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<mods:affiliation id="FA486A443EDD8D41BABA0B9CFD7E6D6C">University of Neuchatel, Institute of Biology, Evolutionary Entomology, Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="6E665959BD8D67B4B62A4C7695E5D61C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128834668" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E665959BD8D67B4B62A4C7695E5D61C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6E665959BD8D67B4B62A4C7695E5D61C" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<subSubSection id="F5328C20CAC24ADB4FCA40F3E2373C95" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="881B29029EE21C6BD9D0CC7611EA7BB9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Subgenus
<taxonomicName id="A603E5FAA0AFB2516B3DFC012506728F" LSID="FC48FEDD-EB01-5931-BFF3-0F6E39009ACB" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Megachile">Megachile</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="A603E5FAA0AFB2516B3DFC012506728F" LSID="FC48FEDD-EB01-5931-BFF3-0F6E39009ACB" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Megachile">Megachile</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="F423559568AE41D610DFB7CDC7922703" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Subgenus
<paragraph id="6F62AD1D150144CF673CCD16455FF65C" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="EF720F7A02EFC4EE8E13295A97CE629B" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Females</emphasis>
: In females of this subgenus, the mandible always has a conspicuous, partial cutting edge in the second interspace (reduced in
<taxonomicName id="1B16509FE6425F380E85997593A48A4C" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="genalis" subGenus="Megachile">
<taxonomicName id="1B16509FE6425F380E85997593A48A4C" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="genalis" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="4144A0B95E9393A69D425A6F0A2D296E" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile genalis</emphasis>
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, which is easy to diagnose due to the thickened buldge at the base of the mandible:
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Subgenus
), and no visible cutting edge in the third interspace (Figs
<figureCitation id="9627939CF121BA43591B5B7215577276" captionStart="Figures 3037" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 30 - 37. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 30 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta 31 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis 32 M. (Megachile) versicolor 33 M. (Megachile) lapponica 34 M. (Megachile) bombycina 35 M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda 36 M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris 37 M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">32-34</figureCitation>
). The mandible is mostly 5-toothed with the distance between both upper teeth subequal to the distance between the other teeth (not clearly so in
<taxonomicName id="FFC1A557C6F133B1331547D57A5C951D" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="genalis" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="FFC1A557C6F133B1331547D57A5C951D" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="genalis" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="98638BD48EF5816AE2CFAFF98FDD025E" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. genalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (Figs
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Subgenus
); in some species teeth 4 and 5 are poorly separated (Fig.
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). In
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<taxonomicName id="26EC56B24F362F9C27A06DF3993B22E2" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) bombycina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="bombycina" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="2BD7AB992C21240C9C991F3B8EA21F15" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. bombycina</emphasis>
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, the mandible is elongate and 4-toothed but the partial cutting edge in the second interspace is well visible (Fig.
@ -81,43 +81,43 @@ Subgenus
). In most species, the clypeus is flat or slightly depressed preapically, and there the punctures are coarse and the interspaces wide, shiny (Fig.
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); this condition is not found in
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<taxonomicName id="F509904A2754D1E96DDD2397D3DE28DC" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) lapponica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="lapponica" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="0CE11B41974CBC547335014FD8809236" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Thomson, 1872, in which the clypeus is densely punctured (Fig.
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), and in
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<taxonomicName id="F23388634312ED143768D01B35818614" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) bombycina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="bombycina" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="272B264118432A1761CC15A2C79BF604" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. bombycina</emphasis>
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, in which the clypeus is modified, short, laterally truncate and medially produced to a blunt triangular process, and with its apical margin forming a wide, smooth and slightly concave area (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F97CE86EF46DC0C33B57CEAA14A8143A" captionStart="Figures 3037" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figures 30 - 37. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 30 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) albohirta 31 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis 32 M. (Megachile) versicolor 33 M. (Megachile) lapponica 34 M. (Megachile) bombycina 35 M. (Xanthosarus) lagopoda 36 M. (Xanthosarus) nigriventris 37 M. (Xanthosarus) willughbiella." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures30-37" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133918" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">34</figureCitation>
). In the female sex, many species of
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<emphasis id="A58B666C8D38D79C2739A48E2D4EC869" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile</emphasis>
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s. str. are sculpturally similar to
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<taxonomicName id="DE96809018734E4F1478366D8655B790" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="69DD4C3261F39E4E328A85CEE600D3DD" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; in the former, the scopa is mostly orange basally and rarely white, while in
<taxonomicName id="4238D3DDDC0E00DDDDD5760A941C360D" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<taxonomicName id="4238D3DDDC0E00DDDDD5760A941C360D" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="414DFC1FD319597E50CF3BEF942EC480" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the scopa is mostly white to yellowish white; and
<taxonomicName id="DAEAB1A67D31BD58ACD7862455A564F3" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<taxonomicName id="DAEAB1A67D31BD58ACD7862455A564F3" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Anodonteutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Anodonteutricharaea">
<emphasis id="FCE5D882D76737D88B1C010E1CB87BD0" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Anodonteutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished by the presence of two unmodified setae on the pretarsal claws; in
<taxonomicName id="5139F5B8B8FD2017DFB9F3941CECFCFE" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Megachile">
<taxonomicName id="5139F5B8B8FD2017DFB9F3941CECFCFE" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="1A683D396F8D560A564CA290548440D7" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s. str., the basal seta is modified to a thicken process, as in
<taxonomicName id="A0E3F04FF52B7DC85544F7973B2F65BC" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<taxonomicName id="A0E3F04FF52B7DC85544F7973B2F65BC" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<emphasis id="E6BFC936568AE3C52693BE2D84332738" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="10A73F38A301ECB3CCDD932A101BE50B" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Xanthosarus)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Xanthosarus">
<taxonomicName id="10A73F38A301ECB3CCDD932A101BE50B" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Xanthosarus)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Xanthosarus">
<emphasis id="8C9BCCF1FAA9DCCD02F3BFB68558A024" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Xanthosarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as in Fig.
@ -125,45 +125,45 @@ or
).
<emphasis id="6BE262B398F27FD1558DA23359ECE81C" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Males</emphasis>
: Males of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="7B15DFF8034516F9B79903749A01B79B" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Megachile">
<taxonomicName id="7B15DFF8034516F9B79903749A01B79B" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="FDEF42FA4C2BBA41BB60A3E8D2985F85" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s. str. are rather homogenous both in their sculpture and in genitalic structures, and often difficult to identify. All males of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="6864FAE9CB3055DAFA4E0F1D070A9274" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Megachile">
<taxonomicName id="6864FAE9CB3055DAFA4E0F1D070A9274" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="183F24AD44E32282B128A91301D85267" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s. str. lack a front coxal spine, although in some species (
<taxonomicName id="7941E75E2A5C95F420A6ACBBC7650D72" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) ligniseca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligniseca" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="7941E75E2A5C95F420A6ACBBC7650D72" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) ligniseca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="ligniseca" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="C78D708673A54E968E26483D43FAFE87" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. ligniseca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="320D920A4A097EB61FDF9537674EAAFA" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopyga" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="320D920A4A097EB61FDF9537674EAAFA" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="melanopyga" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="3694C81C59C8A8FEF3F58216AAA27E12" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. melanopyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Costa, 1863), the front coxa forms a weak angle. The mandible is always 3-toothed, mostly with inferior projection (lacking in
<taxonomicName id="D626526AF41AF3BBB103C3CED6C9B149" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="D626526AF41AF3BBB103C3CED6C9B149" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="94186C74D69A8F9D22F6DA5C6C3FF3A7" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pilicrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5F09B4A6A84999AC54FB125B8EABD8B3" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) armenia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armenia" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="5F09B4A6A84999AC54FB125B8EABD8B3" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) armenia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="armenia" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="715A9A772D99E23032DC3A8604FA72B8" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. armenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="666DA2043B1BE1BF978F2C94892B8772" originalValue="Tkalců">Tkalcu</normalizedToken>
, 1992). In most species the disc of T6 is devoid of white or light pubescence (except in
<taxonomicName id="4E50C9DB5CA0EA7390154323E0A2471A" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pyrenaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyrenaea" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="4E50C9DB5CA0EA7390154323E0A2471A" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pyrenaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="pyrenaea" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="E91E8E1C6DE4F740A0ACD5F6312EF394" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pyrenaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="5FFBD4D96C3A9F9BA70D6F0D481DBDB1" originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
, 1890,
<taxonomicName id="822E57C59B57093EABE98B56B2D2D61A" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) armenia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armenia" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="822E57C59B57093EABE98B56B2D2D61A" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) armenia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="armenia" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="60B3E30A56A1E5E2CEF1AB3E75EB3EC6" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. armenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="DF9A10A9AC945EF6DF656A4B5FDE2E41" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="DF9A10A9AC945EF6DF656A4B5FDE2E41" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="3A0B9246145D346B86EA726E12758D6C" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pilicrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A5175E84CF0D3A4A0FFCB88F1E525249" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopyga" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="A5175E84CF0D3A4A0FFCB88F1E525249" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="melanopyga" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="F6CC0CDD576E6C2DFABE785CDAC85E90" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. melanopyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the preapical carina of T6 is never denticulate, although there is a lateral tooth at the lateral margin of T6 (Fig.
@ -177,15 +177,15 @@ and
<emphasis id="A90DEB6DB72284EE7F46FA67A4585544" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figures 54-57.</emphasis>
Genital capsule, lateral view.
<emphasis id="614AA499DE743E50B699B589C29BA1DB" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">54</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4A4DD0B832F09937FBE41B7A520A7B38" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea) apicalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apicalis" subGenus="Eutricharaea">Megachile (Eutricharaea) apicalis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4A4DD0B832F09937FBE41B7A520A7B38" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea) apicalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="apicalis" subGenus="Eutricharaea">Megachile (Eutricharaea) apicalis</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="DAFA6DC5E6808463AC2F3FBC36E2AD5E" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">55</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="3E73402475ED85D5C5668F7A3CBFA179" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">M. (Eutricharaea</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="3E73402475ED85D5C5668F7A3CBFA179" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Eutricharaea">M. (Eutricharaea</taxonomicName>
) sp. aff.
<taxonomicName id="8554FAD1901A7EE9288164FECDB48140" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="naevia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naevia">naevia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="8554FAD1901A7EE9288164FECDB48140" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="naevia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="naevia">naevia</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="534F8C78A1C0540EB10ACB19A8B71387" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">56</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B98F8360CDBB1112BED5DBD9525A093C" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea) leachella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leachella" subGenus="Eutricharaea">M. (Eutricharaea) leachella</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="B98F8360CDBB1112BED5DBD9525A093C" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea) leachella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="leachella" subGenus="Eutricharaea">M. (Eutricharaea) leachella</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2709066CABDC99A8F4D2B7BE26BCF8A4" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">57</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EB0C9767C402C3421DF92A3057AE58C5" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea) leucomalla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucomalla" subGenus="Eutricharaea">M. (Eutricharaea) leucomalla</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="EB0C9767C402C3421DF92A3057AE58C5" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea) leucomalla" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="leucomalla" subGenus="Eutricharaea">M. (Eutricharaea) leucomalla</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
@ -194,64 +194,64 @@ Genital capsule, lateral view.
<paragraph id="8D4F239F943CE63D8299C0D312C39DB7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Species composition.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2BFD3E3D8F223FEE56D2CDAB001FEB59" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
There are at least 14 valid species in the Western Palearctic:
<taxonomicName id="75C46D90BD4DF59BAB448EE76E340C76" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) alpicola" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpicola" subGenus="Megachile">
<taxonomicName id="75C46D90BD4DF59BAB448EE76E340C76" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) alpicola" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="alpicola" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="74014BDC0598016EBC1777161B27FAFD" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile alpicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Alfken, 1924,
<taxonomicName id="0E39E9852CF05232C47DF702624178E0" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) armenia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armenia" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="0E39E9852CF05232C47DF702624178E0" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) armenia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="armenia" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="7D455F070872D0D0B6D0A53B48334BCB" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. armenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D40FABA939F2F0BC21164B4D90561DA0" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) bombycina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bombycina" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="D40FABA939F2F0BC21164B4D90561DA0" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) bombycina" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="bombycina" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="791467D00785DADDB2684F9A09539DEC" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. bombycina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2BEA40D370F0388465948452E9743F0F" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) calloleuca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calloleuca" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="2BEA40D370F0388465948452E9743F0F" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) calloleuca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="calloleuca" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="DFEE6A975525A0241A7FEFB47096C29B" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. calloleuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="17E0C0F6DF90BBCB71D0D32D72865281" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) centuncularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centuncularis" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="17E0C0F6DF90BBCB71D0D32D72865281" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) centuncularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="centuncularis" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="694ABEE94787319F42ADE720BDE336DA" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. centuncularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1758),
<taxonomicName id="DC20EF32DCFB9AB5D005C16A57A2C860" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="genalis" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="DC20EF32DCFB9AB5D005C16A57A2C860" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="genalis" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="9BE92E739E6302AD69ED631B3CBADB04" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. genalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="073DA0284C4ECCA5D8069BB751BB8946" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) lapponica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="073DA0284C4ECCA5D8069BB751BB8946" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) lapponica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="lapponica" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="EF2AD0E46199400B5F14CD0D2AF87F70" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="31217190DBDC0B30398F924A41B44124" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) ligniseca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ligniseca" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="31217190DBDC0B30398F924A41B44124" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) ligniseca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="ligniseca" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="FD5724DEB8CF2BD0464148152896C607" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. ligniseca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="03A11E1804685989E0C73A1C23D0D362" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopyga" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="03A11E1804685989E0C73A1C23D0D362" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="melanopyga" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="46FDE5D93C14FE66FF4EBB95B070D8DB" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. melanopyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="5FB4F884CB2F637667D659D7BE919308" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanota" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanota" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="5FB4F884CB2F637667D659D7BE919308" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanota" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="melanota" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="07391F143D83CC82AD46EAB71A0175C7" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. melanota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="3E9C8D370D5AB4849A7B82DF0F47A5D1" originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
, 1895,
<taxonomicName id="B252591189E72EC588B12D97AFF619F0" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) octosignata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="octosignata" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="B252591189E72EC588B12D97AFF619F0" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) octosignata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="octosignata" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="990CFB7A8BE7F222DED218FBA429CF06" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. octosignata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Nylander, 1852,
<taxonomicName id="CBF5081C3F97DA4741FA8C62BC16D9F3" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="CBF5081C3F97DA4741FA8C62BC16D9F3" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="EDAFD28F2E588283D7ADBBC208EDC0CB" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pilicrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="CDBCF1122D586552A20C9A71802FC31F" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pyrenaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyrenaea" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="CDBCF1122D586552A20C9A71802FC31F" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pyrenaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="pyrenaea" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="93E0F25698E03D1E7B18B8D21A3DDBDF" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pyrenaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="FF32A89DC1F7BAC36B2BF32EED0999F1" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) versicolor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="versicolor" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="FF32A89DC1F7BAC36B2BF32EED0999F1" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) versicolor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="versicolor" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="D03AA642DA1D87A0574AB1E9E7AFC538" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. versicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. I have not been able to locate the type of
<taxonomicName id="9FBF9118177F7A8303D976062BC4D892" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) dacica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacica" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="9FBF9118177F7A8303D976062BC4D892" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) dacica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="dacica" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="4682FB1741E3ECE651E1DD3DED466A94" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. dacica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="BA88C6507193AFBE10A25FA7261056DA" originalValue="Mocsáry">Mocsary</normalizedToken>
@ -262,19 +262,19 @@ and
recognized this species as valid; in contrast, according to identified material in his collection (OLML), B.
<normalizedToken id="0B98F72FFF5C5F16E4C7D6DDA767B1CB" originalValue="Tkalců">Tkalcu</normalizedToken>
considered
<taxonomicName id="A92FD96FE419AE1B702F35100B051228" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) dacica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacica" subGenus="Megachile">
<taxonomicName id="A92FD96FE419AE1B702F35100B051228" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) dacica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="dacica" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="72CAD81564420375AA4EB81266B2610D" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile dacica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="BC4C9223329726DABD67D013B7C35778" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) lapponica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="BC4C9223329726DABD67D013B7C35778" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) lapponica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="lapponica" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="E39C3A1A36697C76359B4CF71D1923D1" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The status of
<taxonomicName id="FD351BCE0C6C08F1D8B5D00C214CADD6" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanota" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanota" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="FD351BCE0C6C08F1D8B5D00C214CADD6" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanota" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="melanota" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="6BF1EF61A30E371562B2EBFB8A3B58F9" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. melanota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unclear, as it may represent a dark color form of
<taxonomicName id="6683150C7490E8002EEF245638C6AB21" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) octosignata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="octosignata" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="6683150C7490E8002EEF245638C6AB21" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) octosignata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="octosignata" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="E5FB8DB44CD9BDE92E59A2C7F8F156C8" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. octosignata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
@ -290,23 +290,23 @@ All species are leafcutters and build brood cells made of leaf fragments (e.g.
,
<bibRefCitation id="9BCBCC3484F4E9E961A2C85AD85200C6" author="Ruhnke, H" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="513 - 516" refId="B81" refString="Ruhnke, H, 2000. Zur Nistbiologie der Megachile genalis Mor (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 12: 513 - 516" title="Zur Nistbiologie der Megachile genalis Mor (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." volume="12" year="2000">Ruhnke 2000</bibRefCitation>
); no Palearctic species appears to use petals as documented in the Nearctic
<taxonomicName id="C48DF0267944583377E90221222FC1E1" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) montivaga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montivaga" subGenus="Megachile">
<taxonomicName id="C48DF0267944583377E90221222FC1E1" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) montivaga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="montivaga" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="957D6C2C7316E312DC63D943B854F10C" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile montivaga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Michener, 2007, and references therein;
<bibRefCitation id="2EDD484E52F096483FDB5E8ADD3FFF43" DOI="https://doi.org/10.17161/jom.v0i48.4847" author="Orr, MC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Melittology" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 6" refId="B67" refString="Orr, MC, Portman, ZM, Griswold, TL, 2015. Megachile (Megachile) montivaga (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) nesting in live thistle (Asteraceae: Cirsium). Journal of Melittology 48: 1 - 6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17161/jom.v0i48.4847" title="Megachile (Megachile) montivaga (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) nesting in live thistle (Asteraceae: Cirsium)." url="https://doi.org/10.17161/jom.v0i48.4847" volume="48" year="2015">Orr et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). The nests are mostly located in existing, above-ground cavities; some species such as
<taxonomicName id="96149C7195C03067D4DCB5360907ABB9" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) centuncularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centuncularis" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="96149C7195C03067D4DCB5360907ABB9" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) centuncularis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="centuncularis" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="264D91FBDD36276A7F62CD7D5F677380" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. centuncularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are flexible and nest both in above-ground cavities and in the soil (
<bibRefCitation id="23763323219778A959DE4479198B27F0" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
, and references therein). Nests of
<taxonomicName id="99F38D3A0ACCB777EB685133579857E2" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pyrenaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pyrenaea" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="99F38D3A0ACCB777EB685133579857E2" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pyrenaea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="pyrenaea" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="CA3AE10AD34BB91D7C5B7948FCED294A" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pyrenaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5688E2BFBC3BF8578BC96068AD368905" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) octosignata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="octosignata" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="5688E2BFBC3BF8578BC96068AD368905" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) octosignata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="octosignata" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="715CF9429ADD6EBBC2D0BC78E3096DD0" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. octosignata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are placed under stones or in the soil (
@ -316,13 +316,13 @@ are placed under stones or in the soil (
,
<bibRefCitation id="F0309022229D294B8817F1A78A3E8405" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
), and a nest of
<taxonomicName id="593C744351806FEA7AAEE952C256BA34" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopyga" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="593C744351806FEA7AAEE952C256BA34" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) melanopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="melanopyga" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="6BDA593F43095390D3F85694E9F020A8" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. melanopyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found &quot;loose in the grass&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="08B307553BB69FC1827BE7BFFD866F66" author="Friese, H" journalOrPublisher="Friedlaender, Berlin" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="B27" refString="Friese, H, 1898. Die Bienen Europa's (Apidae europaeae). Theil V. Solitaere Apiden: Genus Lithurgus. Genus Megachile (Chalicodoma). Friedlaender, Berlin" title="Die Bienen Europa's (Apidae europaeae). Theil V. Solitaere Apiden: Genus Lithurgus. Genus Megachile (Chalicodoma)." year="1898">Friese 1898</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="1428DC7D043F0CD5EA4124DAA265F64F" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="genalis" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="1428DC7D043F0CD5EA4124DAA265F64F" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="genalis" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="9C2BF78571218B94545CABCC22E5AC73" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. genalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exclusively nests in standing stems, favoring fresh stems, thus from plants of the same year; the female digs an opening and places the brood cells vertically above or below the entrance (
@ -330,28 +330,28 @@ exclusively nests in standing stems, favoring fresh stems, thus from plants of t
, and references therein). According to a brief account by
<bibRefCitation id="0CA98B1668D5FE78E5CCF75DB550BC04" author="Friese, H" journalOrPublisher="Friedlaender, Berlin" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="B27" refString="Friese, H, 1898. Die Bienen Europa's (Apidae europaeae). Theil V. Solitaere Apiden: Genus Lithurgus. Genus Megachile (Chalicodoma). Friedlaender, Berlin" title="Die Bienen Europa's (Apidae europaeae). Theil V. Solitaere Apiden: Genus Lithurgus. Genus Megachile (Chalicodoma)." year="1898">Friese (1898)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="BE8BA5374E44E5E4271C1395565B7925" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="BE8BA5374E44E5E4271C1395565B7925" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="BC2FD508D470400B29FFC31571BB8124" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pilicrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nests in dry stems of thistles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C0296304657CE5CBD3ECF7AE3C498D1F" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Most species of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="2693978138BB2CAD5C0DE31CCD247C14" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Megachile">
<taxonomicName id="2693978138BB2CAD5C0DE31CCD247C14" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="BE6D9A05FF91062DF2DAF4636E3CE327" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are polylectic, often with a preference for
<taxonomicName id="1C81D55E11AC62ABF8A56DE0C637B085" class="Insecta" family="Fabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="1C81D55E11AC62ABF8A56DE0C637B085" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6E72AFE9595852DD83EFC310B695171C" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="6E72AFE9595852DD83EFC310B695171C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="95ADDB1604F1694B65CFF7B4A12E81BD" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="CC2DBD2A3B28B6C513ABB099DFC511B0" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) lapponica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica" subGenus="Megachile">
<taxonomicName id="CC2DBD2A3B28B6C513ABB099DFC511B0" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Megachile) lapponica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" species="lapponica" subGenus="Megachile">
<emphasis id="21BFFB218848C72A200FFE95C900EFBD" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an oligolege on
<taxonomicName id="6FC7E9461C5F5376B01F3114976F2145" class="Insecta" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epilobium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<taxonomicName id="6FC7E9461C5F5376B01F3114976F2145" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epilobium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta">
<emphasis id="532D708CD8756254BDD786B3F7D0FE4D" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Epilobium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
@ -362,21 +362,21 @@ is an oligolege on
et al. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
), while
<taxonomicName id="D82C8AE95465D0017F914AF97AAB54C2" class="Insecta" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="genalis" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="D82C8AE95465D0017F914AF97AAB54C2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) genalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="genalis" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="36AC42DFE1C2D70319E61649CF533B57" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. genalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is possibly oligolectic on
<taxonomicName id="22EE25910DA14BDEFCA1BBD7D5B7810C" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="22EE25910DA14BDEFCA1BBD7D5B7810C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D3CD62A66B77874CC9571B87BCC414C6" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="97D44446C2B2565026502EB5FB63A7F1" class="Insecta" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<taxonomicName id="97D44446C2B2565026502EB5FB63A7F1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(M.) pilicrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="pilicrus" subGenus="M.">
<emphasis id="883C80664EAB71BD0C9A9E3B6ADE80AD" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. pilicrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is oligolectic on
<taxonomicName id="1B75BF3DFEEA396DFE32C61B3845C9C1" class="Insecta" family="Onagraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Carduoideae">Carduoideae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="1B75BF3DFEEA396DFE32C61B3845C9C1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" subFamily="Carduoideae">Carduoideae</taxonomicName>
and its hind trochanter and femur are covered by modified, stiff hairs, as observed in some
<taxonomicName id="2C574A63FF5DEEA4C93CA74546ABCC47" class="Insecta" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<taxonomicName id="2C574A63FF5DEEA4C93CA74546ABCC47" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Eutricharaea)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" subGenus="Eutricharaea">
<emphasis id="04AF8848E29DCE7B26ACDFBD9542EA2B" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Eutricharaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species specialized on these plants (