diff --git a/data/03/81/87/038187876440FFCE1BD2FF44FCC175BC.xml b/data/03/81/87/038187876440FFCE1BD2FF44FCC175BC.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..46bf76d0e63 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/038187876440FFCE1BD2FF44FCC175BC.xml @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + +Heteractis aurora (Quoy & Gaimard, 1883) +( +Figure 4 +; +Figure S2 +) + + + + + +Heteractis aurora +, commonly referred to as the “beaded anemone”, is a highly distinctive clownfish-hosting species and sole member of the family +Heteractidae +( +Figure 4 +, +Figure S2 +). Tentacles ( +50-60 mm +in length) often have characteristic swellings at regular intervals along the tentacle and take on a resulting “beaded” appearance that make this species impossible to misidentify in the field when present ( +Figure 4A, B, D +). The base body and tentacle color of this species is often variable whites/browns/beiges but can take on purplish or greenish hues as well ( +Figure 4 +, +Figure S2 +). This is a small to medium sized host anemone, with a broadly flared oral disc (up to +300 mm +in diameter) that lays flat or undulating over sandy or rubbly substrate ( +Figure 4 +, +Figure S2 +). Tentacles sparse, leaving oral disc and mouth highly visible. Oral disc can take on a “zebra” stripe pattern similar to that of +Radianthus doreensis +. Verrucae on the column of this species are lighter in color than the surrounding column and extend from the oral disc downward to mid-column ( +Figure 4C +). Verrucae often hold debris such as sand, shell, or other loose rubble ( +Figure 4C +). The lower column, typically obscured by sediment is often red or orange. + + +Although the beaded tentacle morphology is diagnostic and not shared by any other host anemone species, some individuals have partially or lightly beaded tentacles, making field identifications difficult in some cases. In some individuals, only the marginal (outer) tentacles are beaded while inner tentacles (those closer to the month) may only be striped with horizontal lines ( +Figure 4E +). In other cases, the “beads” may only occur on one side of the tentacle, or may take on a more swollen bulging appearance rather than well-defined beads ( +Figure 4E +, +Figure S2E +). These partially beaded individuals are particularly common in the Red Sea and other parts of the Indian Ocean, with the exception of the +Maldives +which harbor individuals with well-defined beads. Individuals with partially or lightly beaded tentacles can easily be misidentified as +Radianthus crispa +or +Radianthus doreensis +due to similar microhabitats. +Radianthus crispa +typically has longer tentacles than +H. aurora +and harbors verrucae that are similarly colored to the surrounding column, while +R. doreensis +also has longer tentacles but these form spiral patterns. + + +The geographic range of +H. aurora +is extensive, from the Northern Red Sea throughout the Indian Ocean, and into the Central Pacific to the +Marshall Islands +and +Fiji +( +Figure 5 +). This species is a sand/rubble dwelling anemone that occupies sand pockets in coral reef habitats, or occupies sand flats adjacent to reefs. It is only known to reproduce sexually and does not form large aggregations. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/038187876444FFCA1BD2FF0CFA4777F6.xml b/data/03/81/87/038187876444FFCA1BD2FF0CFA4777F6.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..fab4b7b148f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/038187876444FFCA1BD2FF0CFA4777F6.xml @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + +Dichotomous +Key for Field Identification + + + + + + + + +1 - Two tentacle +types +: outer tentacles bulbous, forming a thick, distinct band around the entire circumference of the anemone resembling a pizza crust. Inner tentacles branched +Cryptodendrum adhaesivum +( +Table 2 +) + + + + +- All tentacles of same +type +but might be of different shapes and lengths........................................... 2 + + + + + +2(1) - Verrucae (wart-like blotches) present and conspicuous on column underneath oral disc.............................. 3 + + +- Verrucae inconspicuous or absent on column underneath oral disc.............................................. 4 + + + + + +3(2) - Tentacles heavily beaded, diagnostic for this species. Tentacles in some individuals are variable in shape, with some tentacles smoother or less beaded. Some individuals can have beaded outer tentacles and smoother inner tentacles.............................................................................................. +Heteractis aurora +( +Table 2 +) + + + +- Tentacles not beaded................................................................................... 6 + + + + + +4(2) - Tentacles are short (< +2 cm +), rounded, and densely packed. Enlarged exocoelic tentacles protrude from the fringe of the oral disc and are diagnostic. Column and pedal disc buried deeply in sandy substrate and not visible. Oral disc lies flat on sandy substrate.................................................................. +Stichodactyla haddoni +( +Table 2 +) + + + + +- Tentacles elongate (> +2 cm +), rounded, and densely packed. Exocoelic tentacles indistinguishable from endocoelic tentacles. Column not buried in sandy substrate. Oral disc does not lie flat on sandy substrate................................. 5 + + + + + + +5(4) Verrucae absent. Column smooth, with thin body wall. Tentacles may have characteristic “bubble-tips” or be elongate and digitiform. Pedal disc attached to hard substrate, typically deep in crevices in the reef. When disturbed, animal retracts rapidly and completely into reef rockwork.............................................. +Entacmaea quadricolor +( +Table 2 +) + + + + +- Verrucae on distal (upper) portion of column but not prominent. Verrucae non-adhesive, same color or darker as column, forming longitudinal rows. Body wall thick. Column and pedal disc fully visible. The only host anemone with visible pedal disc. Anemone perched prominently on hard substrate. Cannot retract completely into reef. Instead retracts into a large “ball” leaving only a small tuft of tentacles visible. Typically, the most conspicuous species in fore reef habitats; large body size, up to +1 m +in oral disc diameter.................................................... +Radianthus magnifica +( +Table 2 +) + + + + + +6(3) - Verrucae adhesive, the same color as the surrounding column.................................................. 7 + + +- Verrucae non-adhesive, significantly lighter, or different in color, than the surrounding column........................ 8 + + + + + +7(6) - Tentacles long (> +2 cm +) and thinly tapered............................................ +Radianthus crispa +( +Table 2 +) + + + + +- Tentacles short (< +2 cm +), stubby, of unequal shape and length when animal is not disturbed..... +Radianthus malu +( +Table 2 +) + + + + + + +8(6) - Pedal disc and column burrowed deeply in sandy substrate. Verrucae are light in color and contrast sharply against a darker gray/brown column. Tentacles are long and often form corkscrew spirals................ +Radianthus doreensis +( +Table 2 +) + + + +- Pedal disc attached directly to hard reef substrate. Verrucae not white. Tentacles do not form corkscrew spirals........... 9 + + + + + +9(8) - Tentacles around the mouth often longer than peripheral tentacles. Tentacles rounded, adhesive but will not easily rip off or detach. Verrucae pigmented and contrast highly with tan or gray column; verrucae extend to pedal disc. Oral disc diameter can exceed + +1 m +. + +Found attached to, and often draped directly over, hard reef substrate in fore reef environments. Typically found in water depths exceeding + +5 m +. + +.................................................. +Stichodactyla mertensii +( +Table 2 +) + + + + +- All tentacles the same size. Tentacles taper towards the tips taking on a slightly pointed appearance. Tentacles extremely sticky to the touch and easily rip off. Verrucae are typically a lighter color than surrounding column and do not extend to pedal disc. Oral disc deeply folded. Typically found in shallow water (≤ +2 m +)..................... +Stichodactyla gigantea +( +Table 2 +) + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/038187876444FFCC1BD2F8B1FB9475D8.xml b/data/03/81/87/038187876444FFCC1BD2F8B1FB9475D8.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c67782e801f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/038187876444FFCC1BD2F8B1FB9475D8.xml @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + +Entacmaea quadricolor +(Leuckart in +Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828 +) ( +Figure 2 +; +Figure S1 +) + + + + + +The bubble-tip sea anemone +Entacmaea quadricolor +is among the most iconic and phenotypically variable clownfish-hosting sea anemone species in terms of color, pattern, tentacle morphology, and growth patterns ( +Figure 2 +; +Figure S1 +). This species gets its common name from the characteristic bulbous swellings that commonly form at, or near, the tentacle tips. When bulbs are present, this species is easy to identify underwater. However, tentacle shape is highly variable both intra-specifically and even intra-individually. It is not uncommon to encounter individuals whose tentacles are simultaneously bulbed and digitiform (smooth, not-bulbed, uniformly shaped; +Figure 2A +), completely bulbous ( +Figure 2B, C, D +), or completely digitiform and long (up to +100 mm +; +Figure 2E +). Tentacle tips, as a rule, are blunt ended. Tentacle color is typically brown/tan or green ( +Figure 2 +A-D) but can also be bright red or orange ( +Figure 2E +). Tentacle tips are frequently purple/magenta. Tentacle patterns are variable. Some tentacles take on a dull matte appearance ( +Figure 2A +; +Figure S1D +), but can also be striated ( +Figure 2C +), translucent ( +Figure S1A, C +), speckled ( +Figure S1A, C +), or some combination thereof. In many individuals the equator of the bulb is a mottled white pattern ( +Figure 2 +; +Figure S1 +). Tentacles are densely packed, typically obscuring the oral disc and mouth. Verrucae are absent on the column +E. quadricolor +( +Figure S1C +). Column color is usually bright red or magenta. The column and pedal disc are not typically visible and burrowed deep in a crevice or hole in the reef. The body wall is thin and tentacles tear easily. + + + + +FIGURE 2. Representative images of the bubble-tip sea anemone +Entacmaea quadricolor +encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Wide angle photograph of large solitary individual highlighting typical microhabitat requirements for the species. Note the tentacles are both bulbous and digitiform within this individual (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Dense aggregation of hundreds of small clonal sea anemones growing among a shallow branching stony coral serving as hosts to a colony of +Amphiprion melanopus +(Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Macro photograph of characteristic bubble tips. Note the striated pattern of the tentacle (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). D) Individual anemone with all tentacles exhibiting characteristic bulbous tentacle morphology (Fares-Maathodaa, Maldives). E) Red solitary individual with long digitiform tentacles hosting (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith, Benjamin M. Titus, and Scott Johnson. + + + + +Entacmaea quadricolor +exhibits two primary growth patterns and can be found as either large (up to +400 mm +in oral disc diameter) solitary individuals ( +Figure 2A +) or clonal aggregations of smaller individuals. Depending on habitat and geography, clonal aggregations can be comprised of small clusters of medium-sized individuals (typically 2-6 anemones per cluster), or dense aggregations of small individuals that can form extensive fields of anemones (dozens to hundreds of individuals; +Figure 2B +). This latter growth form is typically found in the Coral Triangle to Central Pacific Ocean in shallow habitats where anemones grow on tops of reefs or among the branches of shallow stony corals ( +Figure 2A +). Both shallow aggregations and large solitary individuals can be found on the same reefs and typically segregate by depth, with the large solitary individuals occurring in deeper water. Regardless of growth form, +E. quadricolor +requires hard stable substrate and is never found with its pedal disc and column burrowed in the sand. This species generally requires calm habitats with low wave exposure. When disturbed, +E. quadricolor +can disappear fully from view by withdrawing into the reef structure. + + +The geographic range of this species is broad, ranging from the very Northern Red Sea, throughout the Indian Ocean, Coral Triangle, and into the Central Pacific reaching the +Marshall Islands +but not East to +French Polynesia +( +Figure 3 +). High-latitude populations of this species are also common, nearly reaching temperate habitats in the Japanese Archipelago to the North, as well as marginal reef habitats in +Australia +(Solitary Islands) and +South Africa +. This is among the most common host anemones encountered throughout its range and almost always is found in association with clownfishes. However, in marginal reef habitats in high latitudes it is not uncommon for this species to be found without fish symbionts, particularly the small clonal populations. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/03818787644AFFC41BD2FF0CFE917504.xml b/data/03/81/87/03818787644AFFC41BD2FF0CFE917504.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..49284cf1bce --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/03818787644AFFC41BD2FF0CFE917504.xml @@ -0,0 +1,206 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + +Family +Stichodactylidae Andres, 1883 + + + + + +Dunn (1981) +circumscribed Andres’ (1883) family +Stichodactylidae +to include only members of genera +Stichodactyla +and +Heteractis +. Following the reinstatement of family +Heteractidae +, + +England +(1988) + +resurrected the genus +Radianthus +for the remaining members of the genus +Heteractis +that do not have macrobasic amastigophores in several regions of the body. However, recent molecular work recovered members of +Thalassianthidae +and +R. magnifica +nesting within +Stichodactyla +(e.g. +Titus et al. 2019 +) rendering +Stichodactylidae +in its current circumscription paraphyletic. Rearrangement of the familial and generic circumscriptions and membership of +Stichodactylidae +and +Thalassianthidae +are anticipated, following a comprehensive revision of the group. + + + + +Included Taxa + + + +Radianthus crispa (Hemprich & +Ehrenberg, 1834 +) + + + +Formerly +Heteractis crispa +; + +England +(1988) + +moved this species into the genus +Radianthus +. + + +Radianthus doreensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1883) + + +Formerly +Macrodactyla doreensis +; + +Yap +et al. (2023) + +moved this species into genus +Heteractis +but did not acknowledge +England’s (1988) +changes. + + +Radianthus magnifica (Quoy & Gaimard, 1883) + + +Formerly +Heteractis magnifica +; + +England +(1988) + +moved this species into the genus +Radianthus +. + + + +Radianthus malu ( +Haddon & Shackleton, 1893 +) + + + +Formerly +Heteractis malu +; + +England +(1988) + +moved this species into the genus +Radianthus +. + + + +Stichodactyla haddoni ( +Saville-Kent, 1893 +) + + +No changes (see note below) * + +Stichodactyla gigantea (Forskal, 1775) + +No changes (see note below) * + + +Stichodactyla mertensii +Brandt, 1835 + + +No changes + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/03818787644AFFC51BD2FB54FAC371AC.xml b/data/03/81/87/03818787644AFFC51BD2FB54FAC371AC.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c79a577f5e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/03818787644AFFC51BD2FB54FAC371AC.xml @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + +Notes on +Stichodactyla haddoni +& +Stichodactyla gigantea + + + + + +Among the most complicated nomenclatural problems to arise among the clownfish-hosting sea anemones is the one that involves the species that have long been recognized by +Dunn (1981) +and the broader community as + +S. haddoni ( +Saville-Kent, 1893 +) + +and + +S. gigantea ( +Forsskål, 1775 +) + +. Recently, +Bennett-Smith et al. (2021) +demonstrated that what +Dunn (1981) +recognized as +S. gigantea +does not occur in the Red Sea, nor in the broader Indian Ocean West of the Bay of Bengal. Their conclusion was that the species currently recognized as +S. gigantea +has never occurred in the Red Sea, and thus, +Dunn (1981) +had misattributed +Forsskål’s 1775 +description of +Priapus giganteus +to the wrong clownfish-hosting sea anemone species. +Bennett-Smith et al. (2021) +document two clownfish-hosting species from the Red Sea in the genus +Stichodactyla +: +S. haddoni +and +S. mertensii +. Unfortunately, as +Dunn (1981) +and +Bennett-Smith et al. (2021) +both noted, Forsskål’s description is not diagnostic and the +type +specimen has not been found. +Dunn (1981) +ultimately elevated Forsskål as the authority of the species she recognizes as +S. gigantea +based on Forsskål’s comment on the extreme adhesiveness of the tentacles. Both +S. haddoni +and +S. mertensii +have adhesive tentacles where they co-occur in the Red Sea and combined with the lack of diagnostic description from Forsskål, the name +S. gigantea +could equally be applied to either species. + + +Further complicating matters is Dunn’s nomenclature for these three taxa in the genus +Stichodactyla +have been consistently applied in the scientific community for over 30 years, and +S. haddoni +is an especially popular animal in the ornamental aquarium trade. Swapping and synonymizing species names for two animals that have long been recognized as clownfish-hosting sea anemones does not foster nomenclatural stability and will likely serve to further the long-standing confusion surrounding the taxonomy and identification of these anemones in the literature and among aquarium trade hobbyists. As such, we have petitioned the ICZN to retain +Dunn’s (1981) +usage for + +S. haddoni ( +Saville-Kent, 1893 +) + +and + +S. gigantea ( +Forsskål, 1775 +) + +(Rodríguez et al. in press: case 3885). This will maintain nomenclatural stability at the species level while minimizing the number of species-level name changes among these close relatives until a thorough revision of morphological and genomic data is completed. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/03818787644BFFC51BD2FEBDFE91708C.xml b/data/03/81/87/03818787644BFFC51BD2FEBDFE91708C.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..74080bb1a2a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/03818787644BFFC51BD2FEBDFE91708C.xml @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + +Family +Thalassianthidae Milne Edwards, 1857 + + + +Included Taxa + + + + + +Cryptodendrum adhaesivum +Klunzinger, 1877 + + +No changes + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/03818787644DFFC31BD2FA8DFACA76C0.xml b/data/03/81/87/03818787644DFFC31BD2FA8DFACA76C0.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3d3be0f1f5f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/03818787644DFFC31BD2FA8DFACA76C0.xml @@ -0,0 +1,153 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + +Family +Heteractidae Andres, 1883 + + + + + + +England +(1988) + +formally reinstated and modified the diagnosis of the family +Heteractidae +to include new data about members of the genus +Heteractis +and its +type +species, +H. aurora (Quoy & Gaimard, 1883) +, which become monotypic.He left the remaining members formerly belonging to the genus +Heteractis +in the family +Stichodactylidae +, moving them to the resurrected genus +Radianthus Kwietnewski, 1896 +( +R. crispa +, +R. magnifica +, +R. malu +) ( + +England +, 1988 + +). +Heteractis +and +Radianthus +are differentiated by the presence of macrobasic amastigophore nematocysts (= p -mastigophores A with looped tubule according to cnidae terminology in Gusmão et al. 2018) in +H. aurora +that are absent in species of +Radianthus +. Because the former +Macrodactyla doreensis +( +Heteractis doreensis +after +Yap et al. 2023 +) does not have macrobasic p -amastigophores (ER unpubl. data), this species is referred to the genus +Radianthus +(as +R. doreensis +) until phylogenetic relationships of former members of +Heteractis +are clarified. + + + + +Included Taxa + + +Heteractis aurora (Quoy & Gaimard, 1883) + + +Differentiated from other members formerly in the genus +Heteractis +by the presence of macrobasic amastigophores in several regions of the body. Although molecular data do not differentiate +H. aurora +from members formerly in the genus ( +Titus et al. 2019 +; +Yap et al. 2023 +), we follow + +England +(1988) + +until further revision is available. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/03818787644DFFC31BD2FE09FCB275BC.xml b/data/03/81/87/03818787644DFFC31BD2FE09FCB275BC.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f9307550aed --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/03818787644DFFC31BD2FE09FCB275BC.xml @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + +Family +Actiniidae Rafinesque, 1815 + + + + + +In the revisionary work by + +England +(1987) + +, the clownfish-hosting species +Entacmaea quadricolor +was moved from family +Actiniidae +to the +Stichodactylidae +based on the presence of a +type +of cnidae (microbasic amastigophores) in the column, tentacles, or both regions in members of +Stichodactylidae +but not in those of +Actiniidae +. However, despite +England’s (1987) +claims, this +type +of cnidae is also present in the column and/or tentacles of other species within +Actiniidae +(e.g. +Isoaulactinia +, +Phialoba +, see +Barragán et al. 2019 +) and thus this feature does not differentiate these families. This fact, together with recent molecular results that do not support a close relationship between +E. quadricolor +and members of +Stichodactylidae +( +Titus et al. 2019 +; Yap et al. 2021, 2023), we consider +E. quadricolor +within family +Actiniidae +until a comprehensive revision of the group is available. + + +The other fish-hosting taxon included within +Actiniidae +was the former +Macrodactyla doorensis +, which +Fautin (2016) +returned to the genus + +Condylactis +Duchassaing de Fombressin & Michelotti, 1864 + +because the generic name +Macrodactyla Haddon, 1898 +had been claimed to be a junior homonym of a coleopteran genus and thus unavailable for use in sea anemones ( +Fautin 2016 +, +Neave 1940 +). However, + +Yap +et al. (2023) + +clarified that the name +Macrodactyla +is not a junior homonym of a coleopteran genus and it can be retained as a genus name for sea anemones. In addition, + +Yap +et al. (2023) + +showed that former +M. doreensis +is not closely related to the +type +species of +Macrodactyla +but nested within other species of +Heteractis +and created a new combination name for this species, +Heteractis doreensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1883) +, based on molecular data. + + + + +Included Taxa + + +Entacmaea quadricolor +(Leuckart in +Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828 +) + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/038187876453FFDD1BD2FC7CFC7B76D3.xml b/data/03/81/87/038187876453FFDD1BD2FC7CFC7B76D3.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f3a3fe086d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/038187876453FFDD1BD2FC7CFC7B76D3.xml @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + + +Cryptodendrum adhaesivum ( +Klunzinger, 1877 +) + +( +Figure 20 +; +Figure S10 +) + + + + + +Among the most spectacularly colored and morphologically distinct host anemones, +Cryptodendrum adhaesivum +is hard to misidentify in the field and the only host anemone within the family +Thalassianthidae +( +Figure 20 +; +Figure S10 +). Commonly referred to as the “pizza anemone” or “adhesive anemone” +C. adhaesivum +bears multiple tentacle +types +that are highly adhesive ( +Figure 20B +). The outer marginal tentacles are densely packed and bulbous, and contrast strongly with the inner tentacles which are slender and may branch into five or more projections, giving the anemone an appearance that resembles a pizza with a thick crust ( +Figure 20 +; +Figure S10 +). Marginal and inner tentacles may be uniformly colored or highly contrasting in color. Immediately adjacent to the bulbous marginal tentacles are a row of branched nematospheres (spherical modified tentacles co-located with exocoelic tentacles at the oral disc margin; +Figure 20B +) that attach directly to the oral disc and give the anemone a frilly appearance when exposed. Verrucae are present, non-adhesive, and form longitudinal rows on upper column. Verrucae color is variable and can range from red, purple, or orange that may contrast highly with the column. Oral disc is usually flat and round when expanded ( +Figure 20A +), reaching up to +600 mm +in diameter, but may also be wavy when wedged into crevices in the reef ( +Figure 20C and D +). + + +Cryptodendrum adhaesivum +has a broad geographic distribution and is known to occur from the Red Sea, continental Africa in the Western Indian Ocean, throughout the Coral Triangle, North to +Japan +, and as far east in the South Pacific as the Marquesas (but not making it to Hawaii; +Figure 21 +). This species has a broad depth range and can be found in near-intertidal rocky reef habitats to depths of at least + +25 m +. + +On reefs, +C. adhaesivum +always attaches its pedal disc deep within hard stable substrate and is commonly found wedged in boulder fields. The column is never exposed. When disturbed, +C. adhaesivum +will retract rapidly into crevices and holes in the reef. This species has the most rapid contraction of any host anemone species and will completely disappear into the reef matrix. + + +This species is thought to sexually reproduce only and does not form aggregations of individuals on reefs. Although one of ten documented clownfish hosting anemones, it does not host fish in much of its range and has only ever been documented in association with Clark’s anemonefish +Amphiprion clarki +( +Figure S10 +). In the far western and eastern edges of its range, including the Red Sea, Western Indian Ocean, +French Polynesia +, and +Marshall Islands +, this species has never been documented hosting clownfishes. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/038187876455FFDB1BD2FC06FB8B77D5.xml b/data/03/81/87/038187876455FFDB1BD2FC06FB8B77D5.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e5018d98699 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/038187876455FFDB1BD2FC06FB8B77D5.xml @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + + +Stichodactyla mertensii +Brandt, 1835 + +( +Figure 18 +; +Figure S9 +) + + + + + +Merten’s carpet anemone, +Stichodactyla mertensii +, is among the largest sea anemone species in the world (clownfish-host or otherwise), regularly reaching oral disc diameters of one meter ( +Figure 18 +; +Figure S9 +). +Stichodactyla mertensii +has tentacles that are variable in length, with the inner tentacles around the mouth considerably longer ( +50-80 mm +) than marginal ones ( +6-12 mm +; +Figure 18C +). This difference in tentacle morphology is unique among the carpet anemones and serves as one diagnostic character that can be used to differentiate +S. mertensii +from +S. haddoni +or +S. gigantea +. Regardless of length, all tentacles are digitiform and otherwise alike ( +Figure 18B +). Tentacles are less densely packed than +S. haddoni +, leaving the oral disc more exposed in some individuals. Tentacle color is almost exclusively browns and greens. Endocoelic tentacles can form radial striping patterns as in +S. haddoni +( +Figure 18E +). The column is typically pale in color and contains bright and highly contrasting verrucae in longitudinal rows that are orange, red, and purple. Spots that are similarly colored to the verrucae extend the entire length of the column; this is unique among the carpet anemone host species ( +Figure S9B +). + + +This species is the only carpet anemone to be found draped prominently over hard substrate on fore reef environments ( +Figure 18 +; +Figure S9 +). It attaches its column deeply into crevices in the reef substrate ( +Figure S9B +). Weak column musculature prohibits the anemone from fully retracting. The combination of longer tentacles around the mouth, reddish non-adhesive verrucae, and hard reef microhabitat form three important characters for identifying this species in the field. + + +Geographically, this species is widespread throughout the Indo-West Pacific. It ranges from the Northern Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Coral Triangle, and into the Central Pacific at least to the +Marshall Islands +( +Figure 19 +). It is found north into the Japanese Archipelago, south to +Australia +and +Mozambique +Channel. Its range in the South Pacific appears to stop at +Tonga +and does not extend to the Cook Island or +French Polynesia +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/038187876457FFD91BD2FC06FB4D7619.xml b/data/03/81/87/038187876457FFD91BD2FC06FB4D7619.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..de72210a5de --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/038187876457FFD91BD2FC06FB4D7619.xml @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + + +Stichodactyla haddoni ( +Saville-Kent, 1893 +) + +( +Figure 16 +; +Figure S8 +) + + + + + +Haddon’s carpet anemone, +Stichodactyla haddoni +, is a sand dwelling species and the most heavily collected carpet sea anemone in the ornamental aquarium trade ( +Figure 16 +; +Figure S8 +). Although not small (potentially reaching up to +800 mm +in oral disc diameter), the overall body size of this species is smaller than the other clownfish-hosting species in the genus +Stichodactyla +, making them more suited for home aquaria than their congenrs. The tentacles of this species are short, rounded, and globular in shape. They are also densely packed, leaving little of the oral disc visible. Endocoelic tentacles are often white, giving the anemone a radially striped pattern ( +Figure 16 +A-E). This pattern is common in +S. haddoni +, but also seen occasionally in +S. mertensii +and thus should not be used as a diagnostic character for this species. The most important diagnostic character for +S. haddoni +is the enlarged exocoelic tentacles that protrude from the margin of oral disc ( +Figure 16A +). These tentacles are typically 2-3 times longer in total length than endocoelic tentacles. Tentacle color is typically various shades of dull green, tan, and brown, but can also be bright red, blue, or green ( +Figure 16 +; +Figure S8 +). The brightest individuals are typically targeted by the aquarium trade. + + +The oral disc of this species is flared widely and often lays flat over the surrounding sandy substrate ( +Figure 16 +; +Figure S8 +). This species can also form deep folds in the oral disc similar to +S. gigantea +, but in general, the oral disc of +S. haddoni +is much more circular in shape than those of any other carpet anemone species ( +Figure 16 +; +Figure S8 +). The column of +S. haddoni +is smooth, typically pale, and lacks the conspicuous verrucae seen in other carpet anemones ( +Figure 16B +; +Figure S8B, E +). The combination of enlarged exocoelic tentacles and lack of conspicuous verrucae are the two most important characters for identifying +S. haddoni +in the field. As a sand-dwelling species, the column and pedal disc are burrowed deeply in the sediment and typically obscured from view ( +Figure 16 +; +Figure S8 +). Upon disturbance, this species can retract entirely into the sand. +Stichodactyla haddoni +is often found on calm sand flats and seagrass beds away from fore reef habitats, at depth rangin from + +0.5- +30 m + +. This species is only found as solitary anemones (it does not form aggregations) and it is expected to sexually reproduce only. + + +Stichodactyla haddoni +is widespread throughout the Indo-West Pacific, and ranges from the Red Sea, throughout the Indian ocean, Coral Triangle, and into the Central Pacific at least to the +Marshall Islands +( +Figure 17 +). This species extends north to the Japanese Archipelago, and south to +Australia +and +South Africa +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/038187876459FFD71BD2FC3BFE15761B.xml b/data/03/81/87/038187876459FFD71BD2FC3BFE15761B.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..76c064f2ed3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/038187876459FFD71BD2FC3BFE15761B.xml @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + + +Stichodactyla gigantea ( +Forsskål, 1775 +) + +( +Figure 14 +; +Figure S7 +) + + + + + +Contrary to its name, the “giant carpet” anemone +Stichodactyla gigantea +is not the largest clownfish-hosting anemone species, and not even the largest of the “carpet” anemones in the genus +Stichodactyla +. Although largebodied, this species rarely reaches +500 mm +in oral disc diameter and is generally exceeded in size by +S. mertensii +and +R. magnifica +. This species is characterized by a deeply folded oral disc, which is covered by densely packed tentacles. Tentacles are typically short ( +10-20 mm +in length), thin, and taper to a blunt point ( +Figure 14 +, +Figure S7 +). The tapered tentacle tips represent one important diagnostic character to differentiate +S. gigantea +from +S. haddoni +, +S. mertensii +, and +R. magnifica +. The density and thickness of the tentacles give the anemone a “furry” appearance like a shag carpet. Tentacle color is typically tan but can also be tipped with purple or blue. Some individuals are a vibrant blue or violet color ( +Figure 14B +). Tentacles are most densely packed surrounding the margin of the oral disc, and typically stop just shy of the mouth ( +Figure 14A +; +Figure S7D +). Tentacles are extremely sticky to the touch and will tear off easily, some always twitching even in calm waters. The column is usually short and can contrast in color with the tentacles. Column color typically ranges from tan to yellow to pink but can also take on brownishgreen hues. Longitudinal rows of verrucae occupy the upper portion of the column only, and contrast in color from the surrounding column ( +Figure 14C +). Verrucae are not strongly adherent and do not hold debris. Verrucae color is typically blue, maroon, or purple. The pedal disc and lower portion of column are typically obscured from view and burrowed in sand pockets or reef crevices. + + +This species occupies calm, shallow-water habitats and may become exposed at low tides. It occupies both sandy and rocky microhabitats. Molecular evidence suggests this species is capable of asexual reproduction (Gatis 2014). Among the three species of clownfish-hosting sea anemones in the genus +Stichodactyla +, +S. gigantea +can be easily differentiated from +S. mertensii +and +S. haddoni +by its tapered tentacle tips, more deeply folded/wavy oral disc, and shallow-water habitat. + + +Geographically, this species ranges from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Eastern Indian Ocean, throughout the Coral Triangle, Northern +Australia +, +Taiwan +and Southern Japanese Archipelago, and as far east as +New Caledonia +and +Vanuatu +in the South Pacific and +Micronesia +in the North Pacific ( +Figure 15 +). It does not reach +Fiji +or the +Marshall Islands +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/03818787645BFFD51BD2FC03FD1B7791.xml b/data/03/81/87/03818787645BFFD51BD2FC03FD1B7791.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3895d017ac7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/03818787645BFFD51BD2FC03FD1B7791.xml @@ -0,0 +1,144 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + + +Radianthus malu ( +Haddon & Shackleton, 1893 +) + +( +Figure 12 +; +Figure S6 +) + + + + + +The +“malu +” or “delicate” sea anemone, +Radianthus malu +, is the least well-known clownfish-hosting sea anemone species. Individuals are generally small, but can reach +200mm +in oral disc diameter, and are characterized by stubby irregularly shaped tentacles ( +Figure 12 +; +Figure S6 +). In general, tentacles are short (rarely exceeding +40mm +in length) and bulbous, leading to a bluntly rounded tentacle tip. However, in some individuals, the bulbous swelling occurs lower on the tentacle leaving the tentacle tip to taper to a point ( +Figure 12D +). As in +R. magnifica +, the tentacles often have a bright purple dot in the center of their bulbous tips ( +Figure 12 +A-C) but the tip can also be various shades of green ( +Figure 12E +). Typical body and tentacle color for this species ranges from tan/cream to green and purple. Tentacles are typically sparse, leaving the oral disc visible in most individuals ( +Figure 12B, E +). The oral disc is often radially striped ( +Figure 12B, E +). Verrucae are present and form longitudinal rows on the upper portion of the column. Verrucae are strongly adhesive and often hold debris and sediment ( +Figure 12C +). The lower portion of the column and pedal disc are buried in sediment and obscured from view. + + +This species occupies sand pockets in or adjacent to reefs as well as other calm sandy habitats. When disturbed, +R. malu +will retract completely into the sand. The reproductive mode for +R. malu +is thought to be sexual only. Individuals are typically found as solitary anemones but can be found adjacent to other anemones on occasion. This species is not always found hosting clownfishes, but when they do, they typically host juvenile fish. In life, this species can look like a cross between +Entacmaea quadricolor +and +R. crispa +and thus it is possible to confuse the three when making identifications in the field. Unlike +E. quadricolor +, +R. malu +has verrucae, and unlike +R. crispa +, the tentacles are stubby and sparse on the oral disc. + + +The geographic range of +R. malu +is centered in the Coral Triangle and extends South to +Australia +, North to +Japan +and West to the Southern Red Sea ( +Figure 13 +). However, this species does occur east to the +Marshall Islands +and all the way to the Hawaiian Islands where it does not host clownfish. This is the only clownfish-hosting sea anemone species to make it as far east as Hawaii. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/03818787645CFFD31BD2FDB9FA8C70D4.xml b/data/03/81/87/03818787645CFFD31BD2FDB9FA8C70D4.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c1ae49cc8e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/03818787645CFFD31BD2FDB9FA8C70D4.xml @@ -0,0 +1,154 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + +Radianthus doreensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1883) +( +Figure 8 +; +Figure S4 +) + + + + + +Radianthus doreensis +, formerly in the genus +Macrodactyla +, is highly variable in terms of tentacle and oral disc color and pattern ( +Figure 8 +; +Figure S4 +). It is commonly referred to as the “corkscrew anemone” or “long-tentacled anemone” in reference to the long (> +150 mm +), tapering tentacles that often curl or form spiral patterns ( +Figure 8A, B +; +Figure S4 +). The body and tentacle color of this species is often various shades of brown, yellow/white, or purple. Tentacles can be uniformly colored but are often longitudinally striped ( +Figure 8D, E +). Tentacles are often sparse, but not always, leaving the oral disc highly visible ( +Figure 8E +). The broad oral disc, up to +500 mm +diameter in the largest individuals, typically lies flat on the surrounding sand or rubble and takes on a similar pattern to the tentacles. Individuals with longitudinally striped tentacles will also have highly striped oral discs, superficially resembling radially arranged zebra stripes ( +Figure 8 +; +Figure S4C, E +). Individuals without longitudinally striped tentacles will not display heavily striped oral discs ( +Figure 8A +). Prominent, light-colored verrucae form longitudinal rows on the upper portion of the column, and contrast in color from the surrounding column, which is typically a purplish-gray or brown ( +Figure 8C +; +Figure S4 +). The light-colored verrucae are non-adhesive and are the most distinct feature in life that can be used for field identification. Verrucae are absent on the lower portion of the column which is typically bright orange and obscured from view by being burrowed deeply in the sediment. + + + + +Radianthus doreensis +has a geographic range that is poorly resolved, likely due to this species being understudied ( +Figure 9 +). It is documented from +Australia +, through the Coral Triangle, and North to +Japan +, as far east as the +Marshall Islands +in the Central Pacific. +Dunn (1981) +lists the Red Sea as part of its native range, but this has not been confirmed through recent major surveys in the region ( +Bennett-Smith et al. 2021 +), and it has not been observed in the Indian Ocean outside of Western Australia. + + + +FIGURE 9. Confirmed geographic range of +Radianthus doreensis +in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry). + + + +Radianthus doreensis +is a sand/rubble dwelling species that occupies sand pockets in coral reef habitats or occupies sand flats adjacent to reefs. It is only known to reproduce sexually and does not form large aggregations. The geographic range, habitat, tentacle shape and color, orange base, and non-adhesive verrucae that contrast highly with surrounding column are also features partially shared by other clownfish hosting species such as +R. crispa +, +R. malu +, and +Heteractis aurora +. Thus, in the field this species can be easy to misidentify. +Radianthus crispa +has s long tentacles that can also curl or spiral but have adhesive verrucae that are the same color as the surrounding column. +Radianthus malu +also has orange bases/pedal discs, but does not have long curling tentacles. +Heteractis aurora +has white verrucae that contrast with a grayish column, but has beaded or semi-beaded tentacles that do not curl. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/03818787645DFFD31BD2FE65FAE0770C.xml b/data/03/81/87/03818787645DFFD31BD2FE65FAE0770C.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..dd25f86b1b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/03818787645DFFD31BD2FE65FAE0770C.xml @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + +Radianthus magnifica (Quoy & Gaimard, 1883) +( +Figure 10 +; +Figure S5 +) + + + + + +The magnificent sea anemone +Radianthus magnifica +, formerly in the genus +Heteractis +, is one of the most iconic and heavily photographed clownfish-hosting sea anemones due to its prominent microhabitat, colorful and fully visible column, and a body size which can reach up to +1 m +in oral disc diameter ( +Figure 10 +; +Figure S5 +). In older literature and especially in the ornamental aquarium trade, this species is often colloquially referred to as the “Ritteri” sea anemone. The tentacles of this species are distinctive, all alike, densely packed, digitiform but some might be split at the tip (Y-shaped), elongate (up to +100 mm +), or bluntly rounded ( +Figure 10C +). Often a small dot is present in the center of the blunt tentacle tip ( +Figure 10C +). Tentacles are typically tan, brown, or shade of green, but can also take on various shades of purple and have brightly colored tips ( +Figure 10 +). Tentacles contrast sharply with a brightly colored column, which is typically visible and vibrant shades of purple/magenta, red, and orange ( +Figure 10A, B +), but can also be tan or brown and the same color as the tentacles ( +Figure S5B +). Verrucae are present in longitudinal rows on the upper portion of the column only, are inconspicuous, and of the same color as the surrounding column. Verrucae typically do not hold debris. + + +This species occupies prominent positions on coral reef habitats, attaching its pedal disc directly to hard substrate. This is the only species that regularly has both its column and pedal disc fully exposed and visible ( +Figure 10A, B +; +Figure 5B +). Due to its conspicuous placement on fore reef habitats, this species of anemone is the most encountered host anemone by SCUBA divers, and thus, the most heavily photographed. When disturbed, or possibly after capturing prey, +R. magnifica +will curl up into a distinctive ball, leaving only a small tuft of tentacles exposed ( +Figure 10B +). In high wave energy environments +R. magnifica +often has a fully flared oral disc, which can obscure both the column and pedal disc ( +Figure 10D, E +). Although this species occupies prominent positions, requires hard stable substrate, and is often common on fore reefs, +R. magnifica +is something of a habitat generalist in that it will also be common on calm patch reefs and even occurs on extremely shallow reef flats at less than +1m +depth ( +Figure S5B, D, E +). The shallowest individuals do not always host clownfishes ( +Figure S5B, D, E +). +Radianthus magnifica +reproduces both sexually and asexually. It can thus be found as a solitary individual or in extensive clonal aggregations of dozens to hundreds of individuals ( +Figure 10 +; +Figure S5 +). + + +Geographically, +R. magnifica +is widespread, ranging from the Northern Red Sea (but not in the Gulf of Aqaba), throughout the Indian Ocean, Coral Triangle, and the Central Pacific where it occurs at least as far east as +French Polynesia +(Moorea, Tahiti, and Tuomotu Archipelago) and the Line Islands ( +Figure 11 +). This species appears to require fully tropical waters and does not extend into high-latitude subtropical waters in the Japanese Archipelago or +Australia +. Interestingly, this species also appears to be absent from the Gulf of Aden, Gulf of +Oman +, and Persian/ Arabian Gulf, and much of the Arabian Sea within the Northern stretches of the Indian Ocean ( +Figure 11 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/81/87/03818787645EFFD21BD2FF44FC2470A8.xml b/data/03/81/87/03818787645EFFD21BD2FF44FC2470A8.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..10eff77042a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/81/87/03818787645EFFD21BD2FF44FC2470A8.xml @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ + + + +The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide. + + + +Author + +Titus, Benjamin M. +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Bennett-Smith, Morgan F. +Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215 + + + +Author + +Chiodo, Tommaso +Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528 + + + +Author + +Rodríguez, Estefanía +Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +1 +34 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1 +1175-5326 +13745824 +AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8 + + + + + + +Radianthus crispa (Hemprich & +Ehrenberg, 1834 +) + +( +Figure 6 +; +Figure S3 +) + + + + + +The leathery sea anemone, +Radianthus crispa +( +Figure 6 +; +Figure S3 +), was originally described from the Red Sea. This species gets its common name from its thick body wall, which gives the animal a tough leathery texture. The tentacles in this species are all alike, elongate (up to +200 mm +), tapering gradually to a pointed tip ( +Figure 6A +; +Figure S3 +). Tentacles are numerous (up to +800 in +the largest individuals) and can be densely packed in some individuals. Tentacles frequently curl, yet only slightly, and not to the same degree as in +R. doreensis +( +Figure 6C & E +, +Figure S3A, C +). The body and tentacle color of this species range from white and light purple to tan/brown or yellow and may take on a matte appearance ( +Figure 6 +; +Figure S3 +). Some individuals are bright pink/magenta, and it is not uncommon to encounter individuals with pink-tipped tentacles ( +Figure 6B +; +Figure S3C, E +). Tentacle patterns vary, but generally have a mottled ( +Figure S3A, B, E +), lightly striped ( +Figure 6E +), or speckled appearance ( +Figure S3B +). The column of +R. crispa +is typically white/gray/tan in color and dotted with conspicuous raised verrucae which form longitudinal rows and are the same color as the column ( +Figure 6D +). Verrucae are strongly adherent to the surrounding substrate and regularly hold debris, shells, and other sediment that can be seen when the oral disc is folded back. + + +A morphological and microhabitat shift seems to occur in this species between Indian and Pacific Ocean populations, and although this is not unilateral across all individuals, it is noticeable. Generally, +R. crispa +in the Indian Ocean occupy sand pocket microhabitats that are found adjacent to hard reef substrate and have the pedal disc and column burrowed deeply in the sand ( +Figure 6C, E +; +Figure S3A, B +). Indian Ocean specimens of +R. crispa +are typically found in calm patch reef or marginal reef habitats. In contrast, Pacific Ocean individuals more commonly occupy hard substrata directly in fore reef habitats and are more commonly found competing for space with stony corals ( +Figure 6A, B +; +Figure S3C, D +). Indian Ocean members of +R. crispa +have tentacles that are fewer in number and less densely packed than those from the Pacific, and are smaller in their body size and maximum oral disc diameter. Finally, Pacific Ocean members of +R. crispa +are more colorful in general, often have pink tentacle tips, and are more likely to take on body colors with pinks and yellows whereas Indian Ocean +R. crispa +are typically tan or brown ( +Figure 6 +; +Figure S3 +). + + + +FIGURE 7. Confirmed geographic range of +Radianthus crispa +in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry). + + + + +FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone +Radianthus doreensis +encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson. + + + +Geographically, +R. crispa +is the most widespread host anemone species, ranging from the Northern Red Sea throughout the entire Indian Ocean, Coral Triangle, and extending East all the way to +French Polynesia +( +Figure 7 +). Like +E. quadricolor +, +R. crispa +extends into high latitudes, nearly reaching temperate habitats in the Japanese Archipelago to the North, as well as marginal reef habitats in +Australia +(Solitary Islands) and +South Africa +.Although this anemone forms associations with nearly as many clownfish species as +E. quadricolor +, in our experience, it is found without clownfish symbionts more frequently than +E. quadricolor +. Solitary individuals that do not host fishes are common in the Red Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula. This species regularly hosts juvenile rather than adult clownfishes. It is not known to reproduce asexually and does not form extensive aggregations, but it is not uncommon to find this species adjacent to other clownfish-hosting anemones. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/C1/9E/03C19E3EFF1E2A6C4CC3F606FCAB6456.xml b/data/03/C1/9E/03C19E3EFF1E2A6C4CC3F606FCAB6456.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4d8c7ebebb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/C1/9E/03C19E3EFF1E2A6C4CC3F606FCAB6456.xml @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ + + + +First record of Hornylia nalanda from India (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) + + + +Author + +Boyane, Swapnil S. +Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore 560064, India & Current address: Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, Texas, USA + + + +Author + +Ranjith, A. P. +0000-0001-7061-9659 +Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur Post, Bangalore 560064, India +ridhuranjith@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Ghate, Hemant V. +Post-Graduate Research Centre, Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science & Commerce (Autonomous), Shivajinagar, Pune 411005, India + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +104 +112 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.6 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.6 +1175-5326 +13746598 +6AC60E48-93CF-4C0C-AC23-7873E005799B + + + + + +Genus + +Hornylia +Wygodzinsky, 1966 + + + + + + + + + +Hornylia +Wygodzinsky, 1966: 494 + + +(type-species + +Hornylia nalanda +Wygodzinsky, 1966 + +, by original designation. + + + + +Hornylia +: + +Maldonado Capriles (1990: 131) + +; + +Chen et al. (2020: 106) + +; + +Castro-Huertas et al. (2018: 92 + +, + +2020: 12 + +). + + + + + +The genus has been adequately described by +Wygodzinsky (1966) +and +Chen et al. (2020) +; the distribution of the two species currently known in the genus is shown in +Fig. 1 +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/C3/D0/03C3D052CA72F51304939DAC69C2F950.xml b/data/03/C3/D0/03C3D052CA72F51304939DAC69C2F950.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a27113d622d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/C3/D0/03C3D052CA72F51304939DAC69C2F950.xml @@ -0,0 +1,326 @@ + + + +Taxonomy of Japanese Gonatopus (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), with description of a new species + + + +Author + +Mita, Toshiharu + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +113 +121 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.7 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.7 +1175-5326 +13746638 +A4ACB633-69CD-4551-8EF9-36F6AC8EF8C2 + + + + + + +Key to the females of + +Gonatopus + +in +Japan + + + + + + +(modified from +Mita & Olmi, 2013 +) + + + + + + +1. Enlarged claw with one small subapical tooth.............................................................. 2 + + +- Enlarged claw with one large subapical tooth............................................................... 3 + + + + +2. Pronotum rounded, not crossed by transverse impression (Group 6)............................................ 11 + + +- Pronotum crossed by transverse impression (Group 7)........................................................ 5 + + + + +3. Palpal formula 6/3 (Group 4).......................................................................... 12 + + +- Palpal formula different, at least labial palpus with two palpomeres............................................. 4 + + + + +4. Palpal formula 2–4/2 (Group 2)........................................................................ 13 + + +- Palpal formula 5/2 (Group 10)......................................................................... 17 + + + + + +5. Metapectal-propodeal complex mostly granulated, at most faintly striated on propodeal declivity; T1 of proleg longer, at least 1.5 × T4............................................................................. + +G. yasumatsui +Olmi + + + + +- Metapectal-propodeal complex distinctly striated by transversal carinae, with or without granules on surface between carinae; and/or T1 of proleg shorter, at most 1.2 × T4............................................................... 6 + + + + + +6. Metapectal-propodeal complex distinctly granulated and with transversal carinae; chela with inner margin of T5 bearing two rows of lamellae on distal half; body black........................................... + +G. javanus +(R.C.L. Perkins) + + + + +- Metapectal-propodeal complex transversely striated, with or without granules; chela with inner margin of T5 of foreleg bearing one or two rows of lamellae entirely; body color variable, at least head or part of mesosoma testaceous to reddish........ 7 + + + + +7. Meso-metapleural suture absent.......................................................................... 8 + + +- Meso-metapleural suture distinctly present................................................................. 9 + + + + + +8. Mesothorax distinctly slender; mesosoma bi-colored........................................ + +G. schenklingi +Strand + + + + + +- Mesothorax not slender; mesosoma brown with dark spots................................. + +G. adelphos +Mita & Olmi + + + + + + + +9. Mesoscutum flat, not producing; lateral pointed apophysis absent.............................. + +G. clavipes +(Thunberg) + + + + +- Mesoscutum producing; lateral pointed apophysis developed................................................. 10 + + + + + +10. Mesopleuron and anterior part of metapectal-propodeal complex striate with surface between carinae granulate; very large species ( +5.8–7.2mm +)...................................................... + +G. gigantostratiotes +Mita + +, + +nom. nov. + + + + + +- Mesopleuron and anterior part of metapectal-propodeal complex smooth, not striate; not very large species ( +2.5–5.4 mm +)........................................................................... + +G. hishimonovolus +Xu & He, 1997 + + + + + + + +11. Chela with inner margin of T5 bearing one row of lamellae on distal half........................ + +G. pedestris +(Dalman) + + + + + +- Chela with inner margin of T5 bearing 1–2 rows of lamellae entirely...................... + +G. andoi +(Esaki & Hashimoto) + + + + + + + +12. Meso-metapleural suture distinct; mesopleuron and metapectal-propodeal complex smooth, not striate except propodeal declivity................................................................. + +G. tambiniae +(Esaki & Hashimoto) + + + + + +- Meso-metapleural suture absent; mesopleuron and metapectal-propodeal complex largely striate except metapectal-propodeal disc.............................................................................. + +G. tagoi +Mita + +, + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +13. Temple developed.................................................................................... 14 + + +- Temple absent...................................................................................... 16 + + + + + +14. Metanotum longer, more than twice as long as mesoscutellum.......................... + +G. nigricans +(R.C.L. Perkins) + + + + +- Metanotum shorter, at most as long as mesoscutellum....................................................... 15 + + + + + +15. Mesopleuron and metathorax strongly striate; species found in rice paddy............. + +G. flavifemur +(Esaki & Hashimoto) + + + + + +- Mesopleuron and metathorax weakly striate; species found in grassland.......................... + +G. camelinus +Kieffer + + + + + + + +16. Metanotum smooth, excluding posterior margin of mesoscutellum sculptured by short longitudinal keels; meso-metapleural suture absent; metapectal-propodeal disc without longitudinal furrow............................. + +G. malesiae +(Olmi) + + + + + +- Metanotum transversely striated; meso-metapleural suture obsolete, but present; metapectal-propodeal disc with longitudinal furrow............................................................................................................................................................................. + +G. lankae +(Ponomarenko) + + + + + + + +17. Mesoscutum longitudinally carinate; metanotal region more steep............................. + +G. formicicolus +(Kiffer) + + + + + +- Mesoscutum smooth excluding pair of longitudinal carinae on lateral margins; metanotal region less steep. + +G. asiaticus +(Olmi) + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/C3/D0/03C3D052CA76F51704939A5C6FF7FA4C.xml b/data/03/C3/D0/03C3D052CA76F51704939A5C6FF7FA4C.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7e8d153db9a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/C3/D0/03C3D052CA76F51704939A5C6FF7FA4C.xml @@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ + + + +Taxonomy of Japanese Gonatopus (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), with description of a new species + + + +Author + +Mita, Toshiharu + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +113 +121 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.7 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.7 +1175-5326 +13746638 +A4ACB633-69CD-4551-8EF9-36F6AC8EF8C2 + + + + + + +Group 4, + +Gonatopus tagoi + +, +new species + + + + + + +( +Figs 1–4 +, +10 +) + + + +FIGURES 1–4. + +Gonatopus tagoi + + +sp. nov. + +(holotype female). 1, habitus; 2, head; 3, mesosoma, dorsal view; 4, mesosoma, lateral view. Scales = 0.5 mm (head), 1.0 mm (others). + + + +Description. + +Holotype +female + +. Apterous. Head ( +Fig. 2 +) excavated, 0.47× longer than wide; frons smooth with ocellar triangle sculptured; inner orbit of eye and vertex granulated; frontal line complete; malar space smooth; gena smooth; OL = 3.5; POL = 1.5; OOL = 9.0; maximum diameter of anterior ocellus 1.0; occipital carina absent; antennae distally thickened; each antennomere showing following ratio: 9.5: 6.5: 21.0: 13.0: 10.0: 9.0: 7.5: 7.5: 6.5; 10.0. Palpal formula 6/3. Pronotum ( +Figs 1, 3, 4 +) 1.1× longer than wide, smooth; anterior transverse groove and strong transverse impression present. Mesoscutum rugose, not granulated; lateral pointed apophyses absent; mesoscutellum smooth, almost flat in lateral view; mesopleuron transversely striate and granules; sides of mesopleuron almost flat ( +Fig. 3 +); meso-metapleural suture absent, but indicated among keels. Metanotal region roughly sculptured, flat in lateral view; metapectal-propodeal complex striate, partly granulate except anterodorsal surface smooth. Protarsomeres showing following ratio: 92: 18: 24: 104: 150: T1 0.88× T4; T3 producing into one hook; chela ( +Fig. 10 +) with T5 bearing two rows of 17 + 18 lamellae, one separated lamellae; apex of T5 bearing approximately 25 lamellae; enlarged claw with one large subapical tooth and one row of 12 lamellae. Tibial spurs1/0/1. + + +Color +. Head black except anterior part of frons, malar spaces, and clypeus testaceous, genae brown; mandibles testaceous with reddish brown teeth; antenna brownish black excluding scape, pedicel, basal margin of F1 testaceous, apex of F8 brown; pronotum light brown, with surface around transverse impression darkened; propleuron dorsally black, ventrally dark brown; mesoscutum testaceous; mesoscutellum, mesopleuron, metapectal-propodeal complex black; legs mostly yellowish brown but profemur, protibia and basitarsus brownish; metasoma brown except petiole black. + + +Measurements (in mm) +. Head 0.57 long, 1.22 wide; antenna 2.72; mesosoma 2.43; procoxa 0.90; protrochanter 0.67; profemora 1.38; protibia; 1.27; T5 0.75; total body length 4.70. + + +Male. +Unknown. + + +Specimens examined. + +Holotype +: +♀ +,“JPN, +Saitama Pref. +, +Misato-shi +, dry riverbed of Edo-gawa Riv., + +25. VII. 2004 + +, +T +. +Tago +leg.” ( +ELKU +). + + + + + +Distribution. +Japan +(Honshu). + + + + +Hosts. +Unknown. + + + + +Etymology. +The species name is derived from Toshihiro Tago, the collector of the +holotype +. + + + + +Remarks. +The new species is classified to + +Gonatopus +species + +group 4 because the +holotype +is apterous female with following characters: palpal formula 6/3; pronotum crossed by a strong transverse impression; enlarged claw with lamellae and one large apical tooth. Compared to the Palaearctic and Oriental species of group 4, there are no closely related species to the new species. According to the key (Eastern Palaearctic: +Olmi & Xu 2015 +; Oriental: + +Xu +et al. +2013 + +), it can be compared to + +G. gobiensis +(Ponomarenko, 1979) + +(usually testaceous species with meso-metapleural suture distinct and producing mesoscutellum), + +G. asiae +Olmi, 1984 + +(testaceous species with lateral pointed protrusion of mesoscutum and distinct meso-metapleural suture) or + +G. insulae +Olmi, 1984 + +(testaceous species with sides of mesopleuron distinctly rounded). However, it is clearly differentiated by the bicolored body, the inclined mesoscutellum, the flat metanotum, the flat mesopleuron and the laterally fully costate but longitudinal carinae and furrow missing on metapectal-propodeal disc. The +holotype +was collected by net-sweeping from the grassland on the dry riverbed of the Edo-gawa River, Central Honshu. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/CD/44/03CD4478FFC4EA6E239BFF3BFE7C016C.xml b/data/03/CD/44/03CD4478FFC4EA6E239BFF3BFE7C016C.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1058f4d08ad --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/CD/44/03CD4478FFC4EA6E239BFF3BFE7C016C.xml @@ -0,0 +1,775 @@ + + + +A new species of narrow-banded Cyrtodactylus (Gekkonidae) from northern New Guinea + + + +Author + +Oliver, Paul M. +Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Brisbane, Queensland, 4121, and Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia + + + +Author + +Boothroyd, Nicholas +Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Brisbane, Queensland, 4121, and Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia + + + +Author + +Tjaturadi, Burhan +Center for Environmental Studies, Sanata Dharma University (CESSDU), Yogyakarta, Indonesia + + + +Author + +Riyanto, Awal +Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Widyasatwaloka Building, Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, West Java 16911, Indonesia + + + +Author + +Iskandar, Djoko T. +School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Terknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132 and Basic Sciences Commision, Indonesian Academy of Sciences, Jakarta, 10110. Indonesia + + + +Author + +Richards, Stephen J. +South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +79 +92 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.4 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.4 +1175-5326 +13746580 +3D0C6788-BED3-4D4C-A0CB-0558B647A410 + + + + + +Cyrtodactylus mamberamo +sp. nov. + + + + + +Mamberamo Basin Bent-toed Gecko + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +F9F01B5C-5DA6-4C79-BE0E-7524A15761C3 + + + +Figs. 1–3 +, +4A–B + + + + +Cyrtodactylus sp. +‘Mamberamo’ +Tallowin et al. 2018 +; +Grismer et al. 2021a + + + + + +Holotype +.— +MZB +lace 5312 (field number +SJR 9807 +), adult male, foothills of +Foja Mountains +, +Kaliwiri Camp +, +Kwerba village +, +Mamberamo Tengah district +, +Mamberamo Raya +regency ( +2.6411°S +, +138.4152°E +; + + +100 m + +. + +a.s.l.), +Papua Province +, +Indonesia +, collected by +Stephen Richards +and +Burhan Tjaturadi +on + +17 November 2005 + +. + + + + +FIGURE 2. Holotype of +Cyrtodactylus mamberamo +sp. nov. +(MZB lace 5312) in preservative: (A) dorsal and (B) ventral view. Scale bar = 10 mm. Photograph by Peter Waddington. + + + + +FIGURE 3. Type material of +Cyrtodactylus mamberamo +sp. nov. +showing variation in colour pattern, from left to right: MZB lace 5312 (holotype), MZB lace 5439, SAMA R62646, MZB lace 5343, SAMA R62645, MZB lace 5437. Scale bar = 10mm. + + + + +Paratypes +.—(n = 6). +MZB +lace 5343 (field number +SJR9789 +), female, same locality and collector details as holotype, collected on + +16 November 2005 + + +; + +MZB +lace 5439 ( +SJR6085 +), adult male, foothills of +Foja Mountains +( +2.3705°S +, +138.2126°E +; ~ + + +500 m + +. + +a.s.l,), +Papua Province +, +Indonesia +, collected by +Stephen Richards +and +Burhan Tjaturadi +on + +18 July 2004 + + +; + +MZB +lace 5437 ( +SJR6032 +), adult male, +Marina Valen Village +( +2.3902°S +, +138.1957°E +; + + +350 m + +. + +a.s.l,), +Papua Province +, +Indonesia +, collected by +Burhan Tjaturadi +on + +15 July 2004 + + +; + +SAMA +R62645 +( +JCU5669 +), female, +Furu Camp +approximately + +3 km +SE Dabra + +, +Mamberamo Basin +, +Papua Province +( +3.2844°S +, +138.6361°E +; + +90 m +a.s.l. + +), Papua Province, +Indonesia +, collected by +Stephen Richards +, +Burhan Tjaturadi +and +Djoko Iskandar +on + +2 September 2000 + + +; + +SAMA +R62646 +( +SJR +[ +JCUNQ5610 +]) adult female, +Yongsu +, +Cyclops Mountains +( +2.4383°S +, +140.5145°E +; 0 m a.s.l.), +Papua Province +, +Indonesia +, collected by +Stephen Richards +, +Burhan Tjaturadi +and +Djoko Iskandar +on + +25 August 2000 + + +; + +AMS +R130352 +( +FE250 +), adult male, +Wilbeite Village +( +3.416°S +, +142.116°E +; ~ + +870 m +a.s.l. + +), +West Sepik Province +, +Papua New Guinea +, collected by +T +. +Flannery +on + +6 November 1988 + + +. + + + +FIGURE 4. Images-in-life of +Cyrtodactylus mamberamo +sp. nov. +(A–B) and +C. mimikanus +(C–D), all specimens were photographed in Indonesia: A) MZB lace 5343 (SJR9807) (paratype) Kwerba Village; B) MZB lace 5437 +Marina Valen Village +; and C) and D) +Cyrtodactylus mimikanus +from Kuala Kencana (4.3990°S, 136.9390°E), Timika area. All photographs by Stephen Richards. + + + +Referred Material.—(n = 18). + +BNHM 1938.6 +.6.70, +Sabron +, +Cyclops Mountains +, +Papua Province +, +Indonesia + +; + +CAS 89683 +, +Lake Sentani +, +Papua Province +, +Indonesia + +; + +ZMA +. +RENA +.11873, “ +Noordwyk +res +Hollandia +”, +Indonesia +; +ZMA + +. + +RENA +.15383–5, “ +Prauwenbivak am Idenburg River +”, +Papua Province +Indonesia +; +ZMA + +. + +RENA +.15382, “ +Njao +, a/d Tjano, N-New Guinea”, +Indonesia +; +ZMA + +. + +RENA +.17885, “ +Pioniersbivak am Idenburg River +”, +Indonesia + +; + +MZB +lace 3561–3564, +Yongsu +, +Cyclops Mountains +( +2.4383°S +, +140.5145°E +; 0 m a.s.l.), +Papua Province +, +Indonesia + +; + +MZB +lace 3565–3566, +Furu Camp +, +Papua Province +, +Indonesia + +; + +MZB +lace 2303 ( +2 specimens +), +Siewa +, +Wapoga River Basin +( +3.0367°S +, +136.3752°E +; + +50 m +a.s.l. + +), +Papua Province +, +Indonesia + +; + +ZMB 62271 +, +54 km +along the road from +Nabire +after +Mapia +( +3.4967°S +; +135.7315°E +, + + +750 m + +. + +a.s.l.), +Papua + +Tengah Province + +, +Indonesia + +; + +ZMB 62272 +, +Unipo Village +, along the road +between Nabire and Mapia +( +3.5305°S +, +135.933°E +, + +250 m +a.s.l. + +), +Papua + +Tengah Province + +, +Indonesia + +. + + + + +Diagnosis.— +Cyrtodactylus mamberamo +sp. nov. +can be distinguished from all other Melanesian +Cyrtodactylus +by the unique combination of moderately large adult size (SVL up to at least +94 mm +), throat tubercles absent, medial row of transversely enlarged subcaudal scales present on original tail, upper arm with enlarged tubercles, dorsal pattern consisting of six or more thin light-buff transverse bands with thin dark-brown anterior borders of equivalent width, regions of dorsum between bands evenly pale to medium brown, original tail with 8–11 thin pale bands typically narrower in width than maximum width of tail, and males with widely disjunct series of small precloacal (11–17) and femoral (7–17) pores on each side ( +30–38 in +total). + + + + +Description of +holotype +.—Adult male of moderate size (SVL 85.0 mm, TrK +37.2 mm +) with largely regrown tail ( +22 mm +original, +72 mm +regrown). Head large (HL/SVL 0.26), moderately wide (HW/SVL 0.19), clearly distinct from neck in dorsal profile ( +Fig. 2 +). Snout shorter than broad, truncate in lateral profile, rounded in dorsal profile. Loreal region slightly inflated, interorbital region and top of snout concave. Canthus rostralis rounded, weakly defined, eye-to-naris distance greater than orbital diameter (EN/OrB 1.23). Eyes large (OrB /HL 0.30), sunken into sockets, pupil vertical; supraciliaries extending from anteroventral to posterodorsal edge of orbit, largest at anterodorsal corner. Ear openings roughly triangular, anterior portion much narrower than posterior portion, bordered by small skin fold at posterodorsal corner. + + +Rostral scale sub-quadrangular with slight medial notch on dorsal edge, wider ( +4.4 mm +) than high (3.0 mm), bordered dorsally by two square supranasals and two irregular internasals of similar size, with third much smaller rounded internasal sitting above left large internasal. Nares bordered by rostral, first supralabial, four (right) or five (left) granular postnasals, a distinctly enlarged ovoid dorsal postnasal approximately twice diameter of other postnasals, and a supranasal. Supralabials 12 to rictus of jaw, nine on left and ten on right to midpoint of eye, variable in size and proportions, anteriormost taller than wide, becoming wider than high medially, then diminishing in size and becoming taller than wide towards posterior edge of jaw. Head, temporal, and nuchal scales small and granular, nuchal and temporal regions with numerous low rounded tubercules approximately 2–3 times diameter of surrounding scales. Infralabials 11 to rictus of jaw, wider than high, becoming smaller posteriorly, bordered ventrally by several rows of slightly enlarged scales grading into smaller granular gular scales. Mental wider ( +2.5 mm +) than long ( +1.6 mm +), anterior edge rounded, concave at point of contact with two postmentals; postmentals large (length +3 mm +), in contact with each other and first infralabial on respective sides. + + +Body moderately slender (TrK/SVL 0.44), narrower than head in dorsal profile, with distinct ventrolateral folds. Dorsum with approximately 18 transverse rows of low unkeeled tubercles up to three times diameter of surrounding small granular scales. Tubercles along ventrolateral folds distinct, becoming larger posteriorly, 36 on both left and right. Ventral scales much larger than dorsal scales, increasing in size medially, arranged in approximately 42 rows at midpoint of torso. Precloacal pores rounded, indistinct, +12 in +total, arranged in continuous very shallow chevron. Femoral pores very small, indistinct, nine on both sides, arranged in straight unbroken series extending from knee for approximately one third length of femur. Enlarged femoral scales arranged in continuous series from knee to precloacal region, pore-bearing series bordered anteriorly by series of similar-sized scales and posteriorly by series of distinctly smaller scales. + +Limbs slender, forelimbs shorter (FA/SVL 0.14, HDL/SVL 0.17) and less robust than hindlimbs. Dorsal and lateral surfaces of upper and lower limbs covered with numerous rounded tubercules up to two times diameter of surrounding granular scales; on hindlimbs some tubercules extend to dorsal surfaces of pes. Digits long, well developed, with distinct inflection at basal interphalangeal joints; subdigital lamellae smooth, rounded, undivided, and laterally expanded proximal to digital inflection (8-10-10-10-8 on manus; 10-11-12-10-9 on pes); lamellae distal to digital inflection narrow (4-5-6-5-4 on manus; 5-5-7-6-4 on pes); between 3–7 rows of rounded scales between narrow and widened lamellar series; large, recurved claws sheathed by one dorsal and one ventral scale; claw missing from second digit of right pes. + +Tail thin, moderately long ( +94 mm +total length, +72 mm +regrown). Original portion of tail with two dorsal ridges and two lateral ridges running along length; scalation irregular, small granular dorsal scales grade into much larger ventral scales, medial row of transversely enlarged scales starts to form approximately +21 mm +posterior to vent, just before break between original and regrown tail; numerous enlarged tubercules on dorsal and lateral surfaces, tending to coalesce into distinct whorls with increasing distance from base of tail. Regrown tail without tubercles and with highly irregular scalation. Three low, rounded, postcloacal tubercles on each side of tail. + +Colouration in preservative.—Base colouration of dorsal and lateral surfaces of head, neck, torso, and limbs medium brown. Body and neck with series of eight thin, irregular creamish transverse bands (including two nuchal bands) with thin dark-brown indistinctly edged anterior borders of equivalent width; second band chevron shaped, extending anteriorly almost to posterior edge of ear; two posterior-most bands offset at their midpoint. Dorsal tubercles distinctly lighter than ground colouration on most of dorsum, especially towards sides of body, unless positioned within either creamish or dark-brown areas of transverse bands wherein they tend to match surrounding colour. Under a microscope base colouration of dorsum medium-brown with extensive dark-brown maculations; varying density of these maculations is responsible for outward appearance of darker and lighter areas. Venter light buff with few scattered dark-brown maculations. Limb colouration similar to torso, brown on dorsal surfaces, light buff on ventral surfaces, with no obvious pattern other than numerous distinctly lighter tubercles. Original portion of tail with similar dorsal colouration and pattern to torso, with three thin light bands, posteriormost band wider and with dark-brown splotch on posterior as well as anterior margin, ventral surfaces of tail light buff with scattered brown maculations. Regrown portion of tail on both dorsal and ventral surfaces light brown with dense tiny brown maculations that do not form any obvious pattern. + +Summary measurements of +holotype +(in mm).—SVL 85.0; TL 94.0; OT 22.0; TrK 37.2; HW 15.9; HL 22.3; HH 9.4; OrB 6.6; FA 12.1; HDL 15.0. + + +Variation.—Mensural data summarised (in mm) for all adults in the +type +series ( +four males +and +three females +) are as follows (mean, with the range in parentheses): +SVL 82.3 +(70.0–92.0); TrK 36.3 (30.5–41.4); OT (n=2) (103– 119); HW 16.0 (13.5–17.7); HL 22.2 (19.7–24.8); HH 9.5 (8.1–10.5); OrB 6.6 (6.0–7.3); FA 12.4 (10.5–14.3); +HDL 15.1 +(12.9–16.7). +Summary +meristic data for these same individuals are: SUPR (to midpoint of eye) 9.3 (9–10); SUPR (rictus of mouth) 12.0 (11–13); +INFR 11.9 +(11–13); +Toe I +LAM (manus) 8.0 (7–10) expanded, 3.4 (3–4) narrow; +Toe +1 LAM (pes) 8.3 (7–9) expanded, 3.4 (3–4) narrow; +Toe IV +LAM (manus) 11.0 (10–13) expanded, 5.9 (5–7) narrow; +Toe IV +LAM (pes) 13.6 (12–15) expanded, 5.6 (5–6) narrow; DTR 20.4 (19–23); LFT 33.7 (25–39); +VENT 48.6 +(47–52); PP (n=4) 14.3 (12–16); FP (n=4) 13.7(9–14); +PCTUB 3–4 +on each side. + +While all specimens have at least some tubercles on the upper arm, there is considerable variation in how prominent and numerous these are. Some large animals have few enlarged tubercles (e.g., MZB lace 5439, SAMA R62646), often concentrated close to the shoulder and with colouration matching surrounding areas. On smaller animals the tubercles are more abundant, more evenly spread across the upper forelimb, and relatively more prominent in size, shape and colouration when compared against surrounding scales. This variation does not appear to be geographically based and we suspect that it is ontogenetic, with larger animals tending to have less prominent arm tubercles. However, examination of further specimens of varying size is required to confirm this. + +In preservative, colouration and pattern of +paratypes +broadly matches the +holotype +( +Fig. 3 +). Base colouration is marginally darker brown in some specimens, especially the easternmost specimen (AMS R130352). The creamish transverse bands between head and cloaca (including nuchal bands) vary in number (6–9), and most specimens (five out of seven) tend to have at least some bands that are offset at midpoint of dorsum, or are half bands, especially towards the posterior of the torso. In two large animals (SAMA R62646 and AMS R130352) the anteriormost light bands also have dark-brown posterior margins. The colouration of the dorsal and limb tubercles also varies; in some animals they are distinctly lighter than surrounding regions, while in other specimens the tubercles are less contrasting in colouration. The venter shows varying density of brown maculations, such that overall appearance without a microscope varies from creamish to light buff. Original tails with base dorsal and lateral colouration typically grading from medium brown at the base of tail to dark brown less than a third distance along its length and then back to light brown along approximately final quarter of tail, with 9–11 thin, ragged, off-white bands that typically have a width less than half the maximum width of the tail; in areas of the tail with a light-brown background colouration the anterior edge of light tail bands has a dark-brown border as per the dorsum. + + +Data for and photographs of referred material that we have not directly examined (see +Günther & Rösler 2003 +) show animals that are consistently similar to the +type +series, but they slightly extend the maximum known size (with the largest specimen (ZMB 62271) having a SVL of +94 mm +), and the range of variation for numbers of expressed precloacal (11–17) and femoral (7–17) pores in males. + + +Colouration in life.—Overall, the colour and pattern of animals photographed in life resembles that of the preserved specimens. Photographed animals show variation in the intensity of the brown background colouration on the dorsum and limbs ( +Figs 1 +, +4A–B +). Some of this variation may be temporal (i.e., night versus day), but we lack time series to confirm this. Lateral regions of the body are particularly pale in some photographed specimens (not collected) and sometimes have a series of light creamish blotches. The supraciliaries, and sometimes labials and postcloacal tubercles, tend to be yellow, and there is often additional indistinct yellow blotching along the lateral regions of the torso. Dorsal and lateral tubercles contrast against surrounding scales more prominently in life than in preservative and sometimes form a pattern of thin transverse lines on the hindlimbs (including on the +holotype +). Bands on the original tail range from creamish to white, regrown tail sections are unpatterned with a distinct yellowish wash. The iris is greenish-grey with extensive dark-brown reticulations and a yellowish margin along the border of the pupil. The tongue is pink. + + + + +Comparisons.— +Cyrtodactylus mamberamo +sp. nov. +can be distinguished from all but two other Melanesian and Wallacean +Cyrtodactylus +by the combination of moderately large size (adult SVL over +80 mm +), throat lacking enlarged tubercles, dorsal pattern consisting of numerous (usually more than six, or eight if nuchal bands are also counted) thin transverse light-buff bands with dark-brown borders on a lighter brown background, subcaudal scales in medial series distinctly widened, and males with small precloacal and femoral pores in widely disjunct series. + + +Cyrtodactylus mamberamo +sp. nov. +differs from the remaining two species as follows: from + +C. aaroni +Günther and Rösler (2003) + +in usually having at least some tubercles on the upper arm (versus absent); narrow, clearly defined light buff bands on the dorsum of same width as their dark-brown anterior margins (versus wider than the dark-brown anterior border, and fading at their posterior edge); and a higher number of precloacal pores in males (11–17 versus 5–8); and from +C. mimikanus +( +Fig. 4C–D +) by its slightly smaller size (max SVL +94 mm +versus +103 mm +), dorsal pattern consisting of thin light-buff bands with brown anterior borders of similar width (versus light buff bands with much wider dark-brown anterior borders), narrower light tail bands (widest bands typically less than half maximum width of tail width versus typically approaching maximum width of tail), and higher number of precloacal pores in males (11–17 versus 7–9). + + + +Etymology.—Named after the Mamberamo River Basin where the range of this species is centred. Used as a noun in apposition. + + + +Distribution.—Known from a large area of lowland and hill forest in north-western mainland New +Guinea +, extending from Nabire in +Indonesia +in the west, through the Mamberamo Basin to the Cyclops Mountains in the north to at least Wilbeite Village in the Bewani Mountains in north-western +Papua New Guinea +in the east ( +Fig. 5 +). + + + + +FIGURE 5. Distribution of +Cyrtodactylus mamberamo +sp. nov. +north of the Central Cordillera of New Guinea (blue circles) and +C. mimikanus +to the south (red circles) based on both museum and photographic records. Green squares indicate additional records from the Vogelkop Peninsula that remain of uncertain taxonomic placement, but which show morphological affinity to +C. mimikanus +. + + + + +Natural History.— +Cyrtodactylus mamberamo +sp. nov. +has been recorded from lowland and hill forest habitats from sea level up to at least +870 m +a.s.l. Most locations are in slightly elevated foothill forest habitats ( +Fig. 6A +), and it is unknown whether the new species occurs in the swampy lowlands of the Mamberamo Basin. It has been recorded from both primary forest and from moderately disturbed forest around villages. It is typically found within three metres of the forest floor climbing on small trees, saplings, or vines. Many, but not all, records are from vegetation along or overhanging streams (S. Richards, pers. obs; Chien Lee, pers. com.; +Fig. 6B +), suggesting this is their preferred habitat. However, this may also reflect a bias for researchers to search along relatively open creeklines or for such areas to be open enough to permit easy viewing of the lizards. + + +In many areas where it was seen and collected, +C. mamberamo +sp. nov. +was the only +Cyrtodactylus species +encountered. However, it occurs in sympatry with +C. papuensis (Brongersma, 1934) +at Siewa in the Wapoga River drainage, in near sympatry with + +C. equestris + +Oliver, Richards, Mumpuni & Rösler, +2016 + + +in the foothills of the Foja Mountains (S. Richards, pers. obs.), and with + +C. rex +Oliver, Richards, Mumpuni & Rösler, 2016 + +and the ecologically similar +C. sermowaiensis (De Rooji, 1915) +around Wilbeite Village in +West Sepik Province +.At this last site, material was brought in by local collectors, and it is unknown whether this species and the similar-sized +C. sermowaiensis +occur in sympatry, or whether there is some niche displacement. Based on the numbers of specimens obtained by local collectors at Wilbeite +C. sermowaiensis +was more common than +C. mamberamo +sp. nov. +(n = 7 versus n = 1). Alternatively, the two species may occupy different habitats that were targeted differently by local collectors. + + + + +FIGURE 6. Details of habitat of +Cyrtodactylus mamberamo +sp. nov. +near Kwerba Village, Indonesia: A) Aerial view of typical foothill forest habitat; and B) interior view of typical habitat along a forest stream. +Cyrtodactylus mamberamo +sp. nov. +is typically collected in vegetation less than three metres above the ground and alongside streams. Photographs by Stephen Richards. + + + + +Suggested IUCN Conservation status.— +Cyrtodactylus mamberamo +sp. nov. +is widespread ( +Fig. 5 +), common where it has been collected, and occurs in areas where large areas of forest remain intact. It has also been recorded in forest that has been moderately disturbed close to human settlements around the city of Jayapura and appears to be able to persist in the face of at least some habitat modification. We therefore suggest the species should be considered Least Concern. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F069FD030489.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F069FD030489.xml index 1e8410994ce..e08f1eaf4d6 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F069FD030489.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F069FD030489.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Dysomma robinsorum +Dysomma robinsorum Ho & Tighe 2018 - @@ -88,10 +86,8 @@ -Dysomma robinsorum - +Dysomma robinsorum Ho & Tighe 2018: 61 - , diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F099FE870559.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F099FE870559.xml index 2caa86be3ea..cda381437ce 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F099FE870559.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F099FE870559.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Dysomma taiwanense +Dysomma taiwanense Ho, Smith & Tighe, 2015 - @@ -88,14 +86,8 @@ -Dysomma taiwanensis - - -Ho -et al. -2015: 87 - - +Dysomma taiwanensis +Ho et al. 2015: 87 , diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F1CEFB0E05EA.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F1CEFB0E05EA.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6f0c05a0935 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F1CEFB0E05EA.xml @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + + +Dysomma tridens +Robins, Böhlke & Robins, 1989 + + + + + + +Dysomma tridens Robins, Böhlke & Robins +in +Robins & Robins 1989: 250 +, Figs. 237–240. +Holotype +: +USNM 193563 +. Type locality: +Caribbean Sea +, off +Belize +, +16° 44’ N +, +87° 55’ W +, 190 fm ( + +348 m + +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F244FD5E0694.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F244FD5E0694.xml index b612593a553..281f9f01790 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F244FD5E0694.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F244FD5E0694.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Dysomma opisthoproctus +Dysomma opisthoproctus Chen & Mok, 1995 - @@ -88,10 +86,8 @@ -Dysomma opisthoproctus - +Dysomma opisthoproctus Chen & Mok 1995: 927 - , diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F33AFCB107F7.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F33AFCB107F7.xml index 08230beebc3..ec835b84d05 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F33AFCB107F7.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F33AFCB107F7.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Dysomma polycatodon +Dysomma polycatodon Karrer, 1983 - @@ -88,10 +86,8 @@ -Dysomma polycatodon - +Dysomma polycatodon Karrer 1983: 89 - , Figs. 27A–B. diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F4E1FC950131.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F4E1FC950131.xml index e54a26c68d7..89d220339aa 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F4E1FC950131.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F4E1FC950131.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Dysomma melanurum +Dysomma melanurum Chen & Weng, 1967 - @@ -88,10 +86,8 @@ -Dysomma melanurum - +Dysomma melanurum Chen & Weng 1967: 84 - , Fig. 63. diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F6DDFD2B031D.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F6DDFD2B031D.xml index e2f1ad6ea8a..393c744e675 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F6DDFD2B031D.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F6DDFD2B031D.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Dysomma goslinei +Dysomma goslinei Robins & Robins, 1976 - @@ -88,10 +86,8 @@ -Dysomma goslinei - +Dysomma goslinei Robins & Robins 1976: 261 - , diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F702FB4D03AF.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F702FB4D03AF.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0575f2f1d45 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F702FB4D03AF.xml @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + + +Dysomma intermedium +Vo & Ho 2024 + + + + + + +Dysomma intermedium Vo & Ho +in +Vo, Ho, Dao & Tran (2024) +. +Holotype +: OIM-E.55838. Type locality: Quy NhƠn, +Bình Đ +ịnh, southeast coast of +Vietnam +, ca. +13° 46′ 24′′ N +, +109° 14′ 48′′ E +, ca. + +50‒80 m + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F7B0FE49007F.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F7B0FE49007F.xml index 13be65e6c98..c57c8881320 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F7B0FE49007F.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF807715FF79F7B0FE49007F.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Dysomma longirostrum +Dysomma longirostrum Chen & Mok, 2001 - @@ -88,10 +86,8 @@ -Dysomma longirostrum - +Dysomma longirostrum Chen & Mok 2001: 79 - , diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F053FA040481.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F053FA040481.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..037d4dbbc8f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F053FA040481.xml @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + +Ilyophis maclainei Tighe, Smith & Merrett +(this paper) + + + + + +Ilyophis maclainei Tighe, Smith & Merrett +in Tighe et al. (this paper) +Holotype +: +BMNH 1995.4 +.19.31. Type locality: Goban Spur, off +SW Ireland +, +northeastern Atlantic Ocean +, +49° 30’ 06” N +, +13° 19’ 54” E +; + +1800–2000 m + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F087FBC70555.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F087FBC70555.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..788b6184224 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F087FBC70555.xml @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + + +Ilyophis nigeli Shcherbachev & +Sulak, 1997 + + + + + + +Ilyophis nigeli Shcherbachev & Sulak +in +Sulak & Shcherbachev, 1997: 1172 +, +Figs. 1C +, +2B +, +4C +. +Holotype +: +ZIN 45274 +. Type locality: +Northwestern Pacific +, +Japan +, +42° 27’ N +, +144° 27’ E +, + +1160 m + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F2FBFBE40739.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F2FBFBE40739.xml index e37b2e1b40c..aa4b61b4f2f 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F2FBFBE40739.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F2FBFBE40739.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Ilyophis blachei +Ilyophis blachei Saldanha & Merrett, 1982 - @@ -88,10 +86,8 @@ -Ilyophis blachei - +Ilyophis blachei Saldanha & Merrett, 1982: 624 - , diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F32FFCB407CD.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F32FFCB407CD.xml index 46c6d916814..c67d3aaa558 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F32FFCB407CD.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F32FFCB407CD.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Ilyophis brunneus +Ilyophis brunneus Gilbert, 1891 - @@ -88,10 +86,8 @@ -Ilyophis brunneus - +Ilyophis brunneus Gilbert, 1891: 352 - . diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F4F9FCCC013A.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F4F9FCCC013A.xml index 5c1084390a6..b940b8f3f33 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F4F9FCCC013A.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F4F9FCCC013A.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Dysommina rugosa +Dysommina rugosa Ginsburg, 1951 - @@ -88,10 +86,8 @@ -Dysommina rugosa - +Dysommina rugosa Ginsburg 1951: 450 - , diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F527FAF001D1.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F527FAF001D1.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a85c82085a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F527FAF001D1.xml @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + +Genus +ILYOPHIS + + + + + + + + +Ilyophis +Gilbert, 1891:351 + + +. +Type +species + +Ilyophis brunneus +Gilbert, 1891 + +by original designation. Masculine. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F5B7FBAE0665.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F5B7FBAE0665.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..579083e20cd --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F5B7FBAE0665.xml @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + + +Ilyophis arx +Robins, 1976 + + + + + + +Ilyophis arx C.H. Robins +in +Robins & Robins 1976: 245 +, +Figs. 4 +, +6 +, +7b +, +8 +. +Holotype +: +ANSP 133808 +. Type locality: +Southeastern Pacific +, +Galapagos Islands +, +01° 48’ S +, +90° 19’ W +, + +3522 m + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F6DCFEBD031E.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F6DCFEBD031E.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0cb8e16ca60 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F6DCFEBD031E.xml @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + +Genus +DYSOMMINA + + + + + + + + +Dysommina +Ginsburg, 1951: 450 + + +. +Type +species + +Dysommina rugosa +Ginsburg 1951 + +by original designation. Feminine. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F701FABB03D3.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F701FABB03D3.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..98515dc9f6d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F701FABB03D3.xml @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + + +Dysommina brevis +Vo & Ho, 2024 + + + + + + +Dysommina brevis Vo & Ho +in +Vo, Ho, Dao & Tran (2024) +. +Holotype +. OIM-E.55839. Type locality: LƯƠng SƠn, +Nha Trang +, +Khánh Hòa +, southeast coast of +Vietnam +, ca. +12° 20′ 7′′ N +, +109° 12′ 14” E +, ca. + +120‒180 m + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F7B5FE5C0067.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F7B5FE5C0067.xml index 208a14471c5..a4beef55129 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F7B5FE5C0067.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF817714FF79F7B5FE5C0067.xml @@ -1,85 +1,80 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - - -Dysommina orientalis -Tighe Ho, & Hatooka, 2018 - - +Dysommina orientalis Tighe Ho, & Hatooka, 2018 @@ -88,14 +83,8 @@ Tighe Ho, & Hatooka, 2018 -Dysommina orientalis - - -Tighe -et al. -2018: 44 - - +Dysommina orientalis +Tighe et al. 2018: 44 , diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827711FF76F000FA0D06DC.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827711FF76F000FA0D06DC.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7f5ab5acfc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827711FF76F000FA0D06DC.xml @@ -0,0 +1,479 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + +ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE SPECIES OF +ILYOPHINAE + + + + + + + +1a. Vomerine teeth compound, uniserial...................................................................... 2 + + +1b. Vomerine teeth simple, in one or more rows............................................................... 23 + + + + +2a. Pectoral fins absent................................................................................... 3 + + +2b. Pectoral fins present.................................................................................. 9 + + + + + +3a. Trunk very short, about half head length................................................ +Dysomma brachygnathos + + + +3b. Trunk longer, about twice head length.................................................................... 4 + + + + + +4a. Three large intermaxillary teeth projecting downward from tip of snout in front of lower jaw............ +Dysomma tridens + + + +b. Two intermaxillary teeth, not projecting from snout.......................................................... 5 + + + + + +5a. Tip of snout and chin bulbous, with conspicuous papillae and ridges; vertebrae greater than 190..... +Dysomma brevirostre + + + +5b. Snout only modestly ornamented, papillae not obvious; vertebrae less than 165.................................... 6 + + + + +6a. Lateral line complete.................................................................................. 7 + + +6b. Lateral line incomplete, ca. 8–12 pores only................................................................ 8 + + + + + +7a. Supraorbital pores 3; trunk about 2 times head length; peritoneum black....................... +Dysomma achiropteryx + + + + +7b. Supraorbital pores 4; trunk about 3 times head length; peritoneum pale........................ +Dysomma bussarawati + + + + + + +8a. Infraorbital pores 5; trunk about 2 times head length.......................................... +Dysomma muciparus + + + + +8b. Infraorbital pores 4; trunk about 3 times head length.................................... +Dysomma dolichosomatum + + + + + +9a. Intermaxillary teeth absent............................................................................ 10 + + +9b. Intermaxillary teeth present............................................................................ 18 + + + + + +10a. Vomerine teeth consisting of 7‒8 long, needle-like compound teeth............................ +Linkenchelys multipora + + + +10b. Vomerine teeth consisting of 3‒5 heavy, conical compound teeth.............................................. 11 + + + + +11a. Head length greater than trunk......................................................................... 12 + + +11b. Head length less than trunk............................................................................ 14 + + + + + +12a. Total vertebrae 137‒141............................................................... +Dysommina orientalis + + + +12b. Total vertebrae less than 135........................................................................... 13 + + + + + +13a. Predorsal vertebrae 12‒13, preanal vertebrae 23‒25........................................... +Dysommina brevis + + + + +13a. Predorsal vertebrae 14‒15, preanal vertebrae 28‒31........................................... +Dysommina rugosa + + + + + + +14a. Lower jaw longer than upper, jaws not closing completely.................................... +Dysomma melanurum + + + +14b. Jaws equal or upper jaw longer; jaws close completely...................................................... 15 + + + + + +15a. Snout slender, elongate (ca. 26‒32% of HL), jaw length long (ca. 42‒52% HL); supraorbital pores 5, infraorbital pores 8, preoperculomandibular pores 9........................................................ +Dysomma longirostrum + + + +15b. Snout and jaws not notably slender and elongate); supraorbital pores 3, infraorbital pores 4‒6, preoperculomandibular pores 6‒8............................................................................................... 16 + + + + + +16a. Dorsal-fin origin anterior to pectoral-fin base................................................. +Dysomma goslinei + + + +16b. Dorsal-fin origin above or posterior to pectoral-fin base..................................................... 17 + + + + + +17a. Lateral line complete; dorsal fin origin lightly behind pectoral-fin base......................... +Dysomma phukutensis + + + + +17b. Lateral line incomplete, vertebrae 122‒124; dorsal fin origin above pectoral-fin base.............. +Dysomma robinsorum + + + + + +18a. Trunk long, about twice head length..................................................................... 19 + + +18b. Trunk short, less than head length....................................................................... 21 + + + + + +19a. Two intermaxillary teeth, arranged transversely......................................... +Dysomma opisthoproctus + + + +19b. Intermaxillary teeth in a rounded patch................................................................... 20 + + + + + +20a. Total vertebrae 186–199......................................................... +Atractodenchelys robinsorum + + + + +20b. Total vertebrae 168–173.............................................................. +Atractodenchelys phrix + + + + +20c. Total vertebrae 155–158......................................................... +Atractodenchelys brevitrunca + + + + + + +21a. Dentary teeth numerous, 24–40; total vertebrae 107–109...................................... +Dysomma bucephalus + + + +21b. Dentary teeth fewer than 25; total vertebrae 119 or more..................................................... 22 + + + + + +22a. Lateral line pores 57–75; dentary teeth 6–11; total vertebrae 119–128........................... +Dysomma anguillare + + + + +22b. Lateral line pores 17–33; dentary teeth 14–22; total vertebrae 128–133............................ +Dysomma formosa + + + + +22c. Lateral line pores 20–49; dentary teeth 6–15; total vertebrae 134–140.......................... +Dysomma taiwanense + + + + +22d. Lateral line pores 57–58; dentary teeth 8; total vertebrae 115.................................. +Dysomma alticorpus + + + + +22e. Lateral line pores 57–63, dentary teeth 16–21; total vertebrae 119–124....................... +Dysomma fuscoventralis + + + + +22f. +Lateral line pores 65–84; dentary teeth 23–25; total vertebrae 128–140......................... +Dysomma polycatodon + + + + +22g. Lateral line pores 70–79, dentary teeth 8–9; total vertebrae 118–124.......................... +Dysomma intermedium + + + + + +23a. Head length greater than trunk......................................................................... 24 + + +23b. Head length less than trunk............................................................................ 25 + + + + + +24a. Vomerine teeth biserial; vertebrae 173–178................................................... +Meadia abyssalis + + + + +24b. Vomerine teeth triserial; vertebrae 198–206...................................................... +Meadia roseni + + + + + +25a. Full complement of head pores: supraorbital 5, infraorbital 7–8, preoperculomandibular 10–11, 1–2 frontal, 2–3 supratemporal...................................................................................... 26 + + +25b. Head pores reduced:: supraorbital 3, infraorbital 4–7, preoperculomandibular 6–10, no frontal or supratemporal........ 27 + + + + + +26a. Body partially scaled or naked; gill slit noticeably oblique; preanal Lateral line pores 37–44; total vertebrae 177–188.............................................................................................. +Ilyophis blachei + + + + +26b. Body completely scaled; gill slit nearly horizontal; preanal Lateral line pores 32–37; total vertebrae 141–147..................................................................................................... +Ilyophis nigeli + + + + + +27a. Scales present...................................................................................... 28 + + +27b. Scales absent....................................................................................... 29 + + + + + +28a. Preanal lateral line pores 33–38; total vertebrae 145–151........................................ +Ilyophis brunneus + + + + +28b. Preanal lateral line pores 26–30; total vertebrae 131–134....................................... +Ilyophis maclainei + + + + + + +29a. Head slender and conical, snout pointed; total vertebrae 141...................................... +Ilyophis robinsae + + + +29b. Head shorter, snout blunt; total vertebrae 116–135.......................................................... 30 + + + + +30a. Total vertebrae less than 125........................................................................... 31 + + +30b. Total vertebrae greater than 125........................................................................ 32 + + + + + +31a. Lateral line almost complete, extending nearly to caudal fin base; cephalic lateralis pores reduced: SOC 3, IO 4, POM 7; total vertebrae 118–122.......................................................................... +Meadia minor + + + + +31b. Lateral line incomplete (66–80% TL); cephalic lateralis pores: SOC 3, IO 7–8 (extending behind eye), POM 8–10; total vertebrae 116–118...................................................................... +Ilyophis singularis + + + + + + +32a. Lateral line incomplete; pored lateral line, limited to anterior third of body (ca. 35–45% TL); total lateral line pores 31–47............................................................................................ +Ilyophis arx + + + + +32b. Lateral line incomplete; pored lateral line longer, extending further along total length of body (ca. 55–62 % TL); total lateral line pores 66–75....................................................................... +Ilyophis saldanhai + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F2FDFAEF0720.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F2FDFAEF0720.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2072a3f18a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F2FDFAEF0720.xml @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + + +Meadia minor +Vo & Ho, 2021 + + + + + + +Meadia minor Vo & Ho +in +Vo, Ho, Dao & Tran 2021:182 +, +Figs. 1–2 +. +Holotype +: OIM-E.55801. Type locality: off +Quy Nhon +, +Binh Dinh +, central coast of +Vietnam +, +South +China +Sea +, ca. +13° 44’ N +, +109° 15’ E +, ca. + +100–120 m + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F321FD2D07F4.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F321FD2D07F4.xml index 5b7ff1e015c..f57e2def2e4 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F321FD2D07F4.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F321FD2D07F4.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Meadia roseni +Meadia roseni Mok, Lee & Chan, 1991 - @@ -88,14 +86,8 @@ -Meadia roseni - - -Mok -et al. -, 1991: 39 - - +Meadia roseni +Mok et al., 1991: 39 , diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F44FFEBD006D.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F44FFEBD006D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..2abbfdfc96a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F44FFEBD006D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + +Genus +LINKENCHELYS + + + + + + + + +Linkenchelys +Smith, 1989: 78 + + +. +Type +species + +Linkenchelys multipora +Smith, 1989 + +by original designation. Feminine. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F4F3FDB20121.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F4F3FDB20121.xml index e3a9e175946..2e479cbcd88 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F4F3FDB20121.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F4F3FDB20121.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Linkenchelys multipora +Linkenchelys multipora Smith, 1989 - @@ -88,10 +86,8 @@ -Linkenchelys multipora - +Linkenchelys multipora Smith, 1989: 78 - , Figs. 70–73. diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F53EFAFF01D7.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F53EFAFF01D7.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c21eb4dbe6f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F53EFAFF01D7.xml @@ -0,0 +1,96 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + +Genus +MEADIA + + + + + +Meadia Böhlke, 1951: 6 +. +Type +species + +Dysomma abyssale +Kamohara, 1938 + +by original designation. Feminine. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F6DCFBEF03D3.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F6DCFBEF03D3.xml index 39919f899f7..ac259061e39 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F6DCFBEF03D3.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF827717FF79F6DCFBEF03D3.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Ilyophis saldanhai +Ilyophis saldanhai Karmovskaya & Parin, 1999 - @@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ -Ilyophis saldanhai +Ilyophis saldanhai Karmovskaya & Parin, 1999: 316 @@ -107,7 +105,7 @@ locality: Mid-Atlantic, -Ilyophis singularis +Ilyophis singularis Tashiro & Chen, 2022 @@ -115,10 +113,8 @@ locality: Mid-Atlantic, -Ilyophis singularis - +Ilyophis singularis Tashiro & Chen, 2022: 2 - , diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF927703FF79F7C4FD1A05E8.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF927703FF79F7C4FD1A05E8.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a77fc311821 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF927703FF79F7C4FD1A05E8.xml @@ -0,0 +1,952 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + + +Ilyophis arx +Robins, 1976 + + + + + + +Figures 1‒3 +, +Table 1‒2 + + + + + + +Ilyophis arx + +Robins, +1976 + + +in + +Robins & Robins 1976:265 + +, +Figs. 4 +, +6 +, +7b +, +8 +(original description, Southeastern Pacific, +1° 48' S +, +90° 19' W +, depth 3225 meters, +Holotype +: ANSP 133808). + +Böhlke 1984:158 + +(listed in type catalog). + +Merrett & Saldanha 1985: 730‒735 + +(comparison of central Pacific and northeastern Atlantic specimens). + +Robins & Robins 1989:238 + +(compiled). + +Sulak & Shcherbachev 1997: 1163 + +, 1172, 1188 (key, comparison with +Ilyophis nigeli +, distribution). + +Karmovskaya & Parin 1999: 360 + +(comparison with +Ilyophis saldanhai +). +Smith 1999 +(compiled). + +Causse et al. 2005: 414 + +(comparison with +Ilyophis saldanhai +). +Leitner et al. 2021a +: (occurrence on abyssal seamounts) [ +Fig. 1 +]. + + + + + +Diagnosis. A species of +Ilyophis +with the following characters. Body without scales. Trunk relatively long (about 21‒29% of TL). Dorsal-fin origin (DFO) above posterior third of pectoral fin. Gape of mouth moderate, extending to near rear margin of eye. Teeth not compound. Intermaxillary teeth conical with approximately 16‒24 teeth in the tooth patch, inner teeth on the patch nearly twice as large as the outer teeth. Vomerine teeth contiguous with intermaxillary teeth with approximately 25‒30 teeth irregularly biserial to triserial anteriorly and uniserial posteriorly. Both intermaxillary and vomerine teeth set in beds of papillose tissue. Maxillary teeth small, set in irregular rows, 3 rows anteriorly to 6 rows posteriorly. Dentary teeth similar to maxillary teeth except they are slightly larger and more uniform in size anteriorly. Lateral line short, confined to anterior half of body (ca. 35‒45% of TL). Cephalic lateralis pores: supraorbital (SO) 3, infraorbital (IO) 5 (including adnasal, AD), preoperculomandibular (POM) 6‒10. Total vertebrae 129‒136. + + + + +Description. Body moderately elongate, laterally compressed posteriorly ( +Fig. 2 +). Body tapers gradually to caudal, deepest body depth anterior to anus. Dorsal-fin origin near posterior half or just behind tip of pectoral fin, predorsal length ca. 14–18 % TL. Trunk length moderate, contained about 4 times in TL. Preanus length approximately 3 times in TL, preanal-fin length about 36% of TL. Head length moderate (ca. 10–14 % TL). Gill slits crescentic and horizontal, located ventrally just anterior to and below pectoral fin base. Anterior nostril tubular, directed anterolaterally. Posterior nostril round, just in front of eye. Eye relatively small (9–14 % HL). Pectoral fin moderate in size (3.2–3.7 % TL, 10–27 % HL) with 15 rays. Gape extends to near posterior half of eye. Snout plicate, two main plicae on each side of mid-line, outermost least developed. Tip of lower jaw also plicate, two main plicae on each side of mid-line and occasionally one smaller plica lateral to the main plicae for a total of six. Teeth conical, arranged in bands along maxillary, dentary and intermaxillary/vomer. Teeth not compound. Maxillary teeth in two to four rows (medially) reducing to one irregular row posteriorly, with anterior teeth somewhat enlarged. Dentary teeth in three to five irregular rows, with anterior ones (in two rows) larger. Intermaxillary teeth with 14–28 strong teeth concentrically arranged around tooth patch with inner teeth slightly larger. Vomerine teeth abutting intermaxillary tooth patch with two irregular rows anteriorly (with ca. 10–16 teeth each) and converging to single row posteriorly (with two to three teeth). Both intermaxillary and vomerine teeth surrounded by papillae. Cephalic lateralis pores: supraorbital pores three, first located between first and second plicae on tip of snout, second on snout at level of the dorsal rim of anterior nostril, third on dorsal of snout above adnasal pore; infraorbital pores five, first (adnasal pore) just posterior to dorsal rim of anterior nostril, second on lip just posteroventral to base of anterior nostril, third on lip halfway between anterior and posterior nostrils, forth on lip ventral to posterior nostril, fifth just ventral to the posterior margin of the eye; preoperculomandibular pores seven to ten, six to eight pores along mandible with zero to two pores in preopercular position, first very small and located within plicae at the tip of lower jaw, remaining mandibular pores spaced progressively far apart along jaw, last mandibular pore located approximately below rictus, preopercular pores (if present) located posteriorly in the opercular region. Lateral line incomplete, relatively short; pores extend to approximately 35% length of body. Lateral line numbering two to six pores anterior to pectoral-fin base, 8–14 pores anterior to dorsal-fin origin, 31–39 pores anterior to anus, 31–47 total pores. Vertebral numbers: predorsal 9–13, preanal 37–42, total 128–137. + + + + +TABLE 1. Morphometric, meristic and morphological data of + +Ilyophis arx +Robins, 1976 + +and +Ilyophis maclainei +sp. nov. +For bilateral pore counts, the counts are recorded left/right. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Ilyophis arx + +Ilyophis arx + +Ilyophis maclainei +
(reexamination of type series)
HolotypeParatypesThis studyHolotypeParatype
Total length (mm)439353–401 (n=3)215–610 (n=21)242263
Proportions (% TL)Mean (range)Mean (range)
Predorsal length17.017.0 (16.0–17.7)16.1 (14.1–18.1)15.615.1
Preanal length36.934.8 (32.9–37.2)36.5 (33.4–43.1)32.230.0
Head length12.012.5 (12.0–13.0)12.4 (9.9–14.2)12.611.9
Trunk length24.922.3 (20.9–24.2)24.1 (20.9–28.8)19.018.2
Tail length63.165.2 (62.8–65.7)63.5 (56.9–66.6)67.870.0
Body depth at anus6.45.2 (4.6–6.1)6.0 (4.4–7.4)4.14.8
Proportions (% HL)Mean (range)Mean (range)
Snout length33.933.9 (30.7–35.0)30.9 (25.3–35.7)38.632.8
Eye diameter11.011.7 (10.1–12.8)11.4 (9.4–13.7)10.813.7
Postorbital distance57.956.8 (52.9–59.8)57.3 (54.5–62.6)56.854.0
Upper-jaw length48.444.9 (42.8–47.0)46.9 (39.9–63.2)46.747.8
Interorbital width24.824.8 (14.3–21.0)22.5 (14.2–31.4)21.621.0
Gill-opening (GO)12.410.3 (9.1–11.6)11.4 (8.2–16.5)9.211.5
Interbranchial width20.519.8 (17.2–24.9)19.6 (13.3–27.8)12.412.7
Pectoral-fin length26.922.7 (19.0–22.9)19.0 (10.3–26.6)25.526.1
Meristics
SO pores3/33/33–43/33/3
IO (including AD) pores5/55/556/66/6
POM pores8/88/87–108/88/8
PrePectoral LL pores3/43–62–64/55/4
PreDorsal LL pores9/119–118–147/810/9
PreAnus LL pores32/3633–3831–3728/3029/31
PreAnalFin LL pores34/3831–3731–3930/3231/33
Total LL pores39/3938–5431–4789/8894/93
Dorsal rays322309–315281–347359339
Anal rays257235–261219–251288291
DR-AF origin7567–8070–956667
PreDorsal Vertebrae1011–1210–13108
PreAnus Vertebrae3735–3834–403131
PreAnalFin Vertebrae3937–4037–423334
PreCaudal Vertebrae5857–5854–625354
Total Vertebrae131131–135128–137132134
Morphology
ScalesNoNoNoYesYes
Number of snout plicae44466
Lower jaw plicae44–54–644
+ + + +FIGURE 1. +Ilyophis arx +. Swarm of eels attracted to a baited camera near summit of seamount APEI 7 (4° 52' 57.36" N, 141° 46' 45.48" W, 3203 m) (photo grab from https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/18ccz/logs/photolog/photolog.html#cbpi=../ may25/media/DC03.html + + + + +Comparative remarks. +Ilyophis arx +can be distinguished from all members of the genera +Atractodenchelys +, +Dysomma +, +Dysommina +, and +Linkenchelys +by the lack of compound teeth in the dentition (versus at least vomerine teeth compound). Head length differentiates +I. arx +from + +Meadia abyssalis ( +Kamohara, 1938 +) + +and + +M. roseni +Mok, Lee & Chan, 1991 + +(head length less than trunk in +I. arx +versus greater than trunk in +M. abyssalis +and +M. roseni +). Vertebral counts also distinguish these species (128‒137 versus +173–178 in +M. abyssalis +and +198–206 in +M. roseni +). The third species of +Meadia +, + +M. minor +Vo & Ho, 2021 + +, which has a head length less than trunk, can be differentiated from +I. arx +by its lower vertebral count (128‒137 versus +118–122 in +M. minor + + +Morphometric, meristic, and morphological data for all described species of the genus +Ilyophis +are presented in +Table 2 +. The lack of scales distinguishes +Ilyophis arx +from +I. brunneus +, l. +blachei +, l. +nigeli +and +I. maclainei +sp. nov. +Ilyophis arx +can also be differentiated from three of these species by its lower vertebrae number (128‒137 versus +145–151 in +I. brunneus +, +177–188 in +l. +blachei +and +140–152 in +l. +nigeli +). It can be distinguished from +I. maclainei +sp. nov. +(which has a similar range of vertebral number) by its lower lateral-line pore count (31–47 versus +88–94 in +I. maclainei +sp. nov. +). Among the species without scales, +I. arx +can be differentiated from +I. singularis +and +I. robinsae +by vertebral count (128‒137 versus +116–118 in +I. singularis +and +141 in +the unique +holotype +of +I. robinsae +). + + +The last species of +Ilyophis +without scales, +I. saldanhai +, is the most difficult to distinguish from +I. arx +. There is almost a total overlap in meristics and morphometrics between the two species. +Karmovskaya & Parin (1999) +compared their specimens to +two specimens +from the northeastern Atlantic (described as a new species below) and the data for the +type +series presented in +Robins & Robins (1976) +. Length of the lateral line differentiates +I. saldanhai +(ca. 35–46% TL in +I. arx +versus 57‒62% in +I. saldanhai +). The total number of lateral-line pores also separates the 2 species ( +31–47 in +I. arx +versus +66–75 in +I. saldanhai +). +Karmovskaya & Parin (1999) +also distinguished +I. arx +from +I. saldanhai +based on the post-orbital distance (52.9‒62.6% HL in +I. arx +versus 43.6‒52.3% HL in +I. saldanhai +), but this character shows more variation and does not differentiate the species. Another character used by +Karmovskaya & Parin (1999) +to distinguish +I. saldanhai +was the number of pores in the preoperculomandibular series (POM). They indicated that +I. saldanhai +had 8 to 9 pores, 7‒8 mandibular pores and 1 preopercular pore while +I. arx +had only 7 mandibular pores. However, reexamination of three of the +types +of +I. arx +using carmine blue to highlight the pores showed that all +three specimens +had 7 mandibular pores and 1 preopercular pore. Examination of all 21 additional specimens showed variation in the number of POM pores (6‒9 mandibular and 0‒2 preopercular) and therefore this character should not be used as diagnostic between the two species. +Karmovskaya & Parin (1999) +also reported an osteological difference between +I. arx +and +I. saldanhai +. +Ilyophis arx +has 0‒1 branchiostegals attached to the ceratohyal, 2 branchiostegals attached to the intercalary cartilage, and the remainder articulating with the epihyal. +Ilyophis saldanhai +has 3 branchiostegals attached with the ceratohyal, 2 branchiostegals attached with the intercalary cartilage, and the remainder articulating with the epihyal. The combination of longer lateral line and higher lateral line pore counts do differentiate +I. saldanhai +from +I. arx +. However, the difference in branchiostegal attachment should be investigated further when additional specimens of +I. saldanhai +become available for osteological examination. + + + +FIGURE 2. +Ilyophis arx +. Pictures of fresh specimens after capture and before preservation. Upper specimen: USNM 443829. Lower specimen: BPBM 42217. (photos supplied by Dr. Jeffrey C. Drazen) + + + +In addition to the morphological differences above, there is apparently a habitat difference between +Ilyophis arx +and +I. saldanhai +. +Iyophis saldanhai +was described from +12 specimens +collected at the Broken Spur hydrothermal vent field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.All subsequent specimens or sightings including +Biscoito et al. (2002) +, +Biscoito et al. (2006) +and +Causse et al. (2005) +are also associated with hydrothermal vent environments. However, none of the specimens of +I. arx +cited here are associated with hydrothermal vents. + + + + +FIGURE 3. Distribution of +Ilyophis arx +in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean. Open star is the type locality. Closed stars are other study material. + + + + +Distribution. +Ilyophis arx +is widely distributed in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean from the Nazca Ridge off central +Peru +to seamounts northwest off Hawaii, between 30 +o +N and 15 +o +S ( +Fig. 3 +). However, it is not uniformly distributed within this area. The species seems to be associated with underwater topography such as ridges and seamounts and is not found far away from these features on the abyssal plain. +Leitner et al. (2021a) +reported large numbers of +I. arx +attracted to baited cameras placed near the summits of three seamounts within Areas of Particular Environmental Interest (APEI) within the western CCZ in the central Pacific Ocean, but none attracted to cameras placed on the nearby abyssal plain. +Leitner et al. (2021a) +also reported on +12 specimens +collected in a baited trap on the summit of the seamount in APEI (7). In addition, +Leitner et al. (2021b) +, in analysis of deep-sea videos and time-lapse still photography from these cameras, found that +I. arx +was only seen in samples on the seamounts, and not in the associated samples from the near-by abyssal plain, concluding that +I. arx +may be a specialist of seamounts, ridges and island slopes and suggesting that the species may only be found associated with rough topographies. + + + + +Material Examined. + +ANSP 133808 +( +holotype +, +439 mm +TL) + +, + +ANSP 133809 +( +paratypes +, 2, 344 and +366 mm +TL) + +, + +ANSP 133810 +( +paratype +, cleared and stained, +401 mm +TL); +Eastern Pacific Ocean +, south of +Galapagos Islands +, +01° 48' S +, +90° 19' W +, + +3225 m + + +. + +BMNH 1998.11 +.12.1 ( +1, 455 mm +TL); +Eastern Pacific Ocean +, ca. + +750 km +SSE of Galapagos Islands + +, +7° 3.74' S +, +88° 26.33' W +, + +4157 m + + +. + +SIO 68-462 +(2, 430 and +541 mm +TL), +North Pacific Ocean +, +Hamilton Seamount +, +15° 33' 30" N +, +179° 13' 42" W +, + +3017 m + + +. + +SIO 68-494 +( +1, 610 mm +TL); +North Pacific Ocean +, seamount +S of Palmer Seamount +, +28° 43' N +, +177° 52.5'W +, + +2375 m + + +. + +SIO 72-189 +( +1, 516 mm +TL); +South Pacific Ocean +, +Nasca Ridge +, off +Punta San Juan +, +15° 39' 12" S +, +76° 13' 36" W +, + +3475 m + + +. + +SIO 88-149 +( +1, 383 mm +TL); +Pacific Ocean +, +Magellan Rise +, at summit, +7° 16' N +, +176° 7’ W +, ca + +3150 m + + +. + +SMF 28622 +( +1, 430 mm +TL) + +, + +SMF 28623 +( +1, 470 mm +TL) + +, + +SMF 28624 +( +1, 481 mm +TL); +Eastern Pacific Ocean +, ca. + +750 km +SSE of Galapagos Islands + +, +7° 3.74' S +, +88° 26.33' W +, + +4157 m + + +. + +USNM 443827‒443846 +(10, 215‒ +536 mm +TL) + +, + +BPBM 42216 +( +KM 1808 +TR 03 # +11, 268 mm +TL) + +, + +BPBM 42217 +( +KM 1808 +TR 03 # +16, 511 mm +TL); +Central Pacific Ocean +, +western Clarion +Clipperton +Zone +, +4° 52' 57.36" N +, +141° 46' 45.48" W +, + +3203 m + + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF997708FF79F6DDFD6B05B6.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF997708FF79F6DDFD6B05B6.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7b825d04be0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF997708FF79F6DDFD6B05B6.xml @@ -0,0 +1,578 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + +Ilyophis maclainei Tighe, Smith & Merrett +, +sp. nov. + + + + + + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: +294A1599-5A76-467D-B8C5-B7DBF6B28D12 + + + +Figures 4‒9 +, +Table 1‒2 + + + + + +Ilyophis arx +(not of +Robins, 1976 +). + +Saldanha & Merrett 1982: 633 + +(listing of +one specimen +from Porcupine Sea-Bight, eastern North Atlantic). + +Merrett & Saldanha 1985: 730‒735 + +(description of northeastern Atlantic specimens). + +Robins & Robins 1989:238 + +(suggestion that northeastern Atlantic population was not +Ilyophis arx +). + +Sulak & Shcherbachev 1997: 1163 + +, 1172, 1188 (key, identification as llyophis +arx +, distribution). + + + + + +FIGURE 4. +Ilyophis maclainei +sp. nov. +Holotype, BMNH 1995.4.19.31 (male, 242 mm TL) + + + + + +Holotype +: +BMNH 1995.4 +.19.31 (male, +242 mm +TL), +Discovery Collection Station +50710, Goban Spur, off +SW Ireland +, +northeastern Atlantic Ocean +, +49° 30’ 06” N +, +13° 19’ 54” E +; + +1800–2000 m + +; date: + +17 October 1979 + +. + + + + +Paratype +: +BMNH 1995.3 +.29.1 (male, +263 mm +TL), +Discovery Collection Station +50711, Porcupine Sea-Bight, off +SW Ireland +, +northeastern Atlantic Ocean +; +49° 53’ N +, +15° 36’ E +; + +4788 m + +; date: + +18 October 1979 + + +. + + +Referred Specimen: + +Discovery Collection Station +50517 (female, +237 mm +TL, portion of specimen cataloged as +BMNH 1996.3 +.8.2, see remarks below), +Goban Spur +, off +SW Ireland +, +northeastern Atlantic Ocean +, +49° 33’ 30” N +, +13° 28’ 00” E +; + +1785–1794 m + +; date: + +7 June 1979 + + +. + + + + +Diagnosis. A species of +Ilyophis +with the following characters. Body covered with scales in an irregular basket-weave pattern. Trunk moderate (about 20% of TL). Dorsal-fin origin above posterior half of pectoral fin. Gape moderate, extending at most to posterior half of eye. Teeth not compound. Intermaxillary teeth conical and acute with approximately 16‒18 teeth in the tooth patch. Vomerine teeth abutting the rear of intermaxillary patch with approximately 25 teeth irregularly biserial anteriorly becoming uniserial posteriorly. Both intermaxillary and vomerine teeth set in beds of papillose tissue. Maxillary teeth arranged in bands of one to four (medially) to one irregular row, with anterior teeth somewhat enlarged. Dentary teeth arranged in bands with roughly three to five series of teeth, with anterior ones (in two rows) the largest. Lateral line extends to approximately 70‒75% the length of body. Cephalic lateralis pores: supraorbital pores (SO) 3, infraorbital pores (IO) 6 (including adnasal pore just posterior to anterior nostril), preoperculomandibular pores (POM) 8‒9, 7‒8 pores in mandibular region and the eighth or ninth pore in a preopercular position. Total vertebrae 131‒134. + + + + +Description. Measurements of +holotype +: total length +240 mm +, preanal length +76 mm +, predorsal length +36.4 mm +, head length 30.0 mm, trunk length +46 mm +, snout length +11.8 mm +, upper jaw length 14.0 mm, eye diameter +3.3 mm +, interorbital width +6.6 mm +, gill opening +2.8 mm +, intrabronchial distance 5.8, pectoral fin length +7.8 mm +, depth at anus +9.9 mm +. Meristics and proportional morphometrics of the +holotype +and +paratype +are presented in +Table 1 +. Rest of description based on data presented by +Merrett & Saldanha (1985) +. However, it should be noted that the +two specimens +available for examination have shrunk since originally measured by +Merrett and Saldanha (1985) +. + + +Body moderately elongate, laterally compressed posteriorly ( +Fig. 5A +). Body tapers gradually to caudal, deepest body depth anteriorly, near anus. Dorsal-fin origin near posterior half or just behind tip of pectoral fin, predorsal length ca. 14–15 % TL. Trunk length moderate (ca. 18–19 % TL), contained about 5 times in TL. Preanal length approximately 3 times in TL, preanal fin length about 31% of TL. Head length moderate (ca. 10–12 % TL) ( +Fig. 5B +). Gill slits crescentic and horizontal, located ventrally just anterior to and below pectoral fin base. Anterior nostril tubular, directed anterolaterally. Posterior nostrils round, just in front of eye. Eye relatively small (10.3–14.3 % HL). Pectoral fin moderate in size (3.2–3.7 % TL, 25–36 % HL) with 15 rays. Gape extends to near posterior half of eye. Snout plicate ( +Fig. 6A +), three main plicae on each side of mid-line, outermost least developed. Outer margins of first and second plicae bear some four and eight papillae respectively, other minute papillae occur along all plical ridges. Tip of lower jaw also plicate ( +Fig. 6B +), two main plicae on each side of mid-line, outermost least developed. Teeth conical, arranged in bands along maxillary, dentary and intermaxillary/vomer [ +Fig. 7 +]. Teeth not compound. Maxillary teeth in two to four rows (medially) reducing to one irregular row posteriorly, with anterior teeth somewhat enlarged. Dentary teeth in three to five irregular rows, with anterior ones (in two rows) larger. Intermaxillary teeth with 16–18 strong teeth concentrically arranged around tooth patch with inner teeth slightly larger. Vomerine teeth abutting intermaxillary tooth patch with two irregular rows anteriorly (with 10–11 teeth each) and converging to single row posteriorly (with three to four teeth), total number of vomerine teeth 24–25. Both intermaxillary and vomerine teeth surrounded by papillae. Cephalic lateralis pores ( +Fig. 5B +): supraorbital pores three, first located between first and second plicae on snout. second on snout at level of the dorsal rim of anterior nostril, third on dorsal of snout above adnasal pore; infraorbital pores six, first (adnasal pore) just posterior to dorsal rim of anterior nostril, second on lip just posteroventral to base of anterior nostril, third on lip one third of the way between anterior and posterior nostrils, forth on lip anteroventral to posterior nostril, fifth on lip just ventral to the anterior margin of the eye, sixth on lip slightly posterior to posterior margin of eye; preoperculomandibular pores eight to nine, first very small and located within plicae at tip of lower jaw, remaining 6–7 mandibular pores spaced progressively far apart along jaw, last mandibular pore located approximately below rictus, 1–2 preopercular pores located posteriorly in the opercular region. Only the +paratype +has 2 preopercular pores which are on the left side of the head and are set very close together in a pair. Lateral line incomplete, relatively long; pores extend to approximately 75% length of body. Three to six pores anterior to pectoral-fin base, 7–10 pores anterior to dorsal-fin origin, 29–32 pores anterior to anus, 88–94 total pores. Scales present all over body, except head, arranged broadly in classic basket-weave pattern ( +Fig. 8A–D +). Number, shape, and disposition variable. Scales generally elongate in shape, but length may vary between 2–3 scale width [type α scales ( +Fig. 8B +) or 10–15 or more times scale width [type β scales ( +Fig. 8C–D +). Disposition of scale types variable between specimens and not necessarily bilaterally symmetrical on an individual. Type α scales present in only +one specimen +( +Fig. 8A +), one patch on left side on belly posterior to left pectoral fin and two patches on right side, one between lateral line and dorsal profile, posterior to right pectoral fin, and second on beginning of caudal region between lateral line and ventral profile. Type β scales are most common and present on all +three specimens +. Vertebral numbers: predorsal 8–9, preanal 31–32, total 131–134. + + + + +FIGURE 5. +Ilyophis maclainei +sp. nov. +Referred Specimen, DISCOVERY Collection, Station 50517, 237 mm TL (A) Lateral view. (B) Head and cephalic lateralis system (from +Merrett & Saldanha 1985 +) + + + + +FIGURE 6. +Ilyophis maclainei +sp. nov. +Holotype, BMNH 1995.4.19.31(DISCOVERY Collection, Station 50710), 240 mm TL (A) Snout ornamentation. (B) Lower jaw tip ornamentation (from +Merrett & Saldanha 1985 +) + + + + +FIGURE 7. +Ilyophis maclainei +sp. nov. +Referred Specimen, DISCOVERY Collection, Station 50517, 237 mm TL (A) Dentition of upper jaw. (B) Dentition of lower jaw (from +Merrett & Saldanha 1985 +) + + + + +FIGURE 8. +Ilyophis maclainei +sp. nov. +(A) Referred Specimen, DISCOVERY Collection, Station 50517. Distribution of type α and ss squamation on left and right side of specimen. (B) Same specimen. Detail of squamation from area of trunk region (scales of type α ventrally). (C) Same specimen. Detail of squamation from anal region (scales of type ss). (D) Holotype, BMNH 1995.4.19.31. Detail of squamation from region of end of caudal (scales of type ss) (modified from +Merrett & Saldanha 1985 +) + + + + +Remarks. The Referred Specimen listed above (Discovery Collection Station 50517) was one of the original +three specimens +described by +Merrett & Saldanha(1985) +. This specimen was also examined by +Sulak& Shcherbachev (1997) +. Since then, most of the specimen has apparently been lost. Only the gonads of this female specimen are still in existence and are cataloged at the Natural History Museum as BMNH 1996.3.8.2. However, since much of the data on the northeastern Atlantic population provided by +Merrett & Saldanha (1985) +was based on this specimen, we have included it in the description. If the body of this specimen is ever found, it should be reunited with BMNH 1996.3.8.2. + + +Comparative remarks. +Ilyophis maclainei +can be distinguished from all members of the genera +Atractodenchelys +, +Dysomma +Dysommina +, and +Linkenchelys +by the lack of compound teeth in the dentition (versus at least vomerine teeth compound). +Ilyophis maclainei +is distinguished from +Meadia abyssalis +and +M. roseni +by its head length shorter than its trunk (versus head length longer than trunk). Finally, it can be distinguished from a third species in the genus +Meadia +, +M. minor +, by its higher vertebral number (131–134 versus +118–122 in +M. minor +). + + +Morphometric, meristic, and morphological data for all described species of the genus +Ilyophis +are presented in +Table 2 +. The presence of scales distinguishes +I. maclainei +from other members of the genus +Ilyophis +except +I. brunneus +, l. +blachei +and l. +nigeli +. +Ilyophis maclainei +is differentiated from those three species by its lower vertebrae number (131–134 versus +145–151 in +I. brunneus +, +177–188 in +l. +blachei +and +140–152 in +l. +nigeli +). +I. maclainei +can be distinguished from +I. arx +with which it had previously been confused not only by the presence of scales (versus no scales in +I. arx +), but also by its longer lateral line (ca. 70–76% TL versus ca. 35–46% TL in +I. arx +), the correlated higher number of lateral line pores (88–94 versus +31–47 in +I. arx +), and a lower number of preanal fin vertebrae (33–34 versus +37–42 in +I. arx +). + + + + +Etymology. We take pleasure in naming this new species after our colleague James Maclaine, Senior Curator of Fishes at The Natural History Museum, +United Kingdom +, for his dedication to the collections under his care, and especially his hard work in incorporating the collections of the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences/National Oceanography Centre into the Natural History Museum, +United Kingdom +. + + + + +Distribution. +Ilyophis maclainei +is known only from the +three specimens +which were collected in the vicinity of the Porcupine Sea-Bight and Goban Spur areas, off SW Ireland at a depth range of +1785 to 4788 m +( +Fig. 9 +). + +Whether the species is endemic to this area or might be more widely distributed in the slope region of the eastern North Atlantic is unknown. + + + +FIGURE 9. Distribution of +Ilyophis maclainei +in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Open star is the type locality. Closed stars are other study material. + + + + +Comparative Specimens Examined. +Ilyophis brunneus +: + +USNM 44403 +( +holotype +, +380 mm +TL), +Eastern Pacific Ocean +, +Galápagos Islands +, +Near +San Cristóbal Island +[Chatham Island], +0° 36' 30" S +, +89° 19' 00" W +, +Albatross station +2808, depth 634 fathoms ( + +1160 m + +) + +. + +USNM 185665 +( +1, 312 mm +TL), +Gulf of Mexico +, off +Mississippi Delta +, +28° 58’ N +, +88° 11’ W +, +Oregon station +2822, depth + +1143 m + + +. + +USNM 195901 +( +1, 414 mm +TL), +Gulf of Mexico +, off +Alabama +, +28° 55’ N +, +87° 49’ W +, +Oregon station +2022, depth + +1646 m + + +. + +USNM 197115 +( +1, 403 mm +TL) +North Atlantic Ocean +, Straits of Florida, north of +Cay Sal Bank. +24° 24’ N +, +80° 00’ W +, depth 400–400 fathoms + +. + +USNM 212185 +( +1, 262 mm +TL), +Southern Caribbean Sea +, off western +Venezuela +, +11° 44’ N +, +68° 43’ W +, depth + +1006 m + + +. +Ilyophis saldanhai +: + +MMF 27080 +(2, 354– +382 mm +TL) + +, + +MMF 27081 +( +1, 409 mm +TL +); +North Atlantic Ocean +, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Broken Spur Hydrothermal Vent Field. 29 08’N, 43 13” W. + +3020 m + + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9E770BFF79F347FB09047A.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9E770BFF79F347FB09047A.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ee990b38907 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9E770BFF79F347FB09047A.xml @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + +Genus +DYSOMMA + + + + + + + + +Dysomma +Alcock 1889: 459 + + +. +Type +species + +Dysomma bucephalus +Alcock, 1889 + +by monotypy. Neuter. + + + + + + +Dysommopsis +Alcock 1891: 137 + + +. +Type +species + +Dysommopsis muciparus +Alcock, 1891 + +by monotypy. Feminine. + + + + + + +Todarus +Grassi & Calandruccio 1896: 349 + + +. +Type +species + +Nettastoma brevirostre +Facciolà, 1887 + +by monotypy. Masculine. Name preoccupied. + + + + + + +Sinomyrus +Lin 1933: 93 + + +. +Type +species + +Sinomyrus angustus +Lin, 1933 + +by original designation. Masculine. + + + + +Nettodarus +Whitley 1951 + +. Replacement for +Todarus Grassi & Calandruccio. Masculine. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9E770BFF79F47DFD8A00BE.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9E770BFF79F47DFD8A00BE.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..dabe85afe2d --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9E770BFF79F47DFD8A00BE.xml @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + +Genus +ATRACTODENCHELYS + + + + + + + + +Atractodenchelys +Robins & Robins, 1970: 296 + + +. +Type +species + +Atractodenchelys phrix +Robins & Robins, 1970 + +by original designation. Feminine. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF70F53EFEFF0635.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF70F53EFEFF0635.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..1f1dba0ed0a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF70F53EFEFF0635.xml @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Author + +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. + + + +Author + +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. + + + +Author + +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu + + + +Author + +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-09-05 + + +5506 + + +1 + + +35 +57 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 + + + + + + +Dysomma brevirostre ( +Facciolà, 1887 +) + + + + + + + + + +Nettastoma brevirostre +Facciolà 1887: 166 + + +, Pl. 3 ( +Fig. 3 +). +Holotype +: lost. Type locality: Mediterranean Sea. + + + + + + +Leptocephalus telescopicus +Schmidt 1913:11 + + +, Pl. 1 (fig. 8). +Holotype +:ZMUC (lost).Type locality: Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian Sea. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F034FDCC04E5.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F034FDCC04E5.xml index caac03a849a..a30edee8b0c 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F034FDCC04E5.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F034FDCC04E5.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Dysomma formosa +Dysomma formosa Ho & Tighe, 2018 - @@ -88,10 +86,8 @@ -Dysomma formosa - +Dysomma formosa Ho & Tighe 2018: 54 - , diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F178FD2205B9.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F178FD2205B9.xml index d6e213e27b4..991fd75424c 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F178FD2205B9.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F178FD2205B9.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Dysomma fuscoventrale +Dysomma fuscoventrale Karrer & Klausewitz, 1982 - @@ -88,10 +86,8 @@ -Dysomma fuscoventralis - +Dysomma fuscoventralis Karrer & Klausewitz 1982: 199 - , diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F380FCC00451.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F380FCC00451.xml index e422131723a..fc48fc7768d 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F380FCC00451.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F380FCC00451.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Dysomma dolichosomatum +Dysomma dolichosomatum Karrer, 1983 - @@ -88,10 +86,8 @@ -Dysomma dolichosomatum - +Dysomma dolichosomatum Karrer 1983: 93 - , Figs. 28A–B. diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F48AFD030127.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F48AFD030127.xml index 2609bfe04f6..de2e53cd395 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F48AFD030127.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F48AFD030127.xml @@ -1,84 +1,82 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - -Dysomma brachygnathos +Dysomma brachygnathos Ho & Tighe, 2018 - @@ -88,10 +86,8 @@ -Dysomma brachygnathos - +Dysomma brachygnathos Ho & Tighe 2018: 59 - , diff --git a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F6DDFCB60094.xml b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F6DDFCB60094.xml index ccf049e0f11..c7241effbbb 100644 --- a/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F6DDFCB60094.xml +++ b/data/0F/74/87/0F748798FF9F770AFF79F6DDFCB60094.xml @@ -1,94 +1,86 @@ - - - -Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae + + + +Redescription of the eel Ilyophis arx Robins, 1976 (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae: Ilyophinae) with a description of a new species of Ilyophis, and a taxonomic synopsis of the Ilyophinae - - -Author + + +Author -Tighe, Kenneth A. -Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. +Tighe, Kenneth A. +Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, David G. -Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. +Smith, David G. +Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, U. S. A. - - -Author + + +Author -Merrett, Nigel R. -Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. +Merrett, Nigel R. +Muttlebury’s Mead, Chard Street, Thorncombe, Chard, TA 20 4 NB, U. K. - - -Author + + +Author -Frable, Benjamin W. -0000-0003-4525-0671 -bfrable@ucsd.edu +Frable, Benjamin W. +0000-0003-4525-0671 +bfrable@ucsd.edu - - -Author + + +Author -Zajonz, Uwe -Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. +Zajonz, Uwe +Ichthyology Section, Department of Marine Zoology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum of Nature, Senckenberg Society of Nature Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2024 - -2024-09-05 + +2024 + +2024-09-05 - -5506 + +5506 - -1 + +1 - -35 -57 + +35 +57 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 -1175-5326 -13746099 -DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.2 +1175-5326 +13746099 +DC6C5929-1C30-404A-A013-7DEC2A1DBAF1 - - -Dysomma anguillare -Barnard, 1923 - - +Dysomma anguillare Barnard, 1923 - -Dysomma anguillaris -Barnard 1923:443 - +Dysomma anguillaris Barnard 1923:443 . Holotype : @@ -109,10 +101,8 @@ mouth, -Sinomyrus angustus - +Sinomyrus angustus Lin 1933: 94 - , @@ -132,10 +122,8 @@ mouth, -Dysomma aphododera - +Dysomma aphododera Ginsburg 1951: 452 - , @@ -163,10 +151,8 @@ of -Dysomma japonicus - +Dysomma japonicus Matsubara 1936: 961 - , Fig. unnumb. @@ -175,8 +161,8 @@ of FAKU 1941 . Type locality: Japan -, Kumano- -Nada +, +Kumano-Nada , SE of Kii Peninsula , 150 fm ( @@ -190,10 +176,8 @@ of -Dysomma zanzibarensis - +Dysomma zanzibarensis Norman 1939: 44 - , Fig. 17. diff --git a/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB40FFCCFC54F9DF6C10F54E.xml b/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB40FFCCFC54F9DF6C10F54E.xml index 767ab529cbf..b3357c629e6 100644 --- a/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB40FFCCFC54F9DF6C10F54E.xml +++ b/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB40FFCCFC54F9DF6C10F54E.xml @@ -1,68 +1,69 @@ - - - -Timing of intercontinental faunal migrations: Anguimorph lizards from the earliest Eocene (MP 7) of Dormaal, Belgium + + + +Timing of intercontinental faunal migrations: Anguimorph lizards from the earliest Eocene (MP 7) of Dormaal, Belgium - - -Author + + +Author -Čerňanský, Andrej -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia -cernansky.paleontology@gmail.com +Čerňanský, Andrej +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia +cernansky.paleontology@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, Richard -Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium +Smith, Richard +Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, Thierry -Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium +Smith, Thierry +Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium - - -Author + + +Author -Folie, Annelise -Scientific Survey of Heritage, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium +Folie, Annelise +Scientific Survey of Heritage, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2024 - -2024-08-09 + +2024 + +2024-08-09 - -201 + +201 - -4 + +4 - -1 -25 + +1 +25 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 -0024-4082 -77FCB9D7-C19D-49BD-AF89-84EEE0BE11E1 +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 +0024-4082 +13759664 +77FCB9D7-C19D-49BD-AF89-84EEE0BE11E1 - + @@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ ( -Fig. 9 +Fig. 9 ) @@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ Dormaal, Flemish Brabant, eastern Belgium , Dormaal Member, Tienen Formation, Landen Group, earliest Eocene (MP 7). - + Figure 9. @@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentary IRSNB R 495 in A, lateral; B, Dentary: A mid-section of a left dentary, IRSNB R 495, is preserved ( -Fig. 9A–C +Fig. 9A–C ). It bears six and half tooth positions (only four teeth are mostly preserved). The bone is anteroposteriorly elongated, having a slightly concave appearance. In the posterior preserved section, it widens dorsoventrally, being slightly dorsally elevated. The lateral surface of the bone is smooth, except for three large elliptical labial foramina located more-or-less in the dorsal anterior third of the lateral wall. In medial view, the Meckelian canal is fully open, although narrow. It gradually dorsoventrally widens posteriorly. The subdental shelf is thin and only weakly medially expanded. @@ -119,11 +120,11 @@ The dentition is subpleurodont ( , 1955 ), the jaw parapet is low and the bases of the teeth are attached to a sloping, concave surface, without any angle between two different planes ( -Fig. 9A–C +Fig. 9A–C ). The tooth bases are mesiodistally broad and bear well-preserved typical basal striae, i.e. plicidentine is present (the infolding of dentine in the pulp cavity; Kearney and Rieppel 2006 ). It is complex and dense, as many closely spaced basal infoldings are present. All tooth tips are broken off. However, the labiolingual tooth crown compression is visible in broken teeth and partly, to a small extent, in the virtual 3D model of a pulp cavity ( -Fig. 9C +Fig. 9C ). @@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ Georgalis 2023 ). Although some degree of the labiolingual compression of the pulp cavities is visible in IRSNB R 495 ( -Fig. 9C +Fig. 9C ), this compression is markedly smaller (not highly compressed) in comparison to extant Varanus @@ -187,19 +188,19 @@ Georgalis Dorsal vertebra: Two varanoid dorsal vertebrae are available in the material ( -Fig. 9D–O +Fig. 9D–O ). They are medium-sized, with centra that widen anteriorly, being almost triangular in ventral view. The maximum anteroposterior length is 5.7 mm in IRSNB R 496 and 7 mm in IRSNB R 497. The subcentral ridges are more-or-less straight in ventral view. The neural spine is well developed, starting its rise dorsally approximately in the half of the anteroposterior length the neural arch ( -Fig. 9F +Fig. 9F ). It is trapezoidal in shape; however, its distal tip is broken off in both specimens. Its dorsal posterior portion is narrow, being drop shaped in cross-section ( -Fig. 9D, J +Fig. 9D, J ). This portion occupies the posterior third of the anteroposterior length of the neural arch. Anteriorly, there is a median ridge that continues almost until the anterior end of the neural arch. The neural canal is large, pentagonal in shape. It is vaulted in posterior view ( -Fig. 9I, O +Fig. 9I, O ). The prezygapophyseal articular facets are large and broad in dorsal view. The postzygapophyseal articular facets are also large. There is a slight constriction between pre- and postzygapophyses. In this region, a small foramen is located on the lateral side near the constriction on each side in dorsal aspect ( -Fig. 9G–M +Fig. 9G–M ). Overall, the vertebrae are wide in dorsal view. A pseudozygosphene and a pseudozygantrum are present [this would correspond to character state 468: 1 in @@ -208,7 +209,7 @@ Gauthier (2012) ]. The synapophyses are damaged. The cotyle and the condyle are dorsoventrally depressed. In lateral view, the cotyle is distinctly inclined—its ventral rim is located more posteriorly than the dorsal one. Thus, the dorsal portion of the cotyle is clearly visible in ventral view ( -Fig. 9E–K +Fig. 9E–K ). The condyle is well exposed from both dorsal and ventral views. The ventral surface of the centrum is slightly ventrally concave in lateral view. Small subcentral foramina are visible on the ventral side of the centrum. @@ -216,7 +217,7 @@ Gauthier The pseudozygosphene–pseudozygantrum are very prominent in these specimens ( -Fig. 9H, I, N, O +Fig. 9H, I, N, O ). This favours their assignment to the genus Saniwa @@ -278,13 +279,13 @@ Augé Humerus: Only the distal portion of the left humerus, IRSNB R 498 is preserved ( -Fig. 9P–T +Fig. 9P–T ). It is robust and large. The maximum width of the preserved specimen is 8.6 mm . The preserved portion of the diaphysis is elliptical in cross-section ( -Fig. 9T +Fig. 9T ). The entepicondyle is well developed, being set off from the posterior margin of the diaphysis. An entepicondylar foramen is absent. The distal portion of the ectepicondyle is damaged and partly broken off, but the ectepicondylar ridge is well developed. This region is pierced by an ectepicondylar foramen ( -Fig. 9Q +Fig. 9Q ). The ulnar and radial condyles are large, proximally accompanied by a fossa. diff --git a/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB42FFD2FC51FA2D6AEAF738.xml b/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB42FFD2FC51FA2D6AEAF738.xml index 86552dd8c40..a57daeff784 100644 --- a/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB42FFD2FC51FA2D6AEAF738.xml +++ b/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB42FFD2FC51FA2D6AEAF738.xml @@ -1,68 +1,69 @@ - - - -Timing of intercontinental faunal migrations: Anguimorph lizards from the earliest Eocene (MP 7) of Dormaal, Belgium + + + +Timing of intercontinental faunal migrations: Anguimorph lizards from the earliest Eocene (MP 7) of Dormaal, Belgium - - -Author + + +Author -Čerňanský, Andrej -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia -cernansky.paleontology@gmail.com +Čerňanský, Andrej +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia +cernansky.paleontology@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, Richard -Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium +Smith, Richard +Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, Thierry -Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium +Smith, Thierry +Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium - - -Author + + +Author -Folie, Annelise -Scientific Survey of Heritage, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium +Folie, Annelise +Scientific Survey of Heritage, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2024 - -2024-08-09 + +2024 + +2024-08-09 - -201 + +201 - -4 + +4 - -1 -25 + +1 +25 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 -0024-4082 -77FCB9D7-C19D-49BD-AF89-84EEE0BE11E1 +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 +0024-4082 +13759664 +77FCB9D7-C19D-49BD-AF89-84EEE0BE11E1 - + @@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ indet. ( -Fig. 10 +Fig. 10 ) @@ -127,12 +128,12 @@ Dormaal, Flemish Brabant, eastern Maxilla: Only a fragment of the right maxilla is preserved (IRSNB R 499; -Fig. 10A–E +Fig. 10A–E ). It possesses nine tooth positions (three and half teeth are still preserved). The bone is lightly built and rather thin. In lateral view, between the dorsal and ventral margins, the wall of the maxilla is distinctly concave. The facial process is only partly dorsally preserved, being lateromedially thin. The external surface of the bone is smooth. It is pierced by a series of large labial foramina (six are present in the preserved portion) located in a row on the ventral section of the bone surface. Posterior to the last labial foramen, several teeth are present (at least three are preserved). Besides labial foramina, several small foramina are present, being located more dorsally ( -Fig. 10A +Fig. 10A ). In medial view, there is a thin supradental shelf that slightly widens posteriorly. It is not markedly medially expanded. Laterally, in the dorsal portion of the shelf (between the shelf and the facial process), there is a narrow longitudinal depression—the sulcus for the nasolacrimal duct. The maxilla immediately laterally to the supradental shelf is burrowed by the superior alveolar canal. Its posterior opening, the superior alveolar foramen, is located in the posterior section, being large and anteroposteriorly elongated. It is located at the level of the sixth preserved tooth position (counted from anterior). The foramen is dorsolaterally bordered by a lip of bone. - + Figure 10. Palaeovaranidae @@ -147,13 +148,13 @@ The dentition is subpleurodont ( , 1955 ),thejawparapetislowandthebasesoftheteethareattachedto a sloping, concave surface, without any angle between two different planes ( -Fig. 10A–E +Fig. 10A–E ). The tooth bases are mesiodistally broad and bear well-preserved typical basal striae, i.e. plicidentine. These basal infoldings are widely spaced. The tooth tips are pointed, tall, and strongly curved distally and slightly lingually. The mesial and distal cutting edges are well developed. Although the mesial one is more distinct in the anterior preserved tooth, both mesial and distal cutting edges are more-or-less equal in the posterior teeth. Osteoderm: The osteoderm IRSNB R 500 ( -Fig. 10F–K +Fig. 10F–K ) is oval in shape with an external medial high keel running through the entire length of the osteoderm. It is sculptured by pits and ridges. The internal surface is slightly concave with small foramina [neurovascular foramina sensu Smith and Gauthier (2013)]. @@ -267,7 +268,7 @@ in ) . Finally, if we compare the specimen IRSNB R 499 ( -Fig. 10B +Fig. 10B ) with the specimen attributed to ‘ Necrosaurus diff --git a/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB47FFCEFB98FE2C6CF8F622.xml b/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB47FFCEFB98FE2C6CF8F622.xml index 40f0576f8ab..727f027ee9d 100644 --- a/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB47FFCEFB98FE2C6CF8F622.xml +++ b/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB47FFCEFB98FE2C6CF8F622.xml @@ -1,68 +1,69 @@ - - - -Timing of intercontinental faunal migrations: Anguimorph lizards from the earliest Eocene (MP 7) of Dormaal, Belgium + + + +Timing of intercontinental faunal migrations: Anguimorph lizards from the earliest Eocene (MP 7) of Dormaal, Belgium - - -Author + + +Author -Čerňanský, Andrej -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia -cernansky.paleontology@gmail.com +Čerňanský, Andrej +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia +cernansky.paleontology@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, Richard -Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium +Smith, Richard +Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, Thierry -Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium +Smith, Thierry +Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium - - -Author + + +Author -Folie, Annelise -Scientific Survey of Heritage, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium +Folie, Annelise +Scientific Survey of Heritage, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2024 - -2024-08-09 + +2024 + +2024-08-09 - -201 + +201 - -4 + +4 - -1 -25 + +1 +25 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 -0024-4082 -77FCB9D7-C19D-49BD-AF89-84EEE0BE11E1 +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 +0024-4082 +13759664 +77FCB9D7-C19D-49BD-AF89-84EEE0BE11E1 - + @@ -75,9 +76,9 @@ indet. ( -Figs 7 +Figs 7 , -8 +8 ) @@ -101,23 +102,23 @@ Dormaal, Flemish Brabant, eastern Premaxilla: Two premaxillae are preserved. This bone is a triradiate, T-shaped element. The larger specimen IRSNB R 486 represents a ventral portion of the premaxilla with nine tooth positions—although the first left one is partly damaged (two teeth are still preserved, their crowns are, however, weathered; -Fig. 7A–E +Fig. 7A–E ). The anterior face of this premaxilla is smooth and broadly arched. It is pierced by a pair of anterior premaxillary foramina (ethmoidal foramina). They form the openings of the canals. These canals are not closed inside the bone, and their dorsal portions are open. This open area is large on the right side, whereas there is a tendency of its closing (or, in fact, most likely initial opening) on the left side, although a notch is still present. Thus, the connection posteriorly with the posterior premaxillary foramen and a canal running ventrally are exposed on both sides in dorsal view. Lateral to that, the wedge-shaped facet for the maxilla is present on the dorsolateral surface of the maxillary process of the premaxilla ( -Fig. 7C, D +Fig. 7C, D ). The maxillary processes are slightly reduced, although well defined. They form posterolaterally running triangles in anterior view ( -Fig. 7A +Fig. 7A ). In this view, the ventral margin of the bone is straight. In posterior view, the supradental shelf is well posteriorly expanded, having a slightly wavy appearance ( -Fig. 7B +Fig. 7B ). Its median portion extends ventrally into a bilobed incisive process. A short median fissure is present only in the posterior section between both incisive processes ( -Fig. 7E +Fig. 7E ). Dorsally, a vomerine process is preserved ( -Fig. 7B +Fig. 7B ). It is triangular in shape in dorsal view, gradually narrowing posteriorly. Only the base of the broad nasal process is preserved. The smaller specimen IRSNB R 487 represents an element with probably nine tooth positions—note that the left corner is broken off and the internal surface is partly weathered (two worn teeth are still attached to the left side). Its anterior face is smooth and arched (although less than in IRSNB R 486). It is pierced by a pair of anterior premaxillary foramina, but these are completely enclosed in the bone. Note, however, that the bony tissue of the dorsal side of the left foramen is distinctly narrowed. Close to the posterior opening, there are some additional small foramina located medially on each side (the same is true for the premaxilla IRSNB R 486; -Fig. 7J +Fig. 7J ). The vomerine process is well preserved, identical as on the larger specimen, IRSNB R 486. In both, a pit is located on the dorsal side and one additional smaller one is located anterior to the vomerine process. In IRSNB R 487, the nasal process is preserved, although its posterodorsal end is broken off. It is laterally broad, running distally with more-or-less the same width along the preserved portion. The external surface of the process is flat and an osteoderm is attached to it in the dorsal section. It is partly preserved and the tuberculate sculpture is still visible. On the internal surface, there is a low ridge running across the midline of the nasal process, being sharper in the dorsal region, giving to the process section a triangular shape. - + Figure 7. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Premaxillae IRSNB R 486 (A–E) and IRSNB R 487 (F–K) in A, F, anterior; B, G, posterior; C, H, lateral right; D, I, lateral left; J, dorsolateral; and E, K, ventral views. Right nasal IRSNB R 488 in L, dorsal; @@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ A premaxilla has been indeed described in the North American taxon , although being highly worn ( Smith 2009 : fig. 18A) and resembling the premaxillae here described from Dormaal ( -Fig. 7A–K +Fig. 7A–K ). However, the nasal process of the Gaultia silvaticus @@ -152,10 +153,10 @@ premaxilla is broad basally and tapers distally (see: Nasal: The right nasal IRSNB R 488 is preserved ( -Fig. 7L–O +Fig. 7L–O ). It is an elongated plate-like bone. It extends anteriorly into a broad premaxillary process—its anterior end is, however, broken off. The median suture of the nasal is straight, whereas the lateral portion slightly expands ventrally into an anterolateral process. The process is flexed ventrolaterally. The bone thus slightly widens anteriorly (expect of the premaxillary process). The dorsal surface of this nasal is covered with two sculptured shields separated by a slightly anterolaterally directed sulcus. The anterior sculptured shield is much smaller than the posterior one. The former one is anteroposteriorly elongated, slightly widens posteriorly and its posteriormost end forms a narrow expansion. The sculpture consists of small, rounded, discrete tubercles. The ventral surface of the nasals is finely weathered. It is not flat, but due to ventrolateral flection, there is a longitudinal shallow depression. The posterior end bears a frontal articulation. - + Figure 8. Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Osteoderms: IRSNB R 490 in A, external; B, lateroexternal; C, internal; and D, lateral views. IRSNB R 491 in E, external; F, lateroexternal; G, internal; and H, lateral views. IRSNB R 492 in I, external; J, internal; and K, lateral views. IRSNB R 493 in L, external; M, internal; N, lateral; and O, anterointernal views. Dorsal vertebra IRSNB R 494 in P, dorsal; Q, ventral; R, lateral right; S, lateral left; T, anterior; and U, posterior views (all micro-CT visualizations). @@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ Glyptosauridae indet. from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Osteoderms: IRSNB R 4 In glyptosaurine taxa, hexagonal osteoderms cover the entire skull (Sullivan 1979). This does not appear to be the case on the right nasal IRSNB R 488 ( -Fig. 7L–O +Fig. 7L–O ) where osteoderms are more irregular in shape. The division of osteodermal cover (the pattern of osteoderm shapes) might indicate a member of ‘Melanosaurinae’, but it is also possible that it belongs to Gaultia @@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ In glyptosaurine taxa, hexagonal osteoderms cover the entire skull (Sullivan 197 Supraocular: The supraocular IRSNB R 489 is anteroposteriorly elongated ( -Fig. 7P–S +Fig. 7P–S ). In cross-section it narrows laterally. Its lateral margin is only slightly rounded, almost straight in dorsal view. The medial portion is trapezoidal. The whole external surface is sculptured by numerous small, discrete tubercles radiating from the ossification centre. @@ -196,26 +197,26 @@ Several tuberculated osteoderms are described. Most are isolated and rectangular IRSNB R 490 ; -Fig. 8A +Fig. 8A ). In one osteoderm, IRSNB R 491 ( -Fig. 8E, F +Fig. 8E, F ), in contrast, there is a small depression in the central region. Osteoderms have a prominent and smooth overlap surface running on nearly one-third of the anteroposterior length. It is slightly higher than the posterior sculptured portion, from which it is separated by a transverse groove. The sculptured portion is covered by discrete tubercles of various sizes. The internal surface is smooth and pierced by several foramina located along the central region and, in some cases, also in the anterior region. One osteoderm ( IRSNB R 492 ; -Fig. 8I–K +Fig. 8I–K ) is of irregular or roughly rounded shape. It is also slightly smaller than the other osteoderms. The overlap surface of this osteoderm is large (compared to sculptured surface) and is a somewhat reversed V-shape. There is also one specimen ( IRSNB R 493 ) that represents two fused osteoderms, although traces of fusion are still visible ( -Fig. 8L–O +Fig. 8L–O ). In anterior view, its lateral sides are bent, so it has a slightly rounded appearance ( -Fig. 8O +Fig. 8O ) . @@ -245,7 +246,7 @@ Gauthier Dorsal vertebra: One large dorsal vertebra, IRSNB R 494, is available ( -Fig. 8P–U +Fig. 8P–U ). In ventral view, the centrum is significantly anteriorly widened. The maximum anteroposterior length of the centrum is 8 mm , whereas its maximum width is diff --git a/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB4FFFC9FF5BFCC96D24F143.xml b/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB4FFFC9FF5BFCC96D24F143.xml index 93bdc0f213a..946b2e54bbd 100644 --- a/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB4FFFC9FF5BFCC96D24F143.xml +++ b/data/EE/35/87/EE3587F5CB4FFFC9FF5BFCC96D24F143.xml @@ -1,68 +1,69 @@ - - - -Timing of intercontinental faunal migrations: Anguimorph lizards from the earliest Eocene (MP 7) of Dormaal, Belgium + + + +Timing of intercontinental faunal migrations: Anguimorph lizards from the earliest Eocene (MP 7) of Dormaal, Belgium - - -Author + + +Author -Čerňanský, Andrej -Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia -cernansky.paleontology@gmail.com +Čerňanský, Andrej +Department of Ecology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia +cernansky.paleontology@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, Richard -Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium +Smith, Richard +Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium - - -Author + + +Author -Smith, Thierry -Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium +Smith, Thierry +Directorate Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium - - -Author + + +Author -Folie, Annelise -Scientific Survey of Heritage, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium +Folie, Annelise +Scientific Survey of Heritage, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 rue Vautier, B- 1000, Brussels, Belgium -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2024 - -2024-08-09 + +2024 + +2024-08-09 - -201 + +201 - -4 + +4 - -1 -25 + +1 +25 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 -0024-4082 -77FCB9D7-C19D-49BD-AF89-84EEE0BE11E1 +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae082 +0024-4082 +13759664 +77FCB9D7-C19D-49BD-AF89-84EEE0BE11E1 - + @@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ Sullivan ( -Figs 1–6 +Figs 1–6 ) @@ -197,7 +198,7 @@ IRSNB R 263 (formerly DO 2 in Augé 2005 ), a nearly complete left dentary ( -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 ; Sullivan @@ -353,20 +354,20 @@ is laterally larger than the lateral shield vs. a narrower central shield in Maxilla: Three incomplete right maxillae were recovered. The specimen IRSNB R 478 ( -Fig. 2A–F +Fig. 2A–F ) is better preserved, only its anterior portion forming the forked premaxillary process is broken off. Its maximum anteroposterior length is 23.7 mm . The specimen IRSNB R 480 ( -Fig. 2K, L +Fig. 2K, L ) represents only the posterior region, whereas the specimen IRSNB R 479 ( -Fig. 2G–J +Fig. 2G–J ) is a partly preserved mid-portion of the maxilla. IRSNB R 478 possesses 16 tooth positions (four teeth are still attached in the posterior region), IRSNB R 479 has nine (six teeth are preserved), and IRSNB R 480 has seven tooth positions (five and a half teeth are still preserved). The facial (nasal) process of the maxilla is fairly preserved in IRSNB R 478, forming a high, almost perpendicular wall to the subdental shelf ( -Fig. 2A–F +Fig. 2A–F ). On its external surface, irregular osteoderms are preserved, the largest of which is the second one from the anterior tip of the bone ( -Fig. 2A +Fig. 2A ). They are irregular in shape, some of them being roughly polygonal. They are sculptured with tubercles and divided by sulci. Ventrally, the labial face of the maxilla is pierced by eight supralabial foramina. They gradually increase in size posteriorly, where the posteriormost is located at the level of the sixth tooth position (counted from posterior). The facial process itself has an irregular shape. Its dorsal margin is wavy, roughly M-shaped. It has two peaks, of which the anterior one is smaller and slightly bent medially. The posterior peak of the facial process is larger, rising more-or-less straight dorsally. The posterior margin of this peak slopes distinctly ventrally and therefore gradually decreases in size posteriorly. Its end is stepped. - + Figure 2. @@ -376,7 +377,7 @@ Three incomplete right maxillae were recovered. The specimen IRSNB R 478 ( from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; B, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, dorsomedial; and F, posterodorsomedial views. IRSNB R 479 in G, lateral; H, medial; I, ventral; and J, dorsal. IRSNB R 480 in K, lateral with detail of teeth in ventrolateral; L, medial with detail of teeth in ventromedial views (all micro-CT visualizations except of tooth details). - + Figure 3. @@ -386,7 +387,7 @@ from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Right maxillae: IRSNB R 478 in A, lateral; from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A–E) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (F–J) in A, F, dorsal (photographs); B, G, dorsal; C, H, ventral; D, I, lateral; E, J, anterior views (all micro-CT visualizations, except A and F). - + Figure 4. @@ -398,14 +399,14 @@ from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. The parietal IRSNB R 482 in A, dorsal; B, v In medial view, the posterodorsal portion of the facial process (the posterior peak) broadly overlaps the prefrontal—the large and rough articulation surface is still clearly visible ( -Fig. 2B +Fig. 2B ). In the posterior ventral corner, there is an articulation for the lacrimal ( -Fig. 2E +Fig. 2E ). The smooth medial surface of the facial process bears two depressions: a large, elliptical one anteriorly [its dorsal portion bears a foramen–ethmoidal foramen sensu Conrad (2004) ; -Fig. 2E +Fig. 2E ] and a smaller, longitudinal one posteriorly [posterior depression sensu Evans (2008) @@ -413,15 +414,15 @@ In medial view, the posterodorsal portion of the facial process (the posterior p sensu Ledesma and Scarpetta (2018) ]. They are separated from each other by an anteroventrally to posterodorsally oriented ridge. The supradental shelf dorsal surface is straight ( -Fig. 2B +Fig. 2B ), but its anterior section is broken off. The shelf itself expands medially, reaching its maximum at the level of the sixth tooth position (counted from posterior). Here, the contact with the palatine is present ( -Fig. 2F +Fig. 2F ). All specimens bear the posterior opening of the superior alveolar canal ( -Fig. 2D–F, J, L +Fig. 2D–F, J, L ). It is anteroposteriorly large, elliptical, and located at the level of the fifth tooth position (counted from posterior) in IRSNB R 480 and third tooth position in IRSNB R 479 (note, however, that the posterior portion in this specimen is broken off and the real number of the posterior teeth is unknown). The posterolateral margin of IRSNB R 478 ( -Fig. 2F +Fig. 2F ) and IRSNB R 480 ( -Fig. 2L +Fig. 2L ) is formed by a rounded lip of bone that, posteriorly, presents a deep facet for the jugal. @@ -429,7 +430,7 @@ In medial view, the posterodorsal portion of the facial process (the posterior p The tuberculate sculpture of osteoderms ( -Fig. 2A, G +Fig. 2A, G ) represents a synapomorphy of glyptosaurids ( Camp 1923 , @@ -457,7 +458,7 @@ rather than ‘Melanosaurinae’ (although it lacks the well-defined hexagonal o on the basis of tooth morphology (including the holotype IRSNB R 263; -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 , see: Sullivan @@ -469,13 +470,13 @@ Sullivan . Note that the osteodermal division on the lateral side of the maxilla is very atypical for Glyptosaurinae , lacking the well-defined hexagonal osteoderms. This might support the association of these elements with the frontal bones ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ) presenting also the same atypical osteodermal division (the pattern of osteoderm shapes; see below). Frontal: The right frontal IRSNB R 481 is almost completely preserved, only the posterolateral corner is partly broken off ( -Fig. 3A–D +Fig. 3A–D ). It is laterally narrow and robustly built. The bone is anteroposteriorly long (its maximum anteroposterior length is 19.7 mm ), roughly triangular—the posterolateral corner expands into a short process. This lateral expansion starts at about the half length of the bone. At the posterior end, the bone is widest (the maximum width here is @@ -483,10 +484,10 @@ The right frontal IRSNB R 481 is almost completely preserved, only the posterola ; note, however, that as the posterolateral process is partly damaged, the original width of this region was slightly larger).The lateral margin of the bone is slightly concave medially, so the bone is the narrowest at around mid-orbit (the minimal width here is 4.4 mm ). Anteriorly, the frontal extends into a long and pointed anteromedial (nasal) process. The dorsal surface of its anterolateral side is exposed, bearing weak longitudinal grooves and ridges forming the articulating surface for the nasal ( -Fig. 3A, B +Fig. 3A, B ). The external surface of the frontal is almost fully covered by sculptured osteodermal shields. The sculpture is formed by small rounded discrete tubercles that are regularly and densely arranged. In the anterior section, tubercles are arranged in anteromedially to posterolaterally oriented parallel rows extending anteriorly from the centre. This most likely indicates an ossification centre. The osteodermal shields are of various irregular, polygonal (rhomboidal, pentagonal, hexagonal) to roughly oval or ovoid shape. In the anterior portion, there is a large, first anterior central shield that is ovoid in shape. Posterolaterally to this, a lateral shield is present. It is wing-shaped, with an anterolaterally protruding lateral section. However, it reaches anteriorly less than half of the first central shield. The posteromedial margin is V-shaped. Medially to this, two small second and third central shields are present. They probably continued to the left frontal. If so (estimating its mirror symmetry), they would be more-or-less hexagonal. Posteriorly, two single mediolaterally elongated and chevron-shaped shields are located in a row. They cover the mid-portion of the frontal (where the frontal is the narrowest) and expand medially, probably having contact in the midline with those on the left frontal. In the case of the second chevron shield (the most posterior one), however, one additional small triangular (if they continue to the left frontal, estimating its mirror symmetry, it was rhomboidal) shield is present posteriomedially to the second chevron one. Note, however, that it is not clear whether the groove separating it from the next posterior pentagonal osteoderm is a sulcus or a break (in such case, it would be a part of this pentagonal osteoderm). This posterior large pentagonal shield is one of two pentagonal shields that form a row posterior to the two chevron ones. In the posteriormost portion of the frontal, close to the straight contact with parietal, a row of three, anteroposteriorly slightly elongate, roughly hexagonal shields, is present (the lateral one is missing). - + Figure 5. @@ -496,7 +497,7 @@ The right frontal IRSNB R 481 is almost completely preserved, only the posterola from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Axial section of right frontal IRSNB R 481 (A) and fused frontals IRSNB R 392 (C) and parietal IRSNB R 482 (E) at the mid-level of the dorsoventral thickness; B, D, coronal section at the level of the frontal cranial crests; F, coronal section at the level of the parietal foramen (all from the CT scans). - + Figure 6. @@ -508,25 +509,25 @@ from the earliest Eocene of Dormaal. Left dentaries: IRSNB R 483 in A, lateral; In lateral view ( -Fig. 3D +Fig. 3D ), a large, wedge shaped and rugose facet for the prefrontal is located in the anterior region, laterally to the frontal cranial crest ( -Fig. 3C +Fig. 3C ). On the lateral side of the posterolateral process, a slightly narrow facet for the postfrontal is clearly visible. Prefrontal and postfrontal were not in contact, so they did not fully exclude the frontal from the orbital border. In ventral view ( -Fig.3C +Fig.3C ), a large and robust frontal cranial crest can be observed. In its anterior portion, it extends ventrally into a rather well-defined and rounded prefrontal (=subolfactory) process (its end is slightly damaged) that achieves a maximum depth of 3.7 mm below the dorsal surface of the bone. The anterior portion of the frontal cranial crest, anterior to the subolfactory process, forms a sharp, medially directed ridge. The anteromedial margin of this crest is thin and sharp. Posteriorly, it widens, gradually diminishing dorsally and extending to the posterolateral process of the frontal. On the lateral side of the crest, a foramen is visible ( -Fig. 3C, D +Fig. 3C, D ). The nearly complete frontal IRSNB R 392 ( -Fig. 3F–J +Fig. 3F–J ) is a large and unpaired element, missing only the anterior end and posterior corner, both on the right side. On the anterior edge of the dorsal surface, a small and clearly visible area is present for the articulation with the nasal ( -Fig. 3F, G +Fig. 3F, G ). In the anterior and mid-section, the frontal bears traces of the original midline suture on both ventral and dorsal surfaces (more visible, however, in ventral view). The maximum anteroposterior length of the frontal is 20 mm . Overall, the bone is laterally wide, although a weak constriction can be seen in the mid-orbital region. At this level, the width of the bone is @@ -536,19 +537,19 @@ The nearly complete frontal IRSNB R 392 ( . Note, however, that the right posterior portion of the bone is broken off and estimated width of the complete element in this region, based on the left half, was 16 mm . The external surface is covered by sculptured osteodermal shields that are completely fused to the underlying bone. The sculpture is formed by small, rounded, discrete tubercles. Although some divisions of the osteoderms are visible, they are not as clear as on the specimen IRSNB R 481. There is a hint of chevrons in the mid-region ( -Fig. 3F, G +Fig. 3F, G ). In the posterior region, there are clear divisions of osteodermal armour to at least three osteoderms on the left side. The first two left (the two most lateral ones: osteoderms 2 and 3 on -Fig. 3G +Fig. 3G ) appear to be rectangular (or polygonal, their shape is unclear, especially at their anterior borders). Potentially, a hint of ‘radiating’ tubercles might be present, but overall, the division pattern is not recognizable. In ventral view ( -Fig. 3H +Fig. 3H ), large and robust frontal cranial crests are visible. Their anterior portions are ventrally expanded forming well-defined and rounded prefrontal (=subolfactory) processes—the end of the left one is slightly damaged. The anteromedial margins of the crests are thin and sharp, whereas they are wide posteriorly. The anterior portion of the frontal crest, anterior to the subolfactory process, is less deep, forming a well-visible, medially directed ridge. The right and left branches gradually diminish anteriorly, although they appear to join in the anterior mid-line. In lateral view ( -Fig. 3I +Fig. 3I ), in the anterior region, lateral to the frontal crest (including its lateral surface), a large wedge-shaped facet for the prefrontal is located. In the posterior region, there is a narrower facet for the postfrontal. Prefrontal and postfrontal were probably not in contact, and did not exclude the frontal from the orbital border. The posterior margin forms a contact with the parietal. @@ -667,11 +668,11 @@ Sullivan Parietal: The parietal IRSNB R 482 is incomplete—the anterior, mostly central and right sides are preserved ( -Fig. 4 +Fig. 4 ). The left part is only partly preserved, whereas the posterior portion, including supratemporal processes, is completely broken off. A network of sulci marks the boundaries of osteodermal shields that cover the dorsal surface of the bone. The largest is the interparietal one, which is trapezoidal in shape. In the posterior section of the shield, the bone is pierced by the parietal foramen. Other osteoderms are smaller and of various size and shape, generally being more rounded than those of the frontal ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ). The lateral portion of the bone is smooth, lacks osteodermal covering, and some lateral osteoderms are partly peeled off. This surface is pierced by small foramina accompanied by anterolaterally (in the anterior portion) or posterolaterally (in the posterior portion) running grooves. The anterolateral process is robust and well expanded laterally. Its end is rounded and blunt. Ventrally, at the base of the process, a wedge cut from the anterolateral margin of the parietal is present and forms the articulation facet with the postfrontal. The facet is mainly visible in lateral and ventral views ( -Fig. 4B, C +Fig. 4B, C ). In ventral view, it forms a triangular blunt imprint on the anterolateral process. In this view, a strongly developed sharp parietal cranial crest is developed. It separates the supratemporal fossa (containing a muscular surface) from the cranial vault. The crest is low at the level between the frontoparietal suture and the parietal foramen. Posteriorly, it grows markedly in depth and further forms a large (although not distinctly ventrally protruding), mediolaterally compressed ventral process. Its end is blunt and well preserved (only the posterior small portion is partly damaged—note, however, that the preservation of this process is exceptional since the process is broken in most specimens of glyptosaurine isolated parietals). The muscular surface in the supratemporal fossa is broad. Its mediolateral width is slightly larger than the width between the cranial crest and the median line of the parietal at the level of the parietal foramen. The parietal foramen is clearly visible, having a dorsoposterior-anteroventral orientation. The elliptical secondary pit is located posteriorly to the foramen (its presence is caused by the ‘pineal-related cartilage’ immediately underlying the bone; see: Smith @@ -685,7 +686,7 @@ Smith The parietal is associated on the basis of size and osteoderm morphology. Indeed, the size of the parietal IRSNB R 482 matches very well with the frontal IRSNB R 392 ( -Fig. 3A, B +Fig. 3A, B ). In both cases, the osteoderms also appear to match. @@ -693,7 +694,7 @@ The parietal is associated on the basis of size and osteoderm morphology. Indeed The micro-CT scans of the frontals and parietal revealed a very similar pattern of the internal microanatomy in terms of a vascular network and spongiosis ( -Fig. 5 +Fig. 5 ). There is a large and complex meshwork of numerous cavities. They are irregular, bubble-shaped, and some are interconnected. The bone appears to be less compact in both axial and coronal sections [in comparison to Ophisaurus holeci @@ -732,40 +733,40 @@ Loréal 2023b : fig. 3E). In the IRSNB R 392 frontal, traces of a complex firm suture can be visible ( -Fig. 5C +Fig. 5C ). Note that the finer histological details, such as growth marks and cell lacunae of the bone, are not visible. Dentary: Three left dentaries are preserved. The best preserved one, IRSNB R 483, is only missing the anteriormost end with the symphysis and most of the angular process ( -Fig. 6A–E +Fig. 6A–E ). The maximum anteroposterior length of the preserved portion is 30.2 mm . It bears 15 tooth positions (seven teeth and half of two others are still attached to the bone). The bone gradually widens posteriorly in lateral and medial views. The lateral surface of the dentary is laterally convex, except at the anterior region. In dorsal view ( -Fig. 6C +Fig. 6C ), from the level of the 10th tooth position (counted from posterior), the bone is slightly rotated dorsolaterally. Thus, its lateral surface is partly visible when the dentary is viewed in dorsal view. The lateral surface of the bone is smooth, being pierced in the mid-region by four labial foramina ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ). The last posterior foramen is located at the level of the fourth tooth position (counted from posterior). In the dorsal posterior region of the bone, there is a wedge-shaped depression forming the articulation surface for the anterolateral process of the coronoid. The dentary is slender rather than robust, being straight in dorsal view, except the anteriormost section, which appears to be slightly bent medially (note that only the beginning of the anterior portion is preserved, and the anterior end is broken off). The dentary has a slightly dorsally concave appearance in medial view, although the ventral margin of the bone seems to be fairly straight ( -Fig. 6D +Fig. 6D ). This latter margin bears a facet for the splenial reaching the level of the ninth tooth position anteriorly. The Meckelian canal is fully open, although narrow in the anterior and mid-section, being exposed ventrally rather than medially. Posteriorly, the Meckelian canal gradually widens, being open medially. The alveolar canal is large, ventromedially oriented, and separated from the Meckelian canal by the intramandibular septum ( -Fig. 6E +Fig. 6E ). The posteroventral margin of the intramandibular septum extends to a distinct posterior spine that does not fuse to the internal surface of the dentary and is divided from the wall of the dentary by a distinct groove. The Meckelian canal is roofed by a distinctly dorsally convex subdental shelf [dental crest sensu Georgalis et al. (2021)], which is reduced to a smooth sloping, slightly rounded border. Its ventral section slightly expands into a lip of bone that partly overlaps the dorsal portion of the Meckelian canal. On the dorsal section, there is no dental sulcus. In the posterior region, the shelf is interrupted by a notch—it forms the dorsal and anterior border of the anterior inferior alveolar foramen. In IRSNB R 484, the splenial spine is preserved ( -Fig. 6G +Fig. 6G ). The foramen is located at the level of the sixth tooth position (its anterior margin is located at the level between the sixth and seventh tooth position, counted posteriorly). Further posteriorly, the subdental shelf (or crest) is dorsally elevated ( -Fig. 6B, D +Fig. 6B, D ). It distinctly narrows to form a thin, sharp crest. Note, however, that it is partly damaged. Posteroventrally to this crest, an articulation for the anteromedial process of the coronoid is located, reaching the level of the fourth tooth position (counted from posterior). The bone ends posteriorly in three processes. The coronoid process is short, forming only a small projection ( -Fig. 6A, B, D +Fig. 6A, B, D ). It is well defined, separated by a coronoid incisure. The surangular process is large and roughly triangular in shape. It is well projected posteriorly. Only the root portion of the angular process is preserved, but the rest is broken off. The anterior portion of the dentary, including a symphyseal region, is preserved in the specimen IRSNB R 484 ( -Fig. 6F–I +Fig. 6F–I ). This dentary narrows anteriorly in medial view. Its anterior end is distinctly bent medially in dorsal view ( -Fig. 6H +Fig. 6H ). The symphysis is well developed, being rectangular in shape. This region is slightly elevated relative to the shelf. The ventral section of the symphysis is pierced by the Meckelian canal. The specimen IRSNB R 485 represents the posterior region of the dentary. It bears seven tooth positions (three and half teeth are still attached). @@ -776,7 +777,7 @@ All these characters are also present on the IRSNB R 263 ( -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 ; Sullivan @@ -790,7 +791,7 @@ Sullivan Dentition: The tooth implantation is pleurodont. Teeth are not tightly packed—large gaps are present between them. The teeth are heterodont—in the anterior section of the tooth row, they are smaller and obtusely pointed. More posteriorly, the teeth become gradually anteroposteriorly larger and blunter. The tooth crowns of the posteriormost teeth have a square appearance in lingual view ( -Fig. 6B, J, K +Fig. 6B, J, K ). The mesiodistal cutting edges are present (although less distinct than in the jaws of Glyptosauridae indet. from the French Early Eocene Cos locality; see: Čerňanský