From b2cba098e7336cc01ca4dd019e20d57eb22fa00a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver <ggserver@srv1.plazi.org> Date: Fri, 13 Sep 2024 13:57:24 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-09-13 13:52:15 --- .../87/EE3587F5CB40FFCCFC54F9DF6C10F54E.xml | 314 +++++++ .../87/EE3587F5CB42FFD2FC51FA2D6AEAF738.xml | 283 ++++++ .../87/EE3587F5CB47FFCEFB98FE2C6CF8F622.xml | 309 +++++++ .../87/EE3587F5CB4FFFC9FF5BFCC96D24F143.xml | 821 ++++++++++++++++++ .../87/EE3587F5CB5CFFD0FED9F8E069A4F144.xml | 241 +++++ 5 files changed, 1968 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB40FFCCFC54F9DF6C10F54E.xml create mode 100644 data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB42FFD2FC51FA2D6AEAF738.xml create mode 100644 data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB47FFCEFB98FE2C6CF8F622.xml create mode 100644 data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB4FFFC9FF5BFCC96D24F143.xml create mode 100644 data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB5CFFD0FED9F8E069A4F144.xml diff --git a/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB40FFCCFC54F9DF6C10F54E.xml 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+</mods:mods> +<treatment id="EE3587F5CB40FFCCFC54F9DF6C10F54E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EE3587F5CB40FFCCFC54F9DF6C10F54E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EE3587F5CB40FFCCFC54F9DF6C10F54E" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<subSubSection id="2E866568CB40FFCEFC54F9DF6D31F6B3" box="[967,1302,1658,1685]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFC54F9DF6D31F6B3" blockId="13.[967,1302,1658,1685]" box="[967,1302,1658,1685]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<heading id="3D6B818FCB40FFCEFC54F9DF6D31F6B3" bold="true" box="[967,1302,1658,1685]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="2"> +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB40FFCEFC54F9DF6D31F6B3" authority="Dollo, 1923" authorityName="Dollo" authorityYear="1923" box="[967,1302,1658,1685]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orsmaelensis"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFC54F9DF6D31F6B3" bold="true" box="[967,1302,1658,1685]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFC54F9DF6CB4F6B2" bold="true" box="[967,1171,1658,1685]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Saniwa orsmaelensis</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB40FFCEFB0BF9DF6D31F6B3" author="Dollo L" box="[1176,1302,1658,1684]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="76 - 82" refId="ref19665" refString="Dollo L. Saniwa orsmaelensis, Varanide nouveau du Landenien superieur d'Orsmael (Brabant). Bulletin de la Societe belge de geologie, de paleontologie et d'hydrologie 1923; 33: 76 - 82." type="journal article" year="1923">Dollo, 1923</bibRefCitation> +</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</heading> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="2E866568CB40FFCCFBD4F90E6C10F54E" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFBD4F90E6CB1F6E2" blockId="13.[1095,1174,1707,1733]" box="[1095,1174,1707,1733]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFBD4F90E6CB1F6E2" bold="true" box="[1095,1174,1707,1733]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB40FFCEFBC1F90E6CACF6E2" box="[1106,1163,1707,1733]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 9</figureCitation> +) +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFCB9F9486BF3F764" blockId="13.[809,1459,1772,1859]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFCB9F9486C24F723" box="[810,1027,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">New referred material:</emphasis> +IRSNB R 495, left dentary; IRSNB R 496, IRSNB R 497, two presacral vertebrae; IRSNB R 498, distal portion of humerus. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFCB9F8C16C39F79C" blockId="13.[810,1459,1892,1979]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFCB9F8C16C35F75B" box="[810,1042,1892,1916]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Locality and horizon:</emphasis> +Dormaal, Flemish Brabant, eastern +<collectingCountry id="1E8B7673CB40FFCEFCB9F8266BA5F7BC" box="[810,898,1923,1947]" name="Belgium" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Belgium</collectingCountry> +, Dormaal Member, Tienen Formation, Landen Group, earliest Eocene (MP 7). +</paragraph> +<caption id="32E3666BCB43FFCDFF12F9D26D15F6C4" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" targetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB43FFCDFF12F9D26D15F6C4" blockId="14.[129,1474,1655,1763]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB43FFCDFF12F9D268FFF6A8" bold="true" box="[129,216,1655,1679]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 9.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB43FFCDFF4EF9DD69B4F6A8" authorityName="Dollo" authorityYear="1923" box="[221,403,1655,1679]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orsmaelensis"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB43FFCDFF4EF9DD69B4F6A8" box="[221,403,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Saniwa orsmaelensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views. Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB43FFCDFE1CF8B169DCF70A" blockId="14.[129,779,1812,1967]" box="[399,507,1812,1837]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB43FFCDFE1CF8B169DCF70A" box="[399,507,1812,1837]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Description</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB43FFCCFF12F89F69C6F0E0" blockId="14.[129,779,1812,1967]" lastBlockId="15.[113,762,144,199]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB43FFCDFF12F89F68FFF776" box="[129,216,1850,1873]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Dentary:</emphasis> +A mid-section of a left dentary, IRSNB R 495, is preserved ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB43FFCDFF45F8FC6966F756" box="[214,321,1881,1905]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 9A–C</figureCitation> +). It bears six and half tooth positions (only four teeth are mostly preserved). The bone is anteroposteriorly elongated, having a slightly concave appearance. In the posterior preserved section, it widens dorsoventrally, being slightly dorsally elevated. The lateral surface of the bone is smooth, except for three large elliptical labial foramina located more-or-less in the dorsal anterior third of the lateral wall. In medial view, the Meckelian canal is fully open, although narrow. It gradually dorsoventrally widens posteriorly. The subdental shelf is thin and only weakly medially expanded. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFFE2FF4C6A0DF21D" blockId="15.[113,764,233,570]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFFE2FF4C68F1F127" box="[113,214,233,256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dentition:</emphasis> +The dentition is subpleurodont ( +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFDDDFF4C6AA6F127" box="[590,641,233,256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">sensu</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFD18FF4C6882F107" author="Hoffstetter R" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="422 - 4" refId="ref20787" refString="Hoffstetter R. Sur la position systematique de Necrosaurus: saurien de l'Eocene europeen. Comptes Rendus de la Societe geologique de France 1954; 1954: 422 - 4." type="journal article" year="1954">Hoffstetter 1954</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFF20FEAD68C0F107" author="Hoffstetter R" box="[179,231,264,288]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="606 - 62" refId="ref20818" refString="Hoffstetter R. Squamates de type moderne. In: Piveteau J (ed.), Traite de Paleontologie. Vol. 5. Paris: Masson et Compagnie, 1955, 606 - 62." type="book chapter" year="1955">1955</bibRefCitation> +), the jaw parapet is low and the bases of the teeth are attached to a sloping, concave surface, without any angle between two different planes ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB42FFCCFE3DFEE26A3EF178" box="[430,537,327,351]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9A–C</figureCitation> +). The tooth bases are mesiodistally broad and bear well-preserved typical basal striae, i.e. plicidentine is present (the infolding of dentine in the pulp cavity; +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFF2FFE0069E8F19A" author="Kearney M & Rieppel O" box="[188,463,421,445]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="337 - 50" refId="ref20976" refString="Kearney M, Rieppel O. An investigation into the occurrence of plicidentine in the teeth of squamate reptiles. Copeia 2006; 2006: 337 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2006) 2006 [337: aiitoo] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Kearney and Rieppel 2006</bibRefCitation> +). It is complex and dense, as many closely spaced basal infoldings are present. All tooth tips are broken off. However, the labiolingual tooth crown compression is visible in broken teeth and partly, to a small extent, in the virtual 3D model of a pulp cavity ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB42FFCCFE5CFD876A3EF21D" box="[463,537,546,570]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9C</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFE1FFDFC69C7F254" blockId="15.[396,480,601,627]" box="[396,480,601,627]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFE1FFDFC69C7F254" box="[396,480,601,627]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFFE2FD25699EF48A" blockId="15.[113,764,640,1197]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +The overall morphology and plicidentine support allocation of the dentary to a varanoid ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFEECFD056AAAF290" author="Kearney M & Rieppel O" box="[383,653,671,696]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="337 - 50" refId="ref20976" refString="Kearney M, Rieppel O. An investigation into the occurrence of plicidentine in the teeth of squamate reptiles. Copeia 2006; 2006: 337 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2006) 2006 [337: aiitoo] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Kearney and Rieppel 2006</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFD0BFD3A690EF2F0" author="Georgalis GL & Scheyer TM" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="383 - 417" refId="ref20231" refString="Georgalis GL, Scheyer TM. A new species of Palaeopython (Serpentes) and other extinct squamates from the Eocene of Dielsdorf (Zurich, Switzerland). Swiss Journal of Geosciences 2019; 112: 383 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00015 - 019 - 00341 - 6" type="journal article" year="2019">Georgalis and Scheyer 2019</bibRefCitation> +). Unfortunately, the Dormaal dentary is only partly preserved. In fact, the preserved portion of this dentary is very similar to that of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFEFCFD5B6A11F332" authorityName="Dollo" authorityYear="1923" box="[367,566,765,789]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orsmaelensis"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFEFCFD5B6A11F332" box="[367,566,765,789]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Saniwa orsmaelensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +described by +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFD54FD5868DEF312" author="Auge M & Folie A & Smith R" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="511 - 29" refId="ref18234" refString="Auge M, Folie A, Smith R et al. Revision of the oldest varanid, Saniwa orsmaelensis Dollo, 1923, from the earliest Eocene of northwest Europe. In: Folie A, Buffetaut E, Bardet N, Houssaye A, Gheerbrant E, Laurin M (eds), Palaeobiology and palaeobiogeography of amphibians and reptiles: a homage to Jean-Claude Rage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2022; 21: 511 - 29." type="journal article" year="2022"> +Augé +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFFE2FCB86882F312" box="[113,165,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +(2022) +</bibRefCitation> +from the same locality by having many closely spaced basal infoldings present on tooth bases—in contrast to +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFFE2FCFE69A6F354" authority="Zittel, 1887" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1887" box="[113,385,859,883]" family="Palaeovaranidae" genus="Palaeovaranus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFFE2FCFE68D9F354" box="[113,254,859,883]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Palaeovaranus</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFE94FCFE69A6F354" author="Zittel D" box="[263,385,859,883]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref23366" refString="Zittel D. Handbuch der Palaontologie. Palaeozoologie. III. Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves. Munchen and Leipzig: Druck und Verlag von R. Oldenbourg, 1887 - 1890, 900." type="journal volume" year="1887">Zittel, 1887</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +–90, which has more widely spaced infoldings ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFF7EFCDE6A3BF3B4" author="Georgalis GL & Scheyer TM" box="[237,540,891,915]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="383 - 417" refId="ref20231" refString="Georgalis GL, Scheyer TM. A new species of Palaeopython (Serpentes) and other extinct squamates from the Eocene of Dielsdorf (Zurich, Switzerland). Swiss Journal of Geosciences 2019; 112: 383 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00015 - 019 - 00341 - 6" type="journal article" year="2019">Georgalis and Scheyer 2019</bibRefCitation> +). The presence of a labiolingual tooth crown compression, with mesial and distal carinae, is considered a synapomorphy of the varanoid genera +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFFE2FC7C69E6F3D6" authority="Steindachner, 1878" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1878" box="[113,449,985,1009]" class="Squamata" family="Lanthanotidae" genus="Lanthanotus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFFE2FC7C68CAF3D6" box="[113,237,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Lanthanotus</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFF64FC7C69E6F3D6" author="Steindachner F" box="[247,449,985,1009]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="93 - 6" refId="ref22883" refString="Steindachner F. Uber zwei Eidechsen-Arten aus Sud-Amerika und Borneo. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1878; 38: 93 - 6." type="journal article" year="1878">Steindachner, 1878</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFE68FC7C6A6CF3D7" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[507,587,985,1008]" class="Squamata" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFE68FC7C6A6CF3D7" box="[507,587,985,1008]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Varanus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +; in +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFDE9FC7C6AEDF3D7" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[634,714,985,1008]" class="Squamata" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFDE9FC7C6AEDF3D7" box="[634,714,985,1008]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Varanus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +this compression extends to the tooth base and is visible in the pulp cavity ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFF6AFBB269F3F408" author="Georgalis GL & Mennecart B & Smith KT" box="[249,468,1047,1071]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref20454" refString="Georgalis GL, Mennecart B, Smith KT. First fossil record of Varanus (Reptilia, Squamata) from Switzerland and the earliest occurrences of the genus in Europe. Swiss Journal of Geosciences 2023; 116: 9." type="journal volume" year="2023"> +Georgalis +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFEF7FBBD69B0F408" box="[356,407,1047,1071]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +2023 +</bibRefCitation> +). Although some degree of the labiolingual compression of the pulp cavities is visible in IRSNB R 495 ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB42FFCCFE85FBF36945F449" box="[278,354,1110,1134]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9C</figureCitation> +), this compression is markedly smaller (not highly compressed) in comparison to extant +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFDE0FBD36AE4F4AA" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[627,707,1142,1165]" class="Squamata" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFDE0FBD36AE4F4AA" box="[627,707,1142,1165]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Varanus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +(see: +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFFE0FB306964F48A" author="Georgalis GL & Mennecart B & Smith KT" box="[115,323,1173,1197]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref20454" refString="Georgalis GL, Mennecart B, Smith KT. First fossil record of Varanus (Reptilia, Squamata) from Switzerland and the earliest occurrences of the genus in Europe. Swiss Journal of Geosciences 2023; 116: 9." type="journal volume" year="2023"> +Georgalis +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFF4AFB306920F48A" box="[217,263,1173,1197]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +2023 +</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 3D, F). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFFE2FB6B6C94F144" blockId="15.[113,765,1230,1975]" lastBlockId="15.[809,1459,144,356]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFFE2FB6B6936F4C1" box="[113,273,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dorsal vertebra:</emphasis> +Two varanoid dorsal vertebrae are available in the material ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB42FFCCFF6CFB486949F522" box="[255,366,1261,1285]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9D–O</figureCitation> +). They are medium-sized, with centra that widen anteriorly, being almost triangular in ventral view. The maximum anteroposterior length is +<quantity id="A1649B06CB42FFCCFDA0FA896AA7F564" box="[563,640,1324,1348]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.7 mm</quantity> +in IRSNB R 496 and +<quantity id="A1649B06CB42FFCCFF78FAE96901F544" box="[235,294,1356,1379]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity> +in IRSNB R 497. The subcentral ridges are more-or-less straight in ventral view. The neural spine is well developed, starting its rise dorsally approximately in the half of the anteroposterior length the neural arch ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB42FFCCFDABFA0C6AA6F5E6" box="[568,641,1449,1473]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9F</figureCitation> +). It is trapezoidal in shape; however, its distal tip is broken off in both specimens. Its dorsal posterior portion is narrow, being drop shaped in cross-section ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB42FFCCFEE6F9A269F1F638" box="[373,470,1543,1567]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9D, J</figureCitation> +). This portion occupies the posterior third of the anteroposterior length of the neural arch. Anteriorly, there is a median ridge that continues almost until the anterior end of the neural arch. The neural canal is large, pentagonal in shape. It is vaulted in posterior view ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB42FFCCFDCFF9206A9AF6BA" box="[604,701,1669,1693]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9I, O</figureCitation> +). The prezygapophyseal articular facets are large and broad in dorsal view. The postzygapophyseal articular facets are also large. There is a slight constriction between pre- and postzygapophyses. In this region, a small foramen is located on the lateral side near the constriction on each side in dorsal aspect ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB42FFCCFDB1F8846AB4F71E" box="[546,659,1825,1849]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9G–M</figureCitation> +). Overall, the vertebrae are wide in dorsal view. A pseudozygosphene and a pseudozygantrum are present [this would correspond to character state 468: +<quantity id="A1649B06CB42FFCCFE86F8DA691AF7B0" box="[277,317,1919,1943]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFED5F8DA6A0FF7B0" author="Gauthier JA & Kearney M & Maisano JA" box="[326,552,1919,1943]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="3 - 308" refId="ref20084" refString="Gauthier JA, Kearney M, Maisano JA et al. Assembling the squamate tree of life: perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 2012; 53: 3 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.3374 / 014.053.0101" type="journal article" year="2012"> +Gauthier +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFE34F82569F0F7B0" box="[423,471,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +(2012) +</bibRefCitation> +]. The synapophyses are damaged. The cotyle and the condyle are dorsoventrally depressed. In lateral view, the cotyle is distinctly inclined—its ventral rim is located more posteriorly than the dorsal one. Thus, the dorsal portion of the cotyle is clearly visible in ventral view ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB42FFCCFCA6FF4B6BBAF121" box="[821,925,238,262]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9E–K</figureCitation> +). The condyle is well exposed from both dorsal and ventral views. The ventral surface of the centrum is slightly ventrally concave in lateral view. Small subcentral foramina are visible on the ventral side of the centrum. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFBD7FE266CBFF1BA" blockId="15.[1092,1176,387,413]" box="[1092,1176,387,413]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFBD7FE266CBFF1BA" box="[1092,1176,387,413]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFCB9FE0F6DACF33D" blockId="15.[809,1460,426,795]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +The pseudozygosphene–pseudozygantrum are very prominent in these specimens ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB42FFCCFC4EFE6C6C5FF1C6" box="[989,1144,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9H, I, N, O</figureCitation> +). This favours their assignment to the genus +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFC3CFE4C6BD1F227" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1870" box="[943,1014,489,512]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFC3CFE4C6BD1F227" box="[943,1014,489,512]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Saniwa</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFB96FE4C6CB4F226" author="Gilmore CWA" box="[1029,1171,489,513]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref20531" refString="Gilmore CWA. new description of Saniwa ensidens Leidy, an extinct varanid lizard from Wyoming. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 1922; 60: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1922">Gilmore 1922</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFB0CFE4C6D52F226" author="Rage J-C & Auge ML" box="[1183,1397,489,513]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="103 - 16" refId="ref21905" refString="Rage J-C, Auge ML. Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the lower Eocene of Silveirinha (Portugal). Ciencias da Terra (UNL) 2003; 15: 103 - 16." type="journal article" year="2003">Rage and Augé 2003</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFAECFE4C6B46F207" author="Auge ML" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 369" refId="ref17982" refString="Auge ML. Evolution des lezards du Paleogene en Europe. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 2005; 192: 1 - 369." type="journal article" year="2005">Augé 2005</bibRefCitation> +, Georgalis +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFC59FDAC6BD0F207" box="[970,1015,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +2021). The precondylar constriction appears to be practically absent here, but this could be due to bad preservation (the condyles are eroded on these two vertebrae) and (to a degree) variable through ontogeny. Moreover, +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFA9CFDC36D71F25A" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1870" box="[1295,1366,614,637]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFA9CFDC36D71F25A" box="[1295,1366,614,637]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Saniwa</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +does not have very prominent precondylar constriction in any case (relative to +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFCE0FD006B98F29B" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[883,959,677,700]" class="Squamata" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFCE0FD006B98F29B" box="[883,959,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Varanus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, e.g. +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFC65FD006C5CF29A" author="Rieppel O" box="[1014,1147,677,701]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="95 - 112" refId="ref21989" refString="Rieppel O. The postcranial skeleton of Lanthanotus borneensis (Reptilia, Lacertilia). Amphibia-Reptilia 1980; 1: 95 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853880 x 00105" type="journal article" year="1980">Rieppel 1980</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFB1BFD006CD2F29A" author="Estes R" box="[1160,1269,677,701]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref19874" refString="Estes R. Sauria Terrestria, Amphisbaenia. In: Wellnhofer P (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 10 a., Stuttgart, NY: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1983, 249." type="journal volume" year="1983">Estes 1983</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFA91FD006D8AF29A" author="Smith KT & Bhullar BAS & Holroyd PA" box="[1282,1453,677,701]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="909 - 13" refId="ref22661" refString="Smith KT, Bhullar BAS, Holroyd PA. Earliest African record of the Varanus stem clade (Squamata: Varanidae) from the early Oligocene of Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2008; 28: 909 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2008) 28 [909: earotv] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2008"> +Smith +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFAD6FD006D52F29A" box="[1349,1397,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +2008 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFCB9FD616BC1F2FB" author="Holmes RB & Murray AM & Yousry S" box="[810,998,708,732]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1099 - 110" refId="ref20936" refString="Holmes RB, Murray AM, Yousry S et al. Oldest known Varanus (Squamata: Varanidae) from the upper Eocene and lower Oligocene of Egypt: supportforanAfricanoriginofthegenus. Palaeontology 2010; 53: 1099 - 110." type="journal article" year="2010"> +Holmes +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFC13FD606B89F2FB" box="[896,942,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +2010 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFC61FD606CF2F2FB" author="Cernansky A & Singh NP & Patnaik R" box="[1010,1237,708,736]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="213 - 23" refId="ref18989" refString="Cernansky A, Singh NP, Patnaik R et al. The Miocene fossil lizards from Kutch (Gujarat), India: a rare window to the past diversity of this subcontinent. Journal of Paleontology 2022 b; 96: 213 - 23." type="journal article" year="2022"> +Čerňanský +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFBF0FD606CB5F2FB" box="[1123,1170,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +2022b +</bibRefCitation> +). Vertebrae of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFAFEFD616BB8F2DC" authorityName="Dollo" authorityYear="1923" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orsmaelensis"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFAFEFD616BB8F2DC" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Saniwa orsmaelensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +from Dormaal were previously described by +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFAEAFD466B54F33C" author="Dollo L" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="76 - 82" refId="ref19665" refString="Dollo L. Saniwa orsmaelensis, Varanide nouveau du Landenien superieur d'Orsmael (Brabant). Bulletin de la Societe belge de geologie, de paleontologie et d'hydrologie 1923; 33: 76 - 82." type="journal article" year="1923">Dollo (1923)</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFCEEFCA66C10F33C" author="Hoffstetter R" box="[893,1079,771,795]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1051 - 64" refId="ref20894" refString="Hoffstetter R. Presence de Varanidae (Reptilia, Sauria) dans le Miocene de Catalogne. Considerations sur l'histoire de la famille. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 2 eme serie 1969; 40: 1051 - 64." type="journal article" year="1969">Hoffstetter (1969)</bibRefCitation> +, and +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFBF8FCA66D34F33C" author="Auge M & Folie A & Smith R" box="[1131,1299,771,795]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="511 - 29" refId="ref18234" refString="Auge M, Folie A, Smith R et al. Revision of the oldest varanid, Saniwa orsmaelensis Dollo, 1923, from the earliest Eocene of northwest Europe. In: Folie A, Buffetaut E, Bardet N, Houssaye A, Gheerbrant E, Laurin M (eds), Palaeobiology and palaeobiogeography of amphibians and reptiles: a homage to Jean-Claude Rage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2022; 21: 511 - 29." type="journal article" year="2022"> +Augé +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFB37FCA66CF5F33C" box="[1188,1234,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +(2022 +</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 5A–F). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFCB9FC986D4BF449" blockId="15.[809,1460,828,1134]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFCB9FC986BADF373" box="[810,906,829,852]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Humerus:</emphasis> +Only the distal portion of the left humerus, IRSNB R 498 is preserved ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB42FFCCFC49FCFE6C1CF354" box="[986,1083,859,883]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9P–T</figureCitation> +). It is robust and large. The maximum width of the preserved specimen is +<quantity id="A1649B06CB42FFCCFB04FCDE6CC1F3B5" box="[1175,1254,891,915]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="8.6">8.6 mm</quantity> +. The preserved portion of the diaphysis is elliptical in cross-section ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB42FFCCFABAFC3F6D53F395" box="[1321,1396,922,946]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9T</figureCitation> +). The entepicondyle is well developed, being set off from the posterior margin of the diaphysis. An entepicondylar foramen is absent. The distal portion of the ectepicondyle is damaged and partly broken off, but the ectepicondylar ridge is well developed. This region is pierced by an ectepicondylar foramen ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB42FFCCFB3EFB926CD0F468" box="[1197,1271,1079,1103]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="14.[129,194,1655,1679]" captionTargetBox="[135,1466,146,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-103@14.[129,1473,144,1627]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 9. Saniwa orsmaelensis from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, medial (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth); and C, dorsal (with virtually segmented pulp cavities of the anterior teeth) views.Dorsal vertebrae IRSNB R 496 (I–N) and IRSNB R 497 (O–T) in I, O, dorsal; J, P, ventral; K, Q, lateral right; L, R, lateral left; M, S, anterior; and N, T, posterior views. Left humerus IRSNB R 498 in U, ventral; V, dorsal; W, posterior; X, anterior; and Y, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 9Q</figureCitation> +). The ulnar and radial condyles are large, proximally accompanied by a fossa. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFBD7FB286CBFF480" blockId="15.[1092,1176,1165,1191]" box="[1092,1176,1165,1191]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFBD7FB286CBFF480" box="[1092,1176,1165,1191]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFCB9FB116C10F54E" blockId="15.[810,1459,1204,1385]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +The humerus is also allocated to the genus +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFA92FB116D6EF4EC" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1870" box="[1281,1353,1204,1227]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFA92FB116D6EF4EC" box="[1281,1353,1204,1227]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Saniwa</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +based on the following features (see: +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFBDEFB766D7EF4CC" author="Rieppel O & Grande L" box="[1101,1369,1235,1259]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="643 - 65" refId="ref22025" refString="Rieppel O, Grande L. The anatomy of the fossil varanid lizard Saniwa ensidens Leidy, 1870, based on a newly discovered complete skeleton. Journal of Paleontology 2007; 81: 643 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / pleo 0022 - 3360 (2007) 081 [0643: taotfv] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Rieppel and Grande 2007</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB42FFCCFAF6FB766B5AF52C" author="Auge M & Folie A & Smith R" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="511 - 29" refId="ref18234" refString="Auge M, Folie A, Smith R et al. Revision of the oldest varanid, Saniwa orsmaelensis Dollo, 1923, from the earliest Eocene of northwest Europe. In: Folie A, Buffetaut E, Bardet N, Houssaye A, Gheerbrant E, Laurin M (eds), Palaeobiology and palaeobiogeography of amphibians and reptiles: a homage to Jean-Claude Rage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2022; 21: 511 - 29." type="journal article" year="2022"> +Augé +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFA31FB716B64F52C" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +2022 +</bibRefCitation> +): (i) an entepicondylar foramen is absent and (ii) the entepicondyle is set off from the posterior margin of the diaphysis of the humerus (although not in such degree present in humerus of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFC1AFAF46C00F54E" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1870" box="[905,1063,1361,1385]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ensidens"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFC1AFAF46C00F54E" box="[905,1063,1361,1385]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Saniwa ensidens</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +). +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +</treatment> +</document> \ No newline at end of file diff --git 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captionStartId="16.[127,192,1476,1500]" captionTargetBox="[131,1469,146,1444]" captionTargetId="figure-258@16.[129,1473,144,1448]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 10. Palaeovaranidae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxilla IRSNB R 499 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsomedial; D, dorsal; and E, ventral views. Osteoderm IRSNB R 500 in F, external; G, internal; H, right side of the osteoderm; I, left side of the osteoderm; J, anterior; and K, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10</figureCitation> +) +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFCB9FA5F6D26F635" blockId="15.[810,1281,1530,1648]" box="[810,1281,1530,1554]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +1962 +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFCF0FA5E6BFCF635" authorityName="Filhol" authorityYear="1876" box="[867,987,1531,1554]" class="Reptilia" family="Necrosauridae" genus="Necrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFCF0FA5E6BFCF635" box="[867,987,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Necrosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +—Hecht and Hoffstetter: 11. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFCB9F9BC6C9CF616" blockId="15.[810,1281,1530,1648]" box="[810,1211,1561,1585]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +1990 +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFCF0F9BF6BDCF616" box="[867,1019,1561,1585]" class="Reptilia" family="Necrosauridae" genus="Necrosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFCF0F9BF6BFCF616" box="[867,987,1562,1585]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Necrosaurus</emphasis> +sp. +</taxonomicName> +—Augé: 166–167. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFCB9F99C6C9FF676" blockId="15.[810,1281,1530,1648]" box="[810,1208,1593,1617]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +2003 cf. +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFC13F99C6BDFF677" authorityName="Filhol" authorityYear="1876" box="[896,1016,1593,1616]" class="Reptilia" family="Necrosauridae" genus="Necrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFC13F99C6BDFF677" box="[896,1016,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Necrosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +–Augé: 443, fig. 1I. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFCB9F9FD6CA1F657" blockId="15.[810,1281,1530,1648]" box="[810,1158,1624,1648]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +2005 +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB42FFCCFCF0F9FC6BDCF657" box="[867,1019,1624,1648]" class="Reptilia" family="Necrosauridae" genus="Necrosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFCF0F9FC6BFCF657" box="[867,987,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Necrosaurus</emphasis> +sp. +</taxonomicName> +—Augé: 287. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFCB9F9346BB9F6EE" blockId="15.[810,1459,1681,1737]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFCB9F9346BFBF68E" box="[810,988,1681,1705]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Referred material:</emphasis> +IRSNB R 499, right maxilla, IRSNB R 500, osteoderm. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFCB9F94F6C39F766" blockId="15.[810,1459,1770,1857]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFCB9F94F6C35F725" box="[810,1042,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Locality and horizon:</emphasis> +Dormaal, Flemish Brabant, eastern +<collectingCountry id="1E8B7673CB42FFCCFCB9F8AC6BA5F706" box="[810,898,1801,1825]" name="Belgium" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Belgium</collectingCountry> +, Dormaal Member, Tienen Formation, Landen Group, earliest Eocene (MP 7). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFCCFBABF8F36C83F748" blockId="15.[1080,1188,1878,1903]" box="[1080,1188,1878,1903]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFBABF8F36C83F748" box="[1080,1188,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Description</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB42FFD3FCB9F8D96D14F710" blockId="15.[809,1459,1916,1971]" lastBlockId="16.[824,1476,1604,1847]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB42FFCCFCB9F8D96B5AF7B3" box="[810,893,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Maxilla:</emphasis> +Only a fragment of the right maxilla is preserved (IRSNB R 499; +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB42FFCCFCE4F83E6BC2F794" box="[887,997,1947,1971]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="16.[127,192,1476,1500]" captionTargetBox="[131,1469,146,1444]" captionTargetId="figure-258@16.[129,1473,144,1448]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 10. Palaeovaranidae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxilla IRSNB R 499 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsomedial; D, dorsal; and E, ventral views. Osteoderm IRSNB R 500 in F, external; G, internal; H, right side of the osteoderm; I, left side of the osteoderm; J, anterior; and K, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 10A–E</figureCitation> +). It possesses nine tooth positions (three and half teeth are still preserved). The bone is lightly built and rather thin. In lateral view, between the dorsal and ventral margins, the wall of the maxilla is distinctly concave. The facial process is only partly dorsally preserved, being lateromedially thin. The external surface of the bone is smooth. It is pierced by a series of large labial foramina (six are present in the preserved portion) located in a row on the ventral section of the bone surface. Posterior to the last labial foramen, several teeth are present (at least three are preserved). Besides labial foramina, several small foramina are present, being located more dorsally ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5DFFD3FD91F8FB6A7FF751" box="[514,600,1886,1910]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="16.[127,192,1476,1500]" captionTargetBox="[131,1469,146,1444]" captionTargetId="figure-258@16.[129,1473,144,1448]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 10. Palaeovaranidae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxilla IRSNB R 499 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsomedial; D, dorsal; and E, ventral views. Osteoderm IRSNB R 500 in F, external; G, internal; H, right side of the osteoderm; I, left side of the osteoderm; J, anterior; and K, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 10A</figureCitation> +). In medial view, there is a thin supradental shelf that slightly widens posteriorly. It is not markedly medially expanded. Laterally, in the dorsal portion of the shelf (between the shelf and the facial process), there is a narrow longitudinal depression—the sulcus for the nasolacrimal duct. The maxilla immediately laterally to the supradental shelf is burrowed by the superior alveolar canal. Its posterior opening, the superior alveolar foramen, is located in the posterior section, being large and anteroposteriorly elongated. It is located at the level of the sixth preserved tooth position (counted from anterior). The foramen is dorsolaterally bordered by a lip of bone. +</paragraph> +<caption id="32E3666BCB5DFFD3FFECFA616BA0F633" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[127,192,1476,1500]" targetBox="[131,1469,146,1444]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5DFFD3FFECFA616BA0F633" blockId="16.[127,1466,1476,1556]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5DFFD3FFECFA6168C3F5FB" bold="true" box="[127,228,1476,1500]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figure 10.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5DFFD3FF7AFA6169A5F5FB" authorityName="Georgalis" authorityYear="2017" box="[233,386,1476,1500]" family="Palaeovaranidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Palaeovaranidae</taxonomicName> +indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Right maxilla IRSNB R 499 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsomedial; D, dorsal; and E, ventral views. Osteoderm IRSNB R 500 in F, external; G, internal; H, right side of the osteoderm; I, left side of the osteoderm; J, anterior; and K, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5DFFD2FCAAF8FC6AAEF143" blockId="16.[823,1474,1880,1967]" lastBlockId="17.[112,764,144,356]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5DFFD3FCAAF8FC6BBEF757" box="[825,921,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Dentition:</emphasis> +The dentition is subpleurodont ( +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5DFFD3FB77F8FC6D32F757" box="[1252,1301,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">sensu</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5DFFD3FA89F8FD6D9BF757" author="Hoffstetter R" box="[1306,1468,1880,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="422 - 4" refId="ref20787" refString="Hoffstetter R. Sur la position systematique de Necrosaurus: saurien de l'Eocene europeen. Comptes Rendus de la Societe geologique de France 1954; 1954: 422 - 4." type="journal article" year="1954">Hoffstetter 1954</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5DFFD3FCAAF8D26B4CF7A8" author="Hoffstetter R" box="[825,875,1911,1935]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="606 - 62" refId="ref20818" refString="Hoffstetter R. Squamates de type moderne. In: Piveteau J (ed.), Traite de Paleontologie. Vol. 5. Paris: Masson et Compagnie, 1955, 606 - 62." type="book chapter" year="1955">1955</bibRefCitation> +),thejawparapetislowandthebasesoftheteethareattachedto a sloping, concave surface, without any angle between two different planes ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5CFFD2FF53FF356908F08F" box="[192,303,144,168]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="16.[127,192,1476,1500]" captionTargetBox="[131,1469,146,1444]" captionTargetId="figure-258@16.[129,1473,144,1448]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 10. Palaeovaranidae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxilla IRSNB R 499 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsomedial; D, dorsal; and E, ventral views. Osteoderm IRSNB R 500 in F, external; G, internal; H, right side of the osteoderm; I, left side of the osteoderm; J, anterior; and K, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10A–E</figureCitation> +). The tooth bases are mesiodistally broad and bear well-preserved typical basal striae, i.e. plicidentine. These basal infoldings are widely spaced. The tooth tips are pointed, tall, and strongly curved distally and slightly lingually. The mesial and distal cutting edges are well developed. Although the mesial one is more distinct in the anterior preserved tooth, both mesial and distal cutting edges are more-or-less equal in the posterior teeth. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5CFFD2FFE2FE206AF6F23D" blockId="17.[112,764,389,539]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FFE2FE2068C5F1BA" box="[113,226,389,413]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Osteoderm:</emphasis> +The osteoderm IRSNB R 500 ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5CFFD2FDA7FE206A8FF1BA" box="[564,680,389,413]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="16.[127,192,1476,1500]" captionTargetBox="[131,1469,146,1444]" captionTargetId="figure-258@16.[129,1473,144,1448]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 10. Palaeovaranidae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxilla IRSNB R 499 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsomedial; D, dorsal; and E, ventral views. Osteoderm IRSNB R 500 in F, external; G, internal; H, right side of the osteoderm; I, left side of the osteoderm; J, anterior; and K, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10F–K</figureCitation> +) is oval in shape with an external medial high keel running through the entire length of the osteoderm. It is sculptured by pits and ridges. The internal surface is slightly concave with small foramina [neurovascular foramina +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FEFCFDA66985F23D" box="[367,418,515,538]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">sensu</emphasis> +Smith and Gauthier (2013)]. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +</emphasis> +<subSubSection id="2E866568CB5CFFD2FE1FFD9F6AEAF738" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5CFFD2FE1FFD9F69C7F273" blockId="17.[396,480,570,596]" box="[396,480,570,596]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FE1FFD9F69C7F273" box="[396,480,570,596]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5CFFD2FFE2FDC46AEAF738" blockId="17.[113,764,609,1823]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +The overall morphology and plicidentine support allocation of the maxilla to a varanoid ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5CFFD2FEEEFD256AAAF2BF" author="Kearney M & Rieppel O" box="[381,653,640,664]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="337 - 50" refId="ref20976" refString="Kearney M, Rieppel O. An investigation into the occurrence of plicidentine in the teeth of squamate reptiles. Copeia 2006; 2006: 337 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2006) 2006 [337: aiitoo] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Kearney and Rieppel 2006</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5CFFD2FD0BFD256910F290" author="Georgalis GL & Scheyer TM" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="383 - 417" refId="ref20231" refString="Georgalis GL, Scheyer TM. A new species of Palaeopython (Serpentes) and other extinct squamates from the Eocene of Dielsdorf (Zurich, Switzerland). Swiss Journal of Geosciences 2019; 112: 383 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00015 - 019 - 00341 - 6" type="journal article" year="2019">Georgalis and Scheyer 2019</bibRefCitation> +). Although preserved diagnostic features are limited, the maxilla can be distinguished from +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FDECFD1A6AE8F2F1" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[639,719,703,726]" class="Squamata" family="Varanidae" genus="Varanus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FDECFD1A6AE8F2F1" box="[639,719,703,726]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Varanus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FFE0FD7B6936F2D1" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1870" box="[115,273,734,758]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ensidens"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FFE0FD7B6936F2D1" box="[115,273,734,758]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Saniwa ensidens</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +in having at least three tooth positions posterior to the last supralabial foramen. In +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FE70FD5B6A8AF332" authorityName="Dollo" authorityYear="1923" box="[483,685,765,789]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orsmaelensis"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FE70FD5B6A8AF332" box="[483,685,765,789]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Saniwa orsmaelensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, which was previously known from Dormaal (there is only one species of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FF1DFC9968F1F374" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1870" box="[142,214,828,851]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FF1DFC9968F1F374" box="[142,214,828,851]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Saniwa</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +in Dormaal for the moment; see: +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5CFFD2FDD3FC996ACEF373" author="Auge M & Folie A & Smith R" box="[576,745,828,852]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="511 - 29" refId="ref18234" refString="Auge M, Folie A, Smith R et al. Revision of the oldest varanid, Saniwa orsmaelensis Dollo, 1923, from the earliest Eocene of northwest Europe. In: Folie A, Buffetaut E, Bardet N, Houssaye A, Gheerbrant E, Laurin M (eds), Palaeobiology and palaeobiogeography of amphibians and reptiles: a homage to Jean-Claude Rage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2022; 21: 511 - 29." type="journal article" year="2022"> +Augé +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FDEEFC986A88F373" box="[637,687,828,852]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis> +2022 +</bibRefCitation> +), four teeth are present posterior to the last supralabial foramen. It should be noted, however, that several tooth positions posterior to the last labial foramen are also present in +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FDBAFC3E693EF3F6" authority="(Stritzke, 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Stritzke" baseAuthorityYear="1983" family="Palaeovaranidae" genus="Paranecrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="feisti"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FDBAFC3E6ADEF395" box="[553,761,922,946]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paranecrosaurus feisti</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5CFFD2FFEBFC1C6937F3F6" author="Stritzke R" box="[120,272,953,977]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="497 - 508" refId="ref22949" refString="Stritzke R. Saniwa feisti n. sp., ein Varanide (Lacertilia, Reptilia) aus dem Mittel-Eozan von Messel bei Darmstadt. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 1983; 64: 497 - 508." type="journal article" year="1983">Stritzke, 1983</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, which is known only from the Early–Middle Eocene of Messel in +<collectingCountry id="1E8B7673CB5CFFD2FEC2FC7C6996F3D6" box="[337,433,985,1009]" name="Germany" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Germany</collectingCountry> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5CFFD2FE57FC7C6AD4F3D6" author="Smith KT & Habersetzer J" box="[452,755,985,1009]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="441 - 506" refId="ref22438" refString="Smith KT, Habersetzer J. The anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, and autecology of the carnivorous lizard ' Saniwa ' feisti Stritzke, 1983 from the Eocene of Messel, Germany. In: Folie A, Buffetaut E, Bardet N et al. (eds), Palaeobiology and palaeobiogeography of amphibians and reptiles: an homage to Jean-Claude Rage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2021; 20: 441 - 506." type="journal article" year="2021">Smith and Habersetzer 2021</bibRefCitation> +; previously this taxon was regarded as +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FE64FC5D6A56F437" baseAuthorityName="Stritzke" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[503,625,1016,1040]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="feisti"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FE64FC5D6A56F437" box="[503,625,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Saniwa feisti</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, see: +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5CFFD2FD3EFC5D6882F408" author="Stritzke R" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="497 - 508" refId="ref22949" refString="Stritzke R. Saniwa feisti n. sp., ein Varanide (Lacertilia, Reptilia) aus dem Mittel-Eozan von Messel bei Darmstadt. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 1983; 64: 497 - 508." type="journal article" year="1983">Stritzke 1983</bibRefCitation> +). The diagnostic parts of palaeovaranid maxillae, however, are mainly found in medial view. The presence of a distinctly developed nasal crest on the dorsomedial surface of the nasal process is a distinguishing feature of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FE61FBD06A58F4AA" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1887" box="[498,639,1141,1165]" family="Palaeovaranidae" genus="Palaeovaranus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FE61FBD06A58F4AA" box="[498,639,1141,1165]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Palaeovaranus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +(previously mentioned in the literature with the name +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FDDBFB306AE7F48B" authorityName="Filhol" authorityYear="1876" box="[584,704,1173,1196]" class="Reptilia" family="Necrosauridae" genus="Necrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FDDBFB306AE7F48B" box="[584,704,1173,1196]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Necrosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +; see: Georgalis 2017) and +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FEC2FB1069D6F4EB" baseAuthorityName="Smith and Habersetzer" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[337,497,1205,1228]" family="Palaeovaranidae" genus="Paranecrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FEC2FB1069D6F4EB" box="[337,497,1205,1228]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paranecrosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +[nasolacrimal ridge +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FD54FB106ADDF4EB" box="[711,762,1205,1228]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">sensu</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5CFFD2FFE2FB766996F4CC" author="Smith KT & Habersetzer J" box="[113,433,1235,1259]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="441 - 506" refId="ref22438" refString="Smith KT, Habersetzer J. The anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, and autecology of the carnivorous lizard ' Saniwa ' feisti Stritzke, 1983 from the Eocene of Messel, Germany. In: Folie A, Buffetaut E, Bardet N et al. (eds), Palaeobiology and palaeobiogeography of amphibians and reptiles: an homage to Jean-Claude Rage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2021; 20: 441 - 506." type="journal article" year="2021">Smith and Habersetzer (2021)</bibRefCitation> +]. Unfortunately, this portion in the Dormaal maxilla is heavily damaged and there is no indication of its presence. However, this jaw fragment is characterized by an alternate tooth replacement (teeth are widely spaced), which is diagnostic for +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FEF5FAF46AD2F54E" authority="(Auge and Smith 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Auge and Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[358,757,1361,1385]" family="Palaeovaranidae" genus="Palaeovaranus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FEF5FAF469D4F54E" box="[358,499,1361,1385]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Palaeovaranus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5CFFD2FD96FAF46ACEF54E" author="Auge ML & Smith RM" box="[517,745,1361,1385]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="148 - 70" refId="ref18063" refString="Auge ML, Smith RM. An assemblage of early Oligocene lizards (Squamata) from the locality of Boutersem (Belgium), with comments on the Eocene - Oligocene transition. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2009; 155: 148 - 70." type="journal article" year="2009">Augé and Smith 2009</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. Moreover, it seems that the prominence of the plicidentine is not as prominent as in +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FEA1FA35695DF580" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1870" box="[306,378,1424,1447]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FEA1FA35695DF580" box="[306,378,1424,1447]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Saniwa</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +; it is represented by plicidentine with widely spaced striations, which is more typical for +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FDFEFA0A6ADDF5E0" baseAuthorityName="Auge and Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[621,762,1455,1479]" family="Palaeovaranidae" genus="Palaeovaranus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FDFEFA0A6ADDF5E0" box="[621,762,1455,1479]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Palaeovaranus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5CFFD2FFEBFA6B69BBF5C1" author="Georgalis GL & Scheyer TM" box="[120,412,1486,1510]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="383 - 417" refId="ref20231" refString="Georgalis GL, Scheyer TM. A new species of Palaeopython (Serpentes) and other extinct squamates from the Eocene of Dielsdorf (Zurich, Switzerland). Swiss Journal of Geosciences 2019; 112: 383 - 417. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00015 - 019 - 00341 - 6" type="journal article" year="2019">Georgalis and Scheyer 2019</bibRefCitation> +, Georgalis +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FD9DFA6A6A11F5C1" box="[526,566,1486,1510]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis> +. 2021). The mesial and distal cutting edges on tooth tips are present, but this feature can also be find in +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FEBBF9A86992F602" baseAuthorityName="Auge and Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[296,437,1549,1573]" family="Palaeovaranidae" genus="Palaeovaranus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FEBBF9A86992F602" box="[296,437,1549,1573]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Palaeovaranus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +[ +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FE57F9A86A1BF603" authorityName="Filhol" authorityYear="1876" box="[452,572,1549,1572]" class="Reptilia" family="Necrosauridae" genus="Necrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FE57F9A86A1BF603" box="[452,572,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Necrosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +in +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5CFFD2FDCAF9A86896F663" author="Auge ML & Smith RM" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="148 - 70" refId="ref18063" refString="Auge ML, Smith RM. An assemblage of early Oligocene lizards (Squamata) from the locality of Boutersem (Belgium), with comments on the Eocene - Oligocene transition. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2009; 155: 148 - 70." type="journal article" year="2009">Augé and Smith (2009</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 7)], +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FE80F9886AD1F663" authority="(Smith and Habersetzer 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Smith and Habersetzer" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[275,758,1580,1604]" family="Palaeovaranidae" genus="Paranecrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FE80F9886994F663" box="[275,435,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Paranecrosaurus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5CFFD2FE2CF9896AC9F663" author="Smith KT & Habersetzer J" box="[447,750,1580,1604]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="441 - 506" refId="ref22438" refString="Smith KT, Habersetzer J. The anatomy, phylogenetic relationships, and autecology of the carnivorous lizard ' Saniwa ' feisti Stritzke, 1983 from the Eocene of Messel, Germany. In: Folie A, Buffetaut E, Bardet N et al. (eds), Palaeobiology and palaeobiogeography of amphibians and reptiles: an homage to Jean-Claude Rage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2021; 20: 441 - 506." type="journal article" year="2021">Smith and Habersetzer 2021</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FF0DF9E96A37F644" authority="(Rieppel and Grande 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Rieppel and Grande" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[158,528,1611,1635]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FF0DF9E968C1F644" box="[158,230,1612,1635]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Saniwa</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5CFFD2FF67F9EE6A2FF644" author="Rieppel O & Grande L" box="[244,520,1611,1635]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="643 - 65" refId="ref22025" refString="Rieppel O, Grande L. The anatomy of the fossil varanid lizard Saniwa ensidens Leidy, 1870, based on a newly discovered complete skeleton. Journal of Paleontology 2007; 81: 643 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / pleo 0022 - 3360 (2007) 081 [0643: taotfv] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Rieppel and Grande 2007</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. Finally, if we compare the specimen IRSNB R 499 ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5CFFD2FE0AF9CE69CBF6A4" box="[409,492,1643,1667]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="16.[127,192,1476,1500]" captionTargetBox="[131,1469,146,1444]" captionTargetId="figure-258@16.[129,1473,144,1448]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 10. Palaeovaranidae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxilla IRSNB R 499 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsomedial; D, dorsal; and E, ventral views. Osteoderm IRSNB R 500 in F, external; G, internal; H, right side of the osteoderm; I, left side of the osteoderm; J, anterior; and K, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10B</figureCitation> +) with the specimen attributed to ‘ +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FF54F92E6918F685" authorityName="Filhol" authorityYear="1876" box="[199,319,1675,1698]" class="Reptilia" family="Necrosauridae" genus="Necrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FF54F92E6918F685" box="[199,319,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Necrosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +’ sp. from the Oligocene of Boutersem, also in +<collectingCountry id="1E8B7673CB5CFFD2FF1DF90C68C3F6E6" box="[142,228,1705,1729]" name="Belgium" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Belgium</collectingCountry> +(see: +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5CFFD2FEB0F90C6A24F6E6" author="Auge ML & Smith RM" box="[291,515,1705,1729]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="148 - 70" refId="ref18063" refString="Auge ML, Smith RM. An assemblage of early Oligocene lizards (Squamata) from the locality of Boutersem (Belgium), with comments on the Eocene - Oligocene transition. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2009; 155: 148 - 70." type="journal article" year="2009">Augé and Smith 2009</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 7), we can observe several similarities, such as the general shape of the teeth, space between the infoldings, curvature of the tooth crowns, and presence of mesial and distal cutting edges on the tooth crowns. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +</treatment> +</document> \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB47FFCEFB98FE2C6CF8F622.xml b/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB47FFCEFB98FE2C6CF8F622.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..40f0576f8ab --- /dev/null +++ b/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB47FFCEFB98FE2C6CF8F622.xml @@ -0,0 +1,309 @@ +<document id="C1230A08B468B9CC2E18336338017139" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" 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Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Premaxillae IRSNB R 486 (A–E) and IRSNB R 487 (F–K) in A, F, anterior; B, G, posterior; C, H, lateral right; D, I, lateral left; J, dorsolateral; and E, K, ventral views.Right nasal IRSNB R 488 in L, dorsal; M, ventral; N, lateral; and O, medial views.Supraocular IRSNB R 489 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral; and S, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 7</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB47FFC9FB09FE1E6C8FF1F2" box="[1178,1192,443,469]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[135,1470,146,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-87@12.[129,1473,144,1677]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Osteoderms: IRSNB R 490 in A, external; B, lateroexternal; C, internal; and D, lateral views. IRSNB R 491 in E, external; F, lateroexternal; G, internal; and H, lateral views. IRSNB R 492 in I, external; J, internal; and K, lateral views. IRSNB R 493 in L, external; M, internal; N, lateral; and O, anterointernal views. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 494 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral right; S, lateral left; T, anterior; and U, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">8</figureCitation> +) +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="2E866568CB47FFC9FCAAFE5E6C0AF2CE" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB47FFC9FCAAFE5E6BFDF256" blockId="10.[822,1474,507,625]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB47FFC9FCAAFE5E6BD1F234" box="[825,1014,507,531]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Material examined:</emphasis> +IRSNB R486, IRSNB R487,two premaxillae; IRSNB R 488, right nasal; IRSNB R 489, supraocular; IRSNB R 490, R 491, R 492 and R 493, osteoderms; IRSNB R 494, one dorsal vertebra. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB47FFC9FCAAFD366C0AF2CE" blockId="10.[825,1474,659,745]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB47FFC9FCAAFD366C01F28C" box="[825,1062,659,683]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Locality and horizon:</emphasis> +Dormaal, Flemish Brabant, eastern +<collectingCountry id="1E8B7673CB47FFC9FCAAFD176BB6F2ED" box="[825,913,690,714]" name="Belgium" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Belgium</collectingCountry> +, Dormaal Member, Tienen Formation, Landen Group, earliest Eocene (MP 7). +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="2E866568CB47FFC8FBDBFCB06924F779" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB47FFC9FBDBFCB06C93F309" blockId="10.[1096,1204,789,814]" box="[1096,1204,789,814]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB47FFC9FBDBFCB06C93F309" box="[1096,1204,789,814]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Description</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB47FFC8FCAAFC9E6924F779" blockId="10.[824,1477,827,1979]" lastBlockId="11.[112,764,1486,1886]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB47FFC9FCAAFC9E6B8BF374" box="[825,940,827,851]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Premaxilla:</emphasis> +Two premaxillae are preserved. This bone is a triradiate, T-shaped element. The larger specimen IRSNB R 486 represents a ventral portion of the premaxilla with nine tooth positions—although the first left one is partly damaged (two teeth are still preserved, their crowns are, however, weathered; +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB47FFC9FCAAFC726B87F3D7" box="[825,928,983,1008]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[114,179,1330,1354]" captionTargetBox="[118,1453,146,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-332@11.[114,1458,144,1302]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Premaxillae IRSNB R 486 (A–E) and IRSNB R 487 (F–K) in A, F, anterior; B, G, posterior; C, H, lateral right; D, I, lateral left; J, dorsolateral; and E, K, ventral views.Right nasal IRSNB R 488 in L, dorsal; M, ventral; N, lateral; and O, medial views.Supraocular IRSNB R 489 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral; and S, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7A–E</figureCitation> +). The anterior face of this premaxilla is smooth and broadly arched. It is pierced by a pair of anterior premaxillary foramina (ethmoidal foramina). They form the openings of the canals. These canals are not closed inside the bone, and their dorsal portions are open. This open area is large on the right side, whereas there is a tendency of its closing (or, in fact, most likely initial opening) on the left side, although a notch is still present. Thus, the connection posteriorly with the posterior premaxillary foramen and a canal running ventrally are exposed on both sides in dorsal view. Lateral to that, the wedge-shaped facet for the maxilla is present on the dorsolateral surface of the maxillary process of the premaxilla ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB47FFC9FB20FA956D3AF560" box="[1203,1309,1328,1352]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[114,179,1330,1354]" captionTargetBox="[118,1453,146,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-332@11.[114,1458,144,1302]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Premaxillae IRSNB R 486 (A–E) and IRSNB R 487 (F–K) in A, F, anterior; B, G, posterior; C, H, lateral right; D, I, lateral left; J, dorsolateral; and E, K, ventral views.Right nasal IRSNB R 488 in L, dorsal; M, ventral; N, lateral; and O, medial views.Supraocular IRSNB R 489 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral; and S, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7C, D</figureCitation> +). The maxillary processes are slightly reduced, although well defined. They form posterolaterally running triangles in anterior view ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB47FFC9FAD9FACA6DB3F5A0" box="[1354,1428,1391,1415]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[114,179,1330,1354]" captionTargetBox="[118,1453,146,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-332@11.[114,1458,144,1302]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Premaxillae IRSNB R 486 (A–E) and IRSNB R 487 (F–K) in A, F, anterior; B, G, posterior; C, H, lateral right; D, I, lateral left; J, dorsolateral; and E, K, ventral views.Right nasal IRSNB R 488 in L, dorsal; M, ventral; N, lateral; and O, medial views.Supraocular IRSNB R 489 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral; and S, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7A</figureCitation> +). In this view, the ventral margin of the bone is straight. In posterior view, the supradental shelf is well posteriorly expanded, having a slightly wavy appearance ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB47FFC9FBC7FA686CBCF5C3" box="[1108,1179,1485,1509]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[114,179,1330,1354]" captionTargetBox="[118,1453,146,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-332@11.[114,1458,144,1302]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Premaxillae IRSNB R 486 (A–E) and IRSNB R 487 (F–K) in A, F, anterior; B, G, posterior; C, H, lateral right; D, I, lateral left; J, dorsolateral; and E, K, ventral views.Right nasal IRSNB R 488 in L, dorsal; M, ventral; N, lateral; and O, medial views.Supraocular IRSNB R 489 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral; and S, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7B</figureCitation> +). Its median portion extends ventrally into a bilobed incisive process. A short median fissure is present only in the posterior section between both incisive processes ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB47FFC9FC1BF98E6BE8F665" box="[904,975,1579,1603]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[114,179,1330,1354]" captionTargetBox="[118,1453,146,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-332@11.[114,1458,144,1302]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Premaxillae IRSNB R 486 (A–E) and IRSNB R 487 (F–K) in A, F, anterior; B, G, posterior; C, H, lateral right; D, I, lateral left; J, dorsolateral; and E, K, ventral views.Right nasal IRSNB R 488 in L, dorsal; M, ventral; N, lateral; and O, medial views.Supraocular IRSNB R 489 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral; and S, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7E</figureCitation> +). Dorsally, a vomerine process is preserved ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB47FFC9FA0FF98E6B72F646" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[114,179,1330,1354]" captionTargetBox="[118,1453,146,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-332@11.[114,1458,144,1302]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Premaxillae IRSNB R 486 (A–E) and IRSNB R 487 (F–K) in A, F, anterior; B, G, posterior; C, H, lateral right; D, I, lateral left; J, dorsolateral; and E, K, ventral views.Right nasal IRSNB R 488 in L, dorsal; M, ventral; N, lateral; and O, medial views.Supraocular IRSNB R 489 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral; and S, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7B</figureCitation> +). It is triangular in shape in dorsal view, gradually narrowing posteriorly. Only the base of the broad nasal process is preserved. The smaller specimen IRSNB R 487 represents an element with probably nine tooth positions—note that the left corner is broken off and the internal surface is partly weathered (two worn teeth are still attached to the left side). Its anterior face is smooth and arched (although less than in IRSNB R 486). It is pierced by a pair of anterior premaxillary foramina, but these are completely enclosed in the bone. Note, however, that the bony tissue of the dorsal side of the left foramen is distinctly narrowed. Close to the posterior opening, there are some additional small foramina located medially on each side (the same is true for the premaxilla IRSNB R 486; +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB46FFC8FEEDFA6B6998F5C2" box="[382,447,1486,1510]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[114,179,1330,1354]" captionTargetBox="[118,1453,146,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-332@11.[114,1458,144,1302]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Premaxillae IRSNB R 486 (A–E) and IRSNB R 487 (F–K) in A, F, anterior; B, G, posterior; C, H, lateral right; D, I, lateral left; J, dorsolateral; and E, K, ventral views.Right nasal IRSNB R 488 in L, dorsal; M, ventral; N, lateral; and O, medial views.Supraocular IRSNB R 489 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral; and S, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7J</figureCitation> +). The vomerine process is well preserved, identical as on the larger specimen, IRSNB R 486. In both, a pit is located on the dorsal side and one additional smaller one is located anterior to the vomerine process. In IRSNB R 487, the nasal process is preserved, although its posterodorsal end is broken off. It is laterally broad, running distally with more-or-less the same width along the preserved portion. The external surface of the process is flat and an osteoderm is attached to it in the dorsal section. It is partly preserved and the tuberculate sculpture is still visible. On the internal surface, there is a low ridge running across the midline of the nasal process, being sharper in the dorsal region, giving to the process section a triangular shape. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<caption id="32E3666BCB46FFC8FFE1FA976926F5B9" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[114,179,1330,1354]" targetBox="[118,1453,146,1298]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB46FFC8FFE1FA976D50F541" blockId="11.[113,1412,1330,1438]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB46FFC8FFE1FA9768EDF56D" bold="true" box="[114,202,1330,1354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 7.</emphasis> +Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Premaxillae IRSNB R 486 (A–E) and IRSNB R 487 (F–K) in A, F, anterior; B, G, posterior; C, H, lateral right; D, I, lateral left; J, dorsolateral; and E, K, ventral views. Right nasal IRSNB R 488 in L, dorsal; +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB46FFC8FFE2FACF6926F5B9" blockId="11.[113,1412,1330,1438]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M, ventral; N, lateral; and O, medial views. Supraocular IRSNB R 489 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral; and S, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations).</paragraph> +</caption> +<subSubSection id="2E866568CB46FFCEFE1FF8D86CF8F622" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB46FFC8FE1FF8D869C7F7B0" blockId="11.[396,480,1917,1943]" box="[396,480,1917,1943]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB46FFC8FE1FF8D869C7F7B0" box="[396,480,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB46FFC8FFE2F8016D1BF6C7" blockId="11.[113,763,1956,2011]" lastBlockId="11.[810,1460,1486,1761]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12"> +A premaxilla has been indeed described in the North American taxon +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB46FFC8FF24F8666941F7FC" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2009" box="[183,358,1987,2011]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvaticus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB46FFC8FF24F8666941F7FC" box="[183,358,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gaultia silvaticus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, although being highly worn ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB46FFC8FD2EF8666B79F5C1" author="Smith KT" box="[701,862,1486,2011]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="299 - 358" refId="ref22184" refString="Smith KT. A new lizard assemblage from the earliest Eocene (zone Wa 0) of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA: biogeography during the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2009; 7: 299 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477201909002752" type="journal article" year="2009">Smith 2009</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 18A) and resembling the premaxillae here described from Dormaal ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB46FFC8FC42FA486C1CF622" box="[977,1083,1517,1541]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[114,179,1330,1354]" captionTargetBox="[118,1453,146,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-332@11.[114,1458,144,1302]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Premaxillae IRSNB R 486 (A–E) and IRSNB R 487 (F–K) in A, F, anterior; B, G, posterior; C, H, lateral right; D, I, lateral left; J, dorsolateral; and E, K, ventral views.Right nasal IRSNB R 488 in L, dorsal; M, ventral; N, lateral; and O, medial views.Supraocular IRSNB R 489 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral; and S, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7A–K</figureCitation> +). However, the nasal process of the +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB46FFC8FCB9F9A96BF4F603" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2009" box="[810,979,1548,1572]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvaticus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB46FFC8FCB9F9A96BF4F603" box="[810,979,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gaultia silvaticus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +premaxilla is broad basally and tapers distally (see: +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB46FFC8FCF0F9896BFBF663" author="Smith KT" box="[867,988,1580,1604]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="299 - 358" refId="ref22184" refString="Smith KT. A new lizard assemblage from the earliest Eocene (zone Wa 0) of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA: biogeography during the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2009; 7: 299 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477201909002752" type="journal article" year="2009">Smith 2009</bibRefCitation> +). This is not a similar feature to the Dormaal specimens, which have the width almost equal along the preserved portion of the nasal process. Moreover, the tooth crowns of both premaxillae are more-or-less worn. Thus, the allocation of the premaxillae IRSNB R 486 and IRSNB R 487, even to the genus +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB46FFC8FCF8F96D6B91F6C7" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[875,950,1736,1760]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB46FFC8FCF8F96D6B91F6C7" box="[875,950,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gaultia</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, cannot be supported without doubts. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB46FFCEFCB9F8A7691DF0E0" blockId="11.[810,1459,1794,2006]" lastBlockId="13.[113,762,144,199]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB46FFC8FCB9F8A76B4CF73D" box="[810,875,1794,1818]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nasal:</emphasis> +The right nasal IRSNB R 488 is preserved ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB46FFC8FAA5F8A76D85F73D" box="[1334,1442,1794,1818]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[114,179,1330,1354]" captionTargetBox="[118,1453,146,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-332@11.[114,1458,144,1302]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Premaxillae IRSNB R 486 (A–E) and IRSNB R 487 (F–K) in A, F, anterior; B, G, posterior; C, H, lateral right; D, I, lateral left; J, dorsolateral; and E, K, ventral views.Right nasal IRSNB R 488 in L, dorsal; M, ventral; N, lateral; and O, medial views.Supraocular IRSNB R 489 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral; and S, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7L–O</figureCitation> +). It is an elongated plate-like bone. It extends anteriorly into a broad premaxillary process—its anterior end is, however, broken off. The median suture of the nasal is straight, whereas the lateral portion slightly expands ventrally into an anterolateral process. The process is flexed ventrolaterally. The bone thus slightly widens anteriorly (expect of the premaxillary process). The dorsal surface of this nasal is covered with two sculptured shields separated by a slightly anterolaterally directed sulcus. The anterior sculptured shield is much smaller than the posterior one. The former one is anteroposteriorly elongated, slightly widens posteriorly and its posteriormost end forms a narrow expansion. The sculpture consists of small, rounded, discrete tubercles. The ventral surface of the nasals is finely weathered. It is not flat, but due to ventrolateral flection, there is a longitudinal shallow depression. The posterior end bears a frontal articulation. +</paragraph> +<caption id="32E3666BCB41FFCFFF12F90C6C19F732" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[129,194,1705,1729]" targetBox="[135,1470,146,1674]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB41FFCFFF12F90C6C19F732" blockId="12.[129,1464,1705,1813]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB41FFCFFF12F90C68FFF6E6" bold="true" box="[129,216,1705,1729]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 8.</emphasis> +Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Osteoderms: IRSNB R 490 in A, external; B, lateroexternal; C, internal; and D, lateral views. IRSNB R 491 in E, external; F, lateroexternal; G, internal; and H, lateral views. IRSNB R 492 in I, external; J, internal; and K, lateral views. IRSNB R 493 in L, external; M, internal; N, lateral; and O, anterointernal views. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 494 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral right; S, lateral left; T, anterior; and U, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFE1FFF4269C7F126" blockId="13.[113,763,231,450]" box="[396,480,231,257]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFE1FFF4269C7F126" box="[396,480,231,257]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFFE2FEAB6ADCF1E6" blockId="13.[113,763,231,450]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +In glyptosaurine taxa, hexagonal osteoderms cover the entire skull (Sullivan 1979). This does not appear to be the case on the right nasal IRSNB R 488 ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB40FFCEFE29FEE96A00F143" box="[442,551,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[114,179,1330,1354]" captionTargetBox="[118,1453,146,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-332@11.[114,1458,144,1302]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Premaxillae IRSNB R 486 (A–E) and IRSNB R 487 (F–K) in A, F, anterior; B, G, posterior; C, H, lateral right; D, I, lateral left; J, dorsolateral; and E, K, ventral views.Right nasal IRSNB R 488 in L, dorsal; M, ventral; N, lateral; and O, medial views.Supraocular IRSNB R 489 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral; and S, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7L–O</figureCitation> +) where osteoderms are more irregular in shape. The division of osteodermal cover (the pattern of osteoderm shapes) might indicate a member of ‘Melanosaurinae’, but it is also possible that it belongs to +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB40FFCEFD39FE0F6AD2F1E5" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[682,757,426,450]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFD39FE0F6AD2F1E5" box="[682,757,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gaultia</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFFE2FE4669E1F2B0" blockId="13.[113,763,483,664]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFFE2FE4668C8F1DC" box="[113,239,483,507]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Supraocular:</emphasis> +The supraocular IRSNB R 489 is anteroposteriorly elongated ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB40FFCEFF7BFDA6696AF23C" box="[232,333,515,539]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="11.[114,179,1330,1354]" captionTargetBox="[118,1453,146,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-332@11.[114,1458,144,1302]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 7. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Premaxillae IRSNB R 486 (A–E) and IRSNB R 487 (F–K) in A, F, anterior; B, G, posterior; C, H, lateral right; D, I, lateral left; J, dorsolateral; and E, K, ventral views.Right nasal IRSNB R 488 in L, dorsal; M, ventral; N, lateral; and O, medial views.Supraocular IRSNB R 489 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral; and S, medial views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7P–S</figureCitation> +). In cross-section it narrows laterally. Its lateral margin is only slightly rounded, almost straight in dorsal view. The medial portion is trapezoidal. The whole external surface is sculptured by numerous small, discrete tubercles radiating from the ossification centre. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFE1FFD1269C7F2F6" blockId="13.[396,480,695,721]" box="[396,480,695,721]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFE1FFD1269C7F2F6" box="[396,480,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFFE2FD7B6ABBF373" blockId="13.[113,763,734,852]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +The sculpture of this specimen is typical for glyptosaurids in general. However, the tubercles are smaller and more densely distributed in this supraocular than in the frontal and parietal of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB40FFCEFFE1FC99689BF373" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[114,188,828,852]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFFE1FC99689BF373" box="[114,188,828,852]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gaultia</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Therefore, we refer it to Glyptosauridae indet.. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFFE2FCD06A6FF627" blockId="13.[113,764,885,1536]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFFE2FCD068CDF3AA" box="[113,234,885,909]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Osteoderms:</emphasis> +<materialsCitation id="D6F43CBECB40FFCEFE91FCD06A64F627" collectionCode="IRSNB" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCode="R 490, R 491, R 492, R 493" specimenCount="1"> +Several tuberculated osteoderms are described. Most are isolated and rectangular/rhombic in shape. The tubercles are prominent. A keel appears to be absent or is only weakly developed as a tiny line in the middle of some osteoderms (e.g. +<collectionCode id="008DAE26CB40FFCEFFE0FC566899F42C" box="[115,190,1011,1035]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">IRSNB</collectionCode> +<specimenCode id="363A9E98CB40FFCEFF57FC566922F42C" box="[196,261,1011,1035]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">R 490</specimenCode> +; +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB40FFCEFE83FC56697EF42C" box="[272,345,1011,1035]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[135,1470,146,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-87@12.[129,1473,144,1677]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Osteoderms: IRSNB R 490 in A, external; B, lateroexternal; C, internal; and D, lateral views. IRSNB R 491 in E, external; F, lateroexternal; G, internal; and H, lateral views. IRSNB R 492 in I, external; J, internal; and K, lateral views. IRSNB R 493 in L, external; M, internal; N, lateral; and O, anterointernal views. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 494 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral right; S, lateral left; T, anterior; and U, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 8A</figureCitation> +). In one osteoderm, +<collectionCode id="008DAE26CB40FFCEFDA0FC566A59F42C" box="[563,638,1011,1035]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">IRSNB</collectionCode> +<specimenCode id="363A9E98CB40FFCEFD16FC566AE4F42C" box="[645,707,1011,1035]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">R 491</specimenCode> +( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB40FFCEFD47FC56688FF40E" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[135,1470,146,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-87@12.[129,1473,144,1677]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Osteoderms: IRSNB R 490 in A, external; B, lateroexternal; C, internal; and D, lateral views. IRSNB R 491 in E, external; F, lateroexternal; G, internal; and H, lateral views. IRSNB R 492 in I, external; J, internal; and K, lateral views. IRSNB R 493 in L, external; M, internal; N, lateral; and O, anterointernal views. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 494 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral right; S, lateral left; T, anterior; and U, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 8E, F</figureCitation> +), in contrast, there is a small depression in the central region. Osteoderms have a prominent and smooth overlap surface running on nearly one-third of the anteroposterior length. It is slightly higher than the posterior sculptured portion, from which it is separated by a transverse groove. The sculptured portion is covered by discrete tubercles of various sizes. The internal surface is smooth and pierced by several foramina located along the central region and, in some cases, also in the anterior region. One osteoderm ( +<collectionCode id="008DAE26CB40FFCEFECFFAA8698CF502" box="[348,427,1293,1317]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">IRSNB</collectionCode> +<specimenCode id="363A9E98CB40FFCEFE22FAA869D4F502" box="[433,499,1293,1317]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">R 492</specimenCode> +; +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB40FFCEFD93FAA86A78F502" box="[512,607,1293,1317]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[135,1470,146,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-87@12.[129,1473,144,1677]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Osteoderms: IRSNB R 490 in A, external; B, lateroexternal; C, internal; and D, lateral views. IRSNB R 491 in E, external; F, lateroexternal; G, internal; and H, lateral views. IRSNB R 492 in I, external; J, internal; and K, lateral views. IRSNB R 493 in L, external; M, internal; N, lateral; and O, anterointernal views. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 494 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral right; S, lateral left; T, anterior; and U, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 8I–K</figureCitation> +) is of irregular or roughly rounded shape. It is also slightly smaller than the other osteoderms. The overlap surface of this osteoderm is large (compared to sculptured surface) and is a somewhat reversed V-shape. There is also +<specimenCount id="709AFD6ACB40FFCEFEC9FA2F69CDF585" box="[346,490,1418,1442]" count="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount> +( +<collectionCode id="008DAE26CB40FFCEFE6AFA2F6A6FF585" box="[505,584,1418,1442]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">IRSNB</collectionCode> +<specimenCode id="363A9E98CB40FFCEFDDCFA2F6AB6F585" box="[591,657,1418,1442]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">R 493</specimenCode> +) that represents two fused osteoderms, although traces of fusion are still visible ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB40FFCEFF50FA6C690AF5C6" box="[195,301,1481,1505]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[135,1470,146,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-87@12.[129,1473,144,1677]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Osteoderms: IRSNB R 490 in A, external; B, lateroexternal; C, internal; and D, lateral views. IRSNB R 491 in E, external; F, lateroexternal; G, internal; and H, lateral views. IRSNB R 492 in I, external; J, internal; and K, lateral views. IRSNB R 493 in L, external; M, internal; N, lateral; and O, anterointernal views. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 494 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral right; S, lateral left; T, anterior; and U, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 8L–O</figureCitation> +). In anterior view, its lateral sides are bent, so it has a slightly rounded appearance ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB40FFCEFE78FA4D6A10F627" box="[491,567,1512,1536]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[135,1470,146,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-87@12.[129,1473,144,1677]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Osteoderms: IRSNB R 490 in A, external; B, lateroexternal; C, internal; and D, lateral views. IRSNB R 491 in E, external; F, lateroexternal; G, internal; and H, lateral views. IRSNB R 492 in I, external; J, internal; and K, lateral views. IRSNB R 493 in L, external; M, internal; N, lateral; and O, anterointernal views. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 494 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral right; S, lateral left; T, anterior; and U, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 8O</figureCitation> +) +</materialsCitation> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFE1FF98069C7F618" blockId="13.[396,480,1573,1599]" box="[396,480,1573,1599]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFE1FF98069C7F618" box="[396,480,1573,1599]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFFE2F9E969B7F727" blockId="13.[113,763,1612,1793]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +Taxonomic assignment of isolated osteoderms below Glyptosauridae is not possible without doubts ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB40FFCEFD12F9C96AD2F6A4" author="Rage J-C" box="[641,757,1643,1668]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="201 - 15" refId="ref21716" refString="Rage J-C. Squamates. In: Geze B, Rage J-C, Vergnaud-Grazzini F et al. (eds), La poche a Phosphate de Ste-Neboule (Lot) et sa faune de vertebres du Ludien superior. Palaeovertebrata 1978; 8: 201 - 15." type="journal article" year="1978">Rage 1978</bibRefCitation> +, Sullivan 1979, 2019, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB40FFCEFED7F92E6995F684" author="Estes R" box="[324,434,1675,1699]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref19874" refString="Estes R. Sauria Terrestria, Amphisbaenia. In: Wellnhofer P (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 10 a., Stuttgart, NY: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1983, 249." type="journal volume" year="1983">Estes 1983</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB40FFCEFE2FF92E6AA5F684" author="Gauthier JA & Kearney M & Maisano JA" box="[444,642,1675,1699]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="3 - 308" refId="ref20084" refString="Gauthier JA, Kearney M, Maisano JA et al. Assembling the squamate tree of life: perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 2012; 53: 3 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.3374 / 014.053.0101" type="journal article" year="2012"> +Gauthier +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFD8FF92E6A6CF684" box="[540,587,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +2012 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB40FFCEFD1EF92968C2F6E5" author="Cernansky A & Tabuce R & Vidalenc D" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref19088" refString="Cernansky A, Tabuce R, Vidalenc D. Anguimorph lizards from the lower Eocene (MP 10 - 11) of the Cos locality, Phosphorites du Quercy, France, and the early evolution of Glyptosaurinae in Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2023 b; 42: e 2211646." type="journal volume" year="2023"> +Čerňanský +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFFE2F90E6887F6E5" box="[113,160,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +2023b +</bibRefCitation> +). Although differences in general shape exist among these osteoderms, their positions on the body probably play a more major role in this case. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFFE2F8876C2FF35E" blockId="13.[113,763,1826,1975]" lastBlockId="13.[809,1461,144,889]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFFE2F887692AF71D" box="[113,269,1826,1850]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Dorsal vertebra:</emphasis> +One large dorsal vertebra, IRSNB R 494, is available ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB40FFCEFF38F8E46936F77E" box="[171,273,1857,1881]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="12.[129,194,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[135,1470,146,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-87@12.[129,1473,144,1677]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 8. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Osteoderms: IRSNB R 490 in A, external; B, lateroexternal; C, internal; and D, lateral views. IRSNB R 491 in E, external; F, lateroexternal; G, internal; and H, lateral views. IRSNB R 492 in I, external; J, internal; and K, lateral views. IRSNB R 493 in L, external; M, internal; N, lateral; and O, anterointernal views. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 494 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral right; S, lateral left; T, anterior; and U, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 8P–U</figureCitation> +). In ventral view, the centrum is significantly anteriorly widened. The maximum anteroposterior length of the centrum is +<quantity id="A1649B06CB40FFCEFF77F8256906F7B0" box="[228,289,1920,1944]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity> +, whereas its maximum width is +<quantity id="A1649B06CB40FFCEFDF6F8256A91F7B0" box="[613,694,1920,1944]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="9.6">9.6 mm</quantity> +. In lateral view, the neural spine is robust and inclined posteriorly but its dorsal margin is damaged. It starts to rise dorsally in the first anterior third of the anteroposterior length of the neural arch. In anterior and posterior views, the neural canal is large and slightly oval in shape (higher than wide). In dorsal and ventral views, the pre- and postzygapophyses are large and extend more laterally. There is a slight interzygapophyseal constriction, but overall, the vertebra has a distinctly wide appearance. The neural arch has no anterior notch, thus only a dorsal rim of the cotyle is visible in dorsal view. Both cotyle and condyle are strongly dorsoventrally depressed. Note, however, that the surface of the condyle is damaged and the spongy bone is exposed. In lateral view, the cotyle is inclined anterodorsally–posteroventrally. For this reason, its ventral rim is located more posteriorly than the dorsal one and a small dorsal portion of the cotyle is clearly visible in ventral view. The anocotylar foramina ( +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFBABFDE26C4CF279" box="[1080,1131,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">sensu</emphasis> +Georgalis +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFB4AFDE26D25F278" box="[1241,1282,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis> +. 2021) appear to be present—at least the right one is visible (CT-scan reveals that it continues further inside the vertebra as a canal). The centrum is almost triangular in ventral view. Its anterior portion expands laterally into synapophyses (their extremities are, however, damaged on both sides). The subcentral ridges are more-or-less straight in ventral view, except near the condyle, where a small concavity is present. A distinct and wide depression is present on the ventral surface of the centrum, being located slightly anterior from the mid-section. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFBD7FC3D6CBFF395" blockId="13.[1092,1176,920,946]" box="[1092,1176,920,946]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFBD7FC3D6CBFF395" box="[1092,1176,920,946]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFCB9FC1A6D1AF58A" blockId="13.[808,1461,959,1453]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +This dorsal vertebra has the anterior centrum markedly widened compared to other glyptosaurines, similar to that observed for the North American +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB40FFCEFC6DFC586D5BF432" authority="Gilmore, 1928" authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1928" box="[1022,1404,1021,1045]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Melanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFC6DFC586CC3F432" box="[1022,1252,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Melanosaurus maximus</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB40FFCEFB7AFC586D5BF432" author="Gilmore CW" box="[1257,1404,1021,1045]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 197" refId="ref20563" refString="Gilmore CW. The fossil lizards of North America. Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 1928; 11: 1 - 197." type="journal article" year="1928">Gilmore, 1928</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +, and, to a lesser degree, +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB40FFCEFC74FBB86CB1F412" authorityName="Auge & Sullivan" authorityYear="2006" box="[999,1174,1053,1077]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Paraplacosauriops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFC74FBB86CB1F412" box="[999,1174,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paraplacosauriops</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +from the Eocene of Europe ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB40FFCEFCA7FB996BEDF473" author="Gilmore CW" box="[820,970,1084,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 197" refId="ref20563" refString="Gilmore CW. The fossil lizards of North America. Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 1928; 11: 1 - 197." type="journal article" year="1928">Gilmore 1928</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB40FFCEFC4EFB996C7AF473" author="Auge ML" box="[989,1117,1084,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="539 - 74" refId="ref17884" refString="Auge ML. La faune de Lacertilia (Reptilia, Squamata) de l'Eocene inferieur de Premontre (Bassin de Paris, France). Geodiversitas 2003 a; 25: 539 - 74." type="journal article" year="2003"> +Augé 2003 +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB40FFCEFBC1FB996C7AF473" author="Folie A & Sige B & Smith T" box="[1106,1117,1084,1108]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="542 - 6" refId="ref19993" refString="Folie A, Sige B, Smith T. A new scincomorph lizard from the Palaeocene of Belgium and the origin of Scincoidea in Europe. Naturwissenschaften 2005; 92: 542 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 005 - 0043 - 4" type="journal article" year="2005">a</bibRefCitation> +</bibRefCitation> +, 2005). The laterally expanded postzygapophyses also suggest an allocation to ‘Melanosaurinae’. Moreover, a median ridge in the ventral surface of the centrum, typical of the European glyptosaurine +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB40FFCEFB69FB3F6D4AF495" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1848" box="[1274,1389,1178,1202]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFB69FB3F6D4AF495" box="[1274,1389,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Placosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, is absent and the anocotylar foramina are present unlike +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB40FFCEFAD1FB1C6D92F4F6" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1848" box="[1346,1461,1209,1233]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFAD1FB1C6D92F4F6" box="[1346,1461,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Placosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +(see: Georgalis +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFC59FB7C6BDEF4D6" box="[970,1017,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +2021). However, the vertebral morphology of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB40FFCEFCDAFB5D6BB4F537" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[841,915,1272,1296]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFCDAFB5D6BB4F537" box="[841,915,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gaultia</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is unknown and +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB40FFCEFBC2FB5D6D3DF537" author="Smith KT" box="[1105,1306,1272,1296]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="299 - 358" refId="ref22184" refString="Smith KT. A new lizard assemblage from the earliest Eocene (zone Wa 0) of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA: biogeography during the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2009; 7: 299 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477201909002752" type="journal article" year="2009">Smith (2009: 343)</bibRefCitation> +indicated that ‘ +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB40FFCEFCA3FAB26BFDF508" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2009" box="[816,986,1303,1327]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvaticus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFCA3FAB26BFDF508" box="[816,986,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gaultia silvaticus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is intermediate in character between typical “melanosaurines” and glyptosaurines’.We, therefore, decided here to allocate this vertebra to Glyptosauridae indet. Nevertheless, if the allocation to ‘Melanosaurinae’ is correct, this vertebra represents the only evidence of this subfamily in Dormaal. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB40FFCEFC64FA696CF8F622" blockId="13.[1015,1254,1484,1541]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB40FFCEFC64FA696CF8F622" bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +Varanoidea Gray, 1827 +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB40FFCEFC6DFA4E6CF8F622" authority="Gray, 1827" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1827" box="[1022,1247,1515,1541]" class="Squamata" family="Varanidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Varanidae Gray, 1827</taxonomicName> +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +</treatment> +</document> \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB4FFFC9FF5BFCC96D24F143.xml b/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB4FFFC9FF5BFCC96D24F143.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..93bdc0f213a --- /dev/null +++ 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A new glyptosaurine lizard from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal, Belgium. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 2012; 183: 627 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / gssgfbull. 183.6.627" type="journal article" year="2012"> +Sullivan +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FE57FCC869CAF3A0" bold="true" box="[452,493,876,903]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis> +., 2012 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="4FDB578ACB4FFFC1FDD7FCC86AE5F3A0" box="[580,706,877,903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +</emphasis> +</heading> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="2E866568CB4FFFC9FE1EFC336D24F143" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FE1EFC3369DAF397" blockId="2.[126,778,918,1295]" box="[397,509,918,945]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FE1EFC3369DAF397" bold="true" box="[397,509,918,945]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB4FFFC1FE0BFC3269D5F396" box="[408,498,919,945]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStart-4="Figure 5" captionStart-5="Figure 6" captionStartId-0="1.[113,178,1926,1950]" captionStartId-1="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-2="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionStartId-3="5.[112,177,1003,1027]" captionStartId-4="6.[129,194,1428,1452]" captionStartId-5="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox-0="[117,1450,1414,1891]" captionTargetBox-1="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetBox-2="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetBox-3="[117,1455,146,969]" captionTargetBox-4="[131,1471,146,1397]" captionTargetBox-5="[210,1374,146,1793]" captionTargetId-0="figure-801@1.[114,1459,1412,1898]" captionTargetId-1="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetId-2="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetId-3="figure-577@5.[114,1458,144,976]" captionTargetId-4="figure-269@6.[129,1473,144,1400]" captionTargetId-5="figure-7@7.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionTargetPageId-4="6" captionTargetPageId-5="7" captionText-0="Figure 1. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.The holotypic left dentary IRSNB R 263 in A, lateral; B, medial; C, ventromedial; and D, dorsal views (all micro-CT visualizations)." captionText-1="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." captionText-2="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." captionText-3="Figure 4. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.The parietal IRSNB R 482 in A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral; D, anteroventrolateral; and E, anteroventral views (all micro-CT visualizations)." captionText-4="Figure 5. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Axial section of right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (C) and parietal IRSNB R 482 (E) at the mid-level of the dorsoventral thickness; B, D, coronal section at the level of the frontal cranial crests; F, coronal section at the level of the parietal foramen (all from the CT scans)." captionText-5="Figure 6. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Left dentaries:IRSNB R 483 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsal; D, ventromedial and E, posterior views.IRSNB R 484 in F, lateral; G, medial H, dorsal; and I, ventromedial views.IRSNB R 485 in J, lateral with detail of teeth in dorsal; K, medial with detail of teeth in dorsomedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 1–6</figureCitation> +) +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FF12FC18698BF3D2" blockId="2.[126,778,918,1295]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FF12FC18690DF3F2" box="[129,298,957,981]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Zoobank LSID:</emphasis> +<uri id="120D3AE1CB4FFFC1FEAFFC18698FF3D2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +<uuid id="123A0C36CB4FFFC1FDAEFC18698FF3D2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">DDA313D5-2D77- 43B8-9896-C22E43FA7B32</uuid> +</uri> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FF12FC59688BF414" blockId="2.[126,778,918,1295]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<treatmentCitationGroup id="468C11CDCB4FFFC1FF12FC59688BF414" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +1962 +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FF2BFC59693DF433" ID-CoL="622T2" authorityName="sensu Camp" authorityYear="1923" box="[184,282,1020,1044]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Anguidae</taxonomicName> +proche de +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FE12FC596A03F433" box="[385,548,1020,1044]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FE12FC596A2CF433" authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1928" box="[385,523,1020,1044]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Melanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Melanosaurus</taxonomicName> +— +</emphasis> +<treatmentCitation id="E73D10F2CB4FFFC1FDB4FC59688BF414" author="Hecht and Hoffstetter" page="6-8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1962">Hecht and Hoffstetter: 6–8.</treatmentCitation> +</treatmentCitationGroup> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FF12FB9E6AA2F474" blockId="2.[126,778,918,1295]" box="[129,645,1083,1107]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<treatmentCitationGroup id="468C11CDCB4FFFC1FF12FB9E6AA2F474" box="[129,645,1083,1107]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +1978 cf. +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FF44FB9E695DF474" box="[215,378,1083,1107]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FF44FB9E6946F474" authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1928" box="[215,353,1083,1107]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Melanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Melanosaurus</taxonomicName> +— +</emphasis> +<treatmentCitation id="E73D10F2CB4FFFC1FEE9FB9E6AA2F474" author="Godinot et al." box="[378,645,1083,1107]" page="1273" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1978"> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB4FFFC1FEE9FB9E6AA6F474" author="Godinot M & Broin F de & Buffetaut E" box="[378,641,1083,1107]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1273 - 6" refId="ref20639" refString="Godinot M, Broin F de, Buffetaut E et al. Dormaal: une des plus anciennes faunes eocenes d'Europe. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris 1978; 287: 1273 - 6." type="journal article" year="1978"> +Godinot +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FE44FB9E6A21F474" box="[471,518,1083,1107]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis> +1978: 1273 +</bibRefCitation> +. +</treatmentCitation> +</treatmentCitationGroup> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FF12FBFF69D1F455" blockId="2.[126,778,918,1295]" box="[129,502,1114,1138]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<treatmentCitationGroup id="468C11CDCB4FFFC1FF12FBFF69D1F455" box="[129,502,1114,1138]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +1983 +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FF29FBFF6965F455" authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1928" box="[186,322,1114,1138]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Melanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FF29FBFF6965F455" box="[186,322,1114,1138]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Melanosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +? sp.— +<treatmentCitation id="E73D10F2CB4FFFC1FE14FBFF69D1F455" author="Estes" box="[391,502,1114,1138]" page="146" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1983">Estes: 146.</treatmentCitation> +</treatmentCitationGroup> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FF12FBDC6AE7F4B6" blockId="2.[126,778,918,1295]" box="[129,704,1145,1169]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<treatmentCitationGroup id="468C11CDCB4FFFC1FF12FBDC6AE7F4B6" box="[129,704,1145,1169]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +1990 +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FF29FBDC6960F4B6" box="[186,327,1145,1169]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Melanosaurini"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FF29FBDC6960F4B6" box="[186,327,1145,1169]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Melanosaurini</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +indéterminé— +<treatmentCitation id="E73D10F2CB4FFFC1FE76FBDC6AE7F4B6" author="Augé" box="[485,704,1145,1169]" page="170" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1990">Augé: 169, 170, fig. 6.</treatmentCitation> +</treatmentCitationGroup> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FF12FB3C6A7EF496" blockId="2.[126,778,918,1295]" box="[129,601,1177,1201]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<treatmentCitationGroup id="468C11CDCB4FFFC1FF12FB3C6A7EF496" box="[129,601,1177,1201]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +1990 Glyptosauriné indéterminé— +<treatmentCitation id="E73D10F2CB4FFFC1FE7FFB3C6A7EF496" author="Augé" box="[492,601,1177,1201]" page="169" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="1990">Augé: 169.</treatmentCitation> +</treatmentCitationGroup> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FF12FB1D6A92F4F7" blockId="2.[126,778,918,1295]" box="[129,693,1208,1232]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<treatmentCitationGroup id="468C11CDCB4FFFC1FF12FB1D6A96F4F7" box="[129,689,1208,1232]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +2005 +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FF29FB1D6909F4F7" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1848" box="[186,302,1208,1232]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FF29FB1D6909F4F7" box="[186,302,1208,1232]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Placosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +indét.— +<treatmentCitation id="E73D10F2CB4FFFC1FE1AFB1D6A96F4F7" author="Augé" box="[393,689,1208,1232]" page="139, 142, 143" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="2005">Augé: 203, figs 139, 142, 143</treatmentCitation> +</treatmentCitationGroup> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FF12FB7268CEF528" blockId="2.[126,778,918,1295]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<treatmentCitationGroup id="468C11CDCB4FFFC1FF12FB7268CEF528" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +2006 cf. +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FF45FB7269F4F4C8" baseAuthorityName="Filhol" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[214,467,1239,1263]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Paraplacosauriops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quercyi"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FF45FB7269F4F4C8" box="[214,467,1239,1263]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paraplacosauriops quercyi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +— +<treatmentCitation id="E73D10F2CB4FFFC1FE7EFB7268CEF528" author="Augé and Sullivan" page="135" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="2006">Augé and Sullivan (in part): 135, fig. 4.</treatmentCitation> +</treatmentCitationGroup> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FF12FABB6AB9F511" blockId="2.[129,670,1310,1334]" box="[129,670,1310,1334]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<treatmentCitationGroup id="468C11CDCB4FFFC1FF12FABB6AB9F511" box="[129,670,1310,1334]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +2012? +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FF57FABB694BF511" box="[196,364,1310,1334]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FF57FABB694BF511" box="[196,364,1310,1334]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Placosaurus ragei</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +— +<treatmentCitation id="E73D10F2CB4FFFC1FE15FABB6AB9F511" author="Sullivan et al." box="[390,670,1310,1334]" page="630" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" year="2012"> +Sullivan +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FE4CFABA6A20F511" box="[479,519,1310,1334]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al</emphasis> +.: 630, figs 2, 3. +</treatmentCitation> +</treatmentCitationGroup> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FF12FAF26A9DF5A8" blockId="2.[129,778,1367,1423]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FF12FAF268C6F548" box="[129,225,1367,1391]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<typeStatus id="B9278841CB4FFFC1FF12FAF268FBF548" box="[129,220,1367,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus> +: +</emphasis> +IRSNB R 263 (formerly DO +<quantity id="A1649B06CB4FFFC1FD99FAF26A17F548" box="[522,560,1367,1391]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB4FFFC1FDA5FAF26A83F548" author="Auge ML" box="[566,676,1367,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 369" refId="ref17982" refString="Auge ML. Evolution des lezards du Paleogene en Europe. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 2005; 192: 1 - 369." type="journal article" year="2005">Augé 2005</bibRefCitation> +), a nearly complete left dentary ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB4FFFC1FEFAFAD26986F5A8" box="[361,417,1399,1423]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[113,178,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[117,1450,1414,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-801@1.[114,1459,1412,1898]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.The holotypic left dentary IRSNB R 263 in A, lateral; B, medial; C, ventromedial; and D, dorsal views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation> +; +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB4FFFC1FE3DFAD26A4BF5A8" author="Sullivan RM & Auge ML & Wille E" box="[430,620,1399,1423]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="627 - 33" refId="ref23195" refString="Sullivan RM, Auge ML, Wille E et al. A new glyptosaurine lizard from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal, Belgium. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 2012; 183: 627 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / gssgfbull. 183.6.627" type="journal article" year="2012"> +Sullivan +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FD96FAD26A13F5A8" box="[517,564,1399,1423]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis> +2012 +</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 2). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FF12FA156A55F662" blockId="2.[127,779,1456,1605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FF12FA1569AAF5EF" box="[129,397,1456,1480]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Previously referred material:</emphasis> +IRSNB R 112, incomplete left maxilla ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB4FFFC1FF18FA6A68DCF5C0" author="Auge ML" box="[139,251,1487,1511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="161 - 73" refId="ref17743" refString="Auge ML. La faune de lezards et d'amphisbenes (Reptilia, Squamata) du gisement de Dormaal (Belgique, Eocene inferieur). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 1990; 60: 161 - 73." type="journal article" year="1990">Augé 1990</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 6); IRSNB R 264, incomplete parietal missing the left posterior corner and distal portions of the supratemporal processes ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB4FFFC1FF61F9AB6995F601" author="Sullivan RM & Auge ML & Wille E" box="[242,434,1550,1574]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="627 - 33" refId="ref23195" refString="Sullivan RM, Auge ML, Wille E et al. A new glyptosaurine lizard from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal, Belgium. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 2012; 183: 627 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / gssgfbull. 183.6.627" type="journal article" year="2012"> +Sullivan +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FED9F9AA695EF601" box="[330,377,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis> +2012 +</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 3); and IRSNB R 265, cephalic osteoderm ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB4FFFC1FEB5F98869C3F662" author="Sullivan RM & Auge ML & Wille E" box="[294,484,1581,1605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="627 - 33" refId="ref23195" refString="Sullivan RM, Auge ML, Wille E et al. A new glyptosaurine lizard from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal, Belgium. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 2012; 183: 627 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / gssgfbull. 183.6.627" type="journal article" year="2012"> +Sullivan +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FEEEF98B698BF662" box="[381,428,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis> +2012 +</bibRefCitation> +: not figured). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FF12F9C2694AF71C" blockId="2.[129,778,1639,1851]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FF12F9C26955F658" box="[129,370,1639,1663]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Newly referred material:</emphasis> +IRSNB R 478, IRSNB R 479, IRSNB R 480, three maxillae; IRSNB R 481, right frontal; IRSNB R 392, fused frontals; IRSNB R 266, medial part of a right frontal; IRSNB R 482, mid- and right portion of the parietal table; IRSNB R 483, left dentary without anterior end; IRSNB R 484, anterior portion of the left dentary; IRSNB R 485, posterior region of the left dentary. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FF12F8C66953F79E" blockId="2.[129,777,1890,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FF12F8C669A9F75D" box="[129,398,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type locality and horizon:</emphasis> +Dormaal, Flemish Brabant, eastern +<collectingCountry id="1E8B7673CB4FFFC1FF12F82468FEF7BE" box="[129,217,1921,1945]" name="Belgium" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Belgium</collectingCountry> +, Dormaal Member, Tienen Formation, Landen Group, earliest Eocene (MP 7). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FCAAFF346D9BF207" blockId="2.[825,1475,144,544]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FCAAFF346C29F08F" box="[825,1038,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Taxonomic comment:</emphasis> +Since +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB4FFFC1FBCBFF356DB5F08F" author="Hecht MK & Hoffstetter R" box="[1112,1426,144,168]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref20722" refString="Hecht MK, Hoffstetter R. Note preliminaire sur les Amphibiens et les Squamates du Landenien superieur et du Tongrien de Belgique. Bulletin de l ' Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique 1962; 38: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1962">Hecht and Hoffstetter (1962)</bibRefCitation> +, the Dormaal glytosaurid taxon has been questionably considered as +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FCA9FF6A6BE5F0C0" authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1928" box="[826,962,207,231]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Melanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FCA9FF6A6BE5F0C0" box="[826,962,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Melanosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +or +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FC7AFF6A6C7AF0C0" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1848" box="[1001,1117,207,231]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FC7AFF6A6C7AF0C0" box="[1001,1117,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Placosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +based on a dentary and a parietal, and was eventually allocated to the new species? +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FADDFF4B6C6AF102" authority="(Sullivan et al. 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Sullivan" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FADDFF4B6B4FF102" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Placosaurus ragei</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB4FFFC1FCE8FEA86C66F102" author="Sullivan RM & Auge ML & Wille E" box="[891,1089,269,293]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="627 - 33" refId="ref23195" refString="Sullivan RM, Auge ML, Wille E et al. A new glyptosaurine lizard from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal, Belgium. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 2012; 183: 627 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / gssgfbull. 183.6.627" type="journal article" year="2012"> +Sullivan +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FC47FEAB6C21F102" box="[980,1030,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis> +2012 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. However, the current taxonomy of species of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FC33FE886C33F162" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1848" box="[928,1044,301,325]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FC33FE886C33F162" box="[928,1044,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Placosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is based on the morphology of the frontal. The newly referred frontal differs from that of the European +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FCAAFECE6B8AF1A4" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1848" box="[825,941,363,387]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FCAAFECE6B8AF1A4" box="[825,941,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Placosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +(see: +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB4FFFC1FC7CFECE6CC0F1A4" author="Sullivan RM & Auge ML" box="[1007,1255,363,387]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="127 - 32" refId="ref23053" refString="Sullivan RM, Auge ML. Redescription of the holotype of Placosaurus rugosus GERVAIS 1848 - 52 (Squamata, Anguidae, Glyptosaurinae) from the Eocene of France and a revision of the genus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2006; 26: 127 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 (2006) 26 [127: rothop] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Sullivan and Augé 2006</bibRefCitation> +: figs 1, 3, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB4FFFC1FAC6FEC86B9DF184" author="Cernansky A & Tabuce R & Vidalenc D" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref19088" refString="Cernansky A, Tabuce R, Vidalenc D. Anguimorph lizards from the lower Eocene (MP 10 - 11) of the Cos locality, Phosphorites du Quercy, France, and the early evolution of Glyptosaurinae in Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2023 b; 42: e 2211646." type="journal volume" year="2023"> +Čerňanský +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FCAAFE2E6B48F184" box="[825,879,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis> +2023b +</bibRefCitation> +) and is similar to that of the North American +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FCAAFE0F6C2FF1E5" authority="Smith, 2009" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2009" box="[825,1032,426,450]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FCAAFE0F6BA3F1E5" box="[825,900,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gaultia</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB4FFFC1FC19FE0F6C2FF1E5" author="Smith KT" box="[906,1032,426,450]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="299 - 358" refId="ref22184" refString="Smith KT. A new lizard assemblage from the earliest Eocene (zone Wa 0) of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA: biogeography during the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2009; 7: 299 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477201909002752" type="journal article" year="2009">Smith, 2009</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB4FFFC1FB8AFE0F6CB6F1E5" author="Smith KT" box="[1049,1169,426,450]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="299 - 358" refId="ref22184" refString="Smith KT. A new lizard assemblage from the earliest Eocene (zone Wa 0) of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA: biogeography during the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2009; 7: 299 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477201909002752" type="journal article" year="2009">Smith 2009</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 18D, E), sharing features such as apically flat osteoderms (not thick as in +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FADBFE6C6D9BF1C6" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1848" box="[1352,1468,457,481]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FADBFE6C6D9BF1C6" box="[1352,1468,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Placosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and not bulbous as in, e.g. +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FBFBFE4C6CCEF226" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1871" box="[1128,1257,489,513]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Glyptosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FBFBFE4C6CCEF226" box="[1128,1257,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Glyptosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FB69FE4C6DACF226" authorityName="Douglass" authorityYear="1903" box="[1274,1419,489,513]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Helodermoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FB69FE4C6DACF226" box="[1274,1419,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Helodermoides</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FCAAFDAD6BC6F207" authorityName="Sullivan & Dong" authorityYear="2018" box="[825,993,520,544]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Stenoplacosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FCAAFDAD6BC6F207" box="[825,993,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stenoplacosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +) and presence of chevron-shaped osteoderms. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FCAAFDEA6D03F47B" blockId="2.[823,1476,591,1117]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FCAAFDEA6BC9F240" box="[825,1006,591,615]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Revised diagnosis:</emphasis> +A species of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FB1AFDEA6CF3F240" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2009" box="[1161,1236,591,615]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FB1AFDEA6CF3F240" box="[1161,1236,591,615]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gaultia</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +that is similar to +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FA0CFDF56BB7F2A0" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2009" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvaticus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FA0CFDF56BB7F2A0" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ga. silvaticus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +but differs from it by (i) slightly laterally narrower frontal; (ii) presence of additional shields between the anterior one and chevron shields; and (iii) a different arrangement of shields in the posterior region—larger shields, less fragmented. It can be distinguished from +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FBFAFD496D76F323" box="[1129,1361,748,772]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +Sullivanosaurus +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FA99FD496D76F323" box="[1290,1361,748,772]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Stenoplacosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallicus">gallicus</taxonomicName> +</emphasis> +by the following combination of features: (i) frontal of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FB64FCA96D6AF304" box="[1271,1357,780,803]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FB64FCA96D6AF304" box="[1271,1357,780,803]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ga. ragei</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is narrower compared to +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FC52FC8E6C0AF364" box="[961,1069,811,835]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Stenoplacosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallicus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FC52FC8E6C0AF364" box="[961,1069,811,835]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Su. gallicus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +; (ii) frontal of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FB55FC8E6D38F365" box="[1222,1311,811,834]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FB55FC8E6D38F365" box="[1222,1311,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ga. ragei</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +possesses fewer osteodermal shields in the posterior portion—three instead of four. The second row anterior to that possesses two osteoderms vs. three; (iii) the shape of osteoderms—the osteoderms of the first posterior row are hexagonal in +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FB45FC0D6D16F3E7" box="[1238,1329,936,960]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FB45FC0D6D16F3E7" box="[1238,1329,936,960]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ga. ragei</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +but distinctly elongate, roughly trapezoidal in +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FBEFFC6D6CC1F3F8" box="[1148,1254,967,991]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Stenoplacosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallicus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FBEFFC6D6CC1F3F8" box="[1148,1254,967,991]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Su. gallicus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +; (iv) the first anterior central shield in +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FC7FFC426C60F3D9" box="[1004,1095,999,1022]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FC7FFC426C60F3D9" box="[1004,1095,999,1022]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ga. ragei</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +reaches much further anteriorly vs. only slightly further anteriorly than the lateral shield; and (v) the first central shield in +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FB84FB836C56F41A" box="[1047,1137,1062,1085]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FB84FB836C56F41A" box="[1047,1137,1062,1085]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ga. ragei</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is laterally larger than the lateral shield vs. a narrower central shield in +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4FFFC1FB20FBE06D39F47A" box="[1203,1310,1093,1117]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Stenoplacosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallicus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FB20FBE06D39F47A" box="[1203,1310,1093,1117]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Su. gallicus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC1FC43FB2D6D0CF486" blockId="2.[825,1476,1159,1974]" box="[976,1323,1159,1186]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FC43FB2D6D0CF486" box="[976,1323,1159,1186]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description of newly referred material</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4FFFC6FCAAFB0B69C3F4A0" blockId="2.[825,1476,1159,1974]" lastBlockId="5.[113,764,1103,1973]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4FFFC1FCAAFB0B6BA8F4E1" box="[825,911,1198,1222]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Maxilla:</emphasis> +Three incomplete right maxillae were recovered. The specimen IRSNB R 478 ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB4FFFC1FBD9FB686C95F4C2" box="[1098,1202,1229,1253]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2A–F</figureCitation> +) is better preserved, only its anterior portion forming the forked premaxillary process is broken off. Its maximum anteroposterior length is +<quantity id="A1649B06CB4FFFC1FAA5FAA96DB4F504" box="[1334,1427,1292,1316]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.37" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="23.7">23.7 mm</quantity> +. The specimen IRSNB R 480 ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB4FFFC1FBDAFA8E6C94F564" box="[1097,1203,1323,1347]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2K, L</figureCitation> +) represents only the posterior region, whereas the specimen IRSNB R 479 ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB4FFFC1FAD2FAEE6D85F544" box="[1345,1442,1355,1379]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2G–J</figureCitation> +) is a partly preserved mid-portion of the maxilla. IRSNB R 478 possesses 16 tooth positions (four teeth are still attached in the posterior region), IRSNB R 479 has nine (six teeth are preserved), and IRSNB R 480 has seven tooth positions (five and a half teeth are still preserved). The facial (nasal) process of the maxilla is fairly preserved in IRSNB R 478, forming a high, almost perpendicular wall to the subdental shelf ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB4FFFC1FB4BF9836D67F619" box="[1240,1344,1574,1598]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2A–F</figureCitation> +). On its external surface, irregular osteoderms are preserved, the largest of which is the second one from the anterior tip of the bone ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB4FFFC1FA0FF9C06B70F6BB" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2A</figureCitation> +). They are irregular in shape, some of them being roughly polygonal. They are sculptured with tubercles and divided by sulci. Ventrally, the labial face of the maxilla is pierced by eight supralabial foramina. They gradually increase in size posteriorly, where the posteriormost is located at the level of the sixth tooth position (counted from posterior). The facial process itself has an irregular shape. Its dorsal margin is wavy, roughly M-shaped. It has two peaks, of which the anterior one is smaller and slightly bent medially. The posterior peak of the facial process is larger, rising more-or-less straight dorsally. The posterior margin of this peak slopes distinctly ventrally and therefore gradually decreases in size posteriorly. Its end is stepped. +</paragraph> +<caption id="32E3666BCB4EFFC0FFE2F88969F1F7BF" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" targetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4EFFC0FFE2F88969F1F7BF" blockId="3.[113,1455,1836,1944]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4EFFC0FFE2F88968EEF763" bold="true" box="[113,201,1836,1860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 2.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4EFFC0FF5DF8896964F764" authorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[206,323,1836,1860]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4EFFC0FF5DF8896964F764" box="[206,323,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Gaultia ragei</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="4FDB578ACB4EFFC0FEDBF8896988F764" box="[328,431,1836,1860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="32E3666BCB49FFC7FF12F8896D8BF747" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" targetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB49FFC7FF12F8896D8BF747" blockId="4.[129,1452,1836,1888]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB49FFC7FF12F88968FFF763" bold="true" box="[129,216,1836,1860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 3.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB49FFC7FF4EF8896975F764" authorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[221,338,1836,1860]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB49FFC7FF4EF8896975F764" box="[221,338,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gaultia ragei</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="4FDB578ACB49FFC7FEC4F8896999F764" box="[343,446,1836,1860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="32E3666BCB48FFC6FFE3FC4E6B61F407" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[112,177,1003,1027]" targetBox="[117,1455,146,969]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB48FFC6FFE3FC4E6B61F407" blockId="5.[112,1379,1003,1056]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB48FFC6FFE3FC4E68EFF424" bold="true" box="[112,200,1003,1027]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 4.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB48FFC6FF5DFC496964F424" authorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[206,323,1004,1028]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB48FFC6FF5DFC496964F424" box="[206,323,1004,1028]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gaultia ragei</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="4FDB578ACB48FFC6FEDBFC496988F424" box="[328,431,1004,1028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. The parietal IRSNB R 482 in A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral; D, anteroventrolateral; and E, anteroventral views (all micro-CT visualizations). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB48FFC6FF1EFB2A68F4F792" blockId="5.[113,764,1103,1973]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"> +In medial view, the posterodorsal portion of the facial process (the posterior peak) broadly overlaps the prefrontal—the large and rough articulation surface is still clearly visible ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB48FFC6FD40FB6868A9F523" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2B</figureCitation> +). In the posterior ventral corner, there is an articulation for the lacrimal ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB48FFC6FF6CFAAE696FF503" box="[255,328,1291,1316]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2E</figureCitation> +). The smooth medial surface of the facial process bears two depressions: a large, elliptical one anteriorly [its dorsal portion bears a foramen–ethmoidal foramen +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB48FFC6FD54FAEE6ADBF545" box="[711,764,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sensu</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB48FFC6FFE2FACC6932F5A5" author="Conrad JL" box="[113,277,1385,1410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="399 - 434" refId="ref19275" refString="Conrad JL. Skull, mandible, and hyoid of Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl (Squamata, Anguimorpha). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2004; 141: 399 - 434. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642. 2004.00128. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Conrad (2004)</bibRefCitation> +; +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB48FFC6FEB0FACC694AF5A5" box="[291,365,1385,1410]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2E</figureCitation> +] and a smaller, longitudinal one posteriorly [posterior depression +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB48FFC6FE21FA2F69C0F586" box="[434,487,1418,1441]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sensu</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB48FFC6FE7FFA2C6A5BF586" author="Evans SE" box="[492,636,1417,1441]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 347" refId="ref19912" refString="Evans SE. The skull of lizards and tuatara. In: Gans C, Gaunt AS, Adler K (eds), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 20, Morphology H: the Skull of Lepidosauria. Ithaca, NY: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 2008, 1 - 347." type="book chapter" year="2008">Evans (2008)</bibRefCitation> +; the medial recess for the nasal sac +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB48FFC6FEF4FA0C69BBF5E7" box="[359,412,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sensu</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB48FFC6FE32FA0D6ACEF5E7" author="Ledesma DT & Scarpetta SG" box="[417,745,1448,1472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref21264" refString="Ledesma DT, Scarpetta SG. The skull of the gerrhonotine lizard Elgaria panamintina (Squamata: Anguidae). PLoS One 2018; 13: e 0199584. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0199584" type="journal volume" year="2018">Ledesma and Scarpetta (2018)</bibRefCitation> +]. They are separated from each other by an anteroventrally to posterodorsally oriented ridge. The supradental shelf dorsal surface is straight ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB48FFC6FEAEF9A369A0F639" box="[317,391,1542,1566]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2B</figureCitation> +), but its anterior section is broken off. The shelf itself expands medially, reaching its maximum at the level of the sixth tooth position (counted from posterior). Here, the contact with the palatine is present ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB48FFC6FDE6F9C16AE6F65B" box="[629,705,1636,1660]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2F</figureCitation> +). All specimens bear the posterior opening of the superior alveolar canal ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB48FFC6FF29F9066972F69D" box="[186,341,1699,1723]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2D–F, J, L</figureCitation> +). It is anteroposteriorly large, elliptical, and located at the level of the fifth tooth position (counted from posterior) in IRSNB R 480 and third tooth position in IRSNB R 479 (note, however, that the posterior portion in this specimen is broken off and the real number of the posterior teeth is unknown). The posterolateral margin of IRSNB R 478 ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB48FFC6FF55F8FA6936F750" box="[198,273,1887,1911]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2F</figureCitation> +) and IRSNB R 480 ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB48FFC6FE6CF8FA6A6CF750" box="[511,587,1887,1911]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2L</figureCitation> +) is formed by a rounded lip of bone that, posteriorly, presents a deep facet for the jugal. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB48FFC6FBD7FBEA6CBFF44E" blockId="5.[1092,1176,1103,1129]" box="[1092,1176,1103,1129]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB48FFC6FBD7FBEA6CBFF44E" box="[1092,1176,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB48FFC6FCB9FBD36CDBF643" blockId="5.[810,1459,1142,1636]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"> +The tuberculate sculpture of osteoderms ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB48FFC6FB40FBD36D1DF4A9" box="[1235,1338,1142,1166]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[193,1366,147,1806]" captionTargetId="figure-7@3.[190,1383,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2A, G</figureCitation> +) represents a synapomorphy of glyptosaurids ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB48FFC6FB06FB306D28F48A" author="Camp CL" box="[1173,1295,1173,1197]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="289 - 481" refId="ref18563" refString="Camp CL. Classification of the lizards. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 1923; 48: 289 - 481." type="journal article" year="1923">Camp 1923</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB48FFC6FA8FFB306D8AF48A" author="Gilmore CW" box="[1308,1453,1173,1197]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 197" refId="ref20563" refString="Gilmore CW. The fossil lizards of North America. Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 1928; 11: 1 - 197." type="journal article" year="1928">Gilmore 1928</bibRefCitation> +, Sullivan 1979, 2019, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB48FFC6FC6EFB106C4CF4EA" author="Estes R" box="[1021,1131,1205,1229]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref19874" refString="Estes R. Sauria Terrestria, Amphisbaenia. In: Wellnhofer P (ed.), Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 10 a., Stuttgart, NY: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1983, 249." type="journal volume" year="1983">Estes 1983</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB48FFC6FBE6FB116D1CF4EA" author="Gauthier JA & Kearney M & Maisano JA" box="[1141,1339,1204,1229]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="3 - 308" refId="ref20084" refString="Gauthier JA, Kearney M, Maisano JA et al. Assembling the squamate tree of life: perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 2012; 53: 3 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.3374 / 014.053.0101" type="journal article" year="2012"> +Gauthier +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB48FFC6FB46FB106D24F4EB" box="[1237,1283,1204,1228]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +2012 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB48FFC6FAD6FB136B86F4CB" author="Cernansky A & Tabuce R & Vidalenc D" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref19088" refString="Cernansky A, Tabuce R, Vidalenc D. Anguimorph lizards from the lower Eocene (MP 10 - 11) of the Cos locality, Phosphorites du Quercy, France, and the early evolution of Glyptosaurinae in Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2023 b; 42: e 2211646." type="journal volume" year="2023"> +Čerňanský +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB48FFC6FCB9FB716B7CF4CB" box="[810,859,1236,1260]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +2023b +</bibRefCitation> +). A division of osteodermal cover of the facial process indicates that the maxillae belong to +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB48FFC6FB41FB566D57F52C" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1872" box="[1234,1392,1267,1291]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glyptosaurinae">Glyptosaurinae</taxonomicName> +rather than ‘Melanosaurinae’ (although it lacks the well-defined hexagonal osteoderms, see below). Additional specimens are described here as +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB48FFC6FC5DFAF46C68F54E" authorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[974,1103,1361,1385]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB48FFC6FC5DFAF46C68F54E" box="[974,1103,1361,1385]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gaultia ragei</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +on the basis of tooth morphology (including the +<typeStatus id="B9278841CB48FFC6FC5AFAD56C02F5AF" box="[969,1061,1392,1416]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus> +IRSNB R 263; +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB48FFC6FB5CFAD56D2DF5AE" box="[1231,1290,1392,1417]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[113,178,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[117,1450,1414,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-801@1.[114,1459,1412,1898]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.The holotypic left dentary IRSNB R 263 in A, lateral; B, medial; C, ventromedial; and D, dorsal views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation> +, see: +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB48FFC6FADBFAD56B59F58F" author="Sullivan RM & Auge ML & Wille E" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="627 - 33" refId="ref23195" refString="Sullivan RM, Auge ML, Wille E et al. A new glyptosaurine lizard from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal, Belgium. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 2012; 183: 627 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / gssgfbull. 183.6.627" type="journal article" year="2012"> +Sullivan +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB48FFC6FA31FAD46B64F58F" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +2012 +</bibRefCitation> +: fig: 2) and size, all coming from the same locality of Dormaal, +<collectingCountry id="1E8B7673CB48FFC6FC00FA0A6BCCF5E0" box="[915,1003,1455,1479]" name="Belgium" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Belgium</collectingCountry> +. Note that the osteodermal division on the lateral side of the maxilla is very atypical for +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB48FFC6FA83FA6B6D88F5C1" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1872" box="[1296,1455,1486,1510]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glyptosaurinae">Glyptosaurinae</taxonomicName> +, lacking the well-defined hexagonal osteoderms. This might support the association of these elements with the frontal bones ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB48FFC6FCA6F9896B49F662" box="[821,878,1580,1605]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation> +) presenting also the same atypical osteodermal division (the pattern of osteoderm shapes; see below). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB48FFCBFCB9F920696BF207" blockId="5.[809,1461,1669,1975]" lastBlockId="8.[127,779,144,1985]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB48FFC6FCB9F9206B5EF6BA" box="[810,889,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Frontal:</emphasis> +The right frontal IRSNB R 481 is almost completely preserved, only the posterolateral corner is partly broken off ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB48FFC6FCA6F9616BB8F6FB" box="[821,927,1732,1756]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3A–D</figureCitation> +). It is laterally narrow and robustly built. The bone is anteroposteriorly long (its maximum anteroposterior length is +<quantity id="A1649B06CB48FFC6FCD0F8A66B85F73C" box="[835,930,1795,1819]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.97" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="19.7">19.7 mm</quantity> +), roughly triangular—the posterolateral corner expands into a short process. This lateral expansion starts at about the half length of the bone. At the posterior end, the bone is widest (the maximum width here is +<quantity id="A1649B06CB48FFC6FB0BF8C56CCEF75F" box="[1176,1257,1888,1912]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="6.9">6.9 mm</quantity> +; note, however, that as the posterolateral process is partly damaged, the original width of this region was slightly larger).The lateral margin of the bone is slightly concave medially, so the bone is the narrowest at around mid-orbit (the minimal width here is +<quantity id="A1649B06CB4BFFC5FD9EF9916A78F66B" box="[525,607,1588,1612]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4 mm</quantity> +). Anteriorly, the frontal extends into a long and pointed anteromedial (nasal) process. The dorsal surface of its anterolateral side is exposed, bearing weak longitudinal grooves and ridges forming the articulating surface for the nasal ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB4BFFC5FE03F91469D7F6EF" box="[400,496,1713,1737]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation> +). The external surface of the frontal is almost fully covered by sculptured osteodermal shields. The sculpture is formed by small rounded discrete tubercles that are regularly and densely arranged. In the anterior section, tubercles are arranged in anteromedially to posterolaterally oriented parallel rows extending anteriorly from the centre. This most likely indicates an ossification centre. The osteodermal shields are of various irregular, polygonal (rhomboidal, pentagonal, hexagonal) to roughly oval or ovoid shape. In the anterior portion, there is a large, first anterior central shield that is ovoid in shape. Posterolaterally to this, a lateral shield is present. It is wing-shaped, with an anterolaterally protruding lateral section. However, it reaches anteriorly less than half of the first central shield. The posteromedial margin is V-shaped. Medially to this, two small second and third central shields are present. They probably continued to the left frontal. If so (estimating its mirror symmetry), they would be more-or-less hexagonal. Posteriorly, two single mediolaterally elongated and chevron-shaped shields are located in a row. They cover the mid-portion of the frontal (where the frontal is the narrowest) and expand medially, probably having contact in the midline with those on the left frontal. In the case of the second chevron shield (the most posterior one), however, one additional small triangular (if they continue to the left frontal, estimating its mirror symmetry, it was rhomboidal) shield is present posteriomedially to the second chevron one. Note, however, that it is not clear whether the groove separating it from the next posterior pentagonal osteoderm is a sulcus or a break (in such case, it would be a part of this pentagonal osteoderm). This posterior large pentagonal shield is one of two pentagonal shields that form a row posterior to the two chevron ones. In the posteriormost portion of the frontal, close to the straight contact with parietal, a row of three, anteroposteriorly slightly elongate, roughly hexagonal shields, is present (the lateral one is missing). +</paragraph> +<caption id="32E3666BCB4BFFC5FF12FA316BFFF5C2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[129,194,1428,1452]" targetBox="[131,1471,146,1397]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4BFFC5FF12FA316BFFF5C2" blockId="6.[129,1457,1428,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4BFFC5FF12FA3168FFF58B" bold="true" box="[129,216,1428,1452]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 5.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4BFFC5FF4EFA316975F58B" authorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[221,338,1428,1452]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4BFFC5FF4EFA316975F58B" box="[221,338,1428,1452]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gaultia ragei</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="4FDB578ACB4BFFC5FEC4FA316999F58B" box="[343,446,1428,1452]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Axial section of right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (C) and parietal IRSNB R 482 (E) at the mid-level of the dorsoventral thickness; B, D, coronal section at the level of the frontal cranial crests; F, coronal section at the level of the parietal foramen (all from the CT scans). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="32E3666BCB4AFFC4FFE2F8896898F7BF" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" targetBox="[210,1374,146,1793]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB4AFFC4FFE2F8896898F7BF" blockId="7.[113,1434,1836,1944]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4AFFC4FFE2F88968EEF763" bold="true" box="[113,201,1836,1860]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 6.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB4AFFC4FF5DF8896964F763" authorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[206,323,1836,1860]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei" status="comb. nov."> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB4AFFC4FF5DF8896964F763" box="[206,323,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Gaultia ragei</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="4FDB578ACB4AFFC4FEDBF8896988F764" box="[328,431,1836,1860]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentaries: IRSNB R 483 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsal; D, ventromedial and E, posterior views. IRSNB R 484 in F, lateral; G, medial H, dorsal; and I, ventromedial views. IRSNB R 485 in J, lateral with detail of teeth in dorsal; K, medial with detail of teeth in dorsomedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB45FFCBFF0FFD8D6B22F2FB" blockId="8.[127,779,144,1985]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +In lateral view ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB45FFCBFED0FD8269B6F218" box="[323,401,551,575]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3D</figureCitation> +), a large, wedge shaped and rugose facet for the prefrontal is located in the anterior region, laterally to the frontal cranial crest ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB45FFCBFE33FDC369CBF259" box="[416,492,614,638]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3C</figureCitation> +). On the lateral side of the posterolateral process, a slightly narrow facet for the postfrontal is clearly visible. Prefrontal and postfrontal were not in contact, so they did not fully exclude the frontal from the orbital border. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB45FFCBFF0FFD416A21F412" blockId="8.[127,779,144,1985]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +In ventral view ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB45FFCBFEAFFD4669A3F2DC" box="[316,388,739,763]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig.3C</figureCitation> +), a large and robust frontal cranial crest can be observed. In its anterior portion, it extends ventrally into a rather well-defined and rounded prefrontal (=subolfactory) process (its end is slightly damaged) that achieves a maximum depth of +<quantity id="A1649B06CB45FFCBFEBAFCC46951F35F" box="[297,374,865,889]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="3.7">3.7 mm</quantity> +below the dorsal surface of the bone. The anterior portion of the frontal cranial crest, anterior to the subolfactory process, forms a sharp, medially directed ridge. The anteromedial margin of this crest is thin and sharp. Posteriorly, it widens, gradually diminishing dorsally and extending to the posterolateral process of the frontal. On the lateral side of the crest, a foramen is visible ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB45FFCBFE1DFBB869D1F413" box="[398,502,1053,1077]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3C, D</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB45FFCBFF0FFB996C6BF0E0" blockId="8.[127,779,144,1985]" lastBlockId="8.[825,1476,144,732]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +The nearly complete frontal IRSNB R 392 ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB45FFCBFDE2FB996AF6F473" box="[625,721,1084,1108]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3F–J</figureCitation> +) is a large and unpaired element, missing only the anterior end and posterior corner, both on the right side. On the anterior edge of the dorsal surface, a small and clearly visible area is present for the articulation with the nasal ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB45FFCBFE5BFB1C6A09F4F6" box="[456,558,1209,1233]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3F, G</figureCitation> +). In the anterior and mid-section, the frontal bears traces of the original midline suture on both ventral and dorsal surfaces (more visible, however, in ventral view). The maximum anteroposterior length of the frontal is +<quantity id="A1649B06CB45FFCBFF71FA92690AF569" box="[226,301,1335,1359]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity> +. Overall, the bone is laterally wide, although a weak constriction can be seen in the mid-orbital region. At this level, the width of the bone is +<quantity id="A1649B06CB45FFCBFE2FFAD069DFF5AA" box="[444,504,1397,1421]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity> +. The lateral margins of the frontal are slightly concave medially and the whole bone gradually widens posteriorly. This lateral expansion starts at about the half length of the bone. The posterior region is expanded into short posterolateral processes (only the left one is preserved). The maximum width of the preserved element here is +<quantity id="A1649B06CB45FFCBFD3AF9B76B20F60E" box="[681,775,1554,1578]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="12.8">12.8 mm</quantity> +. Note, however, that the right posterior portion of the bone is broken off and estimated width of the complete element in this region, based on the left half, was +<quantity id="A1649B06CB45FFCBFE45F9D56A06F6A0" box="[470,545,1648,1672]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity> +. The external surface is covered by sculptured osteodermal shields that are completely fused to the underlying bone. The sculpture is formed by small, rounded, discrete tubercles. Although some divisions of the osteoderms are visible, they are not as clear as on the specimen IRSNB R 481. There is a hint of chevrons in the mid-region ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB45FFCBFF18F88968D7F763" box="[139,240,1836,1860]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3F, G</figureCitation> +). In the posterior region, there are clear divisions of osteodermal armour to at least three osteoderms on the left side. The first two left (the two most lateral ones: osteoderms 2 and 3 on +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB45FFCBFF31F82F68C9F785" box="[162,238,1930,1954]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3G</figureCitation> +) appear to be rectangular (or polygonal, their shape is unclear, especially at their anterior borders). Potentially, a hint of ‘radiating’ tubercles might be present, but overall, the division pattern is not recognizable. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB45FFCBFCC6FF6A6BCBF226" blockId="8.[825,1476,144,732]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +In ventral view ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB45FFCBFB99FF6A6C7BF0C0" box="[1034,1116,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3H</figureCitation> +), large and robust frontal cranial crests are visible. Their anterior portions are ventrally expanded forming well-defined and rounded prefrontal (=subolfactory) processes—the end of the left one is slightly damaged. The anteromedial margins of the crests are thin and sharp, whereas they are wide posteriorly. The anterior portion of the frontal crest, anterior to the subolfactory process, is less deep, forming a well-visible, medially directed ridge. The right and left branches gradually diminish anteriorly, although they appear to join in the anterior mid-line. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB45FFCBFCC6FDAD6BC1F2FB" blockId="8.[825,1476,144,732]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +In lateral view ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB45FFCBFC6AFDAD6C1CF207" box="[1017,1083,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3I</figureCitation> +), in the anterior region, lateral to the frontal crest (including its lateral surface), a large wedge-shaped facet for the prefrontal is located. In the posterior region, there is a narrower facet for the postfrontal. Prefrontal and postfrontal were probably not in contact, and did not exclude the frontal from the orbital border. The posterior margin forms a contact with the parietal. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB45FFCBFBC0FD5E6C80F332" blockId="8.[1107,1191,763,789]" box="[1107,1191,763,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFBC0FD5E6C80F332" box="[1107,1191,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB45FFCAFCAAFC8769C7F162" blockId="8.[824,1476,802,1985]" lastBlockId="9.[113,764,144,544]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +This frontal was briefly described by +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB45FFCBFB46FC876BA4F37E" author="Hecht MK & Hoffstetter R" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref20722" refString="Hecht MK, Hoffstetter R. Note preliminaire sur les Amphibiens et les Squamates du Landenien superieur et du Tongrien de Belgique. Bulletin de l ' Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique 1962; 38: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1962">Hecht and Hoffstetter (1962)</bibRefCitation> +but never figured. Recently, it was figured and discussed by +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB45FFCBFC32FCC46C1FF35E" author="Sullivan RM" box="[929,1080,865,889]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="747 - 63" refId="ref23010" refString="Sullivan RM. The taxonomy, chronostratigraphy and paleobiogeography of glyptosaurine lizards (Glyptosaurinae, Anguidae). Comptes Rendus Palevol 2019; 18: 747 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2019.05.006" type="journal article" year="2019">Sullivan (2019</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 2) and identified as indeterminate ‘melanosaurine’. According to +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB45FFCBFBE9FC256D07F3BF" author="Sullivan RM" box="[1146,1312,896,920]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="747 - 63" refId="ref23010" refString="Sullivan RM. The taxonomy, chronostratigraphy and paleobiogeography of glyptosaurine lizards (Glyptosaurinae, Anguidae). Comptes Rendus Palevol 2019; 18: 747 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2019.05.006" type="journal article" year="2019">Sullivan (2019)</bibRefCitation> +, this specimen bears the frontoparietal scale impression typically present in ‘melanosaurines’ and appears to be similar to that of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB45FFCBFAA8FC1A6B99F3D1" authority="Kuhn, 1940 a" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosauriops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFAA8FC1A6DE6F3F0" box="[1339,1473,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placosauriops</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB45FFCBFCAAFC7B6B99F3D1" author="Kuhn O" box="[825,958,990,1014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="461 - 86" refId="ref21155" refString="Kuhn O. Die Placosauriden und Anguiden aus dem mitteren Eozan des Geiseltales. Nova Acta Leopoldina 1940 a; 8: 461 - 86." type="journal article" year="1940">Kuhn, 1940a</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +. This frontal is, however, problematic, because the exact division pattern of osteodermal cover is difficult to define. Moreover, when studied in detail, the osteoderm morphology differs from that of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB45FFCBFB80FB996CBEF473" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1940" box="[1043,1177,1084,1108]" class="Reptilia" family="Anguidae" genus="Placosauriops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFB80FB996CBEF473" box="[1043,1177,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Placosauriops</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +(see: Meszoley +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFAD8FB986D58F473" box="[1355,1407,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +1978, +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB45FFCBFCAAFBFE6BCCF454" author="Smith KT & Bhullar BAS & Kohler G" box="[825,1003,1115,1139]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1101 - 7" refId="ref22728" refString="Smith KT, Bhullar BAS, Kohler G et al. The only known jawed Vertebrate with four eyes and the Bauplan of the Pineal Complex. Current Biology 2018; 28: 1101 - 7. e 2. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2018.02.021" type="journal article" year="2018"> +Smith +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFCECFBF96B97F454" box="[895,944,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +): there is a complex division of osteodermal cover in the posterior region and traces of chevrons, and maybe a hint of ‘radiating’ tubercles, indicate typical features of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB45FFCBFAE1FB3F6D9AF495" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2009" box="[1394,1469,1178,1202]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFAE1FB3F6D9AF495" box="[1394,1469,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gaultia</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. So both frontals IRSNB R 392 and R 481 share an apomorphy (chevrons). The unclear division deserves a comment here. As documented in extant +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB45FFCBFBA3FB5D6D1DF537" authority="Merrem, 1820" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[1072,1338,1272,1296]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Pseudopus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFBA3FB5D6CB1F537" box="[1072,1174,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pseudopus</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB45FFCBFB31FB5D6D1DF537" author="Merrem B" box="[1186,1338,1272,1296]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref21463" refString="Merrem B. Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien. Marburg: Johann Christian Krieger, 1820, 191." type="journal volume" year="1820">Merrem, 1820</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +, sulci separating osteodermal cover are difficult to observe in large adults due to stronger ossification (Klembera +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFB4FFA926D37F568" box="[1244,1296,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2017: fig. 17C). This is probably the case of the frontal IRSNB R 392, which is almost completely fused (note that traces of the fusion are still visible). We regard IRSNB R 392 and R 481 as both belonging to +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB45FFCBFCABFA116B9FF5EB" authorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[824,952,1460,1484]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFCABFA116B9FF5EB" box="[824,952,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gaultia ragei</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, the differences in size, shape, and degree of fusion all being attributable to the greater maturity of R 392. In both specimens, the lateral expansion (posterolateral process) starts at about the half length of the bone. A fusion of the frontals in mature adult individuals is also documented in +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB45FFCBFAB9F9946B5FF64E" authority="(Smith 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="2009" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFAB9F9946D52F66E" box="[1322,1397,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gaultia</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB45FFCBFA17F9946B4AF64E" author="Smith KT" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="299 - 358" refId="ref22184" refString="Smith KT. A new lizard assemblage from the earliest Eocene (zone Wa 0) of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA: biogeography during the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2009; 7: 299 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477201909002752" type="journal article" year="2009">Smith 2009</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, as well as in +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFC6DF9F46CB0F64E" box="[1022,1175,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sullivanosaurus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB45FFCBFB34F9F76DABF64E" author="Cernansky A & Tabuce R & Vidalenc D" box="[1191,1420,1617,1645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref19088" refString="Cernansky A, Tabuce R, Vidalenc D. Anguimorph lizards from the lower Eocene (MP 10 - 11) of the Cos locality, Phosphorites du Quercy, France, and the early evolution of Glyptosaurinae in Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2023 b; 42: e 2211646." type="journal volume" year="2023"> +Čerňanský +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFA8AF9F46D6FF64E" box="[1305,1352,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2023b +</bibRefCitation> +) and other glyptosaurids in which either fused or separate frontals can be found (Sullivan 1979). This can be seen in anguids as well. In adult specimens of extant +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB45FFCBFBF5F90A6CEDF6E0" authorityName="Merrem" authorityYear="1820" box="[1126,1226,1711,1735]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Pseudopus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFBF5F90A6CEDF6E0" box="[1126,1226,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pseudopus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, the frontal shields may fuse together (Klembera +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFBD2F96A6C54F6C1" box="[1089,1139,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2017) and in extinct +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB45FFCBFACFF96B6C7DF722" authority="(Kormos 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Kormos" baseAuthorityYear="1911" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Pseudopus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pannonicus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFACFF96B6B80F722" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pseudopus pannonicus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB45FFCBFC2EF94B6C68F722" author="Kormos T" box="[957,1103,1773,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref21136" refString="Kormos T. Der Pliozane Knochenfund bei Polgardi. Foldtani Kozloni 1911; 41: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1911">Kormos 1911</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, the frontals are firmly coalesced ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB45FFCBFCD7F8A86BE7F702" author="Rocek ZA" box="[836,960,1805,1829]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="817 - 47" refId="ref22090" refString="Rocek ZA. contribution to the herpetofauna from the late Miocene of Gritsev (Ukraine). Comptes Rendus Palevol 2019; 18: 817 - 47." type="journal article" year="2019">Roček 2019</bibRefCitation> +). Another interesting feature is an orbital margin, which can be slightly different between younger and mature individuals. In +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB45FFCBFC52F8E96C3BF744" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[961,1052,1867,1891]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Pseudopus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apodus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFC52F8E96C3BF744" box="[961,1052,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. apodus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, it is markedly concave in juvenile specimens in contrast to an almost convex margin in adults ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB45FFCBFACDF8CE6B85F785" author="Klembara J & Dobiasova K & Hain M" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="460 - 502" refId="ref21073" refString="Klembara J, Dobiasova K, Hain M et al. Skull anatomy and ontogeny of legless lizard Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775): Heterochronic influences on form. Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N. J.: 2007) 2017; 300: 460 - 502. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ar. 23532" type="journal article" year="2017"> +Klembara +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFCAAF82E6B4EF785" box="[825,873,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2017 +</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 31A, B). The more convex orbital margin is present also in a single left frontal of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB45FFCBFB0AF80C6D65F7E6" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2009" box="[1177,1346,1961,1985]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvaticus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB45FFCBFB0AF80C6D65F7E6" box="[1177,1346,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gaultia silvaticus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +if compared to fused, larger frontals of this species ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB44FFCAFE6EFF356A53F08F" author="Smith KT" box="[509,628,144,168]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="299 - 358" refId="ref22184" refString="Smith KT. A new lizard assemblage from the earliest Eocene (zone Wa 0) of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA: biogeography during the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2009; 7: 299 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477201909002752" type="journal article" year="2009">Smith 2009</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 18D, E). The same appears to be true for +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFE21FF0A6A6CF0E0" box="[434,587,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sullivanosaurus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB44FFCAFDC8FF146894F0C0" author="Cernansky A & Tabuce R & Vidalenc D" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref19088" refString="Cernansky A, Tabuce R, Vidalenc D. Anguimorph lizards from the lower Eocene (MP 10 - 11) of the Cos locality, Phosphorites du Quercy, France, and the early evolution of Glyptosaurinae in Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2023 b; 42: e 2211646." type="journal volume" year="2023"> +Čerňanský +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFD5EFF156ADCF0E0" box="[717,763,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis> +2023b +</bibRefCitation> +: figs 2A, 3A). This is probably related to the presence of larger eyes (and thus larger orbits) in juvenile lizards relative to the skull size, as it is also observed in, e.g. lacertids ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB44FFCAFD1EFEAA695BF162" author="Cernansky A & Syromyatnikova EV" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref18728" refString="Cernansky A, Syromyatnikova EV. The first Miocene fossils of Lacerta cf. trilineata (Squamata, Lacertidae) with a comparative study of the main cranial osteological differences in green lizards and their relatives. PLoS One 2019; 14: e 0216191. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0216191" type="journal volume" year="2019">Čerňanský and Syromyatnikova 2019</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 31J). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB44FFCAFF1EFEE96881F238" blockId="9.[113,764,144,544]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +Finally, it is worth mentioning that the Indeterminate ‘Melanosaurini’ IRSNB R 266, also from Dormaal and representing the medial part of a right frontal described by +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB44FFCAFD3BFE2E68C0F1E5" author="Sullivan RM & Auge ML & Wille E" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="627 - 33" refId="ref23195" refString="Sullivan RM, Auge ML, Wille E et al. A new glyptosaurine lizard from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal, Belgium. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 2012; 183: 627 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / gssgfbull. 183.6.627" type="journal article" year="2012"> +Sullivan +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFFE2FE0E6885F1E5" box="[113,162,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis> +(2012 +</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 4), appears to share similar morphology to the specimen describe here as well. Therefore this specimen could potentially be also included in the material attributed to +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB44FFCAFD23FE4C6887F207" authorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Čerňanský & Smith & Smith & Folie" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ragei"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFD23FE4C6887F207" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Gaultia ragei</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB44FFCAFFE2FDE46921F79B" blockId="9.[111,765,577,1980]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFFE2FDE468E1F27E" box="[113,198,577,601]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Parietal:</emphasis> +The parietal IRSNB R 482 is incomplete—the anterior, mostly central and right sides are preserved ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB44FFCAFDA7FDC46A4CF25E" box="[564,619,609,633]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[112,177,1003,1027]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,146,969]" captionTargetId="figure-577@5.[114,1458,144,976]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.The parietal IRSNB R 482 in A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral; D, anteroventrolateral; and E, anteroventral views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation> +). The left part is only partly preserved, whereas the posterior portion, including supratemporal processes, is completely broken off. A network of sulci marks the boundaries of osteodermal shields that cover the dorsal surface of the bone. The largest is the interparietal one, which is trapezoidal in shape. In the posterior section of the shield, the bone is pierced by the parietal foramen. Other osteoderms are smaller and of various size and shape, generally being more rounded than those of the frontal ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB44FFCAFDC9FCFE6AB3F354" box="[602,660,859,883]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation> +). The lateral portion of the bone is smooth, lacks osteodermal covering, and some lateral osteoderms are partly peeled off. This surface is pierced by small foramina accompanied by anterolaterally (in the anterior portion) or posterolaterally (in the posterior portion) running grooves. The anterolateral process is robust and well expanded laterally. Its end is rounded and blunt. Ventrally, at the base of the process, a wedge cut from the anterolateral margin of the parietal is present and forms the articulation facet with the postfrontal. The facet is mainly visible in lateral and ventral views ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB44FFCAFEAEFB30698FF48A" box="[317,424,1173,1197]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[112,177,1003,1027]" captionTargetBox="[117,1455,146,969]" captionTargetId="figure-577@5.[114,1458,144,976]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.The parietal IRSNB R 482 in A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral; D, anteroventrolateral; and E, anteroventral views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4B, C</figureCitation> +). In ventral view, it forms a triangular blunt imprint on the anterolateral process. In this view, a strongly developed sharp parietal cranial crest is developed. It separates the supratemporal fossa (containing a muscular surface) from the cranial vault. The crest is low at the level between the frontoparietal suture and the parietal foramen. Posteriorly, it grows markedly in depth and further forms a large (although not distinctly ventrally protruding), mediolaterally compressed ventral process. Its end is blunt and well preserved (only the posterior small portion is partly damaged—note, however, that the preservation of this process is exceptional since the process is broken in most specimens of glyptosaurine isolated parietals). The muscular surface in the supratemporal fossa is broad. Its mediolateral width is slightly larger than the width between the cranial crest and the median line of the parietal at the level of the parietal foramen. The parietal foramen is clearly visible, having a dorsoposterior-anteroventral orientation. The elliptical secondary pit is located posteriorly to the foramen (its presence is caused by the ‘pineal-related cartilage’ immediately underlying the bone; see: +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB44FFCAFE17F94D6A14F727" author="Smith KT & Bhullar BAS & Kohler G" box="[388,563,1768,1792]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1101 - 7" refId="ref22728" refString="Smith KT, Bhullar BAS, Kohler G et al. The only known jawed Vertebrate with four eyes and the Bauplan of the Pineal Complex. Current Biology 2018; 28: 1101 - 7. e 2. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2018.02.021" type="journal article" year="2018"> +Smith +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFE5BF94C69D5F727" box="[456,498,1768,1792]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis> +. 2018 +</bibRefCitation> +). It is lens-shaped, anteroposteriorly elongated, and mediolaterally compressed. It is bordered by a sharp bony lamina. Its anterior tip is well ventrally protruded to form a lip of bone. The posterior tip is connected to a ridge that shortly diminishes in height posteriorly. The frontoparietal suture is more-or-less straight, only slightly interdigitated. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB44FFCAFBD7FF356CBFF08D" blockId="9.[810,1459,144,300]" box="[1092,1176,144,170]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFBD7FF356CBFF08D" box="[1092,1176,144,170]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB44FFCAFCB9FF136D3EF10B" blockId="9.[810,1459,144,300]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +The parietal is associated on the basis of size and osteoderm morphology. Indeed, the size of the parietal IRSNB R 482 matches very well with the frontal IRSNB R 392 ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB44FFCAFAB7FF506DA0F12B" box="[1316,1415,245,269]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[181,1438,152,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[158,1445,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation> +). In both cases, the osteoderms also appear to match. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB44FFCAFC55FEE96D30F141" blockId="9.[810,1461,332,802]" box="[966,1303,332,358]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFC55FEE96D30F141" box="[966,1303,332,358]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Virtual microanatomy and histology</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB44FFCAFCB9FED76BBAF305" blockId="9.[810,1461,332,802]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +The micro-CT scans of the frontals and parietal revealed a very similar pattern of the internal microanatomy in terms of a vascular network and spongiosis ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB44FFCAFBEEFE146C9CF1EE" box="[1149,1211,433,457]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1428,1452]" captionTargetBox="[131,1471,146,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-269@6.[129,1473,144,1400]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Axial section of right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (C) and parietal IRSNB R 482 (E) at the mid-level of the dorsoventral thickness; B, D, coronal section at the level of the frontal cranial crests; F, coronal section at the level of the parietal foramen (all from the CT scans)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation> +). There is a large and complex meshwork of numerous cavities. They are irregular, bubble-shaped, and some are interconnected. The bone appears to be less compact in both axial and coronal sections [in comparison to +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB44FFCAFC56FD8B6D8AF261" authority="(Georgalis and Scheyer 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Georgalis and Scheyer" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[965,1453,558,582]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holeci"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFC56FD8B6C53F261" box="[965,1140,558,582]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ophisaurus holeci</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB44FFCAFB10FD8B6D85F261" author="Georgalis GL & Scheyer TM" box="[1155,1442,558,582]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref20289" refString="Georgalis GL, Scheyer TM. Lizards and snakes from the earliest Miocene of Saint-Gerand-le-Puy, France: ananatomicalandhistologicalapproachof some of the oldest Neogene squamates from Europe. BMC Ecology and Evolution 2021; 21: 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 021 - 01874 - x" type="journal volume" year="2021">Georgalis and Scheyer 2021</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB44FFCAFCB9FDEB6D32F241" authority="(Syromyatnikova et al. 2022)" baseAuthorityName="Syromyatnikova" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[810,1301,590,614]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Ophisaurus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinari"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFCB9FDEB6BC2F242" box="[810,997,590,614]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ophisaurus spinari</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB44FFCAFC66FDEB6D2DF241" author="Syromyatnikova EV & Klembara J & Redkozubov O" box="[1013,1290,590,614]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="575 - 84" refId="ref23246" refString="Syromyatnikova EV, Klembara J, Redkozubov O. The Pliocene Ophisaurus (Anguidae) from Eastern Europe: new records and additions to the history of the genus and its palaeoenvironment. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 2022; 103: 575 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 022 - 00556 - w" type="journal article" year="2022"> +Syromyatnikova +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFB32FDEB6CEDF241" box="[1185,1226,590,614]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis> +. 2022 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB44FFCAFADDFDEB6C4EF2A2" authority="(Loreal et al. 2023)" baseAuthorityName="Loreal" baseAuthorityYear="2023" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Pseudopus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pannonicus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFADDFDEB6BBFF2A2" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Pseudopus pannonicus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB44FFCAFC39FDC86C7BF2A2" author="Loreal E & Syromyatnikova EV & Danilov IG" box="[938,1116,621,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="51 - 84" refId="ref21340" refString="Loreal E, Syromyatnikova EV, Danilov IG et al. The easternmost record of the largestanguinelizardthathaseverlived - Pseudopuspannonicus (Squamata, Anguidae): new fossils from the late Neogene of Eastern Europe. Fossil Record 2023; 26: 51 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / fr. 26.100059" type="journal article" year="2023"> +Loréal +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFC61FDCB6C04F2A2" box="[1010,1059,621,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis> +2023 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +] and slightly resembles another European glyptosaurid +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFB89FD296C94F283" box="[1050,1203,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sullivanosaurus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB44FFCAFB51FD2B6D8BF283" author="Cernansky A & Tabuce R & Vidalenc D" box="[1218,1452,652,681]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref19088" refString="Cernansky A, Tabuce R, Vidalenc D. Anguimorph lizards from the lower Eocene (MP 10 - 11) of the Cos locality, Phosphorites du Quercy, France, and the early evolution of Glyptosaurinae in Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2023 b; 42: e 2211646." type="journal volume" year="2023"> +Čerňanský +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFAA5FD286D42F283" box="[1334,1381,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis> +2023b +</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 3E). In the IRSNB R 392 frontal, traces of a complex firm suture can be visible ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB44FFCAFB83FD6E6C7BF2C4" box="[1040,1116,715,739]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1428,1452]" captionTargetBox="[131,1471,146,1397]" captionTargetId="figure-269@6.[129,1473,144,1400]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Axial section of right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (C) and parietal IRSNB R 482 (E) at the mid-level of the dorsoventral thickness; B, D, coronal section at the level of the frontal cranial crests; F, coronal section at the level of the parietal foramen (all from the CT scans)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5C</figureCitation> +). Note that the finer histological details, such as growth marks and cell lacunae of the bone, are not visible. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB44FFC9FCB9FCE16A23F2DC" blockId="9.[809,1461,835,1987]" lastBlockId="10.[128,780,144,1171]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFCB9FCE16BA6F37C" box="[810,897,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dentary:</emphasis> +Three left dentaries are preserved. The best preserved one, IRSNB R 483, is only missing the anteriormost end with the symphysis and most of the angular process ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB44FFCAFAAAFC276D85F3BD" box="[1337,1442,898,922]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[210,1374,146,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Left dentaries:IRSNB R 483 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsal; D, ventromedial and E, posterior views.IRSNB R 484 in F, lateral; G, medial H, dorsal; and I, ventromedial views.IRSNB R 485 in J, lateral with detail of teeth in dorsal; K, medial with detail of teeth in dorsomedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6A–E</figureCitation> +). The maximum anteroposterior length of the preserved portion is +<quantity id="A1649B06CB44FFCAFCD0FC656BB8F3FF" box="[835,927,960,984]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.02" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="30.2">30.2 mm</quantity> +. It bears 15 tooth positions (seven teeth and half of two others are still attached to the bone). The bone gradually widens posteriorly in lateral and medial views. The lateral surface of the dentary is laterally convex, except at the anterior region. In dorsal view ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB44FFCAFB9BFB9B6C74F471" box="[1032,1107,1086,1110]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[210,1374,146,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Left dentaries:IRSNB R 483 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsal; D, ventromedial and E, posterior views.IRSNB R 484 in F, lateral; G, medial H, dorsal; and I, ventromedial views.IRSNB R 485 in J, lateral with detail of teeth in dorsal; K, medial with detail of teeth in dorsomedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6C</figureCitation> +), from the level of the 10th tooth position (counted from posterior), the bone is slightly rotated dorsolaterally. Thus, its lateral surface is partly visible when the dentary is viewed in dorsal view. The lateral surface of the bone is smooth, being pierced in the mid-region by four labial foramina ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB44FFCAFCA6FB7F6B5AF4D5" box="[821,893,1242,1266]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[210,1374,146,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Left dentaries:IRSNB R 483 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsal; D, ventromedial and E, posterior views.IRSNB R 484 in F, lateral; G, medial H, dorsal; and I, ventromedial views.IRSNB R 485 in J, lateral with detail of teeth in dorsal; K, medial with detail of teeth in dorsomedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6A</figureCitation> +). The last posterior foramen is located at the level of the fourth tooth position (counted from posterior). In the dorsal posterior region of the bone, there is a wedge-shaped depression forming the articulation surface for the anterolateral process of the coronoid. The dentary is slender rather than robust, being straight in dorsal view, except the anteriormost section, which appears to be slightly bent medially (note that only the beginning of the anterior portion is preserved, and the anterior end is broken off). The dentary has a slightly dorsally concave appearance in medial view, although the ventral margin of the bone seems to be fairly straight ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB44FFCAFBD4F9B16CB4F60B" box="[1095,1171,1556,1580]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[210,1374,146,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Left dentaries:IRSNB R 483 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsal; D, ventromedial and E, posterior views.IRSNB R 484 in F, lateral; G, medial H, dorsal; and I, ventromedial views.IRSNB R 485 in J, lateral with detail of teeth in dorsal; K, medial with detail of teeth in dorsomedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6D</figureCitation> +). This latter margin bears a facet for the splenial reaching the level of the ninth tooth position anteriorly. The Meckelian canal is fully open, although narrow in the anterior and mid-section, being exposed ventrally rather than medially. Posteriorly, the Meckelian canal gradually widens, being open medially. The alveolar canal is large, ventromedially oriented, and separated from the Meckelian canal by the intramandibular septum ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB44FFCAFB1AF94A6CF3F720" box="[1161,1236,1775,1799]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[210,1374,146,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Left dentaries:IRSNB R 483 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsal; D, ventromedial and E, posterior views.IRSNB R 484 in F, lateral; G, medial H, dorsal; and I, ventromedial views.IRSNB R 485 in J, lateral with detail of teeth in dorsal; K, medial with detail of teeth in dorsomedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6E</figureCitation> +). The posteroventral margin of the intramandibular septum extends to a distinct posterior spine that does not fuse to the internal surface of the dentary and is divided from the wall of the dentary by a distinct groove. The Meckelian canal is roofed by a distinctly dorsally convex subdental shelf [dental crest +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFB4EF8296D37F784" box="[1245,1296,1932,1955]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">sensu</emphasis> +Georgalis +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB44FFCAFA11F8296D93F783" box="[1410,1460,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis> +(2021)], which is reduced to a smooth sloping, slightly rounded border. Its ventral section slightly expands into a lip of bone that partly overlaps the dorsal portion of the Meckelian canal. On the dorsal section, there is no dental sulcus. In the posterior region, the shelf is interrupted by a notch—it forms the dorsal and anterior border of the anterior inferior alveolar foramen. In IRSNB R 484, the splenial spine is preserved ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB47FFC9FDECFE886AECF162" box="[639,715,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[210,1374,146,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Left dentaries:IRSNB R 483 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsal; D, ventromedial and E, posterior views.IRSNB R 484 in F, lateral; G, medial H, dorsal; and I, ventromedial views.IRSNB R 485 in J, lateral with detail of teeth in dorsal; K, medial with detail of teeth in dorsomedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6G</figureCitation> +). The foramen is located at the level of the sixth tooth position (its anterior margin is located at the level between the sixth and seventh tooth position, counted posteriorly). Further posteriorly, the subdental shelf (or crest) is dorsally elevated ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB47FFC9FDEEFE0F6AC4F1E6" box="[637,739,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[210,1374,146,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Left dentaries:IRSNB R 483 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsal; D, ventromedial and E, posterior views.IRSNB R 484 in F, lateral; G, medial H, dorsal; and I, ventromedial views.IRSNB R 485 in J, lateral with detail of teeth in dorsal; K, medial with detail of teeth in dorsomedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6B, D</figureCitation> +). It distinctly narrows to form a thin, sharp crest. Note, however, that it is partly damaged. Posteroventrally to this crest, an articulation for the anteromedial process of the coronoid is located, reaching the level of the fourth tooth position (counted from posterior). The bone ends posteriorly in three processes. The coronoid process is short, forming only a small projection ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB47FFC9FDCEFDC36AC5F25A" box="[605,738,614,638]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[210,1374,146,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Left dentaries:IRSNB R 483 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsal; D, ventromedial and E, posterior views.IRSNB R 484 in F, lateral; G, medial H, dorsal; and I, ventromedial views.IRSNB R 485 in J, lateral with detail of teeth in dorsal; K, medial with detail of teeth in dorsomedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6A, B, D</figureCitation> +). It is well defined, separated by a coronoid incisure. The surangular process is large and roughly triangular in shape. It is well projected posteriorly. Only the root portion of the angular process is preserved, but the rest is broken off. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB47FFC9FF0FFCA668F1F412" blockId="10.[128,780,144,1171]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +The anterior portion of the dentary, including a symphyseal region, is preserved in the specimen IRSNB R 484 ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB47FFC9FD08FC876ADFF31D" box="[667,760,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[210,1374,146,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Left dentaries:IRSNB R 483 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsal; D, ventromedial and E, posterior views.IRSNB R 484 in F, lateral; G, medial H, dorsal; and I, ventromedial views.IRSNB R 485 in J, lateral with detail of teeth in dorsal; K, medial with detail of teeth in dorsomedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6F–I</figureCitation> +). This dentary narrows anteriorly in medial view. Its anterior end is distinctly bent medially in dorsal view ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB47FFC9FDACFCC46AA9F35E" box="[575,654,865,889]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[210,1374,146,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Left dentaries:IRSNB R 483 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsal; D, ventromedial and E, posterior views.IRSNB R 484 in F, lateral; G, medial H, dorsal; and I, ventromedial views.IRSNB R 485 in J, lateral with detail of teeth in dorsal; K, medial with detail of teeth in dorsomedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6H</figureCitation> +). The symphysis is well developed, being rectangular in shape. This region is slightly elevated relative to the shelf. The ventral section of the symphysis is pierced by the Meckelian canal. The specimen IRSNB R 485 represents the posterior region of the dentary. It bears seven tooth positions (three and half teeth are still attached). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB47FFC9FF0FFB996918F4B4" blockId="10.[128,780,144,1171]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<materialsCitation id="D6F43CBECB47FFC9FF0FFB99691CF4B4" collectionCode="IRSNB" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" specimenCode="R 263" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype"> +All these characters are also present on the +<typeStatus id="B9278841CB47FFC9FDCAFB996A90F473" box="[601,695,1084,1108]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus> +, the left dentary +<collectionCode id="008DAE26CB47FFC9FF45FBFE6906F454" box="[214,289,1115,1139]" country="Belgium" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7r2-61q8" name="Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">IRSNB</collectionCode> +<specimenCode id="363A9E98CB47FFC9FEB4FBF96943F454" box="[295,356,1115,1139]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">R 263</specimenCode> +( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB47FFC9FEE0FBFE698CF454" box="[371,427,1115,1139]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[113,178,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[117,1450,1414,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-801@1.[114,1459,1412,1898]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.The holotypic left dentary IRSNB R 263 in A, lateral; B, medial; C, ventromedial; and D, dorsal views (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1</figureCitation> +; +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB47FFC9FE2BFBFE6A50F454" author="Sullivan RM & Auge ML & Wille E" box="[440,631,1115,1139]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="627 - 33" refId="ref23195" refString="Sullivan RM, Auge ML, Wille E et al. A new glyptosaurine lizard from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal, Belgium. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 2012; 183: 627 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / gssgfbull. 183.6.627" type="journal article" year="2012"> +Sullivan +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB47FFC9FD9CFBF96A19F454" box="[527,574,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis> +2012 +</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 2), which is nearly complete +</materialsCitation> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB47FFC9FF12FB106939F727" blockId="10.[127,779,1204,1792]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB47FFC9FF12FB1068C2F4EB" box="[129,229,1205,1228]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dentition:</emphasis> +The tooth implantation is pleurodont. Teeth are not tightly packed—large gaps are present between them. The teeth are heterodont—in the anterior section of the tooth row, they are smaller and obtusely pointed. More posteriorly, the teeth become gradually anteroposteriorly larger and blunter. The tooth crowns of the posteriormost teeth have a square appearance in lingual view ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB47FFC9FE82FAD569B5F5A0" box="[273,402,1392,1416]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[210,1374,146,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-7@7.[187,1386,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 6. Gaultia ragei comb. nov. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal.Left dentaries:IRSNB R 483 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth; C, dorsal; D, ventromedial and E, posterior views.IRSNB R 484 in F, lateral; G, medial H, dorsal; and I, ventromedial views.IRSNB R 485 in J, lateral with detail of teeth in dorsal; K, medial with detail of teeth in dorsomedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6B, J, K</figureCitation> +). The mesiodistal cutting edges are present (although less distinct than in the jaws of Glyptosauridae indet. from the French Early Eocene Cos locality; see: +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB47FFC9FD09FA1568D1F5C1" author="Cernansky A & Tabuce R & Vidalenc D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19088" refString="Cernansky A, Tabuce R, Vidalenc D. Anguimorph lizards from the lower Eocene (MP 10 - 11) of the Cos locality, Phosphorites du Quercy, France, and the early evolution of Glyptosaurinae in Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2023 b; 42: e 2211646." type="journal volume" year="2023"> +Čerňanský +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB47FFC9FF12FA6A6897F5C1" box="[129,176,1486,1510]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis> +2023b +</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 5). The apicobasal striations are well developed on the lingual side, being restricted on the tooth crown. The labial sides of the tooth crowns are more-or-less smooth. Note, however, that striations can be present on the labial side in some individual teeth, although such striae are not as pronounced as those on the lingual side. Nonetheless, it cannot be excluded that the smooth surface of most of the teeth is caused by poor preservation. In anterior or posterior view, the tooth necks are slightly swollen lingually. The tooth bases are pierced by small elliptical resorption pits. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB47FFC9FE08F8B869C8F710" blockId="10.[411,495,1821,1847]" box="[411,495,1821,1847]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB47FFC9FE08F8B869C8F710" box="[411,495,1821,1847]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB47FFC9FF12F8E16D24F143" blockId="10.[129,778,1860,1978]" lastBlockId="10.[823,1475,144,356]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +The Glyptosauridae described here from Dormaal, +<collectingCountry id="1E8B7673CB47FFC9FD20F8E16B2EF77B" box="[691,777,1860,1884]" name="Belgium" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Belgium</collectingCountry> +strongly resembles that of the earliest Eocene North American +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB47FFC9FF10F82669F5F7BC" authority="Smith, 2009" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="2009" box="[131,466,1923,1947]" class="Squamata" family="Anguidae" genus="Gaultia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvaticus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB47FFC9FF10F8266910F7BC" box="[131,311,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gaultia silvaticus</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB47FFC9FEDBF82669F5F7BC" author="Smith KT" box="[328,466,1923,1947]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="299 - 358" refId="ref22184" refString="Smith KT. A new lizard assemblage from the earliest Eocene (zone Wa 0) of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA: biogeography during the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2009; 7: 299 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477201909002752" type="journal article" year="2009">Smith, 2009</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +(biozone Wa-0, Willwood Formation in Wyoming; +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB47FFC9FE0AF8076A3FF79D" author="Smith KT" box="[409,536,1954,1978]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="299 - 358" refId="ref22184" refString="Smith KT. A new lizard assemblage from the earliest Eocene (zone Wa 0) of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA: biogeography during the warmest interval of the Cenozoic. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2009; 7: 299 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1477201909002752" type="journal article" year="2009">Smith 2009</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 18). Both share apomorphies (flatosteodermsandchevron-shapedosteoderms). Moreover, tubercles are arranged in anteromedially to posterolaterally oriented parallel rows, extending anteriorly from the centre; the dentitions of both American and European forms are also very similar. This is not surprising. In fact, half of the North American mammal taxa are close to Dormaal mammals ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB47FFC9FCD0FEE96C76F143" author="Gingerich PD & Smith T" box="[835,1105,332,356]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="245 - 302" refId="ref20588" refString="Gingerich PD, Smith T. Paleocene - Eocene land mammals from three new latest Clarkforkian and earliest Wasatchian wash sites at Polecat Bench in the Northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan 2006; 31: 245 - 302." type="journal article" year="2006">Gingerich and Smith 2006</bibRefCitation> +; see Discussion). +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +</treatment> +</document> \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB5CFFD0FED9F8E069A4F144.xml b/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB5CFFD0FED9F8E069A4F144.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d5166f1ba2c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB5CFFD0FED9F8E069A4F144.xml @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ +<document id="2B2BF8B8C2F3BDA5CB76F12375E18A74" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1726224922497" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Čerňanský, Andrej, Smith, Richard, Smith, Thierry & Folie, Annelise" docDate="2024" docId="EE3587F5CB5CFFD0FED9F8E069A4F144" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae082.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 201 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.6:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Anguimorpha" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="120CFF8DCB4DFFC3FF93FFA56827F027" masterDocTitle="Timing of intercontinental faunal migrations: Anguimorph lizards from the earliest Eocene (MP 7) of Dormaal, Belgium" masterLastPageNumber="25" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1726235519748" updateUser="valdenar"> +<mods:mods id="1784604971C080921F37834B38A6B8D8" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3"> +<mods:titleInfo id="78C2BC9F807B6C0CE80C38B4E2AB9724"> +<mods:title 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box="[330,480,1861,1887]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Anguimorpha</taxonomicName> +indet. +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="2E866568CB5CFFD2FEE1F8D36AAEF7E6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5CFFD2FEE1F8D369DDF7B7" blockId="17.[370,506,1910,1936]" box="[370,506,1910,1936]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FEE1F8D369DDF7B7" bold="true" box="[370,506,1910,1936]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5CFFD2FEEFF8D369D7F7B7" box="[380,496,1910,1936]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1235,1259]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-336@18.[129,1473,144,1210]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Anguimorpha indet.1 (A–F) and Squamata indet. (G–L) from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 501 in: A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral right; D, lateral left; E, anterior; and F, posterior views. Caudal vertebra IRSNB R 502 in G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, lateral right; J, lateral left; K, anterior; and L, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations) (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11A–F</figureCitation> +) +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5CFFD2FFE2F80C6AAEF7E6" blockId="17.[113,649,1961,1985]" box="[113,649,1961,1985]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FFE2F80C6906F7E6" box="[113,289,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Referred material:</emphasis> +IRSNB R 501, one dorsal vertebra. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="2E866568CB5CFFD1FCB9FF346A3DF5E3" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="materials_examined"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5CFFD2FCB9FF346C39F0C0" blockId="17.[810,1459,144,231]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +<materialsCitation id="D6F43CBECB5CFFD2FCB9FF346C3DF0C0" collectionCode="MP" country="Belgium" county="Eocene" location="Dormaal" municipality="Landen Group" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" specimenCode="MP 7" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FCB9FF346C1FF08F" box="[810,1080,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +<typeStatus id="B9278841CB5CFFD2FCB9FF346B7DF08F" box="[810,858,145,168]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Type</typeStatus> +locality and horizon: +</emphasis> +<location id="63436038CB5CFFD2FBD1FF356CB9F08F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EE3587F5CB5CFFD0FED9F8E069A4F144:63436038CB5CFFD2FBD1FF356CB9F08F" box="[1090,1182,144,168]" country="Belgium" county="Eocene" municipality="Landen Group" name="Dormaal" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Dormaal</location> +, +<location id="63436038CB5CFFD2FB3FFF356D7BF08F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EE3587F5CB5CFFD0FED9F8E069A4F144:63436038CB5CFFD2FB3FFF356D7BF08F" box="[1196,1372,144,168]" country="Belgium" county="Eocene" municipality="Landen Group" name="Flemish Brabant" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Flemish Brabant</location> +, eastern +<collectingCountry id="1E8B7673CB5CFFD2FCB9FF0A6BA5F0E0" box="[810,898,175,199]" name="Belgium" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Belgium</collectingCountry> +, +<location id="63436038CB5CFFD2FC18FF0A6C62F0E0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EE3587F5CB5CFFD0FED9F8E069A4F144:63436038CB5CFFD2FC18FF0A6C62F0E0" box="[907,1093,175,199]" country="Belgium" county="Eocene" municipality="Landen Group" name="Dormaal Member" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Dormaal Member</location> +, +<location id="63436038CB5CFFD2FBDCFF0A6D2BF0E0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EE3587F5CB5CFFD0FED9F8E069A4F144:63436038CB5CFFD2FBDCFF0A6D2BF0E0" box="[1103,1292,175,199]" country="Belgium" county="Eocene" municipality="Landen Group" name="Tienen Formation" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tienen Formation</location> +, +<collectingMunicipality id="8647AC99CB5CFFD2FA85FF0A6D88F0E0" box="[1302,1455,175,199]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Landen Group</collectingMunicipality> +, earliest +<collectingCounty id="8F424E6FCB5CFFD2FCEAFF6A6BE2F0C1" box="[889,965,207,230]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eocene</collectingCounty> +( +<specimenCode id="363A9E98CB5CFFD2FC42FF6A6C37F0C0" box="[977,1040,207,231]" collectionCode="MP" country="0" name="Mohonk Preserve, Inc." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MP 7</specimenCode> +) +</materialsCitation> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5CFFD2FBABFEA26C83F107" blockId="17.[1080,1188,263,288]" box="[1080,1188,263,288]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FBABFEA26C83F107" box="[1080,1188,263,288]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Description</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5CFFD2FCB9FE886D7BF66E" blockId="17.[809,1461,301,1609]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FCB9FE886BEFF162" box="[810,968,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Dorsal vertebra:</emphasis> +The single indeterminate anguimorphan dorsal vertebra in the sample ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5CFFD2FBBDFEE96C83F143" box="[1070,1188,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1235,1259]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-336@18.[129,1473,144,1210]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Anguimorpha indet.1 (A–F) and Squamata indet. (G–L) from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 501 in: A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral right; D, lateral left; E, anterior; and F, posterior views. Caudal vertebra IRSNB R 502 in G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, lateral right; J, lateral left; K, anterior; and L, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations) (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11A–F</figureCitation> +) is large—the maximum anteroposterior length of the centrum is +<quantity id="A1649B06CB5CFFD2FB72FECE6D16F1A4" box="[1249,1329,363,387]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="9.4">9.4 mm</quantity> +, whereas its maximum width is +<quantity id="A1649B06CB5CFFD2FC64FE2E6C11F185" box="[1015,1078,395,419]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity> +. The neural spine is low and robust. It starts to rise gradually, dorsally from slightly behind the anterior margin of the neural arch. This anterior portion of the spine is dorsally inclined in an angle of 37° from the horizontal. However, the dorsal margin of the neural spine is damaged. The neural canal is large and oval ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5CFFD2FB0DFD826D35F218" box="[1182,1298,551,575]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1235,1259]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-336@18.[129,1473,144,1210]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Anguimorpha indet.1 (A–F) and Squamata indet. (G–L) from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 501 in: A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral right; D, lateral left; E, anterior; and F, posterior views. Caudal vertebra IRSNB R 502 in G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, lateral right; J, lateral left; K, anterior; and L, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations) (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11E, F</figureCitation> +). The pre- and postzygapophyses are large, being oriented anterolaterally and posterolaterally in dorsal and ventral views ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5CFFD2FA9BFDC36DA5F25A" box="[1288,1410,614,638]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1235,1259]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-336@18.[129,1473,144,1210]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Anguimorpha indet.1 (A–F) and Squamata indet. (G–L) from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 501 in: A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral right; D, lateral left; E, anterior; and F, posterior views. Caudal vertebra IRSNB R 502 in G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, lateral right; J, lateral left; K, anterior; and L, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations) (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11A, B</figureCitation> +). In dorsal view, the prezygapophyses markedly overreach the anterior margin of the neural arch, which is located almost at the level of the posterior border of the prezygapophyseal articular surfaces. Due to the presence of this wide notch (pars tectiformis of the neural arch between prezygapophyses), the dorsal surface of the centrum, posterior to the cotyle, is exposed in this view. The mid-region of the neural arch is slightly expanded anteriorly, having a small medial notch. Posterolaterally from this region, a shallow but wide depression is present on the dorsolateral wall on both sides of the neural arch. These depressions form slopes running from the anterolateral side of the neural spine to the posterior end of the prezygapophyseal articular surfaces. In contrast, the other area of the neural arch has a slightly swollen appearance. In posterior view, the neural arch is moderately vaulted and its roof-like posterior portion rises dorsally to the posterior base of the neural spine and gradually connects it with the postzygapophyses ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5CFFD2FBB6FBDE6C58F4B4" box="[1061,1151,1147,1171]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1235,1259]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-336@18.[129,1473,144,1210]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Anguimorpha indet.1 (A–F) and Squamata indet. (G–L) from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 501 in: A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral right; D, lateral left; E, anterior; and F, posterior views. Caudal vertebra IRSNB R 502 in G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, lateral right; J, lateral left; K, anterior; and L, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations) (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11F</figureCitation> +). Synapophyses are present, being laterally expanded. Their ends, however, are more-or-less damaged. Both cotyle and condyle are strongly dorsoventrally depressed. In lateral view, the cotyle is slightly inclined—its ventral rim is located more posteriorly than the dorsal one. Thus, the small dorsal portion of the cotyle is clearly visible in ventral view. In the condyle, the articular surface is developed mainly on the dorsal side rather than on the ventral side. Thus, the condyle is only slightly exposed in ventral view. In ventral view, the centrum is anteriorly widened, being almost triangular ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5CFFD2FADEFA306D85F58A" box="[1357,1442,1429,1453]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1235,1259]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-336@18.[129,1473,144,1210]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Anguimorpha indet.1 (A–F) and Squamata indet. (G–L) from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 501 in: A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral right; D, lateral left; E, anterior; and F, posterior views. Caudal vertebra IRSNB R 502 in G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, lateral right; J, lateral left; K, anterior; and L, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations) (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 11B</figureCitation> +). The subcentral ridges are more-or-less straight, except at the condyle level, where a weak precondylar constriction is present (the width of the condyle is slightly larger than the width of the centrum immediately anterior to it). The small subcentral foramina are located in the anterior region of the centrum. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5CFFD2FBD7F9CC6CBFF6A4" blockId="17.[810,1461,1641,1985]" box="[1092,1176,1641,1667]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FBD7F9CC6CBFF6A4" box="[1092,1176,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5CFFD1FCB9F92A6A84F5AC" blockId="17.[810,1461,1641,1985]" lastBlockId="18.[129,777,1363,1419]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +Although the precondylar constriction might indicate the allocation of this dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 501, to +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FAA8F90A6DA4F6E1" baseAuthorityName="Rieppel and Grande" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[1339,1411,1711,1734]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FAA8F90A6DA4F6E1" box="[1339,1411,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Saniwa</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, the constriction is much more visible and forms a slightly more pronounced hook in +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FC72F94B6C8FF722" authorityName="Dollo" authorityYear="1923" box="[993,1192,1773,1797]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orsmaelensis"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FC72F94B6C8FF722" box="[993,1192,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Saniwa orsmaelensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +from Dormaal (see: +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5CFFD2FAECF9486BB2F702" author="Auge M & Folie A & Smith R" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="511 - 29" refId="ref18234" refString="Auge M, Folie A, Smith R et al. Revision of the oldest varanid, Saniwa orsmaelensis Dollo, 1923, from the earliest Eocene of northwest Europe. In: Folie A, Buffetaut E, Bardet N, Houssaye A, Gheerbrant E, Laurin M (eds), Palaeobiology and palaeobiogeography of amphibians and reptiles: a homage to Jean-Claude Rage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2022; 21: 511 - 29." type="journal article" year="2022"> +Augé +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FCB9F8A86B7CF702" box="[810,859,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis> +2022 +</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 5C, F, I). However, the intracolumnar variation of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FCD7F8896BABF764" baseAuthorityName="Rieppel and Grande" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[836,908,1836,1859]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FCD7F8896BABF764" box="[836,908,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Saniwa</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is unknown. The vertebra IRSNB R 501 is a posterior presacral and in some varanids, these are also wide but not to the extent as seen in +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5CFFD2FB95F8CE6C6BF7A5" baseAuthorityName="Rieppel and Grande" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[1030,1100,1899,1922]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5CFFD2FB95F8CE6C6BF7A5" box="[1030,1100,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Saniwa</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, as we can see in IRSNB R 501. A pseudozygosphene and pseudozygantrum are absent and the postzygapophyses are laterally expanded, which would indicate an attribution to Glyptosauridae (plausibly to ‘melanosaurines’ rather than glyptosaurines; see: Georgalis +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5FFFD1FDB8FAD66A7DF5AD" box="[555,602,1394,1418]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis> +2021). +</paragraph> +<caption id="32E3666BCB5FFFD1FF13FB766CCDF504" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[128,193,1235,1259]" targetBox="[132,1470,147,1207]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5FFFD1FF13FB766D84F4CC" blockId="18.[128,1462,1235,1315]" box="[128,1443,1235,1259]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5FFFD1FF13FB7668C3F4CC" bold="true" box="[128,228,1235,1259]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 11.</emphasis> +Anguimorpha indet. 1 (A–F) and +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5FFFD1FDBAFB766AA1F4CC" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[553,646,1235,1259]" class="Squamata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Squamata</taxonomicName> +indet. (G–L) from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 501 in: +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5FFFD1FF12FB4A6CCDF504" blockId="18.[128,1462,1235,1315]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral right; D, lateral left; E, anterior; and F, posterior views. Caudal vertebra IRSNB R 502 in G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, lateral right; J, lateral left; K, anterior; and L, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations) (all micro-CT visualizations).</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5FFFD1FEFCFA0F6A3DF5E3" blockId="18.[367,538,1450,1476]" box="[367,538,1450,1476]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5FFFD1FEFCFA0F6A3DF5E3" bold="true" box="[367,538,1450,1476]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5FFFD1FEFCFA0F69FFF5E3" authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[367,472,1450,1476]" class="Squamata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Squamata</taxonomicName> +indet. +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="2E866568CB5FFFD0FEECFA7E69A4F144" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description"> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5FFFD1FEECFA7E6A2BF5D2" blockId="18.[383,524,1499,1525]" box="[383,524,1499,1525]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5FFFD1FEECFA7E6A2BF5D2" bold="true" box="[383,524,1499,1525]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5FFFD1FE1AFA7E6A27F5D2" box="[393,512,1499,1525]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1235,1259]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-336@18.[129,1473,144,1210]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Anguimorpha indet.1 (A–F) and Squamata indet. (G–L) from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 501 in: A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral right; D, lateral left; E, anterior; and F, posterior views. Caudal vertebra IRSNB R 502 in G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, lateral right; J, lateral left; K, anterior; and L, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations) (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11G–L</figureCitation> +) +</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5FFFD1FF12F9B96ABBF613" blockId="18.[129,668,1564,1588]" box="[129,668,1564,1588]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5FFFD1FF12F9B96917F613" box="[129,304,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Referred material:</emphasis> +IRSNB R 502, one caudal vertebra. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5FFFD1FF12F9F06953F68B" blockId="18.[129,777,1621,1708]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5FFFD1FF12F9F0694FF64A" box="[129,360,1621,1645]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Locality and horizon:</emphasis> +Dormaal, Flemish Brabant, eastern +<collectingCountry id="1E8B7673CB5FFFD1FF12F9D168FEF6AB" box="[129,217,1652,1676]" name="Belgium" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Belgium</collectingCountry> +, Dormaal Member, Tienen Formation, Landen Group, earliest Eocene (MP 7). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5FFFD1FE1CF96269DCF6C7" blockId="18.[399,507,1735,1760]" box="[399,507,1735,1760]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5FFFD1FE1CF96269DCF6C7" box="[399,507,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5FFFD1FF12F9486CBAF683" blockId="18.[128,778,1773,1985]" lastBlockId="18.[825,1475,1363,1700]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5FFFD1FF12F9486903F722" box="[129,292,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Caudal vertebra:</emphasis> +Only one caudal vertebra, IRSNB R 502, is preserved ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5FFFD1FF46F8A9696CF703" box="[213,331,1804,1828]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1235,1259]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-336@18.[129,1473,144,1210]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Anguimorpha indet.1 (A–F) and Squamata indet. (G–L) from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 501 in: A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral right; D, lateral left; E, anterior; and F, posterior views. Caudal vertebra IRSNB R 502 in G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, lateral right; J, lateral left; K, anterior; and L, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations) (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11G–L</figureCitation> +). It is large, with the maximum anteroposterior length of the centrum being +<quantity id="A1649B06CB5FFFD1FE4FF8896A10F764" box="[476,567,1836,1860]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.41" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="14.1">14.1 mm</quantity> +(taking into account its damaged condyle, the real length was slightly larger). The vertebra is extremely elongated and rather slender. The neural spine is reduced to a tiny crest on the neural arch and diminishes posteriorly. Anterior to this, approximately in the mid-portion of the vertebra, a large apophysis is located on the dorsal side of the neural arch ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5FFFD1FB96FAD76C47F5AD" box="[1029,1120,1394,1418]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1235,1259]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-336@18.[129,1473,144,1210]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Anguimorpha indet.1 (A–F) and Squamata indet. (G–L) from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 501 in: A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral right; D, lateral left; E, anterior; and F, posterior views. Caudal vertebra IRSNB R 502 in G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, lateral right; J, lateral left; K, anterior; and L, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations) (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11G</figureCitation> +). In lateral view, it seems to form a triangular structure, but its dorsal portion is, however, broken off ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5FFFD1FCFAFA146BF6F5EE" box="[873,977,1457,1481]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1235,1259]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-336@18.[129,1473,144,1210]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Anguimorpha indet.1 (A–F) and Squamata indet. (G–L) from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 501 in: A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral right; D, lateral left; E, anterior; and F, posterior views. Caudal vertebra IRSNB R 502 in G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, lateral right; J, lateral left; K, anterior; and L, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations) (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11I, J</figureCitation> +). Both prezygapophyses are broken off. In anterior and posterior views, the neural canal is small ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5FFFD1FAD1FA756D96F5CF" box="[1346,1457,1488,1512]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1235,1259]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-336@18.[129,1473,144,1210]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Anguimorpha indet.1 (A–F) and Squamata indet. (G–L) from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 501 in: A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral right; D, lateral left; E, anterior; and F, posterior views. Caudal vertebra IRSNB R 502 in G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, lateral right; J, lateral left; K, anterior; and L, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations) (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11K, L</figureCitation> +). Only the right postzygapophysis is preserved. Its articular surface faces lateroventrally, with the pronounced dorsal inclination. The long centrum is laterally compressed, bearing a fossa on each side. Thus, the ventral portion has an hour-glass shape in ventral view ( +<figureCitation id="FEA72A66CB5FFFD1FC70F9C86C18F6A2" box="[995,1087,1645,1669]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1235,1259]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,147,1207]" captionTargetId="figure-336@18.[129,1473,144,1210]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Anguimorpha indet.1 (A–F) and Squamata indet. (G–L) from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 501 in: A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, lateral right; D, lateral left; E, anterior; and F, posterior views. Caudal vertebra IRSNB R 502 in G, dorsal; H, ventral; I, lateral right; J, lateral left; K, anterior; and L, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations) (all micro-CT visualizations)." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11H</figureCitation> +). The condyle is damaged, whereas a rounded cotyle is partly preserved. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5FFFD1FBC0F9616C80F6F9" blockId="18.[825,1475,1732,1982]" box="[1107,1191,1732,1758]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5FFFD1FBC0F9616C80F6F9" box="[1107,1191,1732,1758]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Remarks</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="662336E3CB5FFFD0FCAAF94F69A4F144" blockId="18.[825,1475,1732,1982]" lastBlockId="19.[113,762,144,356]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +Isolated caudal vertebrae are usually difficult to confidently identify. The vertebra has no sign of a fracture plane, which helps in assigning it to a varanoid lizard. The tail of +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5FFFD1FA9BF88C6D8EF766" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1870" box="[1288,1449,1833,1857]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ensidens"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5FFFD1FA9BF88C6D8EF766" box="[1288,1449,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Saniwa ensidens</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is markedly long (68% of the total length of the specimen; see: +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5FFFD1FCAAF8CD6C74F7A7" author="Rieppel O & Grande L" box="[825,1107,1896,1920]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="643 - 65" refId="ref22025" refString="Rieppel O, Grande L. The anatomy of the fossil varanid lizard Saniwa ensidens Leidy, 1870, based on a newly discovered complete skeleton. Journal of Paleontology 2007; 81: 643 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / pleo 0022 - 3360 (2007) 081 [0643: taotfv] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Rieppel and Grande 2007</bibRefCitation> +). Extremely elongated and rather slender caudal vertebrae are present in the distal section of the tail. However, at present no vertebra so distal has been described yet for +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5EFFD0FF57FF3569A8F08F" authorityName="Dollo" authorityYear="1923" box="[196,399,144,168]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orsmaelensis"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5EFFD0FF57FF3569A8F08F" box="[196,399,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Saniwa orsmaelensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. The origin of this vertebra from the caudal region is supported by the reduction of the neural spine and dorsal inclination of postzygapophyses ( +<bibRefCitation id="020D4B12CB5EFFD0FDEEFF6A68DEF121" author="Rieppel O & Grande L" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="643 - 65" refId="ref22025" refString="Rieppel O, Grande L. The anatomy of the fossil varanid lizard Saniwa ensidens Leidy, 1870, based on a newly discovered complete skeleton. Journal of Paleontology 2007; 81: 643 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / pleo 0022 - 3360 (2007) 081 [0643: taotfv] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Rieppel and Grande 2007</bibRefCitation> +). Its large size indicates that it belonged to a large lizard. Thus, +<taxonomicName id="A19C4D60CB5EFFD0FF6BFEAB6967F102" baseAuthorityName="Rieppel and Grande" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[248,320,270,293]" class="Reptilia" family="Varanidae" genus="Saniwa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="54E8EAF1CB5EFFD0FF6BFEAB6967F102" box="[248,320,270,293]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Saniwa</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +might be a good candidate. However, caution is needed, and we have decided to allocate this vertebra only as non-ophidian squamate. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +</treatment> +</document> \ No newline at end of file