 56, 97, 50; PII medially with two setae in anteroventral corner and two more dorsally located setae. Lengths of I-leg-4–6: 118, 124, 122. Length of IV-leg-4–6: 180, 146, 150; IV-leg-4 without a spur. Third and fourth legs with numerous swimming setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817B469100AF839BBD7E65EFDC88D5B" blockId="1.[151,1437,330,1290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Female: Idiosoma 770 (664–770) long and 640 (583–624) wide. Dorsal shield complete, 616 (575–599) long and 502 (470) wide. Idiosoma anteriorly straight to slightly convex, anterior coxae not extending beyond anterior idiosoma margin. Posterolateral corners of idiosoma distinct. Medial margin of third coxae shorter than medial margin of fourth coxae. Medial distance of fourth coxae shorter than width of one genital valve. Gonopore 136 long and 144 wide, genital valves with distinct chitinized patches. Genital field 454 wide, genital plates narrow and sloping, about three times as long as wide. Lengths of PI-PV: 32, 74, 52, 76, 40; palp as in male. Lengths of I-leg-4–6: 134, 140, 120. Lengths of IV-leg-4–6: 138, 170, 156. Third and fourth legs with numerous swimming setae.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="6ADC687B100AF839BBD4E174FE898DB6" bold="true" box="[198,339,1151,1177]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Etymology.</emphasis>
Named for the antler-shaped petiole.
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<paragraph id="5817B469100AF839BBD4E1AEFD978C25" blockId="1.[151,1437,330,1290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="6ADC687B100AF839BBD4E1AEFEE58D90" bold="true" box="[198,319,1189,1215]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Remarks.</emphasis>
The petiole of the new species is very distinctive and will separate it from all other
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<emphasis id="6ADC687B100AF839BE36E1AEFA418D91" box="[1316,1435,1189,1214]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Arrenurus</emphasis>
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species. The distinct posterolateral corners of the idiosoma and the shape of the genital field will separate the female from other
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</taxonomicName>
species.
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<taxonomicName id="9FA8CFEA100AF839BB85E054FD928C56" box="[151,584,1375,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Arrenuridae" genus="Arrenurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kostkai" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Megaluracarus">
<emphasis id="6ADC687B100AF839BB85E054FD928C56" bold="true" box="[151,584,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) kostkai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="71EFD500100AF839B95DE054FD488C56" box="[591,658,1375,1401]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817B469100AF839BB85E089FED68CB3" blockId="1.[151,658,1375,1436]" box="[151,268,1410,1436]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
(
<figureCitation id="C093A8EC100AF839BB8DE089FED98CB3" box="[159,259,1410,1436]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 9" captionStartId="3.[151,270,1739,1763]" captionTargetBox="[164,1427,222,1672]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[150,1436,194,1718]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 9. Arrenurus kostkai n. sp. (figures 5 – 8 holotype male, figure 9 paratype female): 5 = dorsal view; 6 = ventral view; 7 = lateral view; 8 = palp; 9 = ventral view. Scale bars: 5 – 7,9 = 200 µm; 8 = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197694/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Fig. 5–9</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="10B2E7E2100AF839BB85E0C6FBDB8FE8" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5817B469100AF839BB85E0C6FBDB8FE8" blockId="1.[151,1437,1485,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="6ADC687B100AF839BB85E0C6FE508CC8" bold="true" box="[151,394,1485,1511]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="87130ACB100AF839BA83E0C6FE248CC8" box="[401,510,1485,1511]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
male, Nan Pad stream, Pohnpei, Federal States of
<collectingCountry id="20BFF4F9100AF839BF58E0C6FB0B8CC8" box="[1098,1233,1485,1511]" name="Micronesia" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
, alt. 590 a.s.l.,
<date id="2C1692A9100AF839BE6DE0C6FED58F23" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" value="2008-06-30">30 June 2008</date>
(
<collectionCode id="3EB92CAC100AF839BA0DE0F9FEA68F23" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34975" box="[287,380,1522,1548]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34975" name="Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">ZMAN</collectionCode>
).
<typeStatus id="87130ACB100AF839BA82E0F9FDDC8F23" box="[400,518,1522,1548]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: one male,
<specimenCount id="4EAE7FE0100AF839B999E0F9FD268F23" box="[651,764,1522,1548]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="3EB92CAC100AF839B81EE0F9FCB98F23" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[780,867,1522,1548]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">BPBM</collectionCode>
),
<specimenCount id="4EAE7FE0100AF839B86AE0F9FC048F23" box="[888,990,1522,1548]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="3EB92CAC100AF839B8FCE0F9FB918F23" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34975" box="[1006,1099,1522,1548]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34975" name="Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">ZMAN</collectionCode>
), same data as
<typeStatus id="87130ACB100AF839BFE9E0F9FABF8F23" box="[1275,1381,1522,1548]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; one male, one female, Nan Pad stream, Pohnpei, Federal States of
<collectingCountry id="20BFF4F9100AF839B879E313FC288F1D" box="[875,1010,1560,1586]" name="Micronesia" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
, alt. 590,
<date id="2C1692A9100AF839BF71E313FB5A8F1D" box="[1123,1152,1560,1586]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" value="2009-01-30">30</date>
January 2009 (
<collectionCode id="3EB92CAC100AF839BE20E313FA558F1D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34975" box="[1330,1423,1560,1586]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34975" name="Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">ZMAN</collectionCode>
); one female, same location,
<date id="2C1692A9100AF839BAC5E336FD858F78" box="[471,607,1597,1623]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" value="2008-07-01">1 July 2008</date>
(
<collectionCode id="3EB92CAC100AF839B97CE336FD118F78" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34975" box="[622,715,1597,1623]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34975" name="Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">ZMAN</collectionCode>
); one female, Male Komea stream, Pohnpei, Federal States of
<collectingCountry id="20BFF4F9100AF839BB85E369FEC48F53" box="[151,286,1634,1660]" name="Micronesia" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
,
<quantity id="9F50198C100AF839BA3BE369FEA88F53" box="[297,370,1634,1660]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2299999999999995" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="523.0">523 m</quantity>
a.s.l.,
<date id="2C1692A9100AF839BAAFE369FD568F53" box="[445,652,1634,1660]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" value="2009-02-17">17 February 2009</date>
(
<collectionCode id="3EB92CAC100AF839B989E369FD298F53" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[667,755,1634,1660]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">BPBM</collectionCode>
); one female, Nan Moatoh stream, Pohnpei, Federal States of
<collectingCountry id="20BFF4F9100AF839BBA5E383FEE48F8D" box="[183,318,1672,1698]" name="Micronesia" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
, alt.
<quantity id="9F50198C100AF839BA67E383FE1A8F8D" box="[373,448,1672,1698]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
a.s.l.,
<date id="2C1692A9100AF839B91EE383FD078F8D" box="[524,733,1672,1698]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" value="2009-02-17">17 February 2009</date>
(
<collectionCode id="3EB92CAC100AF839B9FFE383FC9F8F8D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[749,837,1672,1698]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">BPBM</collectionCode>
); one female, Salapwuk #2 Sakau stream, Pohnpei, Federal States of
<collectingCountry id="20BFF4F9100AF839BA70E3A6FE338FE8" box="[354,489,1709,1735]" name="Micronesia" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
, alt.
<quantity id="9F50198C100AF839B933E3A6FDB18FE8" box="[545,619,1709,1735]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.45" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="545.0">545 m</quantity>
a.s.l.,
<date id="2C1692A9100AF839B9A5E3A6FC528FE8" box="[695,904,1709,1735]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" value="2009-02-12">12 February 2009</date>
(
<collectionCode id="3EB92CAC100AF839B885E3A6FC2F8FE8" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34975" box="[919,1013,1709,1735]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34975" name="Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, Zoologisch Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">ZMAN</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="10B2E7E2100AF839BBD4E3D9FE868E18" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="5817B469100AF839BBD4E3D9FE868E18" blockId="1.[151,1437,1485,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="6ADC687B100AF839BBD4E3D9FE9C8FC3" bold="true" box="[198,326,1746,1772]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
D3 of male on large humps, cauda posteriorly with a narrow median cleft, posterior margin of cauda slightly indented; female with straight and obliquely directed narrow genital plates and without swimming setae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="10B2E7E2100AF83CBBD4E249FA5C8898" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="description">
<paragraph id="5817B469100AF83BBBD4E249FE868ECF" blockId="1.[151,1437,1485,2034]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,1841,2016]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="6ADC687B100AF839BBD4E249FE858E73" bold="true" box="[198,351,1858,1884]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Description.</emphasis>
Male: Idiosoma 907 (915–956) long and 543 (502–526) wide, anterior idiosoma margin straight. The colour cannot be ascertained as the specimen has been fixed in ethanol. Dorsal shield complete, 478 long and 381 wide, D3 on large humps. Cauda distinctly set off from anterior idiosoma, posteriorly with a median cleft, posterior cauda margin slightly indented, D4 on humps. Anteriorly of median cleft an area without body pores. Due to fixation in ethanol some structures (glandularia, setae) are not well visible as the
<typeStatus id="87130ACB1008F83BBB85E23AFEDA8E64" box="[151,256,1841,1867]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is very dark. Therefore, in lateral view only the outline of the idisoma is illustrated. Gonopore 57 long, genital plates extending to lateral idiosoma margin and there widened and swollen and therefore visible in dorsal view. Lengths of PI-PV: 38, 78, 50, 76, 32; PII medially with two setae. Lengths of I-leg-4–6: 136, 148, 114. Lengths of IV-leg-4–6: 259, 164, 120; IV-leg-4 without a spur. Third and fourth legs with numerous swimming setae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="0CD7E4E11009F83ABB85E2B0FC298EDC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197693/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[213,1396,187,1958]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="5817B4691009F83ABB85E2B0FC298EDC" blockId="2.[151,1436,1979,2035]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="6ADC687B1009F83ABB85E2B0FEE68EFC" bold="true" box="[151,316,1979,2003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">FIGURES 1–4</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="9FA8CFEA1009F83ABA58E2B7FDF28EFC" box="[330,552,1980,2003]" class="Arachnida" family="Arrenuridae" genus="Arrenurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornuatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6ADC687B1009F83ABA58E2B7FDF28EFC" box="[330,552,1980,2003]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Arrenurus cornuatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="6ADC687B1009F83AB922E2B0FDB68EFC" bold="true" box="[560,620,1979,2003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="71EFD5001009F83AB922E2B0FDB68EFC" box="[560,620,1979,2003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(figures 1–3 holotype male, figure 4 paratype female): 1 = dorsal view; 2 = ventral view; 3 = palp; 4 = ventral view. Scale bars: 1–2,4 = 200 µm; 3 = 50 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0CD7E4E11008F83BBB85E3C0FB528E2D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197694/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="53" targetBox="[164,1427,222,1672]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="5817B4691008F83BBB85E3C0FB528E2D" blockId="3.[151,1436,1739,1794]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="6ADC687B1008F83BBB85E3C0FEE78FCC" bold="true" box="[151,317,1739,1763]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">FIGURES 5–9</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="9FA8CFEA1008F83BBA59E3C0FDCA8FCD" box="[331,528,1739,1762]" class="Arachnida" family="Arrenuridae" genus="Arrenurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kostkai" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6ADC687B1008F83BBA59E3C0FDCA8FCD" box="[331,528,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">Arrenurus kostkai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="6ADC687B1008F83BB90AE3C0FD8C8FCC" bold="true" box="[536,598,1739,1763]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="71EFD5001008F83BB90AE3C0FD8C8FCC" box="[536,598,1739,1763]" pageId="3" pageNumber="53" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(figures 5–8 holotype male, figure 9 paratype female): 5 = dorsal view; 6 = ventral view; 7 = lateral view; 8 = palp; 9 = ventral view. Scale bars: 5–7,9 = 200 µm; 8 = 50 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5817B469100FF83CBBD7E593FA5C8898" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Female: Idiosoma 656 (616–697) long and 555 (551–599) wide, truncated posteriorly with distinct posterolateral corners. Anterior idiosoma margin slightly convex. Dorsal shield complete, 575 (512–615) long and 462 (429–478) wide. First coxal plates extending beyond anterior idiosoma margin. Medial margin of third coxae shorter than medial margin of fourth coxae. Medial distance of fourth coxae shorter than width of one genital valve. Gonopore 120 long and 154 wide, genital valves without sclerotization but gonopore of one female with triangular anterior and posterior sclerotized patches. Genital field 478 wide, genital plates straight, narrow and obliquely directed. Lengths of PI-PV: 28, 68, 60, 96, 52; PII medially with 2–3 setae. Lengths of I-leg-4–6: 122, 118, 94. Lengths of IV-leg-4–6: 140, 166, 164. All legs without swimming setae.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="10B2E7E2100FF83CBBD4E4C9FC1A8B08" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="5817B469100FF83CBBD4E4C9FC1A8B08" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="6ADC687B100FF83CBBD4E4C9FE8988F3" bold="true" box="[198,339,450,476]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Etymology.</emphasis>
Named in honor of Willy Kostka, currently the executive director of The Micronesian Conservation Trust. Mr. Kostka has played an important role in the conservation and preservation of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in Pohnpei and throughout all of
<collectingCountry id="20BFF4F9100FF83CB826E706FC668B08" box="[820,956,525,551]" name="Micronesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="10B2E7E2100FF83CBBD4E739FD058BCD" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5817B469100FF83CBBD4E739FD058BCD" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="6ADC687B100FF83CBBD4E739FEE58B63" bold="true" box="[198,319,562,588]" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Remarks.</emphasis>
The male of the new species is close to
<taxonomicName id="9FA8CFEA100FF83CB802E739FC1E8B63" authority="Piersig" authorityName="Piersig" box="[784,964,562,588]" class="Arachnida" family="Arrenuridae" genus="Arrenurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dahli">
<emphasis id="6ADC687B100FF83CB802E739FCB68B64" box="[784,876,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">A. dahli</emphasis>
Piersig
</taxonomicName>
from New
<collectingCountry id="20BFF4F9100FF83CBF5AE739FB438B63" box="[1096,1177,562,588]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Britain</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="20BFF4F9100FF83CBFBAE739FA558B63" box="[1192,1423,562,588]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
),
<collectingCountry id="20BFF4F9100FF83CBB85E753FE968B5D" box="[151,332,600,626]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
and the Aru and Buru Islands (
<collectingCountry id="20BFF4F9100FF83CB9AAE753FCEB8B5D" box="[696,817,600,626]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="54">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
). This species also has the cauda with a median cleft, D3 and D4 on humps and swollen genital plates. The shape of the posterior margin, however, is different: the posterior margin is oblique without indentation. The absence of swimming setae in the female is unusual, especially as the male does have swimming setae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

155
data/D0/01/06/D00106D6B2A4DBA3E02EACC3B167F3B1.xml Normal file
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8D74319A-2A25-48A6-B857-80E6ABB2BE9C" authority="Pujade-Villar &amp; Restrepo-Ortiz" authorityName="Pujade-Villar &amp; Restrepo-Ortiz" authorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Mikeius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mikeius clavatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavatus" status="sp. n.">Mikeius clavatus Pujade-Villar &amp; Restrepo-Ortiz</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="24">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Diagnostic characters of Mikeius sp. (Mikeiinae), female. A-D, F and G: Mikeius hartigi; E, Mikeius clavatus A head, anterior view B mesosoma, lateral view C mesosoma, antero-dorsal view D-E antenna, medial view F mesosoma, dorsal view G pronotum (mesosoma), antero-dorsal view." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15769" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
Differs from all the other species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Paretas-Martínez &amp; Restrepo-Ortiz &amp; Buffington &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Mikeius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Mikeius</emphasis>
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in having the antenna strongly clavate with the six terminal segments 1.5 times wider than previous segments (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Diagnostic characters of Mikeius sp. (Mikeiinae), female. A-D, F and G: Mikeius hartigi; E, Mikeius clavatus A head, anterior view B mesosoma, lateral view C mesosoma, antero-dorsal view D-E antenna, medial view F mesosoma, dorsal view G pronotum (mesosoma), antero-dorsal view." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15769" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
); further distinguished from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buffington" authorityYear="2008" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Mikeius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berryi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Mikeius berryi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Buffington" authorityYear="2008" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Mikeius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandawi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Mikeius grandawi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the absence of a mesopleural carina.
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">As in subfamily description (see above) with the following specific characters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Length</emphasis>
. Female 2.8 - 3 mm. Male unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Coloration.</emphasis>
Head and mesosoma black, antenna yellowish, except scape, brown, metasoma pale brown. Legs pale yellow, except coxae, brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Antenna.</emphasis>
(
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)
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="24">Female.</emphasis>
Strongly clavate, 11 flagellomeres, antennal formula: 8(4): 4(4): 5(3): 3(3): 3(3): 3(3.5): 4(5): 5(6): 5(6): 6(5): 5(6): 5(6): 7(4). Placoid sensillae from F7 to terminal segment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="25" start="start">Mesosoma</pageBreakToken>
.
</emphasis>
Mesoscutum slightly striate. Notauli complete of uniform width. Antero-admedian lines weak. Median mesoscutal line very short. Scutellar foveae round to subquadrate, not delimited posteriorly. Mesopleural furrow absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Forewing.</emphasis>
Radial cell 2.4 times longer than wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Metasoma.</emphasis>
Base of T3 with an almost complete hairy ring.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">
HOLOTYPE ♀ (ANIC) with the following label data: &quot;AUSTRALIA: Vict. Mt. Donna Buang, 1200m 11-17.i. 80, Eucalyptus-Nothofagus forest, A. Newton, M. Thayer&quot; (white label), &quot;flight intercept window/trough trap&quot; (white label), &quot;AUST. NAT. INS. COLL.&quot; (green label), &quot;Holotype
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pujade-Villar &amp; Restrepo-Ortiz" authorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Mikeius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="25">Mikeius clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
P-V &amp; R-O&quot; (red label). PARATYPE ♀ (ANIC) with the following labels: &quot;W sid
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="26" start="start">e</pageBreakToken>
Cobungra Hill 20km WbyN, Omeo Vic. 27 Feb. 1980, I.D. Naumann J. C. Cardale&quot; (white label), &quot;ex alcohol collection&quot; (white label), &quot;AUST. NAT. INS. COLL.&quot; (green label), &quot;Paratype
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pujade-Villar &amp; Restrepo-Ortiz" authorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Mikeius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Mikeius clavatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
P-V &amp; R-O&quot; (red label).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="26" type="biology">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="26" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Victoria, Australia.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="26" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="26">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="26">The specific name refers to the strongly clavate antenna.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<subSubSection id="10B2A6D2420388039AF22BCE9510FA44" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5817F559420388039AF22BCE96A5FB07" blockId="2.[151,691,1226,1252]" box="[151,691,1226,1252]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
<heading id="035F4235420388039AF22BCE96A5FB07" bold="true" box="[151,691,1226,1252]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA420388039AF22BCE96A5FB07" ID-CoL="3XWCV" authority="Boulenger, 1882" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,691,1226,1252]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="betsileanus">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420388039AF22BCE96A5FB07" bold="true" box="[151,691,1226,1252]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420388039AF22BCE95C4FB07" bold="true" box="[151,466,1226,1252]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Mantidactylus betsileanus</emphasis>
(Boulenger, 1882)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420388039AF22A119510FA44" blockId="2.[151,1437,1301,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420388039AF22A11957CFACC" bold="true" box="[151,362,1301,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Series examined.</emphasis>
ZSM 848/2004 from Andasibe (
<specimenCount id="4EAE3ED04203880398962A11976BFACC" box="[755,893,1301,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
), ZSM 876/2004 (
<specimenCount id="4EAE3ED0420388039E332A1190FCFACC" box="[1110,1258,1301,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
) and 880/2004 (
<specimenCount id="4EAE3ED0420388039AC52A399552FAB4" box="[160,324,1341,1367]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
) from Fierenana, ZSM 1080/2004 (
<specimenCount id="4EAE3ED042038803989C2A399796FAB4" box="[761,896,1341,1367]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
) from Ranomafana. Tadpoles were collected from small and very shallow, slow-flowing streams. Sampling was done in January/
<date id="2C16D399420388039E0F2A619100FA9C" box="[1130,1302,1381,1407]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" value="2003-02">February 2003</date>
and
<date id="2C16D399420388039F2B2A619517FA44" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" value="2004-02">February 2004</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="10B2A6D2420388059AA02AB19609FE41" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="description">
<paragraph id="5817F559420388039AA02AB195F2F98C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1301,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420388039AA02AB19583FA2C" bold="true" box="[197,405,1461,1487]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Taxonomic note.</emphasis>
We here follow the definition of
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<emphasis id="6ADC294B4203880399492AB19077FA2D" box="[812,1121,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Mantidactylus betsileanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
introduced by Blommers-
<bibRefCitation id="3C3988A8420388039AF22AD99573FA14" author="Schlosser" box="[151,357,1501,1527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="58" refString="Blommers-Schlosser, R. M. A. (1979) Biosystematics of the Malagasy frogs, I. Mantellinae (Ranidae). Beaufortia, 29, 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="1979">Schlösser (1979)</bibRefCitation>
. Calls of
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA420388039B862AD99685FA15" box="[483,659,1501,1526]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="betsileanus">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420388039B862AD99685FA15" box="[483,659,1501,1526]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">M. betsileanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were first described by
<bibRefCitation id="3C3988A84203880399A22AD99103FA14" author="Blommers-Schlosser" box="[967,1301,1501,1527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="58" refString="Blommers-Schlosser, R. M. A. (1979) Biosystematics of the Malagasy frogs, I. Mantellinae (Ranidae). Beaufortia, 29, 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="1979">Blommers-Schlösser (1979)</bibRefCitation>
and documented by Vences
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420388039B1E290195AEF9FD" box="[379,440,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">et al.</emphasis>
(2006) on CD 2, Track 62. This species is common at Andasibe and Ranomafana (where it occurs sympatrically with
<emphasis id="6ADC294B42038803985B29299648F9A5" box="[574,606,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">M.</emphasis>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA4203880398EB29299756F9A5" box="[654,832,1581,1607]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="betsileanus">
aff.
<emphasis id="6ADC294B4203880398D929299756F9A5" box="[700,832,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">betsileanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;very slow calls&quot;), and was the only species of this complex heard at Fierenana.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="6ADC294B420388039AA029799540F974" bold="true" box="[197,342,1661,1687]" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Description</emphasis>
(based on a tadpole out of the series ZSM 880/2004, field number 2003.1668; Genbank accession number
<accessionNumber id="47FB68BA420388039B0A29A195FBF95C" box="[367,493,1701,1727]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EF606877" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">EF606877</accessionNumber>
;
<figureCitation id="C093E9DC420388039B9C29A1962AF95C" box="[505,572,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1518,1542]" captionTargetBox="[242,1358,1108,1486]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[217,1369,1099,1495]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Drawings of the preserved voucher tadpole of Mantidactylus betsileanus (stage 38), series ZSM 880 / 2004; (A) dorsal view, (B) lateral view, (C) oral disc." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179089/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Tadpole in stage 38 and in good state of preservation (tip of tail slightly deformed naturally). Colouration in preservative, tan brown, posterior body dorsally and ventrally scattered with irregular brown flecks, caudal dorsal fin covered with some fawn flecks and spots, belly, caudal muscle and ventral fin almost uniformly transparently drab. In dorsal view, body shape elliptical, head and body separated by a constriction of the body wall at the plane of the spiracle. In lateral view, body depressed, BW 1.25 of BH. Nostrils rounded, not protuberant, positioned dorsolaterally,
<collectingCountry id="20BFB5C94203880399D4286997F3F864" box="[945,997,1901,1927]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">IND</collectingCountry>
0.62 of IOD, slightly closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes, S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E42038803987628919672F84C" box="[531,612,1941,1967]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" precision="555" value="0.77">N 0.77</geoCoordinate>
of N–E. Eyes positioned dorsally, directed dorsolaterally, moderately sized, ED 0.10 of BL. Spiracle sinistral, visible in dorsal view, attached to the body wall but its tip lifting up from the body wall, closer to the end of the body than to the tip of the snout, S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420288029E5F2F9C9092FF51" box="[1082,1156,152,178]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" precision="555" value="-0.66">S 0.66</geoCoordinate>
of BL, spiracular opening oval, laterally positioned, oriented posteriorly, closer to venter than to dorsum. Intestinal spiral slightly visible in dorsal view, visible in lateral view, well visible in ventral view. Vent tube median, cloacal aperture dextral to caudal fin. Caudal musculature well developed, TMH 0.64 of BH and 0.60 of MTH, gradually tapering from base to the almost reached tip. Dorsal fin originating at the tail-body junction, slightly convex, point of maximum height located a bit further as midtail, MTH 1.07 of BH, margins almost parallel to caudal muscle. Oral disc of moderate size, generalized, emarginated, ODW 0.20 of BL and 0.33 of BW, anterioventrally positioned, with robust dark coloured beaks, nearly surrounded by marginal papillae. Oral disc margins not visible in dorsal view, but visible in lateral view. Keratodont row formula 1:4+4/1+1:2, about 38 keratodonts per mm. Keratodont row length reduces from A2 to A4. Upper labium with large dorsal gap, DG 0.84 of ODW, 8 marginal papillae and one submarginal papilla on each side, lower labium with two rows of papillae (app.
<quantity id="9F5058BC420288029B672D549528FD89" box="[258,318,592,618]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.906" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" unit="in" value="39.0">39 in</quantity>
marginal row, app. in 28 submarginal row). All papillae with a rounded tip, less than 1.0 mm in length each. Upper beak M-shaped, lower beak V-shaped, both with almost equal-sized serrations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420288029AA02D9B9006FD01" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1058]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420288029AA02D9B95F9FD5A" bold="true" box="[197,495,671,697]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Measurements (in mm).</emphasis>
BL 12.8; TAL 25.7; TL 38.5; BW 7.6; BH 6.1; ED 1.3; IOD 4.5;
<collectingCountry id="20BFB5C9420288029E922DA4913DFD59" box="[1271,1323,672,698]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">IND</collectingCountry>
3.9; S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420288029FE02DA494A9FD01" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" precision="5555" value="1.7">N 1.7</geoCoordinate>
; N–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420288029A8A2DCC9521FD01" box="[239,311,712,738]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" precision="5555" value="2.2">E 2.2</geoCoordinate>
; S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420288029B062DCC95BFFD01" box="[355,425,712,738]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" precision="5555" value="-8.4">S 8.4</geoCoordinate>
; TMH 3.9; TMW 4.3; MTH 6.5; ODW 2.5; DG 2.1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420288029AA02DEB94F4FBC1" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1058]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420288029AA02DEB960DFCEA" bold="true" box="[197,539,751,777]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Variation within the series.</emphasis>
Series ZSM 880/2004 with 9 additional tadpoles in stages 25–36, some in poor state of preservation (measurements only partly included). Morphological proportions vary as follows: BW 1.09–1.33 of BH, ED 0.07–0.10 of BL, S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E4202880298DB2C449719FCB9" box="[702,783,832,858]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" precision="555" value="0.67">N 0.67</geoCoordinate>
–1.00 of N–E,
<collectingCountry id="20BFB5C94202880299D92C4497E6FCB9" box="[956,1008,832,858]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">IND</collectingCountry>
0.54–0.75 of IOD, S–S of BL 0.53– 0.63, TMH 0.46–0.61 of BH, TMH 0.42–0.53 of MTH, MTH 0.89–1.24 of BH, ODW 0.20–0.25 of BL, ODW 0.33–0.39 of BW (see
<tableCitation id="152AC0E2420288029B972C94962DFC49" box="[498,571,912,938]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,1622,1646]" captionTargetBox="[159,1415,1791,2019]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Variation in measurements, body proportions and keratodont row formulae of Mantidactylus betsileanus (undamaged specimens from series ZSM 880 / 2004). All measurements in millimeters. Each column represents measurements from a single specimen." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0CD7A5D1420288029AF2295295CBF950" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" tableUuid="0CD7A5D1420288029AF2295295CBF950">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
). Keratodont row formula is not consistent. Stages 25 and 26 differ from older stages by keratodont row formulae 1:3+3/1+1:2 and 1:3+3/3. In earlier stages, the skin is more transparent and the intestinal spiral is well visible in dorsal view, lying under the apex of myotomes of the tail musculature.
</paragraph>
<caption id="0CD7A5D1420288029AF22AEA969FF9CB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179089/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[242,1358,1108,1486]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="5817F559420288029AF22AEA969FF9CB" blockId="3.[151,1436,1518,1576]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420288029AF22AEA950CF9E5" bold="true" box="[151,282,1518,1542]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Drawings of the preserved voucher tadpole of
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA4202880299702AEB903BF9E5" box="[789,1069,1519,1542]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="betsileanus">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B4202880299702AEB903BF9E5" box="[789,1069,1519,1542]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Mantidactylus betsileanus</emphasis>
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(stage 38), series ZSM 880/2004; (A) dorsal view, (B) lateral view, (C) oral disc.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0CD7A5D1420288029AF2295295CBF950" ID-Table-UUID="0CD7A5D1420288029AF2295295CBF950" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0CD7A5D1420288029AF2295295CBF950" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[159,1415,1791,2019]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="5817F559420288029AF2295295CBF950" blockId="3.[151,1436,1622,1715]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420288029AF22952951AF98D" bold="true" box="[151,268,1622,1646]" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Variation in measurements, body proportions and keratodont row formulae of
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA420288029EE42953918AF98D" box="[1153,1436,1623,1646]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="betsileanus">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420288029EE42953918AF98D" box="[1153,1436,1623,1646]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Mantidactylus betsileanus</emphasis>
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(undamaged specimens from series ZSM 880/2004). All measurements in millimeters. Each column represents measurements from a single specimen.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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Stage 25 25 26 26 27 36 38
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420588059AA02F9395CEFF52" bold="true" box="[197,472,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Previous descriptions.</emphasis>
In comparison to the data provided by
<bibRefCitation id="3C3988A84205880599C22F9C90E7FF51" author="Blommers-Schlosser" box="[935,1265,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" refString="Blommers-Schlosser, R. M. A. (1979) Biosystematics of the Malagasy frogs, I. Mantellinae (Ranidae). Beaufortia, 29, 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="1979">Blommers-Schlösser (1979)</bibRefCitation>
our series differs only slightly. Our tadpoles in stages 25 and 26 have maximum body lengths of 7.1 and
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, respectively, and therefore are approximately
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larger than tadpoles of the same stages measured by
<bibRefCitation id="3C3988A8420588059AF22E1495F0FEC9" author="Blommers-Schlosser" box="[151,486,272,298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" refString="Blommers-Schlosser, R. M. A. (1979) Biosystematics of the Malagasy frogs, I. Mantellinae (Ranidae). Beaufortia, 29, 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="1979">Blommers-Schlösser (1979)</bibRefCitation>
. This also refers to the maximum recorded body length in stages 26–30, which was given as 9.0 mm by
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and is
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in a stage 27 larva from our sample. The average ratio of tail to body length is 2.05 (range 2.0–2.1) in our sample and 2.2 according to Blommers-
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. See discussion.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<mods:title id="041825ACC5059C6554438E665B681C41">Larval morphology in four species of Madagascan frogs of the subgenus Brygoomantis (Mantellidae: Mantidactylus)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E900FFE4B6E5B8BCE4B04CB32D13592D">Teschke, Meike</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="AB9327BDC3BF2ED0E7988454553A62FA">Vences, Miguel</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="7D128A8E29FF309544D00EF2FCE63D69">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E10CD20B15961D2379D3B7F18F15244E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C40C539DAFBEFC1020B88134509E21D4">
<mods:date id="14F791C08C4D724B7532FA5DE87FFA41">2007</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="1876852C1B59F829D308606BC8331011" type="volume">
<mods:number id="B3F24AA06CE1F0167C6EB57523091BB0">1616</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="4D494060F243BD5742965F38330300F5" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.179088</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="86EA608A5C6CEB927C41FCF1D73FFB4D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7D9262AAD0F4383AAF5029E94AA31631" type="Zenodo-Dep">179088</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D001444F420488099AF229749630FE99" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5631926" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119375656" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5631926" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D001444F420488099AF229749630FE99" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D001444F420488099AF229749630FE99" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<subSubSection id="10B2A6D2420488049AF22974908BF8AE" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5817F559420488049AF2297496E3F969" blockId="5.[151,757,1648,1674]" box="[151,757,1648,1674]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<heading id="035F4235420488049AF2297496E3F969" bold="true" box="[151,757,1648,1674]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" reason="1">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420488049AF2297496E3F969" bold="true" box="[151,757,1648,1674]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA420488049AF229749552F969" ID-CoL="62ZMW" box="[151,324,1648,1674]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420488049AF229749552F969" bold="true" box="[151,324,1648,1674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Mantidactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA420488049B102974963BF969" authority="Vohidrazana" authorityName="Vohidrazana" box="[373,557,1648,1674]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="betsileanus">
aff.
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420488049BC32974963BF969" bold="true" box="[422,557,1648,1674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">betsileanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;Vohidrazana&quot;
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420488049AF229BF908BF8AE" blockId="5.[151,1436,1723,2029]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420488049AF229BF957FF936" bold="true" box="[151,361,1723,1749]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Series examined.</emphasis>
ZSM 1042/2004 (
<specimenCount id="4EAE3ED042048804982129BF96CCF936" box="[580,730,1723,1749]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
), 1043/2004 (
<specimenCount id="4EAE3ED042048804991829BF9006F936" box="[893,1040,1723,1749]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
) and 1063/2004 (
<specimenCount id="4EAE3ED0420488049E8729BF917CF936" box="[1250,1386,1723,1749]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
), all from the forest of An’Ala. Two of the tadpole series were collected in a quiet running brook of about two meters in diameter and
<quantity id="9F5058BC420488049BD4280F9654F8C6" box="[433,578,1803,1829]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" unit="cm" value="50.0" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="30.0">30 to 70 cm</quantity>
depth. The stream bed was sandy. The third series was sampled from a shallow system of connected puddles containing dead leaves which covered the ground.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="10B2A6D2420488099AA0285F9630FE99" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="description">
<paragraph id="5817F559420488049AA0285F96DDF80E" blockId="5.[151,1436,1723,2029]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420488049AA0285F9585F896" bold="true" box="[197,403,1883,1909]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Taxonomic note.</emphasis>
This is a further sibling species of
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA420488049951285897F6F896" box="[820,992,1884,1909]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="betsileanus">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420488049951285897F6F896" box="[820,992,1884,1909]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">M. betsileanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of which so far no adult morphological or bioacoustic data have become available. The known DNA sequence of this species is from the locality Vohidrazana, and the tadpoles from the nearby site An'Ala indicate that this species may be widespread at mid to low elevations of central eastern
<collectingCountry id="20BFB5C942048804985228D796D1F80E" box="[567,711,2003,2029]" name="Madagascar" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420788079AA02F939076FB91" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1538]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420788079AA02F939540FF52" bold="true" box="[197,342,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Description</emphasis>
(based on tadpole ZSM 1063/2004, field number 2003.2015; Genbank accession number
<accessionNumber id="47FB68BA420788079AF22FC49503FF39" box="[151,277,192,218]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EF606886" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">EF606886</accessionNumber>
;
<figureCitation id="C093E9DC420788079B442FC4957EFF39" box="[289,360,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1971,1995]" captionTargetBox="[250,1334,1582,1949]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[233,1353,1572,1954]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the preserved voucher tadpole of Mantidactylus sp. aff. betsileanus &quot; Vohidrazana &quot; (stage 37), series ZSM 1063 / 2004 (left leg cut for tissue sample); (A) dorsal view, (B) lateral view, (C) oral disc." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179091/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Tadpole in stage 37 and in a fairly good state of preservation. Colouration in preservative is transparent tan with a yellowish shade. Dorsum uniformly transparent yellowish, above each external nare an orange coloured spot visible through the transparent skin, not visible in ventral view. Dorsal fin, belly and ventral caudal fin lacking darker flecks. In dorsal view, body shape elliptical. In lateral view, body very depressed, BW 1.41 of BH. Body shape in lateral view flattening toward snout. Nostrils directed dorsolaterally, round, not protuberant, positioned closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes, S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420788079EC12E8C90E3FE41" box="[1188,1269,392,418]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" precision="555" value="0.83">N 0.83</geoCoordinate>
of N–E. Eyes positioned dorsally, oriented dorsolaterally, moderately sized, ED 0.08 of BL, not visible in ventral view. Snout rounded in lateral view, nearly rounded in dorsal view. Spiracle sinistral, closely attached to the body wall, visible in dorsal view. Spiracular opening oval, upper margin situated approximately at level of lower margin of eye, slightly closer to the end of the body than to the tip of the snout, S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420788079E3D2D2C90B7FDA1" box="[1112,1185,552,578]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" precision="555" value="-0.58">S 0.58</geoCoordinate>
of BL. Intestinal spiral well visible in lateral and ventral view, also visible in dorsal view. Short, flattened vent tube, almost median, cloacal opening dextral to caudal fin, attached directly to the ventral fin. Caudal musculature well developed, upper origin well visible in dorsal view, TMH 0.63 of BH and 0.59 of MTH. Dorsal fin originating on base of caudal musculature, increasing in height at proximal third of tail, MTH 1.07 of BH, maintaining equal height throughout two-third of the tail, slightly diminishing to finely rounded tip. Dorsal fin slightly convex in outline, ventral fin almost straight, equally sized, margins nearly parallel with the margins of the tail muscle. Oral disc small, generalized, ODW 0.22 of BL and 0.40 of BW, transversely elliptical, directed anterioventrally, laterally emarginated, not visible in dorsal view, but margins visible in lateral view. All but its anterior margin free from the body wall. Large dorsal gap, DG 0.74 of ODW, upper labium with 8 marginal papillae and one submarginal papilla on each side. Lower labium with two continuous rows of papillae (app.
<quantity id="9F5058BC420788079AF22CE494C4FC19" box="[151,210,992,1018]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1684" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" unit="in" value="46.0">46 in</quantity>
marginal row). All papillae with a rounded tip, cores pigmented, less than 1.0 mm in length each. Keratodont row formula 1:4+4/3, about 60 keratodonts per mm. Keratodont row length reduces from A2 to A5, large medial gap in second anterior keratodont row. Beak well-developed and dark brown, both jaw sheaths with serrations at their cutting edges. Upper beak M-shaped, lower beak V-shaped.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420788079AA02B7B9014FB21" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1538]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420788079AA02B7B95F9FB7A" bold="true" box="[197,495,1151,1177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Measurements (in mm).</emphasis>
BL 10.3; TAL 19.8; TL 30.4; BW 5.8; BH 4.1; ED 0.9; IOD 3.1;
<collectingCountry id="20BFB5C9420788079E9D2B84913AFB79" box="[1272,1324,1152,1178]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">IND</collectingCountry>
2.0; S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420788079FE32B8494A9FB21" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" precision="5555" value="1.5">N 1.5</geoCoordinate>
; N–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420788079A8A2BAC9526FB21" box="[239,304,1192,1218]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" precision="5555" value="1.8">E 1.8</geoCoordinate>
; S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420788079B392BAC958CFB21" box="[348,410,1192,1218]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" precision="5555" value="-6.1">S 6.1</geoCoordinate>
; TMH 2.6; TMW 2.4; MTH 4.4; ODW 2.3; DG 1.7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420788079AA02BCB9540FA39" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1538]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420788079AA02BCB9608FB0A" bold="true" box="[197,542,1231,1257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Variation within the series.</emphasis>
The series ZSM 1043/2004 and ZSM 1042/2004 contain three additional undamaged tadpoles at stages 26, 37 and 40, respectively. TL ranges from
<quantity id="9F5058BC420788079E782BFC909EFAF1" box="[1053,1160,1272,1298]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.63" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="26.3">26.3 mm</quantity>
(stage 26) to
<quantity id="9F5058BC420788079F542BFC918AFAF1" box="[1329,1436,1272,1298]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.29" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="32.9">32.9 mm</quantity>
(stage 40), and BL from
<quantity id="9F5058BC420788079BD32A249606FAD9" box="[438,528,1312,1338]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="8.6">8.6 mm</quantity>
(stage 26) to
<quantity id="9F5058BC4207880798CA2A249701FAD9" box="[687,791,1312,1338]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" unit="mm" value="10.8">10.8 mm</quantity>
(stage 40). The proportions vary as follows: BW 1.19– 1.42 of BH, ED 0.08–0.10 of BL, S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E4207880798272A4C9684FA81" box="[578,658,1352,1378]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" precision="555" value="0.75">N 0.75</geoCoordinate>
–0.84 of N–E,
<collectingCountry id="20BFB5C942078807995B2A4C9764FA81" box="[830,882,1352,1378]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">IND</collectingCountry>
0.60–0.79 of IOD, S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420788079E132A4C90D6FA81" box="[1142,1216,1352,1378]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" precision="555" value="-0.56">S 0.56</geoCoordinate>
–0.63 of BL, TMH 0.65–0.87 of BH, TMH 0.60–0.75 of MTH, MTH 0.92–1.16 of BH, ODW 0.23–0.24 of BL, ODW 0.40–0.48 of BW (see
<tableCitation id="152AC0E2420788079B4F2A9C9561FA51" box="[298,375,1432,1458]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1337,277,703]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 3. Variation in measurements, body proportions and keratodont row formulae of Mantidactylus sp. aff. betsileanus &quot; Vohidrazana &quot; (undamaged specimens from series ZSM 1042 / 2004, 1043 / 2004, 1063 / 2004). All measurements in millimeters. Each column represents measurements from a single specimen." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0CD7A5D1420688069AF22F9397D4FF17" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" tableUuid="0CD7A5D1420688069AF22F9397D4FF17">Tab. 3</tableCitation>
). Keratodont row formula is homogenous within the sample, as are general morphology and colouration.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420788079AA02AE39684F9E1" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1538]" box="[197,658,1511,1538]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420788079AA02AE395C1F9E2" bold="true" box="[197,471,1511,1537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Previous descriptions.</emphasis>
See discussion.
</paragraph>
<caption id="0CD7A5D1420788079AF228B790C6F80E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179091/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" targetBox="[250,1334,1582,1949]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="5817F559420788079AF228B790C6F80E" blockId="6.[151,1436,1971,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420788079AF228B7950CF828" bold="true" box="[151,282,1971,1995]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Drawings of the preserved voucher tadpole of
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA42078807997228B797B9F829" box="[791,943,1971,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B42078807997228B797B9F829" box="[791,943,1971,1994]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">Mantidactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA4207880799B828B79097F829" authority="Vohidrazana" authorityName="Vohidrazana" box="[989,1153,1971,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="betsileanus">
aff.
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420788079E6C28B79097F829" box="[1033,1153,1971,1994]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="55">betsileanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;Vohidrazana&quot; (stage 37), series ZSM 1063/2004 (left leg cut for tissue sample); (A) dorsal view, (B) lateral view, (C) oral disc.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="0CD7A5D1420688069AF22F9397D4FF17" ID-Table-UUID="0CD7A5D1420688069AF22F9397D4FF17" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0CD7A5D1420688069AF22F9397D4FF17" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" targetBox="[151,1337,277,703]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="5817F559420688069AF22F9397D4FF17" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,244]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420688069AF22F93951EFF4C" bold="true" box="[151,264,151,175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Variation in measurements, body proportions and keratodont row formulae of
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA420688069E342F9C90FCFF4C" box="[1105,1258,152,175]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420688069E342F9C90FCFF4C" box="[1105,1258,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Mantidactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA420688069F732F9C94AAFF32" authority="Vohidrazana" authorityName="Vohidrazana" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="betsileanus">
aff.
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420688069F252F9C94AAFF32" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">betsileanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;Vohidrazana&quot; (undamaged specimens from series ZSM 1042/2004, 1043/2004, 1063/2004). All measurements in millimeters. Each column represents measurements from a single specimen.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5817F559420688069AFA2E11969EFD5C" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<table id="2AA807F9420677FE9AF22E11912FFD5C" box="[151,1337,277,703]" gridcols="4" gridrows="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<tr id="E698F71B420677FE9AF22E11912FFECF" box="[151,1337,277,300]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<th id="A5499E67420677FE9AF22E11969EFECF" box="[151,648,277,300]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">ZSM 1063/2004</th>
<th id="A5499E67420677FE98932E11977FFECF" box="[758,873,277,300]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">1042/2004</th>
<th id="A5499E67420677FE99BB2E119047FECF" box="[990,1105,277,300]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">1042/2004</th>
<th id="A5499E67420677FE9EA32E11912FFECF" box="[1222,1337,277,300]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">1043/2004</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E698F71B420677FE9AF22E44912FFEB4" box="[151,1337,320,343]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<th id="A5499E67420677FE9AF22E44969EFEB4" box="[151,648,320,343]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Stage 37</th>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE98932E44977FFEB4" box="[758,873,320,343]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">37</td>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE99BB2E449047FEB4" box="[990,1105,320,343]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">40</td>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE9EA32E44912FFEB4" box="[1222,1337,320,343]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">26</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E698F71B420677FE9AF22E6E912FFE62" box="[151,1337,362,385]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<th id="A5499E67420677FE9AF22E6E969EFE62" box="[151,648,362,385]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">BL 10.6</th>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE98932E6E977FFE62" box="[758,873,362,385]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">10.6</td>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE99BB2E6E9047FE62" box="[990,1105,362,385]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">10.8</td>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE9EA32E6E912FFE62" box="[1222,1337,362,385]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">8.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E698F71B420677FE9AF22E91912FFE4F" box="[151,1337,405,428]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<th id="A5499E67420677FE9AF22E91969EFE4F" box="[151,648,405,428]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">TAL 19.8</th>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE98932E91977FFE4F" box="[758,873,405,428]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">22.3</td>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE99BB2E919047FE4F" box="[990,1105,405,428]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">22.1</td>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE9EA32E91912FFE4F" box="[1222,1337,405,428]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">17.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E698F71B420677FE9AF22EC4912FFE34" box="[151,1337,448,471]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<th id="A5499E67420677FE9AF22EC4969EFE34" box="[151,648,448,471]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">TL 30.4</th>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE98932EC4977FFE34" box="[758,873,448,471]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">32.9</td>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE99BB2EC49047FE34" box="[990,1105,448,471]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">32.9</td>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE9EA32EC4912FFE34" box="[1222,1337,448,471]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">26.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E698F71B420677FE9AF22EEE912FFDE2" box="[151,1337,490,513]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<th id="A5499E67420677FE9AF22EEE969EFDE2" box="[151,648,490,513]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Keratodont row formula 1:4+4/3</th>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE98932EEE977FFDE2" box="[758,873,490,513]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">1:4+4/3</td>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE99BB2EEE9047FDE2" box="[990,1105,490,513]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">1:4+4/3</td>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE9EA32EEE912FFDE2" box="[1222,1337,490,513]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">1:4+4/3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E698F71B420677FE9AF22D11912FFDCF" box="[151,1337,533,556]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<th id="A5499E67420677FE9AF22D11969EFDCF" box="[151,648,533,556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">TAL/ BL. 1. 9</th>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE98932D11977FFDCF" box="[758,873,533,556]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">2. 1</td>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE99BB2D119047FDCF" box="[990,1105,533,556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">2.0</td>
<td id="A5499E67420677FE9EA32D11912FFDCF" box="[1222,1337,533,556]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">2.1</td>
</tr>
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<th id="A5499E67420677FE9AF22DA1969EFD5C" box="[151,648,677,703]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA420688069AF22DA1969EFD5C" authority="Boulenger, 1889" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,648,677,703]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biporus">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420688069AF22DA195B1FD5C" bold="true" box="[151,423,677,703]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Mantidactylus biporus</emphasis>
(Boulenger, 1889)
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420688069AF22DEB9037FCD1" blockId="7.[151,1436,751,2018]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420688069AF22DEB958FFCEA" bold="true" box="[151,409,751,777]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Specimen examined.</emphasis>
ZSM 879/2004 (
<specimenCount id="4EAE3ED042068806980B2DF496E0FCE9" box="[622,758,752,778]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
) from Fierenana. The tadpole was collected in a puddle beside a footpath on a muddy ground. Collection was done in
<date id="2C16D39942068806990B2C1C900BFCD1" box="[878,1053,792,818]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" value="2003-02">February 2003</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420688069AA02C3B9795FBC1" blockId="7.[151,1436,751,2018]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420688069AA02C3B9584FCBA" bold="true" box="[197,402,831,857]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Taxonomic note.</emphasis>
Based on the original description and on our own examination of the
<typeStatus id="87134BFB420688069EAF2C44911EFCB9" box="[1226,1288,832,858]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">types</typeStatus>
(M. Vences, unpublished), the defining character of
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA4206880698072C6C96F7FC62" box="[610,737,872,897]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biporus">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B4206880698072C6C96F7FC62" box="[610,737,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">M. biporus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are two separated rudimentary clusters of femoral glands in females. Furthermore, the
<typeStatus id="87134BFB420688069BAE2C9495EBFC49" box="[459,509,912,938]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">type</typeStatus>
specimens of
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA4206880698C12C949732FC4A" box="[676,804,912,937]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biporus">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B4206880698C12C949732FC4A" box="[676,804,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">M. biporus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibit larger body sizes than many other populations assigned to
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA420688069B402CBC95BEFC32" box="[293,424,952,977]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biporus">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420688069B402CBC95BEFC32" box="[293,424,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">M. biporus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Based on these observations, the population from Fierenana (with double glands in females and relatively large body sizes) qualifies as representing this species more closely than any of the populations listed by Vences
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420688069B892B0C9631FBC2" box="[492,551,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">et al.</emphasis>
(2006) as
<emphasis id="6ADC294B4206880698C12B0C96D2FBC2" box="[676,708,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">M.</emphasis>
sp.
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA4206880698962B0C976AFBC2" box="[755,892,1032,1058]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biporus">
aff.
<emphasis id="6ADC294B4206880699472B0C976AFBC2" box="[802,892,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">biporus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420688099AA02B2B90A8FEE1" blockId="7.[151,1436,751,2018]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,152,378]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420688069AA02B2B9540FBAA" bold="true" box="[197,342,1071,1097]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Description</emphasis>
(based on a single tadpole, ZSM 879/2004, field number 2003.1667; Genbank accession number
<accessionNumber id="47FB68BA420688069A9D2B5C9563FB91" box="[248,373,1112,1138]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EF606883" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">EF606883</accessionNumber>
;
<figureCitation id="C093E9DC420688069BE42B5C95DFFB91" box="[385,457,1112,1138]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,255,850,874]" captionTargetBox="[229,1357,442,816]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[218,1370,434,826]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Drawings of the preserved voucher tadpole of Mantidactylus biporus (stage 37), series ZSM 879 / 2004 (part of dorsal fin cut for tissue sample); (A) dorsal view, (B) lateral view, (C) oral disc." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179092/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Tadpole in stage 37 (no other conspecific larvae were found) and fairly good state of preservation (bit from the dorsal tail fin has been excised for DNA analysis). The colouration of the preserved tadpole is pale brown to tan with a yellowish shade. Dorsum scattered with slightly darker irregular flecking, as dorsal fin, especially on the body-tail junction; belly and ventral caudal fin transparent yellowish, almost lacking darker flecks. In dorsal view, body shape elliptical. In lateral view, body depressed, BW 1.72 of BH. Body shape in lateral view flattening toward snout. Nostrils directed dorsolaterally, round, not protuberant, positioned closer to the eyes than to the tip of the snout, S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E4206880699D72A4C9013FA81" box="[946,1029,1352,1378]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" precision="555" value="1.25">N 1.25</geoCoordinate>
of N–E. Eyes positioned dorsally, oriented dorsolaterally, moderately sized, not visible in ventral view, ED 0.09 of BL. Snout rounded in lateral view, nearly rounded in dorsal view. Spiracle sinistral, closely attached to the body wall, not visible in dorsal view. Spiracular opening oval, upper margin situated approximately at level of lower margin of eye, closer to the end of the body than to the tip of the snout, S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E4206880698852AEC973FF9E1" box="[736,809,1512,1538]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" precision="555" value="-0.61">S 0.61</geoCoordinate>
of BL. Intestinal spiral slightly visible in lateral view and well visible in ventral view. Short, flattened vent tube, almost median, cloacal opening dextral to caudal fin, attached to the ventral fin. Caudal musculature well developed, TMH 0.74 of BH and 0.62 of MTH, gradually tapering from base to not clearly visible pointed tip. Dorsal fin originating on base of caudal musculature, as far as noticeable due to the excision, increasing in height at the end of the proximal third of tail, MTH 1.19 of BH, maintaining equal height throughout two-third of the tail, slightly diminishing to finely rounded tip. Dorsal and ventral fin slightly convex in outline, equally sized, margins nearly parallel with the margins of the tail muscle. Oral disc small, generalized, ODW 0.21 of BL and 0.33 of BW, transversely elliptical, directed anterioventrally, laterally emarginated, not visible in dorsal view, but margins visible in lateral view. All but its anterior margin free from the body wall. Large dorsal gap, DG 0.69 of ODW, upper labium with 8 marginal papillae and 4 submarginal papillae on each side. Lower labium with two rows of papillae (app.
<quantity id="9F5058BC420688069F1A287C94B8F859" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.636" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="in" value="34.0">34 in</quantity>
marginal row, app.
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submarginal row). All papillae with a rounded tip, cores of papillae are pigmented, less than 1.0 mm in length each. Keratodont row formula 1:3+3/1+1:2, about 50 keratodonts per mm. Keratodont row length reduces from A2 to A4, large medial gap in second anterior keratodont row. First posterior row with small medial gap and app. 1.5 times larger keratodonts. Beak well developed and black, both jaw sheaths with serrations at their cutting edges. Upper beak M-shaped, lower beak V-shaped.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420988099AA02E0B9010FEB1" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420988099AA02E0B95F9FECA" bold="true" box="[197,495,271,297]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Measurements (in mm).</emphasis>
BL 15.2; TAL 32.1; TL 47.3; BW 9.8; BH 5.7; ED 1.3; IOD 4.5;
<collectingCountry id="20BFB5C9420988099E922E14913DFEC9" box="[1271,1323,272,298]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">IND</collectingCountry>
2.6; S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420988099FE02E1494A9FEB1" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" precision="5555" value="2.0">N 2.0</geoCoordinate>
; N–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420988099A8A2E3C9526FEB1" box="[239,304,312,338]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" precision="5555" value="1.6">E 1.6</geoCoordinate>
; S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420988099B392E3C958CFEB1" box="[348,410,312,338]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" precision="5555" value="-9.3">S 9.3</geoCoordinate>
; TMH 4.2; TMW 4.3; MTH 6.8; ODW 3.2; DG, 2.2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420988099AA02E5B9630FE99" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,378]" box="[197,550,351,378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420988099AA02E5B95C1FE9A" bold="true" box="[197,471,351,377]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Previous descriptions.</emphasis>
None.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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160
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<paragraph id="5817F559420588059AF22EFB971EFDFA" blockId="4.[151,776,511,537]" box="[151,776,511,537]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
<heading id="035F4235420588059AF22EFB971EFDFA" bold="true" box="[151,776,511,537]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" reason="1">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420588059AF22EFB971EFDFA" bold="true" box="[151,776,511,537]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA420588059AF22EFB9552FDFA" ID-CoL="62ZMW" box="[151,324,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420588059AF22EFB9552FDFA" bold="true" box="[151,324,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Mantidactylus</emphasis>
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sp.
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aff.
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420588059BC32EFB963BFDFA" bold="true" box="[422,557,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">betsileanus</emphasis>
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&quot;very slow calls&quot;
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<paragraph id="5817F559420588059AF22D4E9148FD3F" blockId="4.[151,1437,586,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420588059AF22D4E957CFD87" bold="true" box="[151,362,586,612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Series examined.</emphasis>
ZSM 841/2004 (
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) and 843/2004 (
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) from An’Ala, ZSM 1114/2004 (
<specimenCount id="4EAE3ED0420588059AC72D769530FD6F" box="[162,294,626,652]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
) and 1193/2004 (
<specimenCount id="4EAE3ED0420588059B932D76966DFD6F" box="[502,635,626,652]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
) from Ranomafana, Maharira. Tadpoles from An'Ala were collected in ephemeral ponds of about three to five meters diameter, moderate depth and with a thick layer of dead leaves covering the ground. Sampling was carried out in
<date id="2C16D3994205880599572DC69064FD3F" box="[818,1138,706,732]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" value="2003-01" valueMax="2003-02-31" valueMin="2003-01-00">January and February 2003</date>
and
<date id="2C16D399420588059ECE2DC6914FFD3F" box="[1195,1369,706,732]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" value="2004-02">February 2004</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="10B2A6D2420588049AA02DEE9684FDA1" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" type="description">
<paragraph id="5817F559420588059AA02DEE9575FC9F" blockId="4.[151,1437,586,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420588059AA02DEE9580FCE7" bold="true" box="[197,406,746,772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Taxonomic note.</emphasis>
This is a sibling species of
<taxonomicName id="9FA88EDA4205880598922DEE97B0FCE0" box="[759,934,746,771]" class="Amphibia" family="Mantellidae" genus="Mantidactylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="betsileanus">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B4205880598922DEE97B0FCE0" box="[759,934,746,771]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">M. betsileanus</emphasis>
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, differing morphologically by a different shape of femoral glands in adult males, and by a conspicuously slower pulse repetition rate in advertisement calls. Calls of this species are documented by Vences
<emphasis id="6ADC294B4205880599622C3E9757FCB0" box="[775,833,826,851]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
(2006) on CD 2 as Track 64 (as
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420588059EDE2C3E90CDFCB0" box="[1211,1243,826,851]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">M.</emphasis>
sp.
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aff.
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420588059F522C3E94D6FC98" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">betsileanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;very slow&quot;).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420588059AA02C8E9583F857" blockId="4.[151,1437,586,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420588059AA02C8E9540FC47" bold="true" box="[197,342,906,932]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Description</emphasis>
(based on a tadpole from series ZSM 841/2004, field number 2003.1604; Genbank accession number
<accessionNumber id="47FB68BA420588059A922CB69560FC2F" box="[247,374,946,972]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EF606879" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">EF606879</accessionNumber>
;
<figureCitation id="C093E9DC420588059BE42CB695D1FC2F" box="[385,455,946,972]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1019,1043]" captionTargetBox="[230,1333,634,995]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[217,1369,634,995]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Drawings of the preserved voucher tadpole of Mantidactylus sp. aff. betsileanus &quot; very slow calls &quot; (stage 25), series ZSM 841 / 2004; (A) dorsal view, (B) lateral view, (C) oral disc." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179090/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Tadpole in stage 25 and in fairly good state of preservation. Colouration in preservative is transparent tan with a yellowish shade. Dorsum uniformly coloured transparent yellowish, above each nare an orange coloured spot/structure shining through the skin, also visible in ventral view. Dorsal fin, belly and ventral caudal fin almost lacking darker flecks. In dorsal view, body shape elliptical. In lateral view, body depressed, BW 1.43 of BH. Body shape in lateral view flattening toward snout. Nostrils directed dorsolaterally, round, not protuberant, positioned closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes, S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420588059E862B7E9123FB77" box="[1251,1333,1146,1172]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" precision="555" value="0.86">N 0.86</geoCoordinate>
of N–E. Eyes positioned dorsally, oriented dorsolaterally, moderately sized, ED 0.07 of BL, not visible in ventral view. Snout rounded in lateral view, nearly rounded in dorsal view. Spiracle sinistral, closely attached to the body wall, slightly visible in dorsal view. Spiracular opening oval, upper margin situated approximately at level of lower margin of eye, at mid-distance between end of body and tip of the snout, S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420588059E322A1E90B7FAD7" box="[1111,1185,1306,1332]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" precision="555" value="-0.51">S 0.51</geoCoordinate>
of BL. Intestinal spiral well visible in lateral and ventral view, also visible in dorsal view. Short, flattened vent tube, almost median, cloacal opening dextral to caudal fin, attached directly to the ventral fin. Caudal musculature welldeveloped, upper origin well visible in dorsal view, TMH 0.61 of BH and 0.57 of MTH, gradually tapering from base to the rounded tip. Dorsal fin originating on base of caudal musculature, increasing in height at about half of length of tail, MTH 1.07 of BH, maintaining equal height throughout two-third of the tail, slightly diminishing to finely rounded tip. Dorsal and ventral fin slightly convex in outline, dorsal fin at its maximum height slightly higher than ventral fin, margins nearly parallel with the margins of the tail muscle. Oral disc small, generalized, ODW 0.28 of BL and 0.53 of BW, transversely elliptical, directed anterioventrally, laterally emarginated, not visible in dorsal view, but margins visible in lateral view. All but its anterior margin free from the body wall. Large dorsal gap, DG 0.57 of ODW, upper labium with 8 marginal papillae and one submarginal papilla on each side. Lower labium with two continuous rows of papillae (app.
<quantity id="9F5058BC420588059F3B29D6918AF90F" box="[1374,1436,1746,1772]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" unit="in" value="50.0">50 in</quantity>
marginal row). All papillae with a rounded tip, less than 1.0 mm in length each. Keratodont row formula 1:4+3/3, about 60 keratodonts per mm. Keratodont row length reduces from A2 to A4, with A5 consisting of 4 keratodonts only on the left side of the oral disc. Large medial gap in second anterior keratodont row. Beak well developed and dark brown, both jaw sheaths with serrations at their cutting edges. Upper beak M-shaped, lower beak V-shaped.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420588049AA028C69017FF51" blockId="4.[151,1437,586,2012]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,152,578]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420588059AA028C695E5F83F" bold="true" box="[197,499,1986,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">Measurements (in mm):</emphasis>
BL 7.5; TAL 14.4; TL 21.9; BW 4.0; BH 2.8; ED 0.5; IOD 2.0;
<collectingCountry id="20BFB5C9420588059E9328C6913CF83F" box="[1270,1322,1986,2012]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="53">IND</collectingCountry>
1.2; S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420588049FE028C694A9FF51" direction="north" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="54" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" precision="5555" value="1.2">N 1.2</geoCoordinate>
; N–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420488049A8A2F9C9526FF51" box="[239,304,152,178]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" precision="5555" value="1.4">E 1.4</geoCoordinate>
; S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420488049B392F9C958CFF51" box="[348,410,152,178]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" precision="5555" value="-3.8">S 3.8</geoCoordinate>
; TMH 1.7; TMW 1.8; MTH 3.0; ODW 2.1; DG 1.2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420488049AA02FBB9579FDF9" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420488049AA02FBB960EFF3A" bold="true" box="[197,536,191,217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Variation within the series.</emphasis>
The series ZSM 841/2004 and ZSM 843/2004 contain two undamaged tadpoles at stage 25 and one in stage 26. Proportions of stage 25 tadpoles vary as follows: BW 1.39–1.48 of BH, ED 0.07 of BL, S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E420488049B1B2E1495C7FEC9" box="[382,465,272,298]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" precision="555" value="0.93">N 0.93</geoCoordinate>
–1.00 of N–E,
<collectingCountry id="20BFB5C94204880498E22E1496ADFEC9" box="[647,699,272,298]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">IND</collectingCountry>
0.70 of IOD, S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E4204880499E92E1497CEFEC9" box="[908,984,272,298]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" precision="555" value="-0.48">S 0.48</geoCoordinate>
–0.57 of BL, TMH 0.54–0.64 of BH, TMH 0.54–0.62 of MTH, MTH 1.00–1.04 of BH, ODW 0.27–0.28 of BL, ODW 0.51–0.54 of BW. Stage 26 differs by the following ratios: S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E4204880498462E649662FE99" box="[547,628,352,378]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" precision="555" value="0.79">N 0.79</geoCoordinate>
of N–E,
<collectingCountry id="20BFB5C94204880498852E649702FE99" box="[736,788,352,378]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">IND</collectingCountry>
0.75 of IOD, S–
<geoCoordinate id="3D9C939E4204880499BF2E649035FE99" box="[986,1059,352,378]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" precision="555" value="-0.63">S 0.63</geoCoordinate>
of BL, TMH 0.52 of BH, TMH 0.45 of MTH, MTH 1.15 of BH, ODW 0.23 of BL, ODW 0.42 of BW (see
<tableCitation id="152AC0E2420488049E632E8C9046FE41" box="[1030,1104,392,418]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,1123,1147]" captionTargetBox="[159,1332,1249,1528]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Variation in measurements, body proportions and keratodont row formulae of Mantidactylus sp. aff. betsileanus &quot; very slow calls &quot; (undamaged specimens from series ZSM 841 / 2004, 843 / 2004). All measurements in millimeters. Each column represents measurements from a single specimen." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0CD7A5D1420488049AF22B67972DFB23" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" tableUuid="0CD7A5D1420488049AF22B67972DFB23">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
). Keratodont row formula is not consistent, with larvae at stage 25 exhibiting keratodont row formulae 1:4+3/3, 1:4+4/3 and 1:3+3/3. The stage 26 larva has the keratodont row formula 1:3+4/3. General morphology and colouration is homogenous within the sample.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5817F559420488049AA02D239684FDA1" blockId="5.[151,1436,152,578]" box="[197,658,551,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="6ADC294B420488049AA02D2395C1FDA2" bold="true" box="[197,471,551,577]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Previous descriptions.</emphasis>
See discussion.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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90
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<paragraph blockId="23.[185,778,1850,1903]" pageId="23" pageNumber="888">4. Rostrum is moderately long and about as high as it is broad (2).</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="23.[837,1441,198,740]" pageId="23" pageNumber="888">7. A shallow preorbital depression anterior to a thickened ridge on the anterior margin of the orbit is present, extending anteroventrally from the lacrimal to the canine buttress of the maxilla (1).</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="23.[837,1441,198,740]" pageId="23" pageNumber="888">15. Orbit positioned relatively high, elevated to or above the dorsal temporal margin (0). (Reversal to the primitive therapsid condition; conv. in baurioids.)</paragraph>
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16. Anterior border of orbit located on transverse midline of skull (2). (Modified from van den Heever, 1994; conv. in
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and baurioids.)
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49. Interpterygoid vacuity of adults extremely reduced (1). (From Kemp, 1972a; conv. in
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.)
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75. Upper incisors numerous, more than five (1). (Conv. in
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, non-
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cynodonts and all baurioids except
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<treatment id="D001B89A0EA0E1AA03E0540221E6D1F5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D001B89A0EA0E1AA03E0540221E6D1F5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D001B89A0EA0E1AA03E0540221E6D1F5" lastPageNumber="957" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">
<subSubSection id="102E3B1AA38ABB42DCCF856251FBBCEA" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="09BB8D22588A85AAA3954F814C974F09" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">
<taxonomicName id="24377C4279EC272DB13BC15C74AAFED7" ID-CoL="678WD" authority="Pocock, 1895" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1895" class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Anoplodesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anoplodesmus anthracinus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinus">Anoplodesmus anthracinus Pocock, 1895</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D915A800EC01599B09DC6DFB28C7149A" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5D7521D92D947B39C81E85B4147532E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">Materials</paragraph>
<paragraph id="30930A730CFB0A29F38ACDA9D9EEEAD4" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">
<materialsCitation id="EAEE587907CA7E7B8E37E5702CFF7F6C" collectingDate="2011-06-15" collectionCode="NMNHS" collectorName="P. Stoev &amp; L. Penev" country="Malaysia" latitude="5.54" location="Malaysia" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="100.46972" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName id="5283068AEA32B827EA3BBFBA2DF0624A" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">P. Stoev &amp; L. Penev</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount id="65698DAA749CED407D155B9F5A843442" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">1</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType id="85421EA2DB5AD2629A67A75F079392C7" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">male</specimenType>
; behavior: copulation observed; Location: higherGeography: Malay Peninsula; country:
<collectingCountry id="A07F3F61CD61F24A9305D196B0384706" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince: State Pulau Penang; verbatimLocality: Station MARDI Seberang Perai; locationRemarks: agriculture area, in close proximity to experimental rice fields, under wooden board; verbatimLatitude:
<geoCoordinate id="97168F90FB9357292A339ED8A982F53F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="5.54">5°32'24''N</geoCoordinate>
; verbatimLongitude:
<geoCoordinate id="17124A5B3AF6F21F9854ED020523EB8C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.46972">100°28'11''E</geoCoordinate>
; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate id="E101839CD4D3B7F3F833D0428B23922F" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" value="2011-06-15">15 June 2011</collectingDate>
; Record Level: institutionCode:
<collectionCode id="E93F4A079BB19B4F838534D5BD749704" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">NMNHS</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="27A4C8D00A7FF4310828E9EE300F6CB3" collectingDate="2011-06-15" collectionCode="NMNHS" collectorName="P. Stoev &amp; L. Penev" country="Malaysia" latitude="5.54" location="Malaysia" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="100.46972" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2">
Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName id="86838066F06A6B91CAAF68DD60887513" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">P. Stoev &amp; L. Penev</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount id="6512267DD0C5F3916378DC623D149B0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">2</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType id="C34C970376680CBA94569984F457834B" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">females</specimenType>
; behavior: copulation observed; Location: higherGeography: Malay Peninsula; country:
<collectingCountry id="70AB36146328176C2799B3D58FC69BBF" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince: State Pulau Penang; verbatimLocality: Station MARDI Seberang Perai; locationRemarks: agriculture area, in close proximity to experimental rice fields, under wooden board; verbatimLatitude:
<geoCoordinate id="4370190E41BDB9F3E6FC2E84CF5682DE" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="5.54">5°32'24''N</geoCoordinate>
; verbatimLongitude:
<geoCoordinate id="61F0A35442B4C92C7F39292670233BA2" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="100.46972">100°28'11''E</geoCoordinate>
; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate id="0F3BE52B6A037A69BA793E5DD1BBEF17" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" value="2011-06-15">15 June 2011</collectingDate>
; Record Level: institutionCode:
<collectionCode id="CF880788F6B5BE1CF3C55F3923F482D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">NMNHS</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="040AC3959D0601DE929126D2C1468D7A" collectingDate="2012-12-19" collectionCode="ZMUM" collectorName="I. Melnik" country="Sri Lanka" latitude="7.277778" location="Sri Lanka" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="80.386665" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName id="12BE223F17BF54ECEFA6C13C34370583" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">I. Melnik</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount id="CB5F60CE3B0C1A2B0E904BBF06ECD63A" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">1</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType id="C0BB0E6C98962F3E5B39F8B58628D8D3" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">male</specimenType>
; Location: country:
<collectingCountry id="E9E3E7AA94A93CC955E43BEE83DB692D" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince: Sabaragamuwa Prov.; verbatimLocality: Millenium Foundation Orphanage; verbatimElevation:
<elevation id="282CD4F35974E4F06A7904782653EB45" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">90 m</elevation>
; verbatimLatitude:
<geoCoordinate id="3230AFFCB8F0C994C9D8400FF68EF4C2" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="7.277778">7°16'40&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
; verbatimLongitude:
<geoCoordinate id="D1F9C893D21D6E9B62734C48B44DCE87" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="80.386665">80°23'12&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate id="4241E1756C7E425A838A382DCCEBF7CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" value="2012-12-19" valueMax="2012-12-22" valueMin="2012-12-19">19-22.XII.2012</collectingDate>
; Record Level: institutionCode:
<collectionCode id="D40F33B0097F82128D168A746F269546" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">ZMUM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="45A444AFFB51D84D68C9D1440FBAF842" collectingDate="2012-12-19" collectionCode="ZMUM" collectorName="I. Melnik" country="Sri Lanka" latitude="7.277778" location="Sri Lanka" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="80.386665" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2">
Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName id="48583F003DE2418131DE0494F3AD2558" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">I. Melnik</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount id="2CFBE4F3C7E62AAB136EC8FD82A18719" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">2</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType id="A477DAAEC2AF05640E5DC9214EA2ED29" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">females</specimenType>
; Location: country:
<collectingCountry id="2A44E035B52257364F968993DD7DB902" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince: Sabaragamuwa Prov.; verbatimLocality: Millenium Foundation Orphanage; verbatimElevation:
<elevation id="35B1E0698EBE7918D39F3C2AC0B30D74" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">90 m</elevation>
; verbatimLatitude:
<geoCoordinate id="8E5F48033ED895F27DE0CAA56E0EC62A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="7.277778">7°16'40&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
; verbatimLongitude:
<geoCoordinate id="7EB779131625035900F2A42E6D559F1F" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="80.386665">80°23'12&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate id="02966A46000C4BC4AC2C554265DA534D" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" value="2012-12-19" valueMax="2012-12-22" valueMin="2012-12-19">19-22.XII.2012</collectingDate>
; Record Level: institutionCode:
<collectionCode id="39C1A137474DCA899C46B6B9EDA83A34" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">ZMUM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="ED9F697F31612CD0EFF0DF5BF9133CEB" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" type="description">
<paragraph id="4BE53552B3311740DCBFBE32ECD958CF" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9A4BF95C3D9C6831DA15CBA13D2848A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">Length ca 33 mm, width of pro- and metazona 2.8 and 3.8 mm, respectively (♂), or 25, 3.0 and 4.0 mm, respectively (♀). Colour pattern highly vivid (Fig. 5), shiny blackish to dark brown, with contrasting yellowish paraterga and the immediately adjacent regions. Paraterga very well-developed, set rather high (about 1/4th of midbody height) (Fig. 6a), callus wide (Fig. 6b), thicker in pore-bearing paraterga. Pleurosternal carinae longitudinally arched ribs, increasingly poorly developed towards telson to totally disappear in segment 15. Legs only slightly enlarged in male, rather long and slender, about 1.3 (♂) or 0.9 (♀) times as long as midbody height. ♂ legs 5 (Fig. 7a) and 6 with large femoral humps, ♂ femur 7 with a humped process even greater than in leg 6 (Fig. 7b). Epiproct subtruncate (Fig. 6c). Hypoproct roundly subtrapeziform (Fig. 6d). Sternal lamina between ♂ coxae 4 semi-circular (Fig. 6e).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B27617611D13ECCD43568C5CCE33BDC5" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">Gonopods very simple (Fig. 6f): coxite with a few strong setae distodorsally, prefemoral part prominent, only slightly shorter than acropodite; femorite with a strong ventral tooth (a), solenophore bipartite, with two apical lobes (b, c), lobe c supporting a short solenomere (sl).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="89B76ACE4E5BE3692C6E00D4D85058CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" type="notes">
<paragraph id="6199DC3B35570009A5AF06175CB3B73F" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">Notes</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E4820E9E2E9E826EBF8ED1F77B62AB3" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">
This species was originally described from Yangon (= Rangoon), Myanmar (
<bibRefCitation id="7FC98B2DD6EC5A9B4242CD9E1DC1EEBF" author="Pocock, RI" journalOrPublisher="Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale &quot; Giacomo Doria &quot;, Genova" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="787 - 834" title="The Myriapoda of Burma, Pt. IV. Report upon the Polydesmoidea collected by Sig. L. Fea, Mr. E. W. Oates and others." volume="2" year="1895">Pocock 1895</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="BB0610D06B3978CD716D59380FB3F299" author="Attems, C" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="1 - 300" title="Myriapoda 3. Polydesmoidea I. Fam. Strongylosomidae." volume="68" year="1937">Attems (1937)</bibRefCitation>
synonymized it with
<taxonomicName id="2FAFEC6754C7E6052B73343113F38B6D" class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Jonespeltis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Jonespeltis splendidus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendidus">Jonespeltis splendidus</taxonomicName>
Verhoeff, 1936, from southern India, but
<bibRefCitation id="8B61774A0F00B9250A611683E311696A" author="Jeekel, CAW" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="95 - 144" title="A revision of the Burmese Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale at Genoa (Part I)." volume="108" year="1965">Jeekel (1965)</bibRefCitation>
revalidated the latter species and returned
<taxonomicName id="AA446C65BD0371E0668383916F47CDE2" lsidName="A. anthracinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="anthracinus">A. anthracinus</taxonomicName>
to its original scope. Furthermore, Jeekel provided very useful illustrations and a detailed redescription of the species, based on a part of the type series.
<bibRefCitation id="91F9301B4263652A29FDCCF92856DB90" author="Hoffman, RL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="361 - 389" title="Descriptions and allocation of new or poorly known genera and species of Paradoxomatidae from south-eastern Asia (Diplopoda: Polydesmida)." volume="7" year="1973">Hoffman (1973)</bibRefCitation>
gave more illustrations of the gonopods, based on a paratype of
<taxonomicName id="5BA1962B610D832A8965ACDA0D4172AD" lsidName="A. kathanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="kathanus">A. kathanus</taxonomicName>
(Chamberlin, 1921), from Katha, north of Yangon, Myanmar, and synonymized it with
<taxonomicName id="0E96F07F1F0173622D798C5C7EBF4FD2" lsidName="A. anthracinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="anthracinus">A. anthracinus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BFEDAE45664024B8E39C6F961C861C8E" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">
Our record of
<taxonomicName id="44D87E4B9EA691641FCB3537C6241EB0" lsidName="A. anthracinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="anthracinus">A. anthracinus</taxonomicName>
in the State of Pulau Penang, Malaysia considerably extends the range of this species to the south. The studied sample agrees well with the description provided by
<bibRefCitation id="AEA73200E6C9F7A2BF1FAA6EFDF784F8" author="Jeekel, CAW" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="95 - 144" title="A revision of the Burmese Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale at Genoa (Part I)." volume="108" year="1965">Jeekel (1965)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="177CDD30AA8EE5157CEC0E13D62D9B9E" author="Hoffman, RL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="361 - 389" title="Descriptions and allocation of new or poorly known genera and species of Paradoxomatidae from south-eastern Asia (Diplopoda: Polydesmida)." volume="7" year="1973">Hoffman (1973)</bibRefCitation>
in most characters (Figs 6f, 7), including humps in ♂ femora 5 and 6, as well as a process surmounting a hump in ♂ femur 7. Only slight variations have been noticed in the shapes of paraterga and sternal lobe between ♂ coxae 4. The same can be said about the samples from Sri Lanka which are also identified as
<taxonomicName id="77D95B717288F479958164805D6E26E7" lsidName="A. anthracinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="anthracinus">A. anthracinus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E394BBFC6A9F0DEB351798BF759BFE4B" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">These are the first formal records of the species in Malaysia and Sri Lanka (Figs 8, 10). However, actually they might well represent introductions. In fact, in Malaysia the species was observed and collected in a highly agricultural and urbanized area, in close proximity to experimental rice fields (Fig. 9), while in Sri Lanka, the collecting locality is a human settlement.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1017D431DF4ABC363C0C931E1B58D801" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">
It is noteworthy that Sri Lanka hosts several formal species of
<taxonomicName id="BCDC34557C841D54CF280CB3029C68AD" class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Anoplodesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anoplodesmus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anoplodesmus</taxonomicName>
, nearly all very similar to one another:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9BD021D6D4AE6629F005A78D91828BDB" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">
<taxonomicName id="C8ACFB9CBCEDB9F90FCFAA3D4EEF406F" class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Anoplodesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anoplodesmus saussurii" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saussurii">Anoplodesmus saussurii</taxonomicName>
(Humbert, 1865), originally described from Sri Lanka, later recorded also in Fiji and Mauritius (
<bibRefCitation id="23B45B827BBD84239034B292B48C002A" author="Jeekel, CAW" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="95 - 144" title="A revision of the Burmese Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale at Genoa (Part I)." volume="108" year="1965">Jeekel 1965</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="3D18466FBBA140CE73F9E234FA656BAD" author="Jeekel, CAW" journalOrPublisher="Beaufortia" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="1 - 5" title="The &quot; endemic &quot; paradoxosomatids (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) of the Fiji Islands." volume="20" year="1972">Jeekel 1972</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="792021DE8140422CF798B82E5CB3309B" author="Jeekel, CAW" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Berichten" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="122 - 127" title="Records of Diplopoda of the order Polydesmida from the Fiji Islands." volume="40" year="1980">Jeekel 1980a</bibRefCitation>
). The only meaningful difference from
<taxonomicName id="B12F52EAB2A2EE0E5A55B9EAF36565EB" lsidName="A. anthracinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="anthracinus">A. anthracinus</taxonomicName>
is said to lie in the absence of a ventral hump in ♂ femur 5. However, given considerable variation in the presence or absence of this character, when such a hump in
<taxonomicName id="26CA9590A18D30518816B5537ADE0439" lsidName="A. anthracinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="anthracinus">A. anthracinus</taxonomicName>
can either be present in or absent from ♂ femur 4 (
<bibRefCitation id="CB3CB755A76BB52A519346EA102B2F2C" author="Attems, C" journalOrPublisher="Das Tierreich" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="1 - 300" title="Myriapoda 3. Polydesmoidea I. Fam. Strongylosomidae." volume="68" year="1937">Attems 1937</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="70F8BDF64598667A21ED3B0F925741D1" author="Jeekel, CAW" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="95 - 144" title="A revision of the Burmese Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale at Genoa (Part I)." volume="108" year="1965">Jeekel 1965</bibRefCitation>
), its status versus the older name
<taxonomicName id="C875EABB668045D014F36792B8F7A367" lsidName="A. saussurii" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="saussurii">A. saussurii</taxonomicName>
is to be questioned.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00C193CB32993307AAD570F84C698D98" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">
<taxonomicName id="AC41C02299F2103B3AD581222C7ABC07" class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Anoplodesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anoplodesmus luctuosus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luctuosus">Anoplodesmus luctuosus</taxonomicName>
(Peters, 1864), from Rambodde;
<taxonomicName id="82B6390567979E0809E8DC0B8097941C" lsidName="A. inornatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="inornatus">A. inornatus</taxonomicName>
(Humbert, 1865),
<taxonomicName id="14E47729EE5590BEDD6C6378A1A82176" lsidName="A. layardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="layardi">A. layardi</taxonomicName>
(Humbert, 1865),
<taxonomicName id="FF532DC76EC09D2D48E0EAE5E45148F5" lsidName="A. thwaitesii" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="thwaitesii">A. thwaitesii</taxonomicName>
(Humbert, 1865) and
<taxonomicName id="72F1EF7A60F2FB4414514031D9BF9DD9" lsidName="A. humberti" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="humberti">A. humberti</taxonomicName>
(Carl, 1902), all from Paradeniya; and
<taxonomicName id="4398595E2FF781E92C1B2524023204E7" lsidName="A. sabulosus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="sabulosus">A. sabulosus</taxonomicName>
Attems, 1898, from Kandy. All of them have been described from Sri Lanka, still known only from that island. Some of these taxa are however dubious, being based on female or even juvenile material, but most could be included into a key (
<bibRefCitation id="904950F8F632AEE92CDE62502B00322C" author="Jeekel, CAW" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="95 - 144" title="A revision of the Burmese Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale at Genoa (Part I)." volume="108" year="1965">Jeekel 1965</bibRefCitation>
). Regrettably, the first couplet in the key is purely geographic, separating the species from Myanmar and Sumatra from those described from Sri Lanka and India (
<bibRefCitation id="EB18182334E6C4CCD8376A3353C69E67" author="Jeekel, CAW" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="95 - 144" title="A revision of the Burmese Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale at Genoa (Part I)." volume="108" year="1965">Jeekel 1965</bibRefCitation>
). As one can see from the presently known distributions of
<taxonomicName id="FF0FFDDE02F182C1F3F5455E4781FAC2" lsidName="A. saussurii" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="saussurii">A. saussurii</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F16F8A5295B2BB784473FDE7B7DC923F" lsidName="A. anthracinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="anthracinus">A. anthracinus</taxonomicName>
, this distinction does not hold, also strongly suggesting several introductions through human agency. The only feasible solution lies in collecting new and/or spotting topotypic museum samples of the still enigmatic
<taxonomicName id="2BAB2504EDA58E2BEEFFCF0B8C7870CC" lsidName="A. inornatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="inornatus">A. inornatus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="DDD26D945918BAF0F10B87A4FF5430A9" lsidName="A. layardi" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="layardi">A. layardi</taxonomicName>
from Paradeniya, and of
<taxonomicName id="0DC5F2E9E1CE050267473F5C00AD398D" lsidName="A. sabulosus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="sabulosus">A. sabulosus</taxonomicName>
from Kandy, to properly compare them to their type material. In addition, bar-coding could help tracing genetic relationships. Last, but not least, a few congeneric species, most of which also very similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C6F9C7E6A223FD34A182467D1404AF3" lsidName="A. anthracinus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="anthracinus">A. anthracinus</taxonomicName>
, are known to occur in southern India as well.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28ADEA852F0F4C226A3DA68D2BF46512" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">
Since
<taxonomicName id="7530F66118FE606F9CADF5E5AF3F39BF" class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Anoplodesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anoplodesmus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anoplodesmus</taxonomicName>
is a senior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="9EEBE3D1DE3A4C33CCAAB6910DFD3755" class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Paranedyopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paranedyopus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paranedyopus</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="B7CB71FDCC26A7C82355C1B41AD91E81" author="Golovatch, SI" journalOrPublisher="Arthropoda Selecta" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="215 - 220" title="On several new or poorly-known Oriental Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida), VII." volume="8" year="2000">Golovatch 2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0478C8A7AEEA9614C49D10DD6C737B6F" author="Golovatch, SI" journalOrPublisher="Arthropoda Selecta" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="1 - 31" title="On several new or poorly-known Oriental Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida), XIII." volume="22" year="2013">Golovatch 2013</bibRefCitation>
), the sole erstwhile component species of the latter genus from Sri Lanka,
<taxonomicName id="72EA4795CA57F0CEF0352249993BA7A2" lsidName="A. simplex" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="simplex">A. simplex</taxonomicName>
(Humbert, 1865), from Pundaloya (
<bibRefCitation id="2313B956C80747E77BD9095C7873201C" author="Jeekel, CAW" journalOrPublisher="Beaufortia" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="163 - 178" title="On some little known Paradoxosomatidae from India and Ceylon, with the description of four new genera (Diplopoda, Polydesmida)." volume="30" year="1980">Jeekel 1980c</bibRefCitation>
), must be considered as well. However, like any former
<taxonomicName id="1E6881D63F9CA476B36ED743A98549C5" class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Paranedyopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paranedyopus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paranedyopus</taxonomicName>
species,
<taxonomicName id="3A265E9ED583C7B8285FAFA5A9476C74" lsidName="A. simplex" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="simplex">A. simplex</taxonomicName>
shows reduced paraterga and more elaborate gonopods (
<bibRefCitation id="D55E494E606B2AD1A00B74D2BD61C499" author="Golovatch, SI" journalOrPublisher="Arthropoda Selecta" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="1 - 31" title="On several new or poorly-known Oriental Paradoxosomatidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida), XIII." volume="22" year="2013">Golovatch 2013</bibRefCitation>
). In other words,
<taxonomicName id="C71C1998000F85CF9CB4A1B01790DA83" lsidName="A. simplex" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="simplex">A. simplex</taxonomicName>
is quite distinct from the above congeners from Sri Lanka which all have strongly developed paraterga and highly simple gonopods. In contrast, it seems to be more similar to
<taxonomicName id="C59C7FCBC8D21568A1AA759F338FFB97" lsidName="A. rufocinctus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="rufocinctus">A. rufocinctus</taxonomicName>
(Carl, 1932) and
<taxonomicName id="81D71285569971ABD26B7D4134A14B4F" lsidName="A. subcylindricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" rank="species" species="subcylindricus">A. subcylindricus</taxonomicName>
(Carl, 1932), both latter taxa from southern India (
<bibRefCitation id="78E678EC1AABF80BACB1E465CA473EEA" author="Jeekel, CAW" journalOrPublisher="Beaufortia" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" pagination="163 - 178" title="On some little known Paradoxosomatidae from India and Ceylon, with the description of four new genera (Diplopoda, Polydesmida)." volume="30" year="1980">Jeekel 1980c</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="150EFB419C1F5B4182DDB11A72769BFA" pageId="0" pageNumber="957">
<taxonomicName id="8A71E5BD3D2B1764656D0205D80EA8BE" class="Diplopoda" family="Paradoxosomatidae" genus="Anoplodesmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anoplodesmus anthracinus" order="Polydesmida" pageId="0" pageNumber="957" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anthracinus">Anoplodesmus anthracinus</taxonomicName>
, new to the fauna of Sri Lanka.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>