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<mods:title>Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="EB7B76676C3064BDDADA65D1CA64F3F0">Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Praz, Christophe J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Neuchatel, Institute of Biology, Evolutionary Entomology, Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="128834663" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7805B8A7AE9A2E448D5CD67E91422DDD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7805B8A7AE9A2E448D5CD67E91422DDD" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<treatment id="7805B8A7AE9A2E448D5CD67E91422DDD" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128834663" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7805B8A7AE9A2E448D5CD67E91422DDD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7805B8A7AE9A2E448D5CD67E91422DDD" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<subSubSection id="3FE8431E2C861DC632A3A2B5750AD205" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F303E55182D7267F86E536FB56C63CD1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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Subgenus
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<taxonomicName LSID="115C093F-E5C7-5700-97B5-963BA2E911DB" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Creightonella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Creightonella">Creightonella</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="B019F7F96F05F523AD6DE6575D88FB20" LSID="115C093F-E5C7-5700-97B5-963BA2E911DB" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Creightonella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Creightonella">Creightonella</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnosis and description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<subSubSection id="309436ECDB5D5D5E238A055C808B863A" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="C86BB49E3AC79EF39C666B0A8B4BB947" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnosis and description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8F82EB003F9DCCE3B8F7AD6C0FDD712E" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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The subgenus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Creightonella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Creightonella">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Creightonella</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="A2A0051610D4C7D52DDC72408F2957DC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Creightonella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Creightonella">
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<emphasis id="CBBF658D670CCA237792C9B92DAE081D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Creightonella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is in many ways intermediate between the leafcutter and the dauber bees.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Females</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="582A173F682FA51E103573B04E675AF1" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Females</emphasis>
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: Females can easily be diagnosed by the shape and structure of the mandible (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 16–23" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 16 - 23. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 16 Megachile (Creightonella) amabilis 17 M. (Maximegachile) maxillosa; the white line indicates the hypostomal tooth 18 M. (Callomegachile) sculpturalis 19 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 20 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 21 M. (Pseudomegachile) incana 22 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 23 M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures16-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133915" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">16</figureCitation>
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||||
<figureCitation id="698D93CC77C52C1A616D82AD3108F883" captionStart="Figures 16–23" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 16 - 23. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 16 Megachile (Creightonella) amabilis 17 M. (Maximegachile) maxillosa; the white line indicates the hypostomal tooth 18 M. (Callomegachile) sculpturalis 19 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 20 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 21 M. (Pseudomegachile) incana 22 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 23 M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures16-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133915" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">16</figureCitation>
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): the mandibular surface is distinct, with numerous, elongate punctures but comparatively few long ridges, and is covered by numerous hairs. The apical margin has 5 or 6 teeth, with tooth 1 broad and larger than the other teeth, and the teeth 2-5 (-6) becoming progressively smaller. There is a conspicuous, partial cutting edge in the second interspace and a small, little visible cutting edge in the third and sometimes fourth. In spite of being a leafcutter,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Creightonella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Creightonella">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Creightonella</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="1C90A5FC670FEDE7F58CF3DA21436670" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Creightonella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Creightonella">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A0D005751204F3CE7FB64F17D1CE98CE" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Creightonella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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does not have the typical tapering metasoma of most other group 1 members and the hind basitarsus is slender (as in Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 24–29" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 24 - 29. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 24. Megachile (Pseudomegachile) seraxensis 25 M. (Pseudomegachile) saussurei 26 - 29 Female hind basitarsus, lateral view 26 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 27 M. (Pseudomegachile) incana 28 M. (Eutricharaea) giraudi 29 M. (Eurymella) patellimana." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures24-29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133916" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">26</figureCitation>
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||||
<figureCitation id="9E09F9FAB53C80B2F2859D8C37CBE9C2" captionStart="Figures 24–29" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 24 - 29. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 24. Megachile (Pseudomegachile) seraxensis 25 M. (Pseudomegachile) saussurei 26 - 29 Female hind basitarsus, lateral view 26 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 27 M. (Pseudomegachile) incana 28 M. (Eutricharaea) giraudi 29 M. (Eurymella) patellimana." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures24-29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133916" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">26</figureCitation>
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). The hind claw has only one elongate seta, a unique condition in Palearctic
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megachile</emphasis>
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||||
<taxonomicName id="ACE876AB4DA486946E358243C071E024" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta">
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||||
<emphasis id="215FEFA370047110BF603F7E6B79A27D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megachile</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||||
.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Males</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B4E7C173A7D5893A1631DD0D7DFE0F97" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Males</emphasis>
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: Males of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Creightonella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Creightonella">
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||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Creightonella</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6CA14B02C3244DE48A9CABBCFEF66288" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Creightonella)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Creightonella">
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||||
<emphasis id="799E5BA611BFABA5E37D74B69DB0EFE9" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Creightonella</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have a strong front coxal tooth and a rounded projection along the inferior margin of the mandible (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8–9" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 8 - 9. Inferior projection of male mandible. 8 Megachile (Eutricharaea) leachella, inferior projection pointed and projecting posteriorly 9 M. (Creightonella) albisecta, inferior projection rounded and directed ventrally." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figure8-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133913" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">9</figureCitation>
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||||
<figureCitation id="11DB25AB548FDA914E04C3C08A2F2D3A" captionStart="Figure 8–9" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 8 - 9. Inferior projection of male mandible. 8 Megachile (Eutricharaea) leachella, inferior projection pointed and projecting posteriorly 9 M. (Creightonella) albisecta, inferior projection rounded and directed ventrally." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figure8-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133913" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">9</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The front tarsi are unmodified although in
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megachile albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B84D4A07D8FAAD386F1DCB390335EAA1" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="1CECD13669B820E8DC949A7B5684E065" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megachile albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
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(Klug, 1817) they are yellowish-brown (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8–9" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 8 - 9. Inferior projection of male mandible. 8 Megachile (Eutricharaea) leachella, inferior projection pointed and projecting posteriorly 9 M. (Creightonella) albisecta, inferior projection rounded and directed ventrally." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figure8-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133913" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">9</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="0669A541AD2DFD724E861CC9445B78FE" captionStart="Figure 8–9" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 8 - 9. Inferior projection of male mandible. 8 Megachile (Eutricharaea) leachella, inferior projection pointed and projecting posteriorly 9 M. (Creightonella) albisecta, inferior projection rounded and directed ventrally." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figure8-9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133913" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">9</figureCitation>
|
||||
) and the second tarsal segment has a dark spot on the ventral side. The preapical carina of T6 is mostly denticulate (weakly so in
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. arabica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="arabica">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. arabica</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1D3C91FFA8D55FA739070991BD8E5B74" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. arabica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="arabica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="85F1988781424829F69816FB7B3EA6D1" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. arabica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Friese, 1901) and laterally the carina extends at right angle towards the base of the tergum. T7 is mostly triangular in dorsal view, with a strong longitudinal carina (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 42–49" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 42 - 49. Apex of male metasoma; 42 - 46, 48 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, dorsal view 47 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, lateral view 49 T 4 - T 6, dorsal view 42 Megachile (Megachile) melanopyga 43 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 44 M. (Chalicodoma) parietina 45 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 46 M. (Creightonella) albisecta 47 M. (Creightonella) doriae 48 M. (Chalicodoma) manicata 49 M. (Eurymella) patellimana." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures42-49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133922" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">46</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="4A3C0A4687A143F1D5CA13B92AE8092D" captionStart="Figures 42–49" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 42 - 49. Apex of male metasoma; 42 - 46, 48 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, dorsal view 47 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, lateral view 49 T 4 - T 6, dorsal view 42 Megachile (Megachile) melanopyga 43 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 44 M. (Chalicodoma) parietina 45 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 46 M. (Creightonella) albisecta 47 M. (Creightonella) doriae 48 M. (Chalicodoma) manicata 49 M. (Eurymella) patellimana." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures42-49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133922" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">46</figureCitation>
|
||||
), except in
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. doriae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. doriae</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="8EABABCD3EB10B77B5D458938A501C65" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. doriae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="doriae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="83324FDE28497DF578CDFD203EB61E63" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. doriae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, where T7 is truncate, but with a spine on the basal part of the disc (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 42–49" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 42 - 49. Apex of male metasoma; 42 - 46, 48 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, dorsal view 47 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, lateral view 49 T 4 - T 6, dorsal view 42 Megachile (Megachile) melanopyga 43 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 44 M. (Chalicodoma) parietina 45 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 46 M. (Creightonella) albisecta 47 M. (Creightonella) doriae 48 M. (Chalicodoma) manicata 49 M. (Eurymella) patellimana." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures42-49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133922" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">47</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="68F6F0BC1A0F7C522B39B1BDDE83C543" captionStart="Figures 42–49" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 42 - 49. Apex of male metasoma; 42 - 46, 48 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, dorsal view 47 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, lateral view 49 T 4 - T 6, dorsal view 42 Megachile (Megachile) melanopyga 43 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 44 M. (Chalicodoma) parietina 45 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 46 M. (Creightonella) albisecta 47 M. (Creightonella) doriae 48 M. (Chalicodoma) manicata 49 M. (Eurymella) patellimana." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures42-49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133922" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">47</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The apical margin of S5 is exposed in repose and the apical margin of S6 is convex and rests on the apical margin of T7 in repose (Fig.
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 10–15" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 10 - 15. Male metasoma, ventral view. 10 Megachile (Eutricharaea) giraudi, metasoma with four exposed sterna, S 4 without hyaline rim, T 7 small, unmodified 11 M. (Creightonella) amabilis, metasoma with six exposed sterna, S 6 with rounded, weakly sclerotized projection 12 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) sp. aff. inornata, metasoma with four exposed sterna, S 4 with apical, hyaline rim (note that S 5 - S 8 are visible in this specimen because the metasoma has been stretched) 13 M. (Megachile) ligniseca, condition as in Fig. 12 14 M. (Eurymella) patellimana, condition as in Fig. 12 15 M. (Chalicodoma) montenegrensis, S 6 partly exposed, with rounded, weakly sclerotized projection." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures10-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133925" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">11</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="D51B0D5D9307BA3C2EA4D02E2AFA0030" captionStart="Figures 10–15" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 10 - 15. Male metasoma, ventral view. 10 Megachile (Eutricharaea) giraudi, metasoma with four exposed sterna, S 4 without hyaline rim, T 7 small, unmodified 11 M. (Creightonella) amabilis, metasoma with six exposed sterna, S 6 with rounded, weakly sclerotized projection 12 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) sp. aff. inornata, metasoma with four exposed sterna, S 4 with apical, hyaline rim (note that S 5 - S 8 are visible in this specimen because the metasoma has been stretched) 13 M. (Megachile) ligniseca, condition as in Fig. 12 14 M. (Eurymella) patellimana, condition as in Fig. 12 15 M. (Chalicodoma) montenegrensis, S 6 partly exposed, with rounded, weakly sclerotized projection." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures10-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133925" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">11</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="988971" doi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="Figures 30–37" startId="F8">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figures 30-37.</emphasis>
|
||||
<caption id="4ABD1DF0E64B20457D672ACA154EA929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="988971" doi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="Figures 30–37" startId="F8">
|
||||
<paragraph id="E326ACE336063736AF8F8D7A16E3435E" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A02B8A7CA70882A5B9538E72F0BE358C" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figures 30-37.</emphasis>
|
||||
Female clypeus and mandibles, front view.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">30</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Brulle" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albohirta" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">31</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="thevestensis" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">32</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Megachile) versicolor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="versicolor" subGenus="Megachile">M. (Megachile) versicolor</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">33</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Megachile) lapponica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="lapponica" subGenus="Megachile">M. (Megachile) lapponica</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">34</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Megachile) bombycina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="bombycina" subGenus="Megachile">M. (Megachile) bombycina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">35</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="lagopoda" subGenus="Xanthosarus">M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">36</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="nigriventris" subGenus="Xanthosarus">M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">37</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="willughbiella" subGenus="Xanthosarus">M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="5584B6BB130E67AC73FA27CC858BA001" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">30</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="397D7D0F5F3B7F9CB37D728450581842" baseAuthorityName="Brulle" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albohirta" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="E98E7483A13037EA1D01B765824D4DB1" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">31</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="22F2658694FBC5E78AE68D43CA18AC13" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="thevestensis" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="F71814CD8A250FE99B25AE1A604A4D90" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">32</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1DA9E21D316B42F08673E9E37A6618D3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Megachile) versicolor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="versicolor" subGenus="Megachile">M. (Megachile) versicolor</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="1A8CF11DE4AE516B27F9F3D24562DB5A" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">33</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="40E67A112DBCE138715E810D2A47EE85" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Megachile) lapponica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="lapponica" subGenus="Megachile">M. (Megachile) lapponica</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="5380E9543ADF69C83E77332149F856E6" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">34</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="369BC16CA892726DB759CF3FEA7E83E3" authorityName="Radoszkowski" authorityYear="1874" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Megachile) bombycina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="bombycina" subGenus="Megachile">M. (Megachile) bombycina</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="2AFB48CB3461BB9B1ECF721ED970313C" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">35</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="05AFCD3E144527AD36D0910BC9CC369B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1761" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="lagopoda" subGenus="Xanthosarus">M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="D615EEAD6ABD38C98CD2098EA29E77B1" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">36</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1C34E7E5A52149C35324BF51CB2BEB93" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="nigriventris" subGenus="Xanthosarus">M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="541A1A61B3DA3DB250D74753AE00A6CE" bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">37</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="99B08548FFA8316746F2CB871C13CF27" baseAuthorityName="Kirby" baseAuthorityYear="1802" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="willughbiella" subGenus="Xanthosarus">M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="species composition">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Species composition.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="D957771626CE7F82B64D1BF38AB95568" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="species composition">
|
||||
<paragraph id="FF24AB945A6036BE1AB9B7077B6A83B1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Species composition.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="2844339E02EF5EC948DA99291520C06B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
Most Palearctic species fall into a rather homogenous group of species referred to here as the
|
||||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megachile albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6E02859BB32B230F4CEF7E47656F7029" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A39F0C06592405C3E8516EEFDCEDC9BD" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megachile albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group (
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tkalcu" authorityYear="1967" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Metamegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metamegachile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Metamegachile</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="2A9FE67633C6ED6D1B2CDC572802B0C2" authorityName="Tkalcu" authorityYear="1967" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Metamegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metamegachile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda">
|
||||
<emphasis id="651A803F154C9A6F1EDF5B722C6645C7" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Metamegachile</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tkalců">Tkalcu</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="17F7819FBD8AFE020D8BC1A02FB0E4B9" originalValue="Tkalců">Tkalcu</normalizedToken>
|
||||
, 1967), even if the structure of T7 is rather different in
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Magretti" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile doriae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megachile doriae</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B26C300B8C19CB46D39C2F4F3FE56EA6" authorityName="Magretti" authorityYear="1890" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile doriae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="doriae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A2D788002C7B01B3CE8D68B393ECD477" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megachile doriae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
; there are at least four valid species in this group:
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CC481C364CD46C1769AE9B32EA9DB36F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="EA0AB30753EFF06F2FB99BD08559AEED" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. amabilis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="amabilis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. amabilis</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="11FEBF782DC0E71802DE71A694E42FC5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. amabilis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="amabilis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="1A7E94F078FC25B33F787DB55A422273" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. amabilis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Cockerell, 1933,
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. doriae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. doriae</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F4E22D0204AA7700822BAC066284B68A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. doriae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="doriae">
|
||||
<emphasis id="769F15B1DDD0DA69396A02005E05B23A" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. doriae</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. morawitzi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="morawitzi">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. morawitzi</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CA115D78D0C56B8D87E7A008474FE43A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. morawitzi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="morawitzi">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E2C0D700AD4D6483547FF73F5952735F" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. morawitzi</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Radoszkowski, 1876; a fifth is undescribed (A. Monfared and C. Praz, in prep). The status of
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. ghigii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="ghigii">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. ghigii</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="86A56F77077CC791DDCC61925C36DDB5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. ghigii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="ghigii">
|
||||
<emphasis id="0EAD137BBBED633BB39F6EB53F3182C9" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. ghigii</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Gribodo, 1924, described from Libya, and
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. aurantiaca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. aurantiaca</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1092474D9C216E8BE83FA84CE7C48B00" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. aurantiaca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="aurantiaca">
|
||||
<emphasis id="D03B5AD161A0904A9765D12882FB6FFC" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. aurantiaca</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Rebmann, 1972 from Iran (a junior homonym of
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. aurantiaca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. aurantiaca</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="371D5904058C5CB78FAF63FFBCFA2919" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. aurantiaca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="aurantiaca">
|
||||
<emphasis id="2EDBAAEDECB3B62150C920A997671CF8" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. aurantiaca</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Friese, 1905) as well as of numerous Central Asian taxa related to
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="A600A7A5C48EA4AF551F6AAFD3904DC6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="A02F66222DAC4B2574D8E75E16819311" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
remains unclear. On the Arabian Peninsula, additional species with Afrotropical affinities occur:
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Pasteels, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin et annales de la Societe royale belge d'entomologie" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="250 - 257" refId="B71" refString="Pasteels, JJ, 1979. Notes sur de Megachilidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) d'Arabie et des regions desertiques limitrophes. 1. Quelques especes a affinite africaine. Bulletin et annales de la Societe royale belge d'entomologie 115: 250 - 257" title="Notes sur de Megachilidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) d'Arabie et des regions desertiques limitrophes. 1. Quelques especes a affinite africaine." volume="115" year="1979">Pasteels (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="662F44C62E582D8784CFEB7E3C9DB869" author="Pasteels, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin et annales de la Societe royale belge d'entomologie" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="250 - 257" refId="B71" refString="Pasteels, JJ, 1979. Notes sur de Megachilidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) d'Arabie et des regions desertiques limitrophes. 1. Quelques especes a affinite africaine. Bulletin et annales de la Societe royale belge d'entomologie 115: 250 - 257" title="Notes sur de Megachilidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) d'Arabie et des regions desertiques limitrophes. 1. Quelques especes a affinite africaine." volume="115" year="1979">Pasteels (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
placed
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. arabica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="arabica">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. arabica</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="BCC4736A12E436D25E9DF3C7AE291698" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. arabica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="arabica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="CF5080DFED9C141AE21B27F88F147DEC" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. arabica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
in the
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">aurivilli</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="D20AD92FFA8B40B58EDEDB742EC0EC9A" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">aurivilli</emphasis>
|
||||
group (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Pasteels, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="B69" refString="Pasteels, JJ, 1965. Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de l'Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.). Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium" title="Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de l'Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.)." year="1965">Pasteels 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="5B4CED013DA94CA7BB93F37EE7C8D627" author="Pasteels, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="B69" refString="Pasteels, JJ, 1965. Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de l'Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.). Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium" title="Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de l'Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.)." year="1965">Pasteels 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. felix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="felix">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. felix</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="020159D9C6EFCE0FE0B7C4911AD9F596" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. felix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="felix">
|
||||
<emphasis id="9A83A77E698695A6C8521C7373630263" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. felix</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Pasteels, 1979), known only in the female sex, in the
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">angulata</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="8B16F4D7E6E32DE4D9A1AA87D9189C38" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">angulata</emphasis>
|
||||
group. Mentions of
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. sudanica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="sudanica">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. sudanica</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="17F5FFA14F95A58C58F0BCD542FCEF4F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. sudanica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="sudanica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B55E477C32D2D1DAC6421060DCB25573" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. sudanica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Magretti, 1898 from Jordan (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Zanden, G van der" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum fuer Tierkunde Dresden" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="71 - 86" refId="B103" refString="Zanden, G van der, 1989. Neue oder wenig bekannte Arten und Unterarten der palaearktischen Megachiliden (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apoidea: Megachilidae). Entomologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum fuer Tierkunde Dresden 53: 71 - 86" title="Neue oder wenig bekannte Arten und Unterarten der palaearktischen Megachiliden (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apoidea: Megachilidae)." volume="53" year="1989">Zanden 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="7560D931DB502705BF1C58CA8C7F736E" author="Zanden, G van der" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum fuer Tierkunde Dresden" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="71 - 86" refId="B103" refString="Zanden, G van der, 1989. Neue oder wenig bekannte Arten und Unterarten der palaearktischen Megachiliden (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apoidea: Megachilidae). Entomologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum fuer Tierkunde Dresden 53: 71 - 86" title="Neue oder wenig bekannte Arten und Unterarten der palaearktischen Megachiliden (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apoidea: Megachilidae)." volume="53" year="1989">Zanden 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) possibly refer to
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. arabica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="arabica">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. arabica</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="D2828C6565819E274998ABB2641B9E9A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. arabica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="arabica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="0B7B27771169582BDB772E5A1566613A" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. arabica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, and both species may be conspecific (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Pasteels, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="B69" refString="Pasteels, JJ, 1965. Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de l'Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.). Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium" title="Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de l'Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.)." year="1965">Pasteels 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="70B8BEFD621A25D8540E89B27626767F" author="Pasteels, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="B69" refString="Pasteels, JJ, 1965. Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de l'Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.). Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Annales Serie 8, Sciences Zoologiques 137, Tervuren, Belgium" title="Revision des Megachilidae (HymenopteraApoidea) de l'Afrique Noire, 1. Les genres Creightoniella [sic], Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.)." year="1965">Pasteels 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 26). In addition, I have seen a single specimen putatively from Yemen (BMNH) of an African species with a modified clypeus, possibly either
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. bicornuta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="bicornuta">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. bicornuta</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="551B65F599697BBC1FD6023ADFE2219A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. bicornuta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="bicornuta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="1572568AF727F098B9F30FA9EAD06ECB" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. bicornuta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Friese, 1903 or
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. cornigera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="cornigera">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. cornigera</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="56BDB384FA27FE1070CB4BDD07BE7B8B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. cornigera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="cornigera">
|
||||
<emphasis id="D71F8E5B8FF2341284616C82B6041F42" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. cornigera</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Friese, 1904, both in the African
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Friese" authorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile cornigera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornigera">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megachile cornigera</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="2169F821EFE1887D737FF7A5225F4EFC" authorityName="Friese" authorityYear="1904" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile cornigera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="cornigera">
|
||||
<emphasis id="5C2ACA98FEE6D5A813521BE79596392F" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megachile cornigera</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="7BA2D233537728E1EFB5AE0EFA2948A4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="biology_ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="29BBB3CCD5C3A1326098A9B60C28AD55" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="E6CA935B003246179E8883A41EB34DE5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||||
The nesting biology of
|
||||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megachile albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="F0C9A95466EA1A3E016E35AB7BEF539F" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="E02203A80A82E5D1007E83CCEA325B34" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megachile albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has been described in detail (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Ferton, C" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la societe entomologique de France" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="83 - 149" refId="B22" refString="Ferton, C, 1901. Notes detachees sur l'instinct des Hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs avec la description de quelques especes. Annales de la societe entomologique de France 70: 83 - 149" title="Notes detachees sur l'instinct des Hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs avec la description de quelques especes." volume="70" year="1901">Ferton 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="30103F97D7083323714C0430ADE4067C" author="Ferton, C" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la societe entomologique de France" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="83 - 149" refId="B22" refString="Ferton, C, 1901. Notes detachees sur l'instinct des Hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs avec la description de quelques especes. Annales de la societe entomologique de France 70: 83 - 149" title="Notes detachees sur l'instinct des Hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs avec la description de quelques especes." volume="70" year="1901">Ferton 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). This species nests in burrows in the ground; whether the females dig their own burrows or rent existing cavities as suggested by Ferton is not clear, although a brief description of a nest by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Grandi, G" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia dell'Universita di Bologna" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="B34" refString="Grandi, G, 1961. Studi di un entomologo sugli imenotteri superiori. Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia dell'Universita di Bologna 25" title="Studi di un entomologo sugli imenotteri superiori" volume="25" year="1961">Grandi (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="330D1AA5B6BCA43987EA9080707ED0BB" author="Grandi, G" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia dell'Universita di Bologna" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="B34" refString="Grandi, G, 1961. Studi di un entomologo sugli imenotteri superiori. Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia dell'Universita di Bologna 25" title="Studi di un entomologo sugli imenotteri superiori" volume="25" year="1961">Grandi (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
mentions a nest "excavated in very hard soil" [the Oriental species
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. frontalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6E8F557116A522A7804919D32E70932C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. frontalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="frontalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AF29B58460561523D2A468A4FE60E476" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Fabricius, 1804) consistently digs its own burrows in hard, heavy soils (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Michener, CD" journalOrPublisher="Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="22 - 35" refId="B58" refString="Michener, CD, Szent-Ivany, JJH, 1960. Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis," in New Guinea. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 13: 22 - 35" title="Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis, " in New Guinea." volume="13" year="1960">Michener and Szent-Ivany 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F0F943434A8964223FDF3B767D69047D" author="Michener, CD" journalOrPublisher="Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="22 - 35" refId="B58" refString="Michener, CD, Szent-Ivany, JJH, 1960. Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis," in New Guinea. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 13: 22 - 35" title="Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis, " in New Guinea." volume="13" year="1960">Michener and Szent-Ivany 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" author="Willmer, PG" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="113 - 124" refId="B101" refString="Willmer, PG, Stone, GN, 1989. Incidence of entomophilous pollination of lowland coffee (Coffea canephora); the role of leaf cutter bees in Papua New Guinea. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 50: 113 - 124, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" title="Incidence of entomophilous pollination of lowland coffee (Coffea canephora); the role of leaf cutter bees in Papua New Guinea." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" volume="50" year="1989">Willmer and Stone 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="F4B4366F27E1B1294622E856143168EB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" author="Willmer, PG" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="113 - 124" refId="B101" refString="Willmer, PG, Stone, GN, 1989. Incidence of entomophilous pollination of lowland coffee (Coffea canephora); the role of leaf cutter bees in Papua New Guinea. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 50: 113 - 124, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" title="Incidence of entomophilous pollination of lowland coffee (Coffea canephora); the role of leaf cutter bees in Papua New Guinea." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" volume="50" year="1989">Willmer and Stone 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
]. Reports of nests in dead wood (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Benoist, R" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="41 - 88" refId="B11" refString="Benoist, R, 1940. Remarques sur quelques especes de megachiles principalement de la faune francaise. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 109: 41 - 88" title="Remarques sur quelques especes de megachiles principalement de la faune francaise." volume="109" year="1940">Benoist 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2767489CBED867D3544DD6A56B1472AD" author="Benoist, R" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="41 - 88" refId="B11" refString="Benoist, R, 1940. Remarques sur quelques especes de megachiles principalement de la faune francaise. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 109: 41 - 88" title="Remarques sur quelques especes de megachiles principalement de la faune francaise." volume="109" year="1940">Benoist 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and in stems (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Banaszak, J" journalOrPublisher="Bydgoszcz University, Bydgoszcz" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="B9" refString="Banaszak, J, Romasenko, L, 2001. Megachilid bees of Europe (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae). Bydgoszcz University, Bydgoszcz" title="Megachilid bees of Europe (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)." year="2001">Banaszak and Romasenko 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="C4C3E89CD8737F5D8FFD6D880C57536F" author="Banaszak, J" journalOrPublisher="Bydgoszcz University, Bydgoszcz" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="B9" refString="Banaszak, J, Romasenko, L, 2001. Megachilid bees of Europe (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae). Bydgoszcz University, Bydgoszcz" title="Megachilid bees of Europe (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)." year="2001">Banaszak and Romasenko 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) are likely identification errors. Unlike the circular leaf discs cut by
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. frontalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="AF0ECE154EA9D8553F6FE19D6D2C931D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. frontalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="frontalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="54719187035889D6E5FDA4C22A6454C8" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Michener, CD" journalOrPublisher="Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="22 - 35" refId="B58" refString="Michener, CD, Szent-Ivany, JJH, 1960. Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis," in New Guinea. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 13: 22 - 35" title="Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis, " in New Guinea." volume="13" year="1960">Michener and Szent-Ivany 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="DB5545432800614A1EB13B86F3750787" author="Michener, CD" journalOrPublisher="Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="22 - 35" refId="B58" refString="Michener, CD, Szent-Ivany, JJH, 1960. Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis," in New Guinea. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 13: 22 - 35" title="Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis, " in New Guinea." volume="13" year="1960">Michener and Szent-Ivany 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: Plate 1), the leaf fragments used by
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="6CC9DB9A32388C2FDF7F64A4C94AF75C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="9EB1D4E5C461AF78AC9D8A5D09415173" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are irregular; in
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. frontalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="33C85911F3AE92B8081A50B807CE8434" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. frontalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="frontalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8F67E6DE45343ED7E8DCA79049773079" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the leaf fragments used for the outer layer of the cells are also irregular (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Michener, CD" journalOrPublisher="Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="22 - 35" refId="B58" refString="Michener, CD, Szent-Ivany, JJH, 1960. Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis," in New Guinea. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 13: 22 - 35" title="Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis, " in New Guinea." volume="13" year="1960">Michener and Szent-Ivany 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="295620A6DD92F928C308D990A67E4125" author="Michener, CD" journalOrPublisher="Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="22 - 35" refId="B58" refString="Michener, CD, Szent-Ivany, JJH, 1960. Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis," in New Guinea. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 13: 22 - 35" title="Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis, " in New Guinea." volume="13" year="1960">Michener and Szent-Ivany 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 31 and Plate 3;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" author="Willmer, PG" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="113 - 124" refId="B101" refString="Willmer, PG, Stone, GN, 1989. Incidence of entomophilous pollination of lowland coffee (Coffea canephora); the role of leaf cutter bees in Papua New Guinea. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 50: 113 - 124, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" title="Incidence of entomophilous pollination of lowland coffee (Coffea canephora); the role of leaf cutter bees in Papua New Guinea." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" volume="50" year="1989">Willmer and Stone 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="8E878D0FB9BA221A4EEB0666BAC9193D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" author="Willmer, PG" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="113 - 124" refId="B101" refString="Willmer, PG, Stone, GN, 1989. Incidence of entomophilous pollination of lowland coffee (Coffea canephora); the role of leaf cutter bees in Papua New Guinea. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 50: 113 - 124, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" title="Incidence of entomophilous pollination of lowland coffee (Coffea canephora); the role of leaf cutter bees in Papua New Guinea." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" volume="50" year="1989">Willmer and Stone 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). In
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="29B82643D76F12C1C03022BD0D71FDD7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="27518FE00ACEEADDFA36FE4E7735B3E2" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
the fragments are stuck together by masticated leaf material, and the entire cell rests on a solid plug of masticated leaf pulp mixed with pebbles. The nest plug consists of circular leaf fragments and pebbles cemented together by masticated leaf pulp. Nests of
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="092D658F10587B9230CB98268805A39C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="63D27D117CFD2FD5AFD09531B40C76EA" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
do not appear to include resin according to the description by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Ferton, C" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la societe entomologique de France" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="83 - 149" refId="B22" refString="Ferton, C, 1901. Notes detachees sur l'instinct des Hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs avec la description de quelques especes. Annales de la societe entomologique de France 70: 83 - 149" title="Notes detachees sur l'instinct des Hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs avec la description de quelques especes." volume="70" year="1901">Ferton (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="3A54E6BE47B183C94855EEC8E296EDF3" author="Ferton, C" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la societe entomologique de France" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="83 - 149" refId="B22" refString="Ferton, C, 1901. Notes detachees sur l'instinct des Hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs avec la description de quelques especes. Annales de la societe entomologique de France 70: 83 - 149" title="Notes detachees sur l'instinct des Hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs avec la description de quelques especes." volume="70" year="1901">Ferton (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, although
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ferton’s">Ferton's</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="20F9D6E5C41F7319F47B9C34A9CFCD6C" originalValue="Ferton’s">Ferton's</normalizedToken>
|
||||
subsequent articles (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Ferton, C" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="535 - 586" refId="B23" refString="Ferton, C, 1908. Notes detachees sur l'instinct des hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs (4eme serie) avec la description de quelques especes. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 77: 535 - 586" title="Notes detachees sur l'instinct des hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs (4 eme serie) avec la description de quelques especes." volume="77" year="1908">Ferton 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="68C4766D53EF612F789B60252BA14DC3" author="Ferton, C" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="535 - 586" refId="B23" refString="Ferton, C, 1908. Notes detachees sur l'instinct des hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs (4eme serie) avec la description de quelques especes. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 77: 535 - 586" title="Notes detachees sur l'instinct des hymenopteres melliferes et ravisseurs (4 eme serie) avec la description de quelques especes." volume="77" year="1908">Ferton 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
: 547) suggest that resin was included in the nest. Possibly the leaf pulp is hardened with secretions but not resin. Resin was not found in the nests of
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. frontalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E547B8CDE7E95012365AD96FB08359EF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. frontalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="frontalis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="34282A1E8C730AE8E059B23DB7CA943C" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Michener, CD" journalOrPublisher="Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="22 - 35" refId="B58" refString="Michener, CD, Szent-Ivany, JJH, 1960. Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis," in New Guinea. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 13: 22 - 35" title="Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis, " in New Guinea." volume="13" year="1960">Michener and Szent-Ivany 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A40797519558232F10B5535E18788FDB" author="Michener, CD" journalOrPublisher="Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="22 - 35" refId="B58" refString="Michener, CD, Szent-Ivany, JJH, 1960. Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis," in New Guinea. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 13: 22 - 35" title="Observations on the biology of a leafcutter bee " Megachile frontalis, " in New Guinea." volume="13" year="1960">Michener and Szent-Ivany 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" author="Willmer, PG" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="113 - 124" refId="B101" refString="Willmer, PG, Stone, GN, 1989. Incidence of entomophilous pollination of lowland coffee (Coffea canephora); the role of leaf cutter bees in Papua New Guinea. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 50: 113 - 124, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" title="Incidence of entomophilous pollination of lowland coffee (Coffea canephora); the role of leaf cutter bees in Papua New Guinea." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" volume="50" year="1989">Willmer and Stone 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="984DF8EE51ADF4D7AD6FB7D50D74E169" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" author="Willmer, PG" journalOrPublisher="Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="113 - 124" refId="B101" refString="Willmer, PG, Stone, GN, 1989. Incidence of entomophilous pollination of lowland coffee (Coffea canephora); the role of leaf cutter bees in Papua New Guinea. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 50: 113 - 124, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" title="Incidence of entomophilous pollination of lowland coffee (Coffea canephora); the role of leaf cutter bees in Papua New Guinea." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb02380.x" volume="50" year="1989">Willmer and Stone 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) but was reported from the nest of the African
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. cornigera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="cornigera">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. cornigera</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E230567F4CEB8C9079232098D9BED3AD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. cornigera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="cornigera">
|
||||
<emphasis id="20BAEBAAB974D1C9AB1C15C3D9CA3D7E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. cornigera</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Michener, CD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="337 - 359" refId="B55" refString="Michener, CD, 1968. Nest of some African Megachilid bees, with description of a new Hoplitis (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 31: 337 - 359" title="Nest of some African Megachilid bees, with description of a new Hoplitis (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)." volume="31" year="1968">Michener 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="9CFD926BCDA67C4652E5668A99E7C607" author="Michener, CD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="337 - 359" refId="B55" refString="Michener, CD, 1968. Nest of some African Megachilid bees, with description of a new Hoplitis (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 31: 337 - 359" title="Nest of some African Megachilid bees, with description of a new Hoplitis (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)." volume="31" year="1968">Michener 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. arabica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="arabica">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. arabica</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="7FBE5DE440FCF44A89148DB477C2AAD5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. arabica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="arabica">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7A33E07AECE1569AE3A06D6E62F45E09" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. arabica</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has been observed cutting leaf discs (H. Priesner, cited in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Alfken, JD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="146 - 163" refId="B1" refString="Alfken, JD, 1934. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Megachile -Arten von Aegypten. Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte 18: 146 - 163" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Megachile - Arten von Aegypten." volume="18" year="1934">Alfken 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="2EDB53FC6D51B3AF121E9CAFC7B62735" author="Alfken, JD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="146 - 163" refId="B1" refString="Alfken, JD, 1934. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Megachile -Arten von Aegypten. Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte 18: 146 - 163" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Megachile - Arten von Aegypten." volume="18" year="1934">Alfken 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="FFF47569FF85ADAF5622D4BD471D0972" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="M." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="6986A31A14AEB2380FA5B8212D1F64E2" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M. albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(and possibly all species of the
|
||||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megachile albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="830CBDBBC2685334F957F15ABB8B7A2D" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile albisecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="albisecta">
|
||||
<emphasis id="50FD91B86DDE03326239BFF3829E6F1F" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Megachile albisecta</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
group) is oligolectic on
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="77AAEB40FC15D2BDC5686A3FEDF8D4CF" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, with a preference for
|
||||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Carduoideae">Carduoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0362447F63B8BAE5D58883310A5527D1" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" subFamily="Carduoideae">Carduoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(C. Praz, unpublished data).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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