Add updates up until 2025-03-04 12:19:29

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@ -76,21 +76,23 @@
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Figs 512,
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<emphasis id="CFFFEA852A4CF97C2EFB8D6EFEEEA930" bold="true" box="[151,328,259,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="218">Type material.</emphasis>
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: female on slide,
:
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on slide,
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,
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, catacombs of
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cathedral [
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[
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,
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@ -110,8 +112,11 @@ cathedral [
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(
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130 to 134).
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130 to 134).
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(sex undetermined), same data as for the holotype.
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@ -129,7 +134,7 @@ cathedral [
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.
<materialsCitation id="4DE33CCA2A4CF97C2FE38B04FEC9AFE1" collectingDate="2011-03-17" country="France" latitude="48.845" location="Jardin des Plantes" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="2.3605" municipality="Paris" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-juvenile="1" specimenCount-male="4">
<materialsCitation id="4DE33CCA2A4CF97C2FE38B04FC53AFE1" collectingDate="2011-03-17" collectionCode="MNHN" collectorName="C. Schneider" country="France" latitude="48.845" location="underground tunnels of the Jardin des Plantes (botanical garden)" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="2.3605" municipality="Paris" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" specimenCode="EA040126-131, 133, 135" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-juvenile="1" specimenCount-male="4">
<specimenCount id="EB8DFD1E2A4CF97C2FE38B04FD93AFAE" box="[399,565,1897,1923]" count="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" type="female">Three females</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="EB8DFD1E2A4CF97C2C2F8B04FD18AFAE" box="[579,702,1897,1923]" count="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" type="male">four males</specimenCount>
@ -139,9 +144,9 @@ on slides,
<collectingCountry id="859C76072A4CF97C2A678B07FBFCAFA9" box="[1035,1114,1898,1924]" name="France" pageId="9" pageNumber="218">France</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="1D50ACED2A4CF97C2A058B04FB02AFAE" box="[1129,1188,1897,1923]" pageId="9" pageNumber="218">Paris</collectingMunicipality>
, underground tunnels of the
<location id="F854604C2A4CF97C2E868BE0FE18AF8A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:752287812A4CF97B2EFB8CFAFEE9AF77:F854604C2A4CF97C2E868BE0FE18AF8A" box="[234,446,1933,1959]" country="France" latitude="48.845" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="2.3605" municipality="Paris" name="Jardin des Plantes" pageId="9" pageNumber="218">Jardin des Plantes</location>
(botanical garden) [
,
<location id="F854604C2A4CF97C2ADE8B04FD38AF8A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:752287812A4CF97B2EFB8CFAFEE9AF77:F854604C2A4CF97C2ADE8B04FD38AF8A" country="France" latitude="48.845" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="2.3605" municipality="Paris" name="underground tunnels of the Jardin des Plantes (botanical garden)" pageId="9" pageNumber="218">underground tunnels of the Jardin des Plantes (botanical garden)</location>
[
<geoCoordinate id="98BF50502A4CF97C2CDC8BE0FC9BAF85" box="[688,829,1933,1960]" degrees="48.8450" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" precision="5" value="48.845">48.8450° N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="98BF50502A4CF97C2D228BE0FC6EAF85" box="[846,968,1933,1960]" degrees="2.3605" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" precision="5" value="2.3605">2.3605° E</geoCoordinate>
@ -149,10 +154,7 @@ on slides,
<date id="893510572A4CF97C2E828BDFFEC9AFE1" box="[238,367,1970,1996]" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" value="2011-03-17">
<collectingDate id="9971E9BF2A4CF97C2E828BDFFEC9AFE1" box="[238,367,1970,1996]" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" value="2011-03-17">17.03.2011</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="4DE33CCA2A4CF97C2F118BDCFC53AFE1" box="[381,1013,1969,1996]" collectionCode="MNHN" collectorName="C. Schneider" country="France" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" specimenCode="EA040126-131, 133, 135" specimenCount="1">
leg.
; leg.
<collectorName id="507E53412A4CF97C2FDD8BDFFDEFAFE6" box="[433,585,1969,1996]" pageId="9" pageNumber="218">C. Schneider</collectorName>
;
<collectionCode id="9B9AAE522A4CF97C2C3B8BDFFD0BAFE1" box="[599,685,1970,1996]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="9" pageNumber="218">MNHN</collectionCode>
@ -165,7 +167,7 @@ leg.
)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="4DE33CCA2A4CF97F2A6F8BDCFBEBA89C" collectingDate="09.08. 2023 and 04.02. 2024" collectorName="D. Levochko" country="France" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="219" latitude="54.7365" location="Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="20.5156" municipality="Botanic" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-juvenile="1" stateProvince="Kaliningrad">
<materialsCitation id="4DE33CCA2A4CF97F2A6F8BDCFBEBA89C" collectingDate="2023-09-08" collectorName="D. Levochko" country="France" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="219" latitude="54.7365" location="Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="20.5156" municipality="Botanic" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-juvenile="1" stateProvince="Kaliningrad">
<specimenCount id="EB8DFD1E2A4CF97C2A6F8BDCFB3FAFE6" box="[1027,1177,1969,1995]" count="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" type="female">Five females</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="EB8DFD1E2A4CF97C2AC48BDFFA93AFE6" box="[1192,1333,1969,1996]" count="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="218" type="juvenile">one juvenile</specimenCount>
@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ and
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="4DE33CCA2A4FF97F2A3A8CFAFE0CA8D4" collectingDate="2024-04-25" collectorName="N. Kuznetsova &amp; M. Potapov" country="Russia" latitude="59.9731" location="Great Botanical Garden" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="30.3272" municipality="Peter" pageId="10" pageNumber="219" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Saint Petersburg">
<materialsCitation id="4DE33CCA2A4FF97F2A3A8CFAFE0CA8D4" collectingDate="2024-04-25" collectorName="N. Kuznetsova &amp; M. Potapov" country="Russia" latitude="59.9731" location="Great Botanical Garden" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="30.3272" municipality="Peter" pageId="10" pageNumber="219" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Saint-Petersburg">
<specimenCount id="EB8DFD1E2A4FF97F2A3A8CFAFB70A89C" box="[1110,1238,151,177]" count="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="219" type="female">One female</specimenCount>
on slides,
<collectingCountry id="859C76072A4FF97F2B278CFAFA3FA89C" box="[1355,1433,151,177]" name="Russia" pageId="10" pageNumber="219">Russia</collectingCountry>
@ -198,7 +200,7 @@ on slides,
,
<collectingMunicipality id="1D50ACED2A4FF97F2F338CD6FE3FA8F8" box="[351,409,187,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="219">Peter</collectingMunicipality>
the
<location id="F854604C2A4FF97F2FA48CD6FD77A8F8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:752287812A4CF97B2EFB8CFAFEE9AF77:F854604C2A4FF97F2FA48CD6FD77A8F8" box="[456,721,187,213]" country="Russia" latitude="59.9731" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="30.3272" municipality="Peter" name="Great Botanical Garden" pageId="10" pageNumber="219" stateProvince="Saint Petersburg">Great Botanical Garden</location>
<location id="F854604C2A4FF97F2FA48CD6FD77A8F8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:752287812A4CF97B2EFB8CFAFEE9AF77:F854604C2A4FF97F2FA48CD6FD77A8F8" box="[456,721,187,213]" country="Russia" latitude="59.9731" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="30.3272" municipality="Peter" name="Great Botanical Garden" pageId="10" pageNumber="219" stateProvince="Saint-Petersburg">Great Botanical Garden</location>
[
<geoCoordinate id="98BF50502A4FF97F2CB38CD7FCC0A8F8" box="[735,870,186,213]" degrees="59.9731" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="219" precision="5" value="59.9731">59.9731° N</geoCoordinate>
,
@ -310,7 +312,7 @@ Antennal chaetotaxy (
) short, seems apically flared. Diagram of the chaetotaxy of the antenna in
<figureCitation id="65B02A122A49F9792F7E8AA7FEC4AEC9" box="[274,354,1738,1764]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1092,1116]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,183,1066]" captionTargetId="figure-17@11.[151,1435,181,1068]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Megalothorax sanctistephani Christian, 1998: A, antenna, anterior view; B, antenna, posterior view; C, diagram of the chaetotaxy of the antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14952966" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14952966/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="221">Fig.7C</figureCitation>
. Summary on antennal chaetotaxy provided in
<tableCitation id="B009032C2A49F9792D1D8AA7FC63AEC9" box="[881,965,1738,1764]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,152,176]" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary of antennae chaetotaxy." pageId="12" pageNumber="221">Table 1</tableCitation>
<tableCitation id="B009032C2A49F9792D1D8AA7FC63AEC9" box="[881,965,1738,1764]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,152,176]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Summary of antennae chaetotaxy." pageId="12" pageNumber="221">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD3436972A49F9792EAB8A83FCB7AFB5" blockId="12.[151,1436,1594,1944]" pageId="12" pageNumber="221">
@ -376,7 +378,7 @@ Abd. IV sternum and furca (
</caption>
<paragraph id="FD3436972A4BF97B2EAB8AE0FADFAE8B" blockId="14.[151,1437,1676,1882]" box="[199,1401,1676,1703]" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">
Legs chaetotaxy typical of the genus (
<tableCitation id="B009032C2A4BF97B2C038AE1FD60AE8B" box="[623,710,1676,1702]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,239,656,680]" captionText="TABLE 2. Summary of leg chaetotaxy." pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Table 2</tableCitation>
<tableCitation id="B009032C2A4BF97B2C038AE1FD60AE8B" box="[623,710,1676,1702]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,239,656,680]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 2. Summary of leg chaetotaxy." pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Table 2</tableCitation>
), consisting of ordinary chaetae of variable size (
<figureCitation id="65B02A122A4BF97B2A818AE1FACBAE8B" box="[1261,1389,1676,1702]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1487,1511]" captionTargetBox="[153,1433,183,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1464]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 8. Megalothorax sanctistephani Christian, 1998: A, leg 1; B, leg 2; C, leg 3." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14952968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14952968/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="223">Figs 8AC</figureCitation>
).
@ -392,5 +394,74 @@ Tenaculum and ventral tube. Tenaculum with 3 + 3 hook-like teeth (
). Ventral tube bulky with two apical pairs of chaetae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B591651C2A56F9662EFB8F2EFCA2ADB0" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="FD3436972A56F9662EFB8F2EFD24AB73" blockId="19.[151,642,835,862]" box="[151,642,835,862]" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">
<heading id="A67C81FB2A56F9662EFB8F2EFD24AB73" bold="true" box="[151,642,835,862]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" reason="1">
<emphasis id="CFFFEA852A56F9662EFB8F2EFD24AB73" bold="true" box="[151,642,835,862]" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">
Ecology of
<taxonomicName id="3A8B4D142A56F9662F4E8F2EFD24AB73" ID-CoL="3YVZD" authorityName="Christian" authorityYear="1998" box="[290,642,835,862]" class="Collembola" family="Neelidae" genus="Megalothorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neelipleona" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanctistephani">
<emphasis id="CFFFEA852A56F9662F4E8F2EFD24AB73" bold="true" box="[290,642,835,862]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">Megalothorax sanctistephani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD3436972A56F9662EFB8FE6FAD7AC77" blockId="19.[151,1437,907,1438]" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">
<taxonomicName id="3A8B4D142A56F9662EFB8FE6FE44AB88" authorityName="Christian" authorityYear="1998" box="[151,482,907,933]" class="Collembola" family="Neelidae" genus="Megalothorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neelipleona" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanctistephani">
<emphasis id="CFFFEA852A56F9662EFB8FE6FE44AB88" box="[151,482,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">Megalothorax sanctistephani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found from three special localities. First, the catacombs of the cathedral St. Stephan in
<collectingRegion id="3F4FF8752A56F9662F518FC2FE2AABE4" box="[317,396,943,969]" country="Austria" name="Wien" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">Vienna</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="991A4B662A56F9662FF08FC2FDEFABE4" author="Christian, E." box="[412,585,943,969]" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" pagination="15 - 18" refId="ref9375" refString="Christian, E. (1998) Megalothorax sanctistephani sp. n. from the catacombs of St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna (Collembola: Neelida). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 100, 15-18." type="journal article" year="1998">Christian 1998</bibRefCitation>
). Second, the underground galleries under the Jardin des Plantes (botanical garden) in Paris; and third, near an old greenhouse in the botanical garden of
<collectingRegion id="3F4FF8752A56F9662A668FBEFB35ABC0" box="[1034,1171,979,1005]" country="Russia" name="Kaliningrad" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">Kaliningrad</collectingRegion>
, under furniture debris. Whether the botanical garden or subterranean habitat is the key factor is unclear. In
<collectingRegion id="3F4FF8752A56F9662A068F9AFB1FAC3C" box="[1130,1209,1015,1041]" country="Austria" name="Wien" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">Vienna</collectingRegion>
and Paris, it seems clear that the soil was poor in organic material. In Paris,
<taxonomicName id="3A8B4D142A56F9662D488871FC48AC18" authorityName="Christian" authorityYear="1998" box="[804,1006,1051,1077]" class="Collembola" family="Neelidae" genus="Megalothorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neelipleona" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanctistephani">
<emphasis id="CFFFEA852A56F9662D488871FC48AC18" box="[804,1006,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">M. sanctistephani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had no direct competition from other springtails. In
<collectingRegion id="3F4FF8752A56F9662F548852FE18AC74" box="[312,446,1087,1113]" country="Russia" name="Kaliningrad" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">Kaliningrad</collectingRegion>
it was found twice: once alone, and in a second sample coexisting with
<taxonomicName id="3A8B4D142A56F9662A8A882DFACCAC74" baseAuthorityName="Schneider &amp; D'Haese" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1254,1386,1088,1113]" class="Collembola" family="Neelidae" genus="Megalothorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neelipleona" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minimus">
<emphasis id="CFFFEA852A56F9662A8A882DFACCAC74" box="[1254,1386,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">M. minimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD3436972A56F9662EAB880EFB93AD20" blockId="19.[151,1437,907,1438]" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">
<taxonomicName id="3A8B4D142A56F9662EAB880EFDA8AC50" authorityName="Christian" authorityYear="1998" box="[199,526,1123,1149]" class="Collembola" family="Neelidae" genus="Megalothorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neelipleona" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanctistephani">
<emphasis id="CFFFEA852A56F9662EAB880EFDA8AC50" box="[199,526,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">Megalothorax sanctistephani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as never been found in natural caves, and its morphology is typical of soil species, without any of the usual troglobiontic modification (such as increased body size, elongated claws and enlarged sensorial organs of the antenna). Since European troglophilous
<taxonomicName id="3A8B4D142A56F9662D3388C6FC65ACE8" authorityName="Folsom JW" authorityYear="1896" box="[863,963,1195,1221]" class="Collembola" family="Neelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neelipleona" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Neelidae</taxonomicName>
have received some attention (
<bibRefCitation id="991A4B662A56F9662B7388C6FF74ACC4" author="Deharveng, L." pageId="19" pageNumber="228" pagination="393 - 403" refId="ref9632" refString="Deharveng, L. (1978) Collemboles cavernicoles. 1. Grottes de l'Aguzou (France: Aude). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire naturelle de Toulouse, 114 (3 - 4), 393-403." type="journal article" year="1978">Deharveng 1978</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="991A4B662A56F9662EB088A2FDB6ACC4" author="Deharveng, L. &amp; Beruete, E." box="[220,528,1231,1258]" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" pagination="15 - 18" refId="ref9673" refString="Deharveng, L. &amp; Beruete, E. (1993) Megalothorax tuberculatus sp. n., nouveau troglobie des Pyrenees-Atlantiques (France) et de Navarre (Espagne) (Collembola, Neelidae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 98 (1), 15-18. https://doi.org/10.3406/bsef.1993.17853" type="journal article" year="1993">Deharveng &amp; Beruete 1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="991A4B662A56F9662C7688A2FCAFACC4" author="Kovac, L. &amp; Papac, V." box="[538,777,1231,1257]" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" pagination="36 - 52" refId="ref10020" refString="Kovac, L. &amp; Papac, V. (2010) Revision of the genus Neelus Folsom, 1896 (Collembola, Neelida) with the description of two new troglobiotic species from Europe. Zootaxa, 2663 (1), 36-52. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2663.1.2" type="journal article" year="2010">Kováč &amp; Papáč 2010</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="991A4B662A56F9662D7F88A2FBA7ACC4" author="Papac, V. &amp; Kovac, L." box="[787,1025,1231,1257]" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" pagination="545 - 575" refId="ref10426" refString="Papac, V. &amp; Kovac, L. (2013) Four new troglobiotic species of the genus Megalothorax Willem, 1900 (Collembola: Neelipleona) from the Carpathian Mountains (Slovakia, Romania). Zootaxa, 3737 (5), 545-575. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3737.5.3" type="journal article" year="2013">Papáč &amp; Kováč 2013</bibRefCitation>
, Papáč
<emphasis id="CFFFEA852A56F9662A3888BDFB2DACC4" box="[1108,1163,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">et. al</emphasis>
2016, Papáč
<emphasis id="CFFFEA852A56F9662B7288BDFAF3ACC4" box="[1310,1365,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">et. al</emphasis>
2019) we estimate that
<taxonomicName id="3A8B4D142A56F9662F388899FDBDAD20" authorityName="Christian" authorityYear="1998" box="[340,539,1267,1293]" class="Collembola" family="Neelidae" genus="Megalothorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neelipleona" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanctistephani">
<emphasis id="CFFFEA852A56F9662F388899FDBDAD20" box="[340,539,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">M. sanctistephani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is at least uncommon there, if not really absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD3436972A56F9662EAB897AFCA2ADB0" blockId="19.[151,1437,907,1438]" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">
The known ecological niche of
<taxonomicName id="3A8B4D142A56F9662C5E8975FD5DAD1C" authorityName="Christian" authorityYear="1998" box="[562,763,1303,1329]" class="Collembola" family="Neelidae" genus="Megalothorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neelipleona" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanctistephani">
<emphasis id="CFFFEA852A56F9662C5E8975FD5DAD1C" box="[562,763,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="228">M. sanctistephani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can thus be described as follows: poor soil with low to no competition in frost-dampened urban habitat. Its natural habitat is likely comparable. It may have been overlooked in Europe due to a cryptic habitat (such as Mesovoid Shallow Substratum, e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="991A4B662A56F9662A6F8932FB57AD54" author="Pipan, T. &amp; Culver, C. D." box="[1027,1265,1375,1401]" pageId="19" pageNumber="228" pagination="896 - 908" refId="ref10660" refString="Pipan, T. &amp; Culver, C. D. (2019) Chapter 107. Shallow subterranean habitats. In: White, W. C., Culver, D. C. &amp; Pipan, T. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Caves. 3 rd Edition. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 896-908. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814124-3.00107-2" type="book chapter" year="2019">Pipan &amp; Culver 2019</bibRefCitation>
) or perhaps the species was imported with plants from tropical regions.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>