From b14f014ebe02073114b3ea1cb1225d0e1c800056 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Mon, 18 Nov 2024 13:18:02 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-11-18 13:12:56 --- .../E0/03FEE04CFF8EFFA24A992FB1FD3DFF0D.xml | 244 +++ .../5D/3C345D7BFF82FF80FCA6F928B5F0FAD3.xml | 761 ++++++++ .../5D/3C345D7BFF82FF82FCA6F928B59CFF53.xml | 1560 ----------------- .../5D/3C345D7BFF85FF8CFCA6FF30B7FBF848.xml | 661 +++++++ 4 files changed, 1666 insertions(+), 1560 deletions(-) create mode 100644 data/03/FE/E0/03FEE04CFF8EFFA24A992FB1FD3DFF0D.xml create mode 100644 data/3C/34/5D/3C345D7BFF82FF80FCA6F928B5F0FAD3.xml delete mode 100644 data/3C/34/5D/3C345D7BFF82FF82FCA6F928B59CFF53.xml create mode 100644 data/3C/34/5D/3C345D7BFF85FF8CFCA6FF30B7FBF848.xml diff --git a/data/03/FE/E0/03FEE04CFF8EFFA24A992FB1FD3DFF0D.xml b/data/03/FE/E0/03FEE04CFF8EFFA24A992FB1FD3DFF0D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..93a43674862 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/FE/E0/03FEE04CFF8EFFA24A992FB1FD3DFF0D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ + + + +Correction for the taxonomy of the African fern Hymenophyllum senterreanum as synonym of the newly validated Hymenophyllum mildbraedii (Hymenophyllaceae, Polypodiidae) + + + +Author + +Dubuisson, Jean-Yves +0000-0002-3050-1901 +Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 48, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France & dubuisson @ mnhn. fr; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3050 - 1901 +dubuisson@mnhn.fr + + + +Author + +Hennequin, Sabine +0000-0002-9604-0116 +Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 48, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France & sabine. hennequin @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9604 - 0116 +sabine.hennequin@gmail.com + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2021 + +2021-10-11 + + +522 + + +3 + + +263 +264 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.522.3.10 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.522.3.10 +1179-3163 +5560355 + + + + + +Hymenophyllum mildbraedii +(Brause ex Brause & Hieron.) +Alston (1944: 60) + + + + + + +Trichomanes mildbraedii +Brause ex Brause & Hieron. + +(1915: 376, 377). ≡ + +Hymenophyllum kuhnii +var. +mildbraedii +(Brause ex Brause & Hieron.) +Schelpe (1976: 54) + +. + + + + +Type +:— + +EQUATORIAL GUINEA +. +Annobon Island +, « + +Gipfel der Santa + +Mina, +Nebelwald + + +, die grössere Art unförmliche Polster an Zweigen bildend, + +650 m +. + +ü. M.», + +October 1911 + +, + +J. Mildbraed +6701 + +( +holotype +B +, +B 20 0105317 + +!; + +isotypes +B +, +B 20 0105318 + +!; + +P +, +P00482605 +! + +). + + + + += + +Hymenophyllum senterreanum +Dubuisson & Deblauwe + +in + +Dubuisson +et al. +(2016: 288 + +, 289). Type:— +CAMEROON +. + +Province du Sud + +: +Parc National +de Campo-Ma’an, aux environs des villages +d’Ebianemeyong +et +Nyabissan +, +02°29.59’N +, +010°20.84’E +, + +934 m + +, + +12 February 2015 + +, + +Droissart V. +, +Couvreur T. +& +Kamdem N. +1836 + +( +holotype +BRLU, BRLU0000909!; isotypes YA; P, P02434677!; MO). + + + + +Distribution +:— + +Hymenophyllum senterreanum + +was considered endemic to the coastal part of the Lower +Guinea +Domain of the Guineo-Congolian Region +sensu +White (1979) +, and at least restricted to +Cameroon +and continental +Equatorial Guinea +according to + +Dubuisson +et al. +(2016) + +. Its presence in neighboring countries including islands of the +Guinea +Gulf was also suspected and suggested in the latter paper. + +Hymenophyllum mildbraedii + +was collected on +Annobon +island. Its occurrence on other islands of the +Guinea +Gulf (e.g. Bioko, +Princípe and São Tomé +) is thus strongly expected, as well as its presence in local collections either as unidentified specimens or under the names + +H. kuhnii + +or + +H. polyanthos +(Sw.) Sw. ( +Swartz 1800: 102 +) + +. Investigations of the Paris collection allowed us to identify at least 13 additional specimens including two from +Annobon +(P01320810, P01320811) and three from +Gabon +(P01330128, P01330129, P01330130), a new locality, confirming a wider distribution as suggested in + +Dubuisson +et al. +(2016) + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/3C/34/5D/3C345D7BFF82FF80FCA6F928B5F0FAD3.xml b/data/3C/34/5D/3C345D7BFF82FF80FCA6F928B5F0FAD3.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8324b4aaf6f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/3C/34/5D/3C345D7BFF82FF80FCA6F928B5F0FAD3.xml @@ -0,0 +1,761 @@ + + + +A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae + + + +Author + +Martínez-Azorín, Mario +Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & E-mail: mmartinez @ ua. es; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2605 - 9575 +mmartinez@ua.es + + + +Author + +Crespo, Manuel B. +Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & E-mail: crespo @ ua. es; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3294 - 5637 +crespo@ua.es + + + +Author + +Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles +Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & E-mail: ma. alonso @ ua. es; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3768 - 9203 +ma.alonso@ua.es + + + +Author + +Pinter, Michael +Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & Institute of Biology, NAWI Graz, Division Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Holteigasse 6, A- 8010 Graz, Austria. & E-mail: michael. pinter @ uni-graz. at; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6055 - 6989 +michael.pinter@uni-graz.at + + + +Author + +Crouch, Neil R. +BRAM, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P. O. Box 52099, Berea Road 4007, South Africa. & School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa. & E-mail: N. Crouch @ sanbi. org. za; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4938 - 5840. +rouch@sanbi.org.za + + + +Author + +Dold, Anthony P. +Selmar Schonland Herbarium, Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa. & E-mail: t. dold @ ru. ac. za; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9497 - 7503 +t.dold@ru.ac.za + + + +Author + +Mucina, Ladislav +Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Building 390, Murdoch WA 6150, Perth, Australia. & Dept. of Geography & Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X 1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa. & E-mail: ladislav. mucina @ murdoch. edu. au; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0317 - 8886 +ladislav.mucina@murdoch.edu.au + + + +Author + +Pfosser, Martin +Biocenter Linz, J. - W. - Klein-Str. 73, A- 4040 Linz, Austria. & E-mail: martin. pfosser @ ooelkg. at; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2050 - 4997 +martin.pfosser@ooelkg.at + + + +Author + +Wetschnig, Wolfgang +Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & Institute of Biology, NAWI Graz, Division Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Holteigasse 6, A- 8010 Graz, Austria. & Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & E-mail: wolfgang. wetschnig @ uni-graz. at; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9245 - 029 X * Author for correspondence & Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. +wolfgang.wetschnig@uni-graz.at + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2023 + +2023-08-31 + + +610 + + +1 + + +1 +143 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1 + +journal article +266341 +10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1 +3f1ee302-e1e7-404f-9f87-9dee7086748c +1179-3163 +8308556 + + + + +23. + +Tenicroa +Raf., Fl. Tellur. + + + + + +3: 52 (1837) ( +Figs 56–59 +). Typus generis:— + +Tenicroa fragrans +(Jacq.) Raf. + +≡ + +Anthericum fragrans +Jacq. + +≡ + +Drimia fragrans +(Jacq.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt + +( +holotype +). + + += + +Pilasia +Raf., Fl. Tellur. + +3: 53 (1837). Typus generis:— + +P. filifolia +(Jacq.) Raf. + +≡ + +Anthericum filifolium +Jacq. + +≡ + +Tenicroa filifolia +(Jacq.) Oberm. + +≡ + +Drimia filifolia +(Jacq.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt + +( +holotype +). + + + += + + +Sypharissa +Salisb., Gen. Pl. + +[Salisbury]: 37 (1866) + +≡ + + +Urginea +sect. +Sypharissa +(Salisb.) Baker + +in +J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 216 (1873) + +≡ + + +Drimia +sect. +Sypharissa +(Salisb.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt + +in +Strelitzia 40: 111 (2018) + +. Typus generis:— + +S. exuviata +(Jacq.) Salisb. ex Oberm. + +≡ + +Anthericum exuviatum +Jacq. + +≡ + +Tenicroa exuviata +(Jacq.) Speta + +≡ + +Drimia exuviata +(Jacq.) Jessop + +( +lectotype +designated by + +Obermeyer in +Bothalia 13: 111. 1980 + +). + + + += + + +Drimia +sect. +Juncifoliae +J.C.Manning & Goldblatt + +in +Strelitzia 40: 107 (2018) + +. Typus sectionis:— + +D. juncifolia +J.C.Manning & J.M.J.Deacon + +≡ + +Tenicroa juncifolia +(J.C.Manning & J.M.J.Deacon) Mart. + +-Azorín +et al. +( +holotype +). + + + + +FIGURE 56. +Species of + +Tenicroa +Raf. + +1. + +Tenicroa fragrans +(Jacq.) Raf. + +from +Jacquin (1797 +: t. 86, as + +Anthericum fragrans +Jacq. + +); +2. + +Tenicroa exuviata +(Jacq.) Speta + +from Jacquin (1794: t. 415, as + +Anthericum exuviatum +Jacq. + +); +3. + +Tenicroa filifolia +(Jacq.) Oberm. + +from Jacquin (1794: t. 414, as + +Anthericum filifolium +Jacq. + +); +4. + +Tenicroa filifolia +(Jacq.) Oberm. + +from +Ker Gawler (1821 +: t. 557, as + +Albuca filifolia +(Jacq.) Ker Gawl. + +). + + + + +FIGURE 57. +Species of + +Tenicroa +Raf. + +1. + +Tenicroa exuviata +(Jacq.) Speta + +from +Ker Gawler (1805 +: t. 871, as + +Albuca exuviata +(Jacq.) Ker Gawl. + +); +2. + +Tenicroa fragrans +(Jacq.) Raf. + +from +Ker Gawler (1818 +: t. 311, as + +Albuca fugax +Ker Gawl. + +); +3. + +Tenicroa multifolia +(G.J.Lewis) Oberm. + +from +Lewis (1952: 10 +, as + +Urginea multifolia +G.J.Lewis + +). + + + + +FIGURE 58. +Species of + +Tenicroa +Raf. + +displayed in horizontal rows of images. +1. + +Tenicroa applanata +M.Pinter +et al. + +; +2. + +Tenicroa exuviata +(Jacq.) Speta + +; +3. + +Tenicroa fibrosa +M.Pinter +et al. + +; +4. + +Tenicroa filifolia +(Jacq.) Oberm. + + + + + +Description +:—Medium-sized bulbous geophyte. +Bulb +hypogeal, ovoid to subglobose, up to +7 cm +in diam., extended into neck surrounded by cataphylls with raised, transverse purple to brown ribs, inner scales white to pinkish, fleshy, compact or rarely loose, spirally arranged, rarely distichous, sometimes fibrose.Roots distinctly thickened and branched. +Leaves +1‒50 per bulb, +3‒80 cm +long, narrowly linear, from terete to channelled, synanthous or rarely hysteranthous, entire or rarely scabrid on margins, green or somewhat glaucous, usually leathery, sometimes twisted, smooth, glabrous. +Inflorescence +a long, erect, multiflowered raceme, +2‒25 cm +long, with up to 60 flowers; peduncle +10‒40 cm +long, green, grey or purple, terete, erect, smooth and glabrous; pedicels +3‒15 mm +long, shorter than tepals at anthesis, spreading in flower and erect in fruit. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate, lowermost auriculate with long spur, sometimes bifid or branched and sinuous; bracteoles absent. +Flowers +stellate with patent tepals, diurnal. Tepals 6, biseriate, +6‒17 mm +long, free, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, white with well defined, narrow, purplish longitudinal band. +Stamens +6, suberect and slightly spreading; filaments filiform, +4‒8 mm +long, tapering, smooth, white, slightly sigmoid and curving distally; anthers yellow, erect, basifixed, deshicing longitudinally along their whole length, with yellow pollen. Ovary ovate-oblong, green to yellow. Style +4‒8 mm +long, declinate, sigmoid, white or rarely tinged with purple, with capitate, papillose stigma. +Capsule +ovate to ellipsoid, +6‒25 mm +long, valves completely dehiscing from base, tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. +Seeds +subellipsoid to compressed, (4–) +5‒11 mm +long, flattened, embryo prominent with wide or short wings, testa black, dull or glossy, with sinuous cell walls. + + + +FIGURE 59. +Species of + +Tenicroa +Raf. + +displayed in horizontal rows of images. +1. + +Tenicroa fragrans +(Jacq.) Raf. + +; +2. + +Tenicroa multifolia +(G.J.Lewis) Oberm. + +; +3. + +Tenicroa namibensis +M.Pinter +et al. + +(Photographs of bulb with leaf by H. Kolberg and in flower by A. Burke); +4. + +Tenicroa polyantha +M.Pinter +et al. + +; +5. + +Tenicroa unifolia +(A.V.Duthie) M.Pinter et al. + + + + +Number of species and distribution +:— + +Tenicroa + +includes twelve species restricted to southern and western +South Africa +and southern +Namibia +, it being therefore restricted to the Cape and Karoo-Namib Regions (sensu Taktajan 1986) ( +Fig. 49 +). For complete species characteristics see + +Pinter +et al. +(2020) + +. + + +Karyology +:—2n=20 ( +Speta 1998a +). + + +History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships +:— +Rafinesque (1837) +described + +Tenicroa + +to include + +T. fragrans + +( +Jacquin 1797 +: t. 86) +Rafinesque (1837: 53) +, a species with rotate flowers, suberect stamens and deflexed style, among other characters. The revision by +Obermeyer (1980b +, +1981a +) accepted four species in the genus from southern and western +South Africa +and southern +Namibia +: + +T. fragrans + +, + +T. exuviata +(Jacquin 1794: 18) +Speta (1980: 195) + +, + +T. filifolia +(Jacquin 1794: 18) +Obermeyer (1981a: 577) + +, and + +T. multifolia + +(Lewis: 1952: 9) +Obermeyer (1981a: 577) +. All of them shared distinct characters such as the synanthous leaves surrounded by sheathing cataphylls that are markedly striate with raised, dark, transversal ridges; the stellate flowers with almost free tepals with a narrow, longitudinal dark band on the abaxial side; the suberect to slightly spreading stamens with basifixed anthers and the elongate, deflexed and curved style; and papillate stigma. Despite the distinct morphology of taxa in this genus, they have historically been placed in 8 different genera: + +Anthericum +Linnaeus (1753: 310) + +, + +Albuca + +, + +Drimia + +, + +Ornithogalum + +, + +Phalangium +Miller (1754 + +: s.n.), + +Pilasia +Rafinesque (1837: 53) + +, + +Sypharissa +Salisbury (1866: 37) + +, and + +Urginea + +, representing a good example of the uncertainty in taxonomy and systematics of urgineoid taxa ( + +Pinter +et al. +2020 + +). However, based on the clear synapomorphies of + +Tenicroa + +, researchers in +Urgineoideae +( +Jessop 1977 +, +Obermeyer 1980b +, +1981a +, +Speta 1998a +, +1998b +) usually recognised it as a distinct genus. Conversely, + +Manning +et al. +(2004) + +synonymised + +Tenicroa + +to + +Drimia + +sensu lato +, and later +Manning & Goldblatt (2018) +placed the + +Tenicroa +species + +recognised by +Obermeyer (1980b) +in +D. +sect. + +Sypharissa + +, whilst including + +T. filifolia + +as synonym of + +T. exuviata + +. They also separated their new +D. +sect. +Juncifoliae +to associate two newly described species [ + +Drimia decipiens +Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 109) + +and + +D. juncifolia +J.C.Manning & J.M.J.Deacon + +in +Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 107) +] based on their hysteranthous leaves, weakly barred cataphylls, and medifixed anthers that are not deflexed. + +Martínez-Azorín +et al. +(2019a) + +considered the latter distinction insufficient to recognise both sections, and transferred the two new species to + +Tenicroa + +. + + +The phylogenetic analyses of + +Manning +et al. +(2004) + +recovered two samples of + +Tenicroa + +as monophyletic, when excluding + +T. nana + +as the monotypic + +Mucinaea +( + +Pinter +et al. +2013 + +) + +. + +Pfosser +et al. +(2012) + +phylogenetically analysed nine samples of + +Tenicroa + +that formed a perfectly supported clade being sister to a clade comprising + +Litanthus + +plus + +Schizobasis + +. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analyses of + +Martínez-Azorín +et al. +(2023a) + +included 21 samples of + +Tenicroa + +, which formed a strongly supported and isolated clade within a large polytomy. Therefore, we here accept + +Tenicroa + +at genus rank based on the unique syndrome of morphological characters and its isolated phylogenetic position, following the latest revision of + +Tenicroa + +by + +Pinter +et al. +(2020) + +, who accepted twelve species restricted to +South Africa +and southern +Namibia +. + +Accepted species:— + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/3C/34/5D/3C345D7BFF82FF82FCA6F928B59CFF53.xml b/data/3C/34/5D/3C345D7BFF82FF82FCA6F928B59CFF53.xml deleted file mode 100644 index 8dacd76da3c..00000000000 --- a/data/3C/34/5D/3C345D7BFF82FF82FCA6F928B59CFF53.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1560 +0,0 @@ - - - -A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae - - - -Author - -Martínez-Azorín, Mario -Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & E-mail: mmartinez @ ua. es; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2605 - 9575 -mmartinez@ua.es - - - -Author - -Crespo, Manuel B. -Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & E-mail: crespo @ ua. es; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3294 - 5637 -crespo@ua.es - - - -Author - -Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles -Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & E-mail: ma. alonso @ ua. es; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3768 - 9203 -ma.alonso@ua.es - - - -Author - -Pinter, Michael -Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & Institute of Biology, NAWI Graz, Division Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Holteigasse 6, A- 8010 Graz, Austria. & E-mail: michael. pinter @ uni-graz. at; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6055 - 6989 -michael.pinter@uni-graz.at - - - -Author - -Crouch, Neil R. -BRAM, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P. O. Box 52099, Berea Road 4007, South Africa. & School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa. & E-mail: N. Crouch @ sanbi. org. za; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4938 - 5840. -rouch@sanbi.org.za - - - -Author - -Dold, Anthony P. -Selmar Schonland Herbarium, Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa. & E-mail: t. dold @ ru. ac. za; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9497 - 7503 -t.dold@ru.ac.za - - - -Author - -Mucina, Ladislav -Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Building 390, Murdoch WA 6150, Perth, Australia. & Dept. of Geography & Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X 1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa. & E-mail: ladislav. mucina @ murdoch. edu. au; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0317 - 8886 -ladislav.mucina@murdoch.edu.au - - - -Author - -Pfosser, Martin -Biocenter Linz, J. - W. - Klein-Str. 73, A- 4040 Linz, Austria. & E-mail: martin. pfosser @ ooelkg. at; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2050 - 4997 -martin.pfosser@ooelkg.at - - - -Author - -Wetschnig, Wolfgang -Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & Institute of Biology, NAWI Graz, Division Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Holteigasse 6, A- 8010 Graz, Austria. & Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & E-mail: wolfgang. wetschnig @ uni-graz. at; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9245 - 029 X * Author for correspondence & Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. -wolfgang.wetschnig@uni-graz.at - -text - - -Phytotaxa - - -2023 - -2023-08-31 - - -610 - - -1 - - -1 -143 - - - - -http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1 - -journal article -266341 -10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1 -3f1ee302-e1e7-404f-9f87-9dee7086748c -1179-3163 -8308556 - - - - -23. - -Tenicroa -Raf., Fl. Tellur. - - - - - -3: 52 (1837) ( -Figs 56–59 -). Typus generis:— - -Tenicroa fragrans -(Jacq.) Raf. - -≡ - -Anthericum fragrans -Jacq. - -≡ - -Drimia fragrans -(Jacq.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt - -( -holotype -). - - -= - -Pilasia -Raf., Fl. Tellur. - -3: 53 (1837). Typus generis:— - -P. filifolia -(Jacq.) Raf. - -≡ - -Anthericum filifolium -Jacq. - -≡ - -Tenicroa filifolia -(Jacq.) Oberm. - -≡ - -Drimia filifolia -(Jacq.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt - -( -holotype -). - - - -= - - -Sypharissa -Salisb., Gen. Pl. - -[Salisbury]: 37 (1866) - -≡ - - -Urginea -sect. -Sypharissa -(Salisb.) Baker - -in -J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 216 (1873) - -≡ - - -Drimia -sect. -Sypharissa -(Salisb.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt - -in -Strelitzia 40: 111 (2018) - -. Typus generis:— - -S. exuviata -(Jacq.) Salisb. ex Oberm. - -≡ - -Anthericum exuviatum -Jacq. - -≡ - -Tenicroa exuviata -(Jacq.) Speta - -≡ - -Drimia exuviata -(Jacq.) Jessop - -( -lectotype -designated by - -Obermeyer in -Bothalia 13: 111. 1980 - -). - - - -= - - -Drimia -sect. -Juncifoliae -J.C.Manning & Goldblatt - -in -Strelitzia 40: 107 (2018) - -. Typus sectionis:— - -D. juncifolia -J.C.Manning & J.M.J.Deacon - -≡ - -Tenicroa juncifolia -(J.C.Manning & J.M.J.Deacon) Mart. - --Azorín -et al. -( -holotype -). - - - - -FIGURE 56. -Species of - -Tenicroa -Raf. - -1. - -Tenicroa fragrans -(Jacq.) Raf. - -from -Jacquin (1797 -: t. 86, as - -Anthericum fragrans -Jacq. - -); -2. - -Tenicroa exuviata -(Jacq.) Speta - -from Jacquin (1794: t. 415, as - -Anthericum exuviatum -Jacq. - -); -3. - -Tenicroa filifolia -(Jacq.) Oberm. - -from Jacquin (1794: t. 414, as - -Anthericum filifolium -Jacq. - -); -4. - -Tenicroa filifolia -(Jacq.) Oberm. - -from -Ker Gawler (1821 -: t. 557, as - -Albuca filifolia -(Jacq.) Ker Gawl. - -). - - - - -FIGURE 57. -Species of - -Tenicroa -Raf. - -1. - -Tenicroa exuviata -(Jacq.) Speta - -from -Ker Gawler (1805 -: t. 871, as - -Albuca exuviata -(Jacq.) Ker Gawl. - -); -2. - -Tenicroa fragrans -(Jacq.) Raf. - -from -Ker Gawler (1818 -: t. 311, as - -Albuca fugax -Ker Gawl. - -); -3. - -Tenicroa multifolia -(G.J.Lewis) Oberm. - -from -Lewis (1952: 10 -, as - -Urginea multifolia -G.J.Lewis - -). - - - - -FIGURE 58. -Species of - -Tenicroa -Raf. - -displayed in horizontal rows of images. -1. - -Tenicroa applanata -M.Pinter -et al. - -; -2. - -Tenicroa exuviata -(Jacq.) Speta - -; -3. - -Tenicroa fibrosa -M.Pinter -et al. - -; -4. - -Tenicroa filifolia -(Jacq.) Oberm. - - - - - -Description -:—Medium-sized bulbous geophyte. -Bulb -hypogeal, ovoid to subglobose, up to -7 cm -in diam., extended into neck surrounded by cataphylls with raised, transverse purple to brown ribs, inner scales white to pinkish, fleshy, compact or rarely loose, spirally arranged, rarely distichous, sometimes fibrose.Roots distinctly thickened and branched. -Leaves -1‒50 per bulb, -3‒80 cm -long, narrowly linear, from terete to channelled, synanthous or rarely hysteranthous, entire or rarely scabrid on margins, green or somewhat glaucous, usually leathery, sometimes twisted, smooth, glabrous. -Inflorescence -a long, erect, multiflowered raceme, -2‒25 cm -long, with up to 60 flowers; peduncle -10‒40 cm -long, green, grey or purple, terete, erect, smooth and glabrous; pedicels -3‒15 mm -long, shorter than tepals at anthesis, spreading in flower and erect in fruit. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate, lowermost auriculate with long spur, sometimes bifid or branched and sinuous; bracteoles absent. -Flowers -stellate with patent tepals, diurnal. Tepals 6, biseriate, -6‒17 mm -long, free, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, white with well defined, narrow, purplish longitudinal band. -Stamens -6, suberect and slightly spreading; filaments filiform, -4‒8 mm -long, tapering, smooth, white, slightly sigmoid and curving distally; anthers yellow, erect, basifixed, deshicing longitudinally along their whole length, with yellow pollen. Ovary ovate-oblong, green to yellow. Style -4‒8 mm -long, declinate, sigmoid, white or rarely tinged with purple, with capitate, papillose stigma. -Capsule -ovate to ellipsoid, -6‒25 mm -long, valves completely dehiscing from base, tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. -Seeds -subellipsoid to compressed, (4–) -5‒11 mm -long, flattened, embryo prominent with wide or short wings, testa black, dull or glossy, with sinuous cell walls. - - - -FIGURE 59. -Species of - -Tenicroa -Raf. - -displayed in horizontal rows of images. -1. - -Tenicroa fragrans -(Jacq.) Raf. - -; -2. - -Tenicroa multifolia -(G.J.Lewis) Oberm. - -; -3. - -Tenicroa namibensis -M.Pinter -et al. - -(Photographs of bulb with leaf by H. Kolberg and in flower by A. Burke); -4. - -Tenicroa polyantha -M.Pinter -et al. - -; -5. - -Tenicroa unifolia -(A.V.Duthie) M.Pinter et al. - - - - -Number of species and distribution -:— - -Tenicroa - -includes twelve species restricted to southern and western -South Africa -and southern -Namibia -, it being therefore restricted to the Cape and Karoo-Namib Regions (sensu Taktajan 1986) ( -Fig. 49 -). For complete species characteristics see - -Pinter -et al. -(2020) - -. - - -Karyology -:—2n=20 ( -Speta 1998a -). - - -History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships -:— -Rafinesque (1837) -described - -Tenicroa - -to include - -T. fragrans - -( -Jacquin 1797 -: t. 86) -Rafinesque (1837: 53) -, a species with rotate flowers, suberect stamens and deflexed style, among other characters. The revision by -Obermeyer (1980b -, -1981a -) accepted four species in the genus from southern and western -South Africa -and southern -Namibia -: - -T. fragrans - -, - -T. exuviata -(Jacquin 1794: 18) -Speta (1980: 195) - -, - -T. filifolia -(Jacquin 1794: 18) -Obermeyer (1981a: 577) - -, and - -T. multifolia - -(Lewis: 1952: 9) -Obermeyer (1981a: 577) -. All of them shared distinct characters such as the synanthous leaves surrounded by sheathing cataphylls that are markedly striate with raised, dark, transversal ridges; the stellate flowers with almost free tepals with a narrow, longitudinal dark band on the abaxial side; the suberect to slightly spreading stamens with basifixed anthers and the elongate, deflexed and curved style; and papillate stigma. Despite the distinct morphology of taxa in this genus, they have historically been placed in 8 different genera: - -Anthericum -Linnaeus (1753: 310) - -, - -Albuca - -, - -Drimia - -, - -Ornithogalum - -, - -Phalangium -Miller (1754 - -: s.n.), - -Pilasia -Rafinesque (1837: 53) - -, - -Sypharissa -Salisbury (1866: 37) - -, and - -Urginea - -, representing a good example of the uncertainty in taxonomy and systematics of urgineoid taxa ( - -Pinter -et al. -2020 - -). However, based on the clear synapomorphies of - -Tenicroa - -, researchers in -Urgineoideae -( -Jessop 1977 -, -Obermeyer 1980b -, -1981a -, -Speta 1998a -, -1998b -) usually recognised it as a distinct genus. Conversely, - -Manning -et al. -(2004) - -synonymised - -Tenicroa - -to - -Drimia - -sensu lato -, and later -Manning & Goldblatt (2018) -placed the - -Tenicroa -species - -recognised by -Obermeyer (1980b) -in -D. -sect. - -Sypharissa - -, whilst including - -T. filifolia - -as synonym of - -T. exuviata - -. They also separated their new -D. -sect. -Juncifoliae -to associate two newly described species [ - -Drimia decipiens -Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 109) - -and - -D. juncifolia -J.C.Manning & J.M.J.Deacon - -in -Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 107) -] based on their hysteranthous leaves, weakly barred cataphylls, and medifixed anthers that are not deflexed. - -Martínez-Azorín -et al. -(2019a) - -considered the latter distinction insufficient to recognise both sections, and transferred the two new species to - -Tenicroa - -. - - -The phylogenetic analyses of - -Manning -et al. -(2004) - -recovered two samples of - -Tenicroa - -as monophyletic, when excluding - -T. nana - -as the monotypic - -Mucinaea -( - -Pinter -et al. -2013 - -) - -. - -Pfosser -et al. -(2012) - -phylogenetically analysed nine samples of - -Tenicroa - -that formed a perfectly supported clade being sister to a clade comprising - -Litanthus - -plus - -Schizobasis - -. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analyses of - -Martínez-Azorín -et al. -(2023a) - -included 21 samples of - -Tenicroa - -, which formed a strongly supported and isolated clade within a large polytomy. Therefore, we here accept - -Tenicroa - -at genus rank based on the unique syndrome of morphological characters and its isolated phylogenetic position, following the latest revision of - -Tenicroa - -by - -Pinter -et al. -(2020) - -, who accepted twelve species restricted to -South Africa -and southern -Namibia -. - -Accepted species:— - - - - -Tenicroa applanata -M.Pinter, Mart.- -Azorín, M.B -. -Crespo -& -Wetschnig - -in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 60: 64 (2020) ( -Fig. 58.1 -). -Type -:— -SOUTH AFRICA -. -Western Cape -. -Cape -Town -(3318): near -Tinie Versveld Wild Flower Reserve -, -between Darling and Yzerfontein -, (–AD), elev. - -122 m - -, - -20 September 2015 - -, - -M. Martínez-Azorín -, -M. Pinter -, -M.B. Crespo -& -M.Á. Alonso -MMA1128 - -(GRA! holo.; ABH! iso.). - - - - - - -Tenicroa decipiens -(J.C.Manning & Goldblatt) Mart.- -Azorín, M.B -. -Crespo, M -. -Pinter -& -Wetschnig - -in -Phytotaxa 397(4): 294 (2019 -) - -≡ - - -Drimia decipiens -J.C.Manning & Goldblatt - -in - -Strelitzia -40: 109 (2018) - - -, basionym. -Type -:— -SOUTH AFRICA -. -Western Cape -. -Wuppertal -(3219): -Swartruggens -, near turnoff to -Kagga Kamma -at summit of -Skitterykloof -, (–DC), - -27 November 2017 - -, - -J. Manning -3637 - -(NBG holo.). - - - - - -Tenicroa exuviata -(Jacq.) Speta - -in -Linzer Biol. Beitr. 12(1): 195 (1980) - -≡ - - -Anthericum exuviatum -Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. - -2 (13): 18, t. 415 (1794) - -, basionym ( -Fig. 56.2 -) ≡ - -Phalangium exuviatum -(Jacq.) Poir. - -in Lam., Encycl. 5: 243 (1804) ≡ - -Albuca exuviata -(Jacq.) Ker Gawl. - -in Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 22: t. 871 (1805) ( -Fig. 57.1 -) ≡ - - -Urginea exuviata -(Jacq.) Steinh. - -in -Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 2, 2: 330 (1834) - -≡ - - -Ornithogalum exuviatum -(Jacq.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. - -4: 369 (1843) - -≡ - - -Drimia exuviata -(Jacq.) Jessop - -in -J. S. African Bot. 43(4): 276 (1977) - -≡ - -Sypharissa exuviata -(Jacq.) Salisb. ex Oberm. - -in Bothalia 13(1-2): 113 (1980) ( -Figs 4.19 -, -58.2 -). -Type -:— -SOUTH AFRICA -. Crescit ad Promontorium bonae Spei, icon in Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2: t. 415 (1794) ( -Fig. 56.2 -) (lecto. designated as “ -Type -” by Jessop in -J. S. African Bot. 43: 276. 1977 -). Epitype (designated by - -Pinter -et al. -2020 - -):— -SOUTH AFRICA -. Bredasdorp (3420): N side of Potberg, Bredasdorp Div., (–BC), elev. ca. -400 ft. -, -13 November 1962 -, -J.P.H. Acocks 23016 -(PRE0046767-0! epi.). - - - -Tenicroa fibrosa -M.Pinter, Mart.- -Azorín, M.B -. -Crespo -& -Wetschnig - -in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 60: 70 (2020) ( -Fig. 58.3 -). -Type -:— -SOUTH AFRICA -. -Western Cape -. -Vanrhynsdorp -(3118): - -21 m - -S.S. -W. of -Vredendal -, (–CD), elev. ca - -500 ft. - -, - -26 August 1958 - -, - -J.P.H. Acocks -19713 - -(PRE0046760! holo.; BOL!, M0223028! iso.). - - - - - -Tenicroa filifolia -(Jacq.) Oberm. - -in -J. S. African Bot. 47(3): 577 (1981) - -≡ - - -Anthericum filifolium -Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. - -2: 18, t. 414 (1794) - -, basionym ( -Fig. 56.3 -) ≡ - -Phalangium filifolium -(Jacq.) Poir. - -in Lam., Encycl. 5: 242 (1804) ≡ - - -Albuca filifolia -(Jacq.) Ker Gawl. - -in -Bot. Reg. 7: 557 (1821) - -( -Fig. 56.4 -) ≡ - - -Urginea filifolia -(Jacq.) Steinh. - -in -Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 2, 2: 329 (1834) - -≡ - -Pilasia filifolia -(Jacq.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. - -3: 53 (1837) ≡ - - -Ornithogalum filifolium -(Jacq.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. - -4: 369 (1843) - -≡ - - -Sypharissa filifolia -(Jacq.) Salisb. ex Oberm. - -in -Bothalia 13: 113 (1980) - -≡ - - -Drimia filifolia -(Jacq.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt - -in -Strelitzia 9: 711 (2000) - -( -Fig. 58.4 -). -Type -:—Illustration in Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2 (15): t. 414 (1794) ( -Fig. 56.3 -) (lecto. designated as “ -Type -” by - -Jessop in -J. S. African Bot. 43: 276. 1977 - -). - - - -= - - -Anthericum spiratum -Thunb., - -Prodr.: 62 (1794) - -. -Syntypes -:— -SOUTH AFRICA -. ‘Cap. B. spei’, -Thunberg s.n. -(UPSTHUNB [8413 & 8414]-microfiche, syn.). - - - -Tenicroa flexuosa -(Adamson) M.Pinter, Mart.- -Azorín, M.B -. -Crespo -& -Wetschnig - -in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 60: 76 (2020) ≡ - - -Urginea flexuosa -Adamson - -in - -J. S. African Bot. -8: 240 (1942) - - -, basionym. -Type -:— -SOUTH AFRICA -. -Western Cape -. -Simonstown -(3418): -Cape -Peninsula -, -Smitswinkel Bay -, (–AD), - -3 January 1941 - -, -Adamson 3099 -(BOL140326! holo.; NBG sub SAM0056131-0!, K000257378! iso.). - - - -Tenicroa fragrans -(Jacq.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. - -3: 53 (1837) ≡ - -Anthericum fragrans -Jacq., Hort. Schoenbr. - -1: t. 86 (1797), basionym ( -Fig. 56.1 -) ≡ - -Phalangium fragrans -(Jacq.) Poir. - -in Lam., Encycl. 5: 247 (1804) ≡ - -Albuca fugax -Ker Gawl. - -in Bot. Reg. 4: t. 311 (1818), -nom. nov -. ( -Fig. 57.2 -) [non - -Albuca fragrans -Jacq. - -] ≡ - - -Urginea fragrans -(Jacq.) Steinh. - -in -Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 2, 2: 328 (1834) - -≡ - - -Ornithogalum fragrans -(Jacq.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. - -4: 366 (1843) - -≡ - -Sypharissa fragrans -Salisb. ex Oberm. - -in Bothalia 13(1−2): 113 (1980) ≡ - - -Drimia fragrans -(Jacq.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt - -in -Strelitzia 9: 711 (2000) - -≡ - -Albuca fugax -Ker Gawl. - -in Bot. Reg. 4: t. 311 (1818), syn. subst. ( -Figs 4.20 -, -59.1 -). -Type -:— -SOUTH AFRICA -. -Western Cape -: illustration in Jacq., Hort. Schoenbr. 1: t. 86 (1797) ( -Fig. 56.1 -) (lecto. designated as “ -Type -” by Jessop in -J. S. African Bot. 43: 276. 1977 -). Epitype (designated by - -Pinter -et al. -2020 - -):— -SOUTH AFRICA -. -Western Cape -. Vanrhynsdorp (3118): Summit of Gifberg, (−DA), elev. ca. -2000 ft. -, -16 November 1970 -, -H. Hall 3906 -(NBG91254!, 2 sheets epi.; PRE0046756-0! isoepi.). - - - - - -Tenicroa juncifolia -(J.C.Manning & J.M.J.Deacon) Mart.- -Azorín, M.B -. -Crespo, M -. -Pinter -& -Wetschnig - -in -Phytotaxa 397: 294 (2019) - -≡ - - -Drimia juncifolia -J.C.Manning & J.M.J.Deacon - -in - -Strelitzia -40: 107 (2018) - - -, basionym. -Type -:— -SOUTH AFRICA -. -Western Cape -. -Cape -Town -(3318): -Paarl -, -Brier’s Louw Nature Reserve -, (–DD), - -23 November 2013 - -, - -J.M.J. Deacon -3078 - -(NBG holo.). - - - - - -Tenicroa multifolia -(G.J.Lewis) Oberm. - -in -J. S. African Bot. 47(3): 577 (1981) - -≡ - - -Urginea multifolia -G.J.Lewis - -in -Ann. S. African Mus. 40: 9 (1952) - -, basionym ( -Fig. 57.3 -) ≡ - - -Drimia multifolia -(G.J.Lewis) Jessop - -in -J. S. African Bot. 43(4): 278 (1977) - -≡ - -Sypharissa multifolia -(G.J.Lewis) Oberm. - -in Bothalia 13(1−2): 114 (1980) ( -Figs 5.1 -, -59.2 -). -Type -:— -SOUTH AFRICA -. -Northern Cape -. Springbok (2917): -27 miles -S of Springbok, (–DD), -27 July 1950 -, -Lewis 2302 -(SAM0060870-0! holo.; NBG! iso.). - - -= - -Urginea capillifolia -Schlechter - -, -nom. nud. in sched -. - - - -Tenicroa namibensis -M.Pinter, Mart. - -- -Azorín, M.B -. -Crespo -& -Wetschnig in Phyton -(Horn, Austria) 60: 83 (2020) ( -Fig. 59.3 -). -Type -:— -NAMIBIA -. -Witputz -(2716): -Karas -, (–AC), elev. - -797 m - -, - -12 August 2001 - -, - -C.A. Mannheimer -CM1607 - -(WIND77423! holo.). - - - -Tenicroa polyantha -M.Pinter, Mart. - -- -Azorín, M.B -. -Crespo -& -Wetschnig in Phyton -(Horn, Austria) 60: 84 (2020) ( -Figs 5.2 -, -59.4 -). -Type -:— -SOUTH AFRICA -: -Western Cape -. -Cape -Town -(3318): -Langebaan -, eastern end of town, (–AA), elev. - -55 m - -, - -20 September 2015 - -[in flower], - -M. Martínez-Azorín -, -M. Pinter -, -M.B. Crespo -& -M.Á. Alonso -MMA1139 - -(GRA! holo.; ABH! iso.). - - - -Tenicroa unifolia -(A.V.Duthie) M.Pinter, Mart. - -- -Azorín, M.B -. -Crespo -& -Wetschnig in Phyton -(Horn, Austria) 60: 86 (2020) ≡ - -Urginea unifolia -A.V.Duthie - -in - -Ann. Univ. Stell. -6A: 8 (1928) - -, basionym ( -Figs 5.3 -, -59.5 -). -Type -:— -SOUTH AFRICA -. -Western Cape -. -Cape -Town -(3318): -Stellenbosch Flats -, (–DD), - -October 1927 - -, - -A.V. Duthie -s.n. STE1891 - -(NBG0197708-1! holo.; BOL140325! iso.). - - - -= - -Urginea ecklonii -sensu Duthie - -in - -Ann. Univ. Stell. 6 -A: 6 (1928) - -, non - -U. ecklonii -Baker (1892) - -. - - - - -= - - -Urginea duthieae -Adamson - -in -J. S. African Bot. 8: 239 (1942) - -≡ - - -Drimia duthieae -(Adamson) Jessop - -in -J. S. African Bot. 43(4): 278 (1977) - -. Type:— -SOUTH AFRICA -. -Western Cape -. -Cape -Town (3318): Stellenbosch Flats, (–DD), -17 October 1925 -, -Duthie s.n. STE1790 -(NBG0197709-0! holo.; K000400569! iso.). - -24. - - -Thuranthos -C.H.Wright - - - - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/3C/34/5D/3C345D7BFF85FF8CFCA6FF30B7FBF848.xml b/data/3C/34/5D/3C345D7BFF85FF8CFCA6FF30B7FBF848.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6d2236dd3d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/3C/34/5D/3C345D7BFF85FF8CFCA6FF30B7FBF848.xml @@ -0,0 +1,661 @@ + + + +A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae + + + +Author + +Martínez-Azorín, Mario +Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & E-mail: mmartinez @ ua. es; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2605 - 9575 +mmartinez@ua.es + + + +Author + +Crespo, Manuel B. +Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & E-mail: crespo @ ua. es; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3294 - 5637 +crespo@ua.es + + + +Author + +Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles +Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & E-mail: ma. alonso @ ua. es; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3768 - 9203 +ma.alonso@ua.es + + + +Author + +Pinter, Michael +Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & Institute of Biology, NAWI Graz, Division Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Holteigasse 6, A- 8010 Graz, Austria. & E-mail: michael. pinter @ uni-graz. at; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6055 - 6989 +michael.pinter@uni-graz.at + + + +Author + +Crouch, Neil R. +BRAM, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P. O. Box 52099, Berea Road 4007, South Africa. & School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa. & E-mail: N. Crouch @ sanbi. org. za; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4938 - 5840. +rouch@sanbi.org.za + + + +Author + +Dold, Anthony P. +Selmar Schonland Herbarium, Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa. & E-mail: t. dold @ ru. ac. za; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9497 - 7503 +t.dold@ru.ac.za + + + +Author + +Mucina, Ladislav +Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Building 390, Murdoch WA 6150, Perth, Australia. & Dept. of Geography & Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X 1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa. & E-mail: ladislav. mucina @ murdoch. edu. au; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0317 - 8886 +ladislav.mucina@murdoch.edu.au + + + +Author + +Pfosser, Martin +Biocenter Linz, J. - W. - Klein-Str. 73, A- 4040 Linz, Austria. & E-mail: martin. pfosser @ ooelkg. at; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2050 - 4997 +martin.pfosser@ooelkg.at + + + +Author + +Wetschnig, Wolfgang +Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & Institute of Biology, NAWI Graz, Division Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Holteigasse 6, A- 8010 Graz, Austria. & Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. & E-mail: wolfgang. wetschnig @ uni-graz. at; ORCID: https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9245 - 029 X * Author for correspondence & Depto. Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (dCARN), Universidad de Alicante, P. O. Box 99, ES- 03080 Alicante, Spain. +wolfgang.wetschnig@uni-graz.at + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2023 + +2023-08-31 + + +610 + + +1 + + +1 +143 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1 + +journal article +266341 +10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1 +3f1ee302-e1e7-404f-9f87-9dee7086748c +1179-3163 +8308556 + + + +24. + + +Thuranthos +C.H.Wright + + + + + +in +Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916(9): 233 (1916) +( +Figs 60 +, +61 +). + + + + +Typus generis:— + +T. macranthum +(Baker) C.H.Wright + +( +holotype +). + + + + + +≡ + + +Drimia +sect. +Thuranthos +(C.H.Wright) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt + +in +Strelitzia 40: 62 (2018) + +pro parte. +Typus +sectionis:— + +D. macrantha + + +(Baker) Baker ( +holotype +). + + + + +Description +:—Medium to tall bulbous geophyte. +Bulb +hypogeal, ovoid to subglobose, +3‒15 cm +in diam., with white, fleshy, spathulate and commonly pediculate, loose scales. Roots thickened and branched. +Leaves +2‒7(‒14) per bulb, hysteranthous, +10‒70 cm +long, narrowly linear, channelled and usually keeled, green, sometimes basally maculate, somewhat glaucous, smooth, glabrous. +Inflorescence +a lax, erect raceme, +15‒50 cm +long, with 3–40 flowers; peduncle +30‒150 cm +long, erect, terete, smooth; pedicels (10–) +30‒70 mm +long, subpatent and arching downwards distally at anthesis, erect in fruit. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, +3‒10 mm +long, lowermost with distinct spur, early caducous at flowering and leaving a distinct scar; bracteoles present and evident, also early caducous. +Flowers +stellate with strongly reflexed tepals at full anthesis, nodding, nocturnal, opening in late evening and closing before sunrise, fragrant during night. Tepals 6, biseriate, (10‒) +15‒37 mm +long, narrowly oblong, obtuse, yellow, brown, carneous or whitish with darker brownish-greenish longitudinal band more evident on abaxial side, almost free to very shortly connate for +1‒2 mm +. +Stamens +6, erect, sigmoid, yellow, brown to white or cream colour; filaments +7‒20 mm +long, linear, flattened and expanded below and incurved, leaving opening among them to show ovary, connivent to style at upper half/third, and slightly spreading distally and commonly pale in colour, adnate to tepals at base; anthers oblong, +2‒7 mm +long, basifixed, yellow, orange or green, with yellow or white pollen. +Ovary +ovate to conical, 4.0‒ +6.5 mm +long, greenish. Style +7‒22 mm +long, erect, white, columnar, ending in small or distinctly capitate, thickened stigma. +Capsule +ovate to oblong or ellipsoid, trigonous, deeply 3-lobed, +10‒50 mm +long, pale brown, valves completely dehiscing from base, tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. +Seeds +ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoid, flattened, +6‒16 mm +long, testa black, glossy, with slightly sinuous anticlinal cell walls. + + + +FIGURE 60. +Species of + +Thuranthos +C.H.Wright + +displayed in horizontal rows of images. +1. + +Thuranthos macranthum +(Baker) C.H.Wright + +from +Wright (1916 +: t. 8680); +2. + +Thuranthos nocturnale +R.A.Dyer + +from +Dyer (1964 +: t. 1439). + + + + +FIGURE 61. +Species of + +Thuranthos +C.H.Wright + +displayed in horizontal rows of images. +1. + +Thuranthos bakeri +Mart. + +-Azorín +et al. +; +2. + +Thuranthos macranthum +(Baker) C.H.Wright + +; +3. + +Thuranthos macrocarpum +(Stedje) Speta + +(Photographs of flowers by B. Stedje); +4. + +Thuranthos nocturnale +R.A.Dyer + +; +5. + +Thuranthos pauciflorum +(Baker) Mart. + +-Azorín et al. + + + +Number of species and distribution +:— + +Thuranthos + +includes eight species mostly confined to Southern Africa and East Africa, being in the Uzambara-Zululand Region and the Southern and Eastern Sections of the Zambezian Subregion, with a species occurring in the Karoo‐Namib Region (sensu +Takhtajan 1986 +and + +Martínez-Azorín +et al. +2023a + +), ( +Fig. 49 +). For further species characterisation see +Dyer (1964) +, +Stirton (1976) +, +Obermeyer (1980c) +, Stedje (1987), +Speta (1998a) +, +Newton (2003) +, and +Manning & Goldblatt (2018) +. + + +Karyology +:—2n=20 ( +De Wet 1957 +, as + +Thuranthos macranthum +(Baker) C.H.Wright + +); 2n=20+4B ( +Stedje 1996 +as + +Drimia macrocarpa +Stedje + +). + + +History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships +:— +Wright (1916) +described + +Thuranthos + +based on a distinct species with a remarkable, unique flower morphology within +Urgineoideae +at that time, showing nocturnal, large, nodding flowers with filaments that +Stirton (1976) +considered an outstanding feature showing flattened, convex basal regions that are connivent to the style at the middle and spread above, resembling a paper lantern with longitudinal slits ( +Figs 60 +, +61 +). +Speta (1998a) +accepted this genus based on its evident morphological differentiation from other urgineoids. This genus was characterised by the imbricate, loose bulb scales; keeled, proteranthous leaves; the presence of bracteoles; the nodding, nocturnal flowers with the peculiar morphology of filaments described above, the erect style and the large, flat, ovate seeds. + + +The phylogenetic study of + +Martínez-Azorín +et al. +(2023a) + +included six samples of + +Thuranthos macranthum + +, + +T. nocturnale +Dyer (1964 + +: t. 1439), and + +T. pauciflorum +( +Baker 1892: 6 +) + +Martínez-Azorín +et al. +(2019a: 295) + + +, the latter including + +T. basuticum +( +Phillips 1917: 306 +) +Obermeyer (1980c: 139) + +in synonymy (see + +Martínez-Azorín +et al. +2019a + +). This is a genus restricted to Southern Africa and East Africa, and one which formed a strongly supported clade included in a polytomy with the monophyletic and well supported + +Ledurgia + +and + +Zingela + +. + +Martínez-Azorín +et al. +(2023a) + +considered + +Thuranthos + +to resemble + +Vera-duthiea + +on account of the nodding, nocturnal flowers with filaments usually approaching the style at the middle, but differing in the style, which is distinctly deflexed, the spotted, not keeled leaves, the lack of bracteoles [except in + +V. macrocarpa +(Stedje 1987: 664) +Speta (2016: 155) + +], and in their different phylogenetic relationships, as it is sister to + +Ebertia +( + +Martínez-Azorín +et al. +2023a + +) + +. Our recent unpublished phylogenetic analyses of samples of + +Drimia macrocarpa +Stedje (1987: 664) + +from Mapanza Mission in +Zambia +( +Robinson 316 +K! number H.212/95 90; seeds kindly provided by Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), show its close relation to + +Thuranthos + +instead of + +Vera-duthiea + +. This recent finding facilitates the refinement of the circumscription of the latter two genera and therefore, + +Thuranthos + +is expanded to include the species with loose bulb scales, nodding, nocturnal flowers with basally expanded filaments that are sigmoid and connivent to the style along the middle portion and spreading above and presence of bracteoles and + +Vera-duthiea +, + +including species with compact bulb scales, absence of bracteoles and filaments narrow and contracted at the joint to tepals, among other characters. This new circumscription of the two genera eliminates the exception of the presence of bracteoles and loose bulb scales in + +D. macrocarpa + +when included in + +Vera-duthiea + +by +Speta (2001 +, +2016 +) and + +Martínez-Azorín +et al. +(2018b + +, +2023a +). + + +Samples of + +Zingela + +consistently form a well‐supported clade sharing with + +Thuranthos + +the loose bulb scales; hysteranthous leaves and presence of bracteoles; however, + +Zingela + +differs by the diurnal flowers and filiform, spreading stamens with circinnate dehisced anthers ( + +Crouch +et al. +2018 + +), and are placed in a polytomy with + +Thuranthos + +and + +Ledurgia + +( + +Fig. +2 + +in + +Martínez-Azorín +et al. +2023a + +), which is resolved in the parsimony analyses ( +Figs S5 +, S + +7 +in + + +Martínez-Azorín +et al. +2023a + +) where + +Ledurgia + +and + +Zingela + +form sister +clades. + + +Therefore, we accept + +Thuranthos + +as a distinct genus following +Stirton (1976) +, +Obermeyer (1980c) +and +Speta (1998a) +, though with the necessary recircumscription. + + +Manning & Goldblat (2018) accept +D. +sect. + +Thuranthos + +to include five species from Southern Africa: + +D. macrantha + +, + +D. basutica + +, + +D. vespertina + +(a newly described species from northern +Namibia +and southern +Angola +), + +D. hesperantha + +(= + +Urginea revoluta + +), and + +D. indica + +. As reported by + +Martínez-Azorín +et al. +(2018b) + +, + +Drimia indica + +belongs to + +Indurgia + +, a genus restricted to +India +and neigbouring countries, and plants identified as + +D. indica + +in +South Africa +were recently described as + +Vera-duthiea zebrina + +Martínez-Azorín +et al. +(2018b: 285) + + +and + +Zingela pooleyorum + +Crouch +et al. +(2018: 36) + + +. Similarly, + +D. vespertina + +seems to better fit the concept of + +Thuranthos + +of this work based on flower morphology and the expanded filaments, though the compact bulb scales, the absence of bracteoles, the general small plant size and its distribution makes its inclusion in the genus deviant. Further studies are needed to ascertain its phylogenetic relationships. Finally, + +Urginea revoluta + +is excluded from + +Thuranthos + +based on flower and seed morphology and our phylogenetic results ( + +Martínez-Azorín +et al. +2023a + +). + +Accepted species and required new combination and new name:— + + + \ No newline at end of file