diff --git a/data/00/49/E7/0049E747FF82FFFAAE96FBF1FA5CFE9E.xml b/data/00/49/E7/0049E747FF82FFFAAE96FBF1FA5CFE9E.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ac3f654fba8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/00/49/E7/0049E747FF82FFFAAE96FBF1FA5CFE9E.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+
+
+
+Persis (Anapersis) Fennah, 1952 (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Derbidae) from Brazil and identification key to the New World species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Cantanhede, Inezita
+0000-0002-1747-4742
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Viegas, Eduarda Fernanda Gomes
+Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, Petrópolis, 2936, Manaus, 69067 - 375, Amazonas, Brazil.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ale-Rocha, Rosaly
+Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Caixa Postal 2223, Manaus, 69080 - 971, Amazonas, Brazil. Fellowship PQ / CNPq.
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+78
+92
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.4
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.4
+1175-5326
+15818624
+1F8D362C-EF67-4AF7-9DFD-E62FD0754CFC
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Persis
+(
+Anapersis)
+Fennah
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(
+Figures 1–5
+)
+
+
+Type
+species:
+
+Persis
+(
+Anapersis
+)
+gregaria
+Fennah, 1952
+
+, by original designation.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Persis
+(
+Anapersis
+)
+Fennah, 1952: 140
+
+
+;
+
+O’Brien 1982:308
+
+, 319;
+
+O’Brien 1986: 70–72
+
+, figs 7–12, 15, 18;
+
+
+Bartlett
+et al.
+2014: 152
+
+
+;
+
+
+Bahder
+et al.
+2021: 126
+
+
+fig.6, 128.
+
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis.
+Medium-sized
+
+Persis
+(
+Anapersis
+)
+
+: body length
+4.5–9.9 mm
+in males, 3.0–
+7.2 mm
+in females. Head projecting beyond eyes, approximately two times shorter than width of compound eye in lateral view (
+Figs 1E, F, G, H
+,
+3A, D
+,
+4A, D
+,
+5A, D
+); projection between eyes variable, either obtusely angular (
+Figs 1E, F
+,
+3A, D
+,
+4A
+) or roundend in profile (
+Figs 1G, H
+,
+4D
+). Pronotum with paradiscal regions deep, forming cup-shaped foliated fovea that partially circumscribe antennae (
+Figs 1F, H
+,
+2E
+); median carina present but weakly marked (
+Figs 2F
+,
+5E
+); lateral carina strongly diverging toward tegula in dorsal view (
+Figs 2F
+,
+5E
+); posterior margin acutely concave (
+Figs 2F
+,
+5E
+). Mesonotum with median carina strongly marked; lateral carina present but weakly marked (
+Figs 2F
+,
+5E
+). Forewing (
+Fig. 5F
+): ScP+R vein long, finishing at level of apex of clavus; RA vein with apex strongly curved anteriorly; RP vein arising after ScP+R vein; RP vein with four cells (C1, C1’, C1b, C1b’); MP vein with four branches, first forking arising after apex of clavus; CuA vein forking arising after Pcu+A
+1
+vein. Hind wing: RP and MP veins unbranched; CuA vein with two branches. Legs: metatibia without lateral spines (
+Figs 5A, B
+).
+
+
+
+
+Etymology.
+In the original description by
+Fennah (1952)
+, the etymology of
+
+Persis
+(
+Anapersis
+)
+
+was not provided. However,
+Dmitriev (2022)
+discusses the etymology and grammatical gender of several genera, including
+
+Persis
+
+. The name
+
+Persis
+
+refers to the historical country of
+Persia
+(present-day
+Iran
+) and is treated as feminine in gender. Consequently, the subgenus
+
+Anapersis
+
+is also feminine. The prefix “
+
+Ana
+
+” (Greek: ἀνα) means “another”, combined with “
+
+Persis
+
+” (Greek: Περσίς).
+
+
+
+
+Remarks.
+
+Persis
+(
+Anapersis
+)
+
+differs from species of
+
+Persis
+(
+Persis
+)
+
+by the projection of the head, which is approximately half the width of the compound eye, and the paradiscal region forming a deep fovea. In contrast, the species of
+P.
+(
+P.
+) exhibit a head projection about twice the width of the compound eye, and the paradiscal region forms a shallow fovea (
+Figs 1A, B
+). Species of
+P.
+(
+A.
+) can be distinguished from those of
+
+Persis
+(
+Eritalaena
+)
+
+by the presence of a tricarinate clypeus, a forewing with long ScP+R vein and RP vein forming four cells (C1, C1’, C1b, C1b’). In
+P.
+(
+E.
+), the clypeus lacks a median carina, the forewing presents a short ScP+R vein and RP vein forms only three cells (C1, C1’, C1b) (
+Figs 1C, D
+). To date, species of
+P.
+(
+A.
+) have been recorded in North, Central, and South America, whereas
+P.
+(
+P.
+) and
+P.
+(
+E.
+) have records restricted to Central and South America.
+
+
+Although we did not find works that specifically address the biology of
+
+Persis
+
+, some information can be extracted both from studies focused on larger taxonomic groups such as families, tribes, etc., as well as from labels (e.g., location, collection method, seasonality). Based on these sources, we compiled brief insights into the biology of
+
+Persis
+
+.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 1.
+
+Persis
+species. A
+
+–B)
+
+Persis
+(
+Persis
+)
+pugnax
+Stål
+
+, female. A) Habitus, lateral view; B) Head, lateral view. C–D)
+
+Persis
+(
+Eritalaena
+)
+fuscinervis
+Muir
+
+, female. C) Habitus, lateral view; D) Head, lateral view; E–F)
+
+Persis
+(
+Anapersis
+)
+gregaria
+Fennah
+
+, male. E) Habitus, lateral view; F) Head, lateral view; G–H)
+
+Persis
+(
+Anapersis
+)
+takiyae
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+male habitus. G) Habitus, lateral view; H) Head, lateral view. Photographs: E, F Dr. Charles Bartlett (UF/IFAS).
+
+
+
+Records.
+Neotropical Region:
+Brazil
+(
+Rio de Janeiro
+),
+Panama
+,
+Grenada
+,
+Saint Lucia
+, Saint Vicent and
+the
+
+
+Grenadines, and
+Trinidad
+–
+Tobago
+(
+Bourgoin 2024
+). Nearctic Region:
+Mexico
+(
+Sonora
+),
+United States of America
+
+
+(Arizona) (
+Bourgoin 2024
+). *
+
+New records:
+Brazil
+(
+Amazonas
+,
+Goiás
+,
+Maranhão
+,
+Mato Grosso do Sul
+,
+Minas Gerais
+,
+Paraná
+,
+São Paulo
+)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/00/49/E7/0049E747FF86FFF4AE96FF4AFB9EF97B.xml b/data/00/49/E7/0049E747FF86FFF4AE96FF4AFB9EF97B.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0eaf6fd5a0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/00/49/E7/0049E747FF86FFF4AE96FF4AFB9EF97B.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,727 @@
+
+
+
+Persis (Anapersis) Fennah, 1952 (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Derbidae) from Brazil and identification key to the New World species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Cantanhede, Inezita
+0000-0002-1747-4742
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Viegas, Eduarda Fernanda Gomes
+Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, Petrópolis, 2936, Manaus, 69067 - 375, Amazonas, Brazil.
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ale-Rocha, Rosaly
+Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Caixa Postal 2223, Manaus, 69080 - 971, Amazonas, Brazil. Fellowship PQ / CNPq.
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+78
+92
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.4
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.4
+1175-5326
+15818624
+1F8D362C-EF67-4AF7-9DFD-E62FD0754CFC
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Persis
+(
+Anapersis
+)
+takiyae
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(
+Figures 5–10
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Type
+locality.
+
+Rio Restinga
+,
+São Paulo
+
+.
+
+
+
+Condition of the
+holotype
+:
+
+Forewing with torn edges along apical margin (
+Fig. 5A
+).
+
+
+
+
+Measurements:
+Body length: male
+2.7–4.7 mm
+(
+5.7–9.9 mm
+incl. wings) (N=12); female: 3.0–
+3.6 mm
+(
+6.1– 7.6 mm
+incl. wings) (N=9).
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis.
+Pronotum with two oval lateral black spots near lateral region (
+Figs 5A–E
+). Pygofer with a pair of long, digitiform projections on posterodorsal margin (
+Figs 6A, B
+).
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+Coloration. General body color orange, with pale yellow to white (
+Figs 5A–E
+). Vertex, lateral region of frons above lateral ocelli, tegula, pronotum, epimeron, episternum and scutellum pale yellow or white, with a narrow black band along lateral carinae of vertex and frons (
+Figs 5C, D
+). Pronotum with two oval black spots near lateral margin (
+Figs 5C–E
+). Mesonotum orange, with a yellow stripe along lateral carina (
+Fig. 5E
+). Forewing semihyaline, pale yellow, with pale brown cells: a long, narrow brown horizontal stripe crossing postcostal, medial, CPcu+A1, CPcu+A1’ cells. Cells C1a, C1’, C1b’, C2, C2’, C3’ C3a, C3a’, C3b, and C4’ predominantly brown. A broad brown horizontal stripe present on the apical half of the radial cell (
+Fig. 5F
+). Hind wing semihyaline, white. Legs predominantly pale yellow (
+Fig. 5A
+). Abdomen yellowish orange, except all tergites brown. Pygofer, gonostylus, and anal tube (segment X) pale yellow (
+Fig. 6A
+).
+
+
+Structure
+. Head: Frons approximately four times as long as broad (
+Fig. 5C
+); head projection beyond eyes without angulation in profile (
+Figs 1G, H
+,
+5A, B, D
+); lateral carina of frons parallel in ventral view (
+Fig. 5C
+); vertex trapezoidal in dorsal view (
+Fig. 5E
+); epistomal suture medially triangular (
+Fig. 5C
+); clypeus approximately four times as long as broad (
+Fig. 5C
+); median carina absent (
+Figs 5C, D
+).
+
+
+Thorax: pronotum with anterior margin truncate (
+Fig. 5E
+); mesonotum with lateral carina parallel (
+Fig. 5E
+). Forewing: ScP+R vein long, finishing at level of clavus apex; RA vein slightly curved anteriorly at apex; RP vein arising before ScP vein; RP vein with four cells (C1, C1’, C1b, C1b’); MP
+1+2
+vein forking distal to ir cross-vein (
+Fig. 5F
+).
+
+
+Male terminalia (
+Figs 6A–E
+,
+7A–E
+): Pygofer symmetrical, subrectangular, narrowest dorsally, with digitiform projection on posterodorsal margin in lateral view (
+Figs 6A–C
+); projection digitiform, elongated and robust, extending beyond middle of anal tube, apex rounded in lateral view (
+Figs 6A, B
+); medioventral process small, slightly produced in lateral view, subtriangular, with apex forming obtuse angle at apex in ventral view (
+Fig. 6C
+). Gonostyli symmetrical, spatulate, apex rounded in lateral view, subequal in length to anal tube (
+Figs 6A, D
+); dorsal margin with two processes near apex and a row of setae up to base of first process. P1: first process bifid, with lobes of unequal size, one sclerotised spiniform lobe and one robust lobe with rounded apex; P2: subtriangular process bearing a few apical setae (
+Figs 6D, E
+); ventral margin sinuous, with a single sclerotised subtriangular process located at mid-length, apex of process curved ventrally (
+Figs 6D, E
+). Phallic complex symmetrical (
+Figs 7A, B
+): periandrium slightly sclerotized, without spiniform projections. Aedeagus with the following process: one long, laterally compressed process, widened in basal two-third and slender in apical third in lateral view, narrow and convergent in dorsal view (S1); one bifid process with unequal spines (S2): one short, slender and curved spine (S2a); one long, slender, sinuous spine (S2b); one falciform spine, curved ventrally in apical half (S3); and one shorter, slender, straight apical spine, inserted at apex (S4). Anal tube (segment X) robust and expanded distally; dorsal margin almost straight; ventral margin sinuous with a shallow apical reentrance occupying less than 1/4 apical of total length of anal tube, forming two lobes in ventral view (
+Fig. 7E
+); lobes almost straight, robust, with rounded apex in dorsal view (
+Figs 7C–E
+). Paraproct subquadrangular, with truncate apex, almost subequal in length to lobes of anal tube in dorsal view (
+Fig. 7D
+).
+
+
+
+FIGURE 5.
+
+Persis
+(
+Anapersis
+)
+takiyae
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+. A) Male habitus, lateral view; B) Female habitus, lateral view; C) Male head, anterior view; D) Male head and pronotum, anterolateral view; E) Male head and thorax, dorsal view; F) Right forewing of paratype. Abbreviations: Thorax: prdclr, paradiscal region of pronotum; Forewings: CuA, anterior cubitus; CuP, posterior cubitus; MP, media posterior; Pcu, postcubitus; RA, radius anterior branch; RP, radius posterior branch; ScP, Subcosta posterior. Cells: CPcu+A1, Pcu+A1 cell; CPcu+A1’, CPcu+A1 cell.
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 6.
+
+Persis
+(
+Anapersis
+)
+takiyae
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, male terminalia. A) Abdomen and genital capsule, lateral view; B) Pygofer, lateral view; C) Pygofer, in ventral view; D) Gonostylus, lateral view; E) Gonostyli, dorsal view. Abbreviations: at, anal tube; cp, phallic complex; go, gonostylus; mdp, medioventral process; p, process; py, pygofer.
+
+
+
+Female similar to male (
+Fig. 5B
+). Female terminalia (
+Figs 8A–E
+,
+9A–D
+). Pregenital sternite (Sternite VII) semicircular, with subrounded apex of medioventral process in ventral view (
+Fig. 8B
+). Sternite VIII subtriangular, apex rounded in lateral view (
+Fig. 8A
+). Gonapophysis VIII (first valvula) with one long, slender projection on dorsoapical margin, bearing elevated irregular teeth in lateral view, forming a concavity in dorsal view; a shorter, upwardly curved lateroapical projection with toothed dorsal margin in lateral view (
+Fig. 8D
+). Bursa copulatrix bifid, with apically filamentous lobes narrowing toward apex, apexes rounded, covered by small spiniform projections on apical half in lateral view (
+Fig. 8D
+). Gonapophysis IX (second valvula) robust, basally wider, bifid at apical ¾; lobes with pointed and bifid apexes, straight posteriorly; ventral region of lobes with fine, short setae on apical ¾; basal half of gonapophysis IX with ventral spiniform projections (
+Fig. 8E
+); basal plate of gonapophysis IX 2.8 times longer than wide; anterior margin with median projection; apex of projection truncate (
+Fig. 8E
+). Gonoplac (third valvula) subrectangular, apex truncate, with smooth indentation, and bearing numerous setae apically in lateral view (
+Fig. 9A
+). Anal tube (segment X) short, subquadrate in dorsal view (
+Fig. 9C
+); ventral margin with reentrant area bearing an elongate, slender digitiform lobe with three long apical spiniform setae, each approximately half length of lobe (
+Figs 9B, D
+). Paraproct, subcircular, with prominent apical region in dorsal view (
+Fig. 9C
+).
+
+
+Variations.
+In some female specimens, the medioventral process of sternite VII presents an indentation at the apex of the posterior margin, in ventral view (
+Fig. 8C
+). Furthermore, the number of setae at the apex of the anal tube lobe varies from three to four.
+
+
+
+
+Etymology.
+The species is named in honor of PhD Daniela Maeda Takiya, from the Federal University of
+Rio de Janeiro
+(UFRJ), in recognition of her significant contributions to the knowledge of the Brazilian hemipteran fauna.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+Brazil
+(
+Amazonas
+,
+Goiás
+,
+Maranhão
+,
+Mato Grosso do Sul
+,
+Minas Gerais
+,
+Paraná
+and
+São Paulo
+) (
+Fig. 10
+).
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 7.
+
+Persis
+(
+Anapersis
+)
+takiyae
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, male terminalia. A) Phallic complex left, lateral view; B) Phallic complex, dorsal view; C) Anal tube (segment X), lateral view; D) Anal tube (segment X) and paraproct, dorsal view; E) Anal tube (segment X), ventral view. Abbreviations: ae: aedeagus; at, anal tube; pe, periandrium; ppt, paraproct; s, spines.
+
+
+
+
+Material examined.
+
+Holotype
+male (
+INPA
+). BRA [Brasil],
+
+SP [
+São Paulo
+]
+
+,
+Rio Restinga
+, 20˚43'31"S– 47˚30'60"W,
+
+21.iii. 2008
+
+, coleta manual,
+
+650m
+
+,
+J.A. Rafael
+,
+F. F. Xavier
+,
+D.S. Amorim
+
+.
+
+Paratypes
+. [
+BRASIL
+]
+
+Amazonas
+
+,
+Manaus
+,
+Est. Aleixo
+,
+Pomar
+,
+
+29.v.1968
+
+,
+E. V. Silva
+col. (1f,
+INPA 2840
+)
+
+;
+SP
+
+
+[
+São Paulo
+]
+
+,
+Rio Restinga
+, 20˚43'31"S–47˚30'60"W,
+
+21.iii. 2008
+
+, coleta manual,
+
+650m
+
+, J.A.
+Rafael
+,
+F. F. Xavier
+,
+D.S. Amorim
+(
+
+1m
+
+, 2f,
+INPA
+)
+
+;
+
+idem
+,
+Araras
+,
+Campus
+da UFSCar,
+
+02.v.1999
+
+,
+D. M. Takiya
+(1f,
+DZRJ
+)
+
+;
+
+idem
+,
+Bairro José Ometto
+,
+
+28.i.1993
+
+,
+G. Mejdalani
+(1f,
+DZRJ
+)
+
+;
+
+
+Goiás
+
+,
+Goiânia
+,
+
+9.ii.1977
+
+,
+Norman Penny
+(
+
+3m
+
+, 1f,
+INPA
+)
+
+.
+MA
+
+
+[
+Maranhão
+]
+
+,
+Mirador
+,
+Parque Est
+[adual]
+Mirador
+,
+
+Base
+da Geraldina
+
+,
+
+419m
+
+, 06˚37'25"S–45˚52'08"W,
+Armadilha Luminosa
+,
+
+08-13.iii.2008
+
+,
+F. Limeira-de-Oliveira
+;
+J. C. Silva
+(1f,
+DZRJ
+)
+
+;
+MS
+
+
+[
+Mato Grosso do Sul
+]
+
+,
+Reserva Florestal Faz
+[enda]
+Coqueiro
+, 22˚12'34"S–54˚54'46"W,
+
+18.ii.2009
+
+,
+A. Paladini
+leg. (1f,
+DZUP 578994
+)
+
+;
+MG
+
+
+[
+Minas Gerais
+
+],
+Carmo do Rio Claro
+, 20˚55'19.3"S–46˚08'00.8"W,
+
+24.xii.2020
+
+–
+
+28.ii.2021
+
+,
+Armadilha Malaise
+,
+D. G. Pádua
+leg. (
+
+3m
+
+, 3f,
+INPA
+)
+
+;
+
+
+PR
+[
+Paraná
+]
+
+,
+Eng
+[enheiro]
+Beltrão
+, xii.[19]83,
+Rafael
+leg. (
+
+1m
+
+,
+DZUP 399203
+)
+
+;
+
+idem
+, (
+
+1m
+
+,
+DZUP 399204
+)
+
+;
+
+idem
+, (
+
+1m
+
+,
+DZUP 399205
+)
+
+;
+
+idem
+, (
+
+1m
+
+,
+DZUP 399206
+)
+
+;
+
+idem
+, (
+
+1m
+
+,
+DZUP 399208
+)
+
+;
+
+idem
+, (
+
+1m
+
+,
+DZUP 399207
+)
+
+.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 8.
+
+Persis
+(
+Anapersis
+)
+takiyae
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, female genitalia. A) Sternite VII, lateral view; B) Sternite VII, ventral view; C) Sternite VII, ventral view; D) Gonapophysis VIII (first valvula) and bursa copulatrix, lateral view; E) Gonapophysis IX (second valvula), dorsal view. Abbreviations: bc, bursa copulatrix; bp, basal plate; dap, dorsoapical process; gnpp, gonapophysis; lb, lobe; lap, lateroapical process; mdp, medioventral process; st, sternite.
+
+
+
+Taxonomic notes.
+
+Persis
+(
+Anapersis
+)
+takiyae
+
+
+sp. nov
+.
+
+is most similar to
+
+P.
+(
+A.
+)
+ferox
+
+in having a small medioventral process of the pygofer, and black spots on the pronotum. However,
+
+P.
+(
+A.
+)
+takiyae
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+differs from the latter and all other species of the genus (except
+
+P.
+(
+A.
+)
+pallidovenosa
+
+) by the absence of an obtuse angle formed between the vertex and frons in lateral view. Although
+
+P.
+(
+A.
+)
+takiyae
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+and
+
+P.
+(
+A.
+)
+pallidovenosa
+
+share a rounded head shape in lateral view, in
+
+P.
+(
+A.
+)
+pallidovenosa
+
+the pronotum lacks spots and the wings are pale yellow with white veins, contrasting with the coloration observed in
+
+P.
+(
+A.
+)
+takiyae
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/85/87/0385879AEC21FA78FF65C622AF3FFD5D.xml b/data/03/85/87/0385879AEC21FA78FF65C622AF3FFD5D.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..09b7da56bb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/85/87/0385879AEC21FA78FF65C622AF3FFD5D.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+
+
+
+A new species of the genus Allomicythus, with a first record and the description of the male of Echemus viveki Gajbe, 1989 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) from China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Jiang, Zimin
+0000-0001-9044-3312
+College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China.
+3359463938@qq.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ning, Xiaoqi
+0000-0001-9044-3312
+College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China.
+3359463938@qq.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Yao, Yanbin
+0000-0002-2560-9299
+Jinshan College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China.
+3427053962@qq.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wang, Zhongjing
+0000-0001-9044-3312
+College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China.
+3359463938@qq.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Liu, Keke
+0000-0001-9044-3312
+College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China. & College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China. & Corresponding author: Ke-ke Liu
+3359463938@qq.com
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+115
+123
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.6
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.6
+1175-5326
+15818650
+A0B86F42-6305-4097-A9DE-44FDB270C4CA
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Allomicythus youzi
+Yao
+&
+Liu
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+Vernacular name:
+DZŦ异*ñe
+
+
+
+
+Figure 1
+
+
+
+
+Type material.
+
+
+Holotype
+
+♂
+(20240403, Gna-140),
+
+CHINA
+:
+
+Fujian Province
+,
+Zhangzhou City
+,
+Nanjing County
+,
+Huboliao Nature Reserve
+,
+Huboliao area
+,
+24°31'2.88"N
+,
+117°14'53.47"E
+,
+
+3.IV.2024
+
+,
+Yanbin Yao
+,
+Jiaxian Gong
+,
+Rui Zhao
+&
+Mingxuan Wu
+leg.
+
+
+
+
+
+Etymology.
+The specific name refers to the Chinese name for grapefruit from the
+type
+locality, youzi, which is widely planted all over the city; noun in apposition.
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis.
+The only known male of this new species is similar to that of
+
+Allomicythus suochao
+Lin & Li, 2023
+
+(see
+Lin and Li 2023: 144
+, figs 2A−C, 4B) in having the abdomen with a large and broad dorsal scutum, the long retrolateral tibial apophysis reaching ca 1/3 of the cymbium, and the S-shaped sperm duct on male palp in retrolateral view, but can be easily distinguished from it by the screw-like embolus (vs slightly coiled in
+
+A. suochao
+
+) (
+Fig. 1A
+, C−E).
+
+
+
+
+Description. Male
+(
+holotype
+) (
+Fig. 1A, B
+). Total length
+3.72 mm
+. Carapace 1.64 long, 1.32 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.11, PME 0.11, PLE 0.11, AME−AME 0.02, AME−ALE 0.02, PME−PME 0.10, PME−PLE 0.03, AME−PME 0.11, AME−PLE 0.03, ALE−ALE 0.27, PLE−PLE 0.28, ALE−PLE 0.04. MOA 0.33 long, front width 0.27, back width 0.29. Chelicerae with three promarginal and one retromarginal teeth. Endites longer than wide, laterally with long setae. Labium ovoid, wider than long. Sternum oval, anteriorly flat, posterior end blunt. Leg measurements: I 3.58 (1.10, 0.61, 0.79, 0.64, 0.44); II 3.47 (1.07, 0.59, 0.75, 0.64, 0.42); III 3.26 (0.96, 0.50, 0.63, 0.70, 0.47); IV 4.31 (1.21, 0.62, 0.97, 1.03, 0.48). Leg spination: I Fe: d2, r1; Ti: v4; Mt: v2; II Fe: d3, r1; Ti: v5; Mt: v2; III Fe: d4, p2; Ti: p4, r2, v5; Mt: d4, p4, r3, v3; IV Fe: d5; Pa: p1; Ti: p2, r2, v6; Mt: d4, p4, r4, v2. Abdomen 2.08 long, 1.36 wide, oval with a distinct dorsal scutum covering 1/2 the length of the abdomen.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 1.
+
+Allomicythus youzi
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, male holotype. A. Habitus, black arrow shows the dorsal scutum, dorsal view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Palp, prolateral view; D. Same, ventro-retrolateral view; E. Same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: EB = embolar base, Em—embolus, RF = retrolateral fold, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD—sperm duct, Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C−E).
+
+
+
+Coloration
+(
+Fig. 1A, B
+). Carapace yellow, posteriorly with brown radial stripes. Chelicerae and endites yellow. Labium yellow to brown. Sternum yellowish to brown. Legs yellow to pale brown, femora yellow, patellae, tibiae, and metatarsi palp brown. Abdomen white to dark brown.
+
+
+Palp
+(
+Fig. 1
+C−E). Retrolateral tibial apophysis long, slightly longer than tibia, sub-medially slightly curved, terminally sharp and narrowed in ventral view, with a thick horn-like tip in retrolateral view. Sperm duct with two Sshaped turns in ventral view.Tegular surface mostly membranous, forming an apical retrolateral fold which surrounds the embolar base. Embolus conical, screw-like, rising from the tegular apical fold with a vertical membranous base and eight ridges seen in prolateral view.
+
+
+Female
+. Unknown.
+
+
+
+
+Ecology.
+The specimen was collected under the bark of
+Fagaceae
+plants in a broad-leaved forest.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+Known only from the
+type
+locality in
+Fujian Province
+,
+China
+(
+Fig. 6
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/85/87/0385879AEC23FA7EFF65C05AAF15F940.xml b/data/03/85/87/0385879AEC23FA7EFF65C05AAF15F940.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a50d43500e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/85/87/0385879AEC23FA7EFF65C05AAF15F940.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+
+
+
+A new species of the genus Allomicythus, with a first record and the description of the male of Echemus viveki Gajbe, 1989 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) from China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Jiang, Zimin
+0000-0001-9044-3312
+College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China.
+3359463938@qq.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ning, Xiaoqi
+0000-0001-9044-3312
+College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China.
+3359463938@qq.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Yao, Yanbin
+0000-0002-2560-9299
+Jinshan College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China.
+3427053962@qq.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wang, Zhongjing
+0000-0001-9044-3312
+College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China.
+3359463938@qq.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Liu, Keke
+0000-0001-9044-3312
+College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China. & College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China. & Corresponding author: Ke-ke Liu
+3359463938@qq.com
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+115
+123
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.6
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.6
+1175-5326
+15818650
+A0B86F42-6305-4097-A9DE-44FDB270C4CA
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Echemus viveki
+Gajbe, 1989
+
+
+
+
+
+Vernacular name:
+Ħ埃克e
+
+
+
+
+Figures 2−5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Echemus viveki
+
+Gajbe, 1989: 560
+
+
+
+, figs 9−13 (female
+holotype
+from
+West Bengal
+,
+India
+, illustrations examined).
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined.
+
+1♂
+,
+1♀
+,
+
+CHINA
+:
+
+Xizang
+Autonomous Region
+,
+Shigatse City
+,
+Yadong County
+,
+Xiasima Town
+, near the fire brigade of
+Yadong County
+,
+27°30'02.38"N
+,
+88°54'04.51"E
+,
+
+2973 m
+a.s.l.
+
+,
+
+4 August 2023
+
+,
+Keke Liu
+,
+Zimin Jiang
+,
+Yanbin Yao
+leg
+
+;
+1♂
+,
+27°29'33.38"N
+,
+88°54'18.16"E
+,
+2958 m
+a.s.l., other data same as previous;
+
+1♂
+,
+Xiayadong Township
+,
+Renqinggang Village
+,
+27°26'00.90"N
+,
+88°55'23.09"E
+.
+
+2961 m
+a.s.l.
+
+
+, other data same as previous.
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis.
+The male of this species resembles that of
+
+Echemus angustifrons
+(Westring, 1861)
+
+(see
+Bosmans and Gavalas 2023: 26
+, fig. 10H, I) in having the palpal tibia with a thick horn-like retrolateral apophysis and a U-shaped sperm duct, but can be distinguished by the claw-like median apophysis (vs sub-square) and the thick embolus with an inverted C-shaped tip (vs S-shaped) (
+Figs 2
+C−F, 3). The female is similar to that of
+
+E. angustifrons
+
+(see
+Chatzaki and Van Keer 2019: 439
+, figs 9−12 and
+Bosmans and Gavalas 2023: 26
+, fig. 10J) in having a large mushroom-like atrium, but can be separated from it by the shape of the atrium being longer than wide (opposite in
+
+E. angustifrons
+
+) and with a distinct bell-like shape as well as the short and mastoid-shaped glandular appendages (vs long and clavate) (
+Fig. 4C, D
+).
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+Male. Habitus as in
+Fig. 2A, B
+. Total length 5.87, carapace 2.63 long, 1.91 wide, with dense short setae on dorsal side. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.14, ALE 0.12, PME 0.13, PLE 0.13, AME−AME 0.1, AME−ALE 0.02, PME−PME 0.1, PME−PLE 0.06, AME−PME 0.16, AME−PLE 0.13, ALE−ALE 0.38, PLE−PLE 0.47, ALE−PLE 0.05. MOA 0.39 long, front width 0.34, back width 0.34. Chelicerae with six promarginal and one retromarginal teeth. Endites longer than wide, laterally with a row of long setae. Labium slightly longer than wide, with several long setae on surface. Sternum oval, longer than wide, with many long setae on surface, anteriorly flat, posterior end blunt. Leg measurements: I 6.42 (1.37, 1.25, 1.52, 1.33, 0.95); II 6.17 (1.71, 1.01, 1.41, 1.2, 0.84); III 5.71 (1.51, 0.97, 1.16, 1.24, 0.83); IV 7.98 (2.2, 0.99, 1.75, 2.05, 0.99). Spination: I Fe: d2; II Fe: d2, p1; Ti: v1; Mt: v1; III Fe: d5; Ti: p3, r3, v6; Mt: p2, r3, v2; IV Fe: d6, r1; Pa: r1; Ti: p1, r3, v6; Mt: d5, p3, r2, v2. Abdomen 3.24 long, 2.2 wide, with small dorsal scutum, nearly covering 1/6 the length of the abdomen.
+
+
+Coloration
+(
+Fig.2A,B
+). Carapace yellow, with brown radial stripes around longitudinal fovea.Chelicerae yellow-brown. Endites yellow. Labium yellow brown. Sternum yellow-brown, with dark brown margin. Legs yellowish to yellow-brown. Abdomen yellowish to dark brown, postero-medially with seven chevron-like markings.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 2.
+
+Echemus viveki
+Gajbe, 1989
+
+, male. A. Habitus, black arrow shows the dorsal scutum, dorsal view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Palp, prolateral view; D, F. Same, ventro-retrolateral view; E. Same, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: Em—embolus, MA—median apophysis, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD—sperm duct, Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C−F).
+
+
+
+Palp
+(
+Figs 2C–F
+,
+3
+). Retrolateral tibial apophysis thick and horn-like, shorter than tibia. Cymbium with a broad and blunt retrolateral basal process. Sperm duct U-shaped, not reaching posterior edge of the tegulum. Median apophysis with wide base and a curved lateral margin terminating at a claw-like tip. Embolus thick, subapical part sharp narrowed, strongly curved, apex membranous, directed parallel to the median apophysis’ claw.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 3.
+SEMs of
+
+Echemus viveki
+Gajbe, 1989
+
+, male palp. A. Detail of retrolateral tibial apophysis, ventral view; B. Detail of anterior tegulum, ventral view; C. Embolus, ventral view; D. Detail of embolus, ventral view; E. Retrolatero-ventral view; F. Detail of retrolateral tibial apophysis, retrolatero-ventral view; G. Detail of anterior tegulum, retrolatero-ventral view. Abbreviations: Em—embolus, MA—median apophysis, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis.
+
+
+
+Female:
+Female. Habitus as in
+Figs 4A, B
+,
+5B
+. Total length 5.15, carapace 1.91 long, 1.42 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.12, PME 0.10, PLE 0.11, AME−AME 0.05, AME−ALE 0.03, PME−PME 0.05, PME−PLE 0.06, AME−PME 0.11, AME−PLE 0.06, ALE−ALE 0.26, PLE−PLE 0.29, ALE−PLE 0.03. MOA 0.29 long, front width 0.26, back width 0.27. Chelicerae with one promarginal and no retromarginal teeth. Legs: tarsal claw with 4–6 teeth; measurements: I 4.75 (1.44, 0.87, 1.02, 0.8, 0.62); II 4.36 (1.28, 0.76, 0.94, 0.79, 0.59); III 3.92 (1.01, 0.61, 0.84, 0.84, 0.62); IV 4.82 (1.27, 0.67, 1.06, 1.19, 0.63). Spination: I Fe: d2; II Fe: d2, p1; Ti: v1; Mt: r1; III Fe: d4, p1; Pa: r1; Ti: d3, p2, r2, v5; Mt: d4, p1, r2, v2; IV Fe: d2; Pa: p1; Ti: p1, r3, v5; Mt: d1, p2, r3. Abdomen (
+Fig. 4A, B
+) 3.24 long, 2.30 wide, scutum absent.
+
+
+Coloration
+(
+Fig. 4A, B
+). Paler than male. Abdomen white to dark brown.
+
+
+Epigyne (
+Fig. 4C, D
+).Atrium very large, mushroom-like and bell-shaped, covering more than 2/3 of the epigynal plate. Epigynal hood narrow, antero-medially located. Copulatory openings located at postero-lateral part of atrium, covered by a protruded edge. Copulatory ducts broad, C-shaped, slightly separated. Glandular appendages mastoidlike, directed anteriorly. Spermathecae peanut-shaped, placed close to each other. Fertilization ducts long, nearly as long as 2/3 of spermathecae, diagonally directed.
+
+
+
+
+Remarks.
+The female
+holotype
+and the specimens of the present study were collected in different localities, but both are close to the border between
+India
+and
+China
+and they lie close in the Himalayan Mountains. The distance between Tibetan Nayabusta (
+India
+) and Yadong County is about
+100 km
+. Moreover, both specimens have similar habitus and epigyne. For these reasons, we consider them as conspecific.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+Known from the Himalayas:
+India
+(
+Gajbe 1989
+) and
+China
+(
+Fig. 6
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/85/A8/0385A84EFFFAFF95FF3956C0FC2E4DFA.xml b/data/03/85/A8/0385A84EFFFAFF95FF3956C0FC2E4DFA.xml
index acb511649ba..daae35d05a0 100644
--- a/data/03/85/A8/0385A84EFFFAFF95FF3956C0FC2E4DFA.xml
+++ b/data/03/85/A8/0385A84EFFFAFF95FF3956C0FC2E4DFA.xml
@@ -1,61 +1,64 @@
-
-
-
-A new subspecies of Udara placidula (Druce, 1895) from Hainan Island of China (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
+
+
+
+A new subspecies of Udara placidula (Druce, 1895) from Hainan Island of China (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Li, Hua-Zhao
-Changfengpolanghuiyoushi, Aba, Sichuan, P. R. China
+Li, Hua-Zhao
+Changfengpolanghuiyoushi, Aba, Sichuan, P. R. China
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Liu, Zhe
-Nanfanghangkongcheng, Sanya, Hainan, P. R. China
+Liu, Zhe
+Nanfanghangkongcheng, Sanya, Hainan, P. R. China
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Li, Jia-Ling
-0000-0003-3560-4798
-19071300110003@hainanu.edu.cn
+Li, Jia-Ling
+0000-0003-3560-4798
+19071300110003@hainanu.edu.cn
-text
-
-
-Zootaxa
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
-
-2025
-
-2025-06-04
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-04
-
-5642
+
+5642
-
-6
+
+6
-
-573
-580
+
+573
+580
-
-https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.6.5
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.6.5
-journal article
-10.11646/zootaxa.5642.6.5
-1175-5326
-E664EEBD-6725-4305-A73C-12349E2C7E96
+journal article
+310812
+10.11646/zootaxa.5642.6.5
+b396d683-b693-449f-9a9e-af3abd71720d
+1175-5326
+15818399
+E664EEBD-6725-4305-A73C-12349E2C7E96
-
+
@@ -83,7 +86,7 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
(
-Figs. 1
+Figs. 1
for adults, 2 for genitalia, 3 for diagnosis, 4 for distribution, 5 for phylogeny)
@@ -181,7 +184,7 @@ with same locality as the HT (
.
-
+
FIGURE 1.
Habitus of
@@ -206,7 +209,7 @@ for UPI1–9;
for CL3.
-
+
FIGURE 2.
Genitalia of
@@ -216,7 +219,7 @@ Genitalia of
from Hainan and adjacent area. le = lateral left view, lr = lateral right view, ds = dorsal view, vs = ventral view, po = posterior view. [two subspecies do not share the same scale]
-
+
FIGURE 3.
Diagnosis of
@@ -226,7 +229,7 @@ Diagnosis of
subsp. nov.
-
+
FIGURE 4.
Distributional map of
@@ -254,7 +257,7 @@ The new subspecies can be distinguished from all the other subspecies of
U. placidula
by (
-Fig. 3
+Fig. 3
): Marginal black border on the upperside of the both wings is usually broader, leaving the blue submarginal lunules on the hindwing separated from the rest of the markings, rather than merged into one.
@@ -278,17 +281,17 @@ The subspecific name is dedicated to Mr.Yutaka Inayoshi, the author of “A Chec
Variation.
This new subspecies is variable to some extent in size, wing shape and pattern, and genitalia (
-Figs. 1–2
+Figs. 1–2
). These variations are interpreted as individual variations due to the low genetic distance in
COI
and
EF-1α
(
-Fig. 5
+Fig. 5
).
-
+
FIGURE 5.
Phylogenetic tree of the genus
@@ -306,9 +309,9 @@ with bootstrap support values (SHaLRT support/ultrafast bootstrap support).
Remarks.
The female is identified by the molecular evidence (
-Figs. 1
+Figs. 1
,
-5
+5
). Since only one individual was available, the description and diagnosis for females are not provided.
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC22D08FF6DFDFFFD7EF9F8.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC22D08FF6DFDFFFD7EF9F8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..702c6af91fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC22D08FF6DFDFFFD7EF9F8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+18.
+
+Myotis sicarius
+Thomas, 1915
+
+
+
+
+
+(Mandelli’s Mouse–eared Bat)
+
+
+
+New material:
+
+A released male caught at
+Mandal
+,
+Chamoli district
+,
+Uttarakhand
+in mid–
+
+April 2019
+
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimen
+: An adult male was caught in a mist net set over a shallow, shaded stream along the edge of an oak forest. This relatively large
+
+Myotis
+
+had a forearm of
+50.9 mm
+and
+10 g
+body weight. The specimen was identified in the field by its size, the ratio of the lengths of hindfoot to tibia and relatively large ears (but not as large as in
+
+My. altarium
+
+). The pelage consisted of short hairs that were dark brown to black above and smokey greyish black below (
+Fig. 15E
+), with a conspicuous yellowish patch surrounding the belly. These fur characteristics also differentiate it from the similar-sized
+
+My. altarium
+
+. The naked portion of the muzzle was flesh coloured while ears and wing membranes were dark brown. The wings were attached to the base of the toe which were covered with a few scattered hairs.
+
+
+
+
+DNA:
+No biological material was obtained for this released specimen. However,
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+(2020)
+
+reported a COI sequence (GB
+MN339187
+) of another individual caught in the same place and provisionally identified as “
+
+M.
+cf.
+annectans
+
+”
+. This sequence was almost identical (a single mutation) to one
+
+My. sicarius
+
+from
+Nepal
+(GB OR413180) deposited recently by
+
+Győrössy
+et al.
+(2024)
+
+, which confirmed their taxonomic identity as
+
+sicarius
+
+. Reference sequences from Indochinese
+
+My. annectans
+
+were genetically very distinct from
+
+M. sicarius
+
+(e.g.,
+HM541011
+;
+
+Francis
+et al.
+2010
+
+;
+
+Győrössy
+et al
+. 2024
+
+;
+Fig. 4
+).
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes
+: The present datum constitutes the first record of this species from the Western Himalayas, which is a significant geographic extension of this rare and vulnerable (
+Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu 2019b
+), so far localised species known from the Central and Eastern Himalaya (
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+) and (with a single record) from North
+Vietnam
+(
+
+Győrössy
+et al
+. 2024
+
+).
+
+
+The call structure of the released specimen was narrowband (38.81 kHz bandwidth) with prominent FM and QCF components, resembling those of
+
+Pipistrellus
+sp.
+
+The release call had duration of 5.12 ms, an ending frequency of 33.14 kHz and peak frequency of 37.41 kHz (Table 13). In the study area its calls overlapped with those of
+
+Pi. babu
+
+(
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+; see below).
+
+
+Taxonomic notes:
+
+We correct here a previous preliminary identification of a bat reported as “
+
+My.
+cf.
+annectans
+
+”
+in
+
+Chakravarty
+et al
+. (2020)
+
+to
+
+My. sicarius
+
+in the light of the new specimen analyzed morphologically here, and to the
+COI
+sequence of a previous individual from
+Mandal
+which is nearly identical compared to a sequence from
+Nepal
+
+
+(i.e., close to the
+type
+locality in
+Sikkim
+,
+India
+)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC22D09FF6DF97FFE99FC98.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC22D09FF6DF97FFE99FC98.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2d82e1d5bde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC22D09FF6DF97FFE99FC98.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+19.
+
+Myotis muricola
+(Gray, 1864)
+
+
+
+
+
+(Nepalese Whiskered Bat)
+
+
+
+New material:
+
+Two
+released males caught at
+Chopta
+,
+Chamoli district
+,
+Uttarakhand
+,
+
+April 2018
+and
+April 2019
+
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimens:
+Two adult
+males were caught over a brook at the edge of a meadow in Chopta (
+2800 m
+). They were provisionally identified by their small size (
+FA
+=
+36.3–37.7 mm
+), sooty black dorsal pelage and dark ventral pelage with silvery tips. The ears were slightly elongated with a rounded tip but without a prominent notch on the posterior margin and also lacking the projected arched lobe near the base of the ear that are characteristics of
+
+Su. caliginosus
+
+with which the species was often mistaken (
+
+Ruedi
+et al.
+2021
+
+). Tragus was straight, slightly bent forward, but not spatulated as in
+
+Su. caliginosus
+
+(compare
+Figs 15D and 15F
+). Hind feet were small (in comparison to tibia) and the wing attached to the base of the toe.
+
+
+DNA:
+no biological material was obtained from this species.
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+Uttarakhand
+: Ansuya (
+2000 m
+), Chopta (
+2800 m
+) and Mandal (
+1600 m
+) in Chamoli district of
+Uttarakhand
+(
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+; present study). The record from Chirot (Thirot) in Lahaul & Spiti district of
+Himachal Pradesh
+(
+Lindsay 1927
+) and included as “
+
+My. mystacinus
+”
+
+in
+Bates & Harrison (1997)
+might either represent this species or other taxa (see below).
+
+We recorded broadband (bandwidth= 66.37 kHz), short–duration (3 ms) echolocation calls with end frequency of 43.37 kHz. Passive recordings of free–flying bats in the site of capture show similar call characteristics but with longer duration and prominent QCF components (R. Chakravarty unpublished data).
+
+Taxonomic notes:
+A constituent species of the
+
+My. mystacinus
+
+morphogroup, the taxonomic status of
+
+My. muricola
+
+in the Western Himalayas was obscure till recently. The species was believed to be widely distributed in the Oriental Region with a large number of taxa included in its synonymy (
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+;
+Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu 2019c
+). However, more recently it has been shown that at least in the Western Himalaya,
+
+My. muricola
+
+was confused with other similar looking but distinct species,
+
+My. nipalensis
+
+and
+
+Su. caliginosus
+(
+
+Ruedi
+et al.
+2021
+
+)
+
+. All three species were found to occur in sympatry, but the latter one appeared to be more common and widespread.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC32D09FF6DFCDFFD1FF818.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC32D09FF6DFCDFFD1FF818.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4f2d1fe1b29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC32D09FF6DFCDFFD1FF818.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+20.
+
+Myotis nipalensis
+(
+Dobson, 1871
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(
+Nepal
+Myotis
+)
+
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 M,
+
+
+30.05.2017
+
+, over
+river Narag
+,
+Devthal
+,
+Solan district
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+V
+/M/ERS/445
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimen
+: An adult male was caught with a flap–net. This specimen had a walnut brown dorsum, and the ventral fur was grayish white (
+Fig. 15C
+). Dorsal hairs had a dark base and slightly lighter tip while the ventral hairs had light brown roots and whitish tips. The ears and patagium were dark brown. The ears were relatively long and with a broadly rounded tip, but devoid of notch at the rear edge. The tragus was slightly less than half the length of ear, almost straight on the inner side and convex on the outer margin. The thumb was long and slender with sharp claws. No visible calcar lobe was present, and the wing attached to the base of the toes.
+
+
+Condylocanine length of our specimen measured
+11.98 mm
+; the skull had a bulbous braincase with elevated rostrum compared to more flattened skull profile in
+
+My. muricola
+(
+
+Ruedi
+et al.
+2021
+
+)
+
+. The incisors were bicuspidate. The canine exceeded the height of the third upper premolar although not greatly. The anterior upper premolars lie within the toothrow contrary to the intruded second upper premolar in
+
+My. muricola
+
+(examined specimens from northeastern
+India
+).
+
+
+DNA:
+The
+COI
+(GB
+MW054918
+) and
+CYTB
+(GB
+MW054881
+) sequences of this specimen were already reported in
+
+Ruedi
+et al
+. (2021)
+
+and showed closest genetic similarities with
+
+My. annatessae
+
+from Southeast Asia (
+Figs 4
+and
+6
+), but not with
+
+My. muricola
+
+or
+
+My. mystacinus
+
+with which
+
+My. nipalensis
+
+had often been confused (e.g.
+
+Kruskop
+et al.
+2012
+
+).
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes
+:
+Uttarakhand
+: Pawalgarh (
+495 m
+) in Nainital district (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+).
+Himachal Pradesh
+: Devthal (
+963 m
+) in Solan district (present study). Because of the confusing taxonomic situation of
+
+My. nipalensis
+
+in classical accounts (e.g., Ellerman & Morrison–Scott 1966;
+Corbet & Hill 1992
+;
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+), the exact distribution of this Himalayan species is not precisely known (
+
+Ruedi
+et al.
+2021
+
+). The adult male was caught with a flap–net while foraging over the river Narang in the early evening.
+
+
+Taxonomic notes:
+The taxonomy of
+
+My. nipalensis
+
+has been much discussed since its description from
+Nepal
+by Dobson in 1871. It was variously included in the synonymy of
+
+My. mystacinus
+
+,
+
+My. muricola
+
+or more recently within
+
+My. siligorensis
+
+or
+
+My. davidii
+
+(see review in
+
+Ruedi
+et al.
+2021
+
+). However, obvious external (e.g., strongly contrasting whitish ventral fur; unnotched ears), cranial (e.g., globose braincase) and genetic differences support species status for this distinctive bat (
+op. cit
+.).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC52D0CFF6DF9C7FE0CFD25.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC52D0CFF6DF9C7FE0CFD25.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..69e6ce64f40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC52D0CFF6DF9C7FE0CFD25.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+22.
+
+Murina
+cf.
+aurata
+Milne–Edwards, 1872
+
+
+
+
+
+(Little Tube–nosed Bat)
+
+
+
+New material:
+Five released individuals: 1 M,
+
+
+04.04.2018
+
+,
+Mandal village
+; 1 F
+
+,
+13.04.2018
+, Ansuya; 1 M,
+
+
+31.03.2019
+
+,
+Mandal
+; 1 M and 1 F
+
+,
+
+
+27.04.2021
+
+,
+Kanchula
+,
+Chamoli district
+,
+Uttarakhand
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimen
+: All individuals were identified in the field by their small size (
+FA
+=27.0–
+30.5 mm
+), long, dense, blackish hairs with golden tips, and lack of emargination on the posterior border of the ear.
+
+
+
+
+DNA:
+no biological material was obtained from this species.
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+An adult male was caught over a pool of water in dense primary oak forest in
+
+April
+2018
+
+in Mandal village (
+1600 m
+) in Chamoli district. Another male was caught over a shallow, shaded stream at the edge of an oak forest in the same area. In Ansuya and Kanchula, several individuals were caught in clearings in oak and mixed oak–maple forests respectively.
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+(2020)
+
+reported the occurrence of a further individual from Ansuya (
+2000 m
+). The
+two females
+caught in Ansuya and Kanchula were pregnant. These Uttarakhand records are the only known from Western Himalayas, while the species was reported in
+Nepal
+, Sikkim, and further east in
+China
+(
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+;
+
+Wang
+et al.
+2025
+
+). The
+Laos
+and
+Vietnam
+records of
+
+Mu. aurata
+
+(
+Kruskop 2005
+;
+
+Francis
+et al.
+1999
+
+;
+
+Francis
+et al.
+2010
+
+) were based on mis–identified specimens (
+Kruskop 2013
+;
+
+Thomas
+et al.
+2013
+
+).
+
+
+Taxonomic notes:
+There are several small species of
+
+Murina
+
+(
+
+Mu. aurata
+
+,
+
+Mu. balaensis
+
+,
+
+Mu. chrysochaetes
+
+,
+
+Mu. eleryi
+
+,
+
+Mu. gracilis
+
+,
+
+Mu. harpioloides
+
+,
+
+Mu. yushuensis
+
+) with different intensity of shiny golden colour in the dorsal pelage; the diversity of this group is only just beginning to be understood. Their identification is only possible by integrated analysis of cranial and dental traits and DNA sequences. Since no such data are available for the specimens reported here, their classification as
+
+Mu.
+cf.
+aurata
+
+is tentative and based solely on the known distribution of the species described so far in the
+
+aurata
+
+group; the question can only be decided by detailed examination of additional specimens.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC62D0CFF6DFD56FF67F87B.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC62D0CFF6DFD56FF67F87B.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ecb928cfda1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC62D0CFF6DFD56FF67F87B.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+23.
+
+Murina cyclotis
+Dobson, 1872
+
+
+
+
+
+(Round–eared tube–nosed bat)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 M,
+
+
+10.06.2017
+
+,
+Kandaghat
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/425
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimen
+: Our specimen had a forearm length of
+31.7 mm
+. The pelage was long and woolly, the dorsal colouration was bright orange, and the ventral fur was beige–white with slightly darker roots (
+Fig. 11F
+). The ears were light brown, the anterior border was concave and the posterior one slightly convex without emergination. Ears had broadly rounded tip. The outwardly protruding nostrils were very prominent. The muzzle was flesh coloured with a few whiskers on both lips. The dorsal side of the interfemoral membrane was densely covered with hairs. The feet were also covered with long orange hairs.
+
+
+
+
+DNA:
+The COI sequence of this specimen (M
+2260 /V
+/M/ERS/425) was very distinct from any
+
+Murina
+
+sequence available in the GenBank, the closest match being a series of
+
+Mu. guilleni
+
+haplotypes from Peninsular
+Thailand
+(e.g., GB
+KY034137
+) at over 10% sequence divergence (
+Table S2
+). All other
+
+Mu. cylotis
+
+s.l.
+were separated by over 13% K2P distance from the Himachal Pradesh individual. The same pattern was observed with a CYTB sequence of this Himachal Pradesh individual, which was closest to one sequence of
+
+Mu. cyclotis
+
+from
+Cambodia
+(GB
+GQ168916
+) at 13.2% K2P (
+Table S3
+).
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+(2020)
+
+recorded this bat from Devalsari (
+1698 m
+) in
+Uttarakhand
+which was the first report of this species from Western Himalayas. The present new specimen is the first record from
+Himachal Pradesh
+(at Kandaghat,
+1560 m
+) extending the distribution of
+
+Mu. cyclotis
+
+westwards in the Western Himalayas. This individual was caught in a harp trap which was set in an opening of mixed pine forest (
+
+Pinus roxburghii
+
+and
+
+Quercus
+spp
+
+) along a railway track where
+
+Mu. huttonii
+
+was also caught in the same night. In
+Uttarakhand
+, this species was caught in a mist net in the intersection of
+
+Cedrus deodara
+
+dominated forest and scrub–covered hills (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+).
+
+
+Taxonomic notes
+:
+
+Mu. cyclotis
+
+belongs to a clade consisting of several mitochondrial lineages but showing surprisingly uniform morphology including external and craniodental features. New taxa recently described from the Indomalayan Region and the
+Nicobar Islands
+(e.g.,
+Francis & Eger 2012
+;
+
+Soisook
+et al.
+2013
+
+) are no exceptions. The craniodentally similar
+
+Mu. pluvialis
+
+from
+Meghalaya
+can be easily distinguished by its very dark bases in dorsal and ventral hairs (
+
+Ruedi
+et al
+. 2012
+
+) and is also very distinct genetically (>20% K2P, e.g., from specimen M
+2052/V
+/M/ERS/353). Eastern
+India
+(Darjeeling) being the
+type
+locality for
+
+Mu. cyclotis
+
+, the available records from
+Meghalaya
+could best represent the nominal species, but the CYTB sequence of one of these specimens (GB
+JQ044691
+) differed by 15.1% K2P from the
+Himachal Pradesh
+haplotype (
+Table S2
+). Other sequences available and labelled as
+
+“
+cyclotis
+
+” in the GenBank and sampled further east were also quite divergent (>13% K2P). Compared to mammalian standards (
+Bradley & Baker 2001
+) these divergence values are considerable and suggest additional taxonomic diversity. Other workers also found high genetic diversity of
+
+Mu. cyclotis
+
+within Southeast Asia and opined that the form found in Indochina is not the same as that from the
+type
+locality in
+India
+(
+Francis & Eger 2012
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC72D13FF6DFF2EFE6AFECD.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC72D13FF6DFF2EFE6AFECD.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e62bc142005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC72D13FF6DFF2EFE6AFECD.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+23.
+
+Murina huttonii
+(
+Peters, 1872
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+(Hutton’s tube–nosed Bat)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 M,
+
+
+10.06.2017
+
+,
+Kandaghat
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/424; 1 M
+
+,
+
+
+2.06.2017
+
+,
+Mount Karol
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+V
+/M/ERS/443; one released male,
+Ansuya
+(
+KWLS
+),
+Uttarakhand
+
+,
+01.05.2019
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimens
+: The pelage of the two examined
+Himachal Pradesh
+specimens was thick and soft. The Kandaghat specimen had a light brown dorsal fur with lighter tips while the ventral fur was grayish white with faint brown roots (
+Fig. 11G
+). The ears and muzzle were light brown. The specimen from Mount Karol was also similar in appearance except for the muzzle which was little darker with dark brown hairs and the ventral hairs had brownish roots. The pelage of one released animal from
+Uttarakhand
+was darker dorsally and had fawn coloured venter (
+Fig. 11H
+). Such colour variation among individuals of this species was noted earlier and calls for further studies for possible cryptic diversity (
+
+Son
+et al.
+2015
+
+). The anterior border of the ears was slightly concave while the posterior border was little concave in both morphotypes. The interfemoral membranes were naked below but the feet were hairy.
+
+
+The cranium was comparatively large with an average GTLi of
+18.3 mm
+and dentition was robust. The mandibles were strong with a highly elevated coronoid process (
+Fig. 21A
+).
+
+
+The baculum was almost rectangular with slightly narrower distal end which was broadly rounded off (
+Fig. 14I
+). There were concavities at both the ends but the one at the base was more acute. In dorsal profile, it was convex while the ventral surface was concave, partly damaged in our specimen). The baculum of specimen
+V
+/M/ERS/443 was
+1.11 mm
+long and
+0.61 mm
+wide at the base.
+
+
+DNA:
+The
+COI
+sequences from the two Himachal Pradesh individuals (M
+
+2261/
+V
+
+/M/ERS/424 and M
+
+2218/
+V
+
+/M/ERS/443) were identical to each other and were also identical or very similar to two sequences from near the
+type
+locality in Uttarakhand (GB
+MN339182
+and
+MN339183
+;
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+). These genuine
+
+Mu. huttonii
+
+haplotypes diverged more extensively (> 6.8%;
+Table S2
+) from sequences of bats assigned to
+
+M. huttonii
+
+from
+China
+(e.g. GB
+KU521385
+or
+MN549054
+) or Indochina (e.g., GB
+KF772784
+;
+Fig. 4
+). The
+CYTB
+of the same two individuals from Himachal Pradesh likely diverged considerably from other sequences, the closest match being haplotypes of
+
+Mu. puta
+
+from
+Taiwan
+(e.g., GB
+GQ168901
+) at 8% sequence divergence (
+Table S3
+and
+Fig. 6
+).
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+Uttarakhand
+: Ansuya (
+2000 m
+) in Chamoli district; Dhanaulti (
+2114 m
+) in Tehri–Garhwal district; Lansdowne (
+1615 m
+) in Pauri–Garhwal district; Khati (
+2320 m
+) in Bagheswar district (
+Wroughton 1914
+;
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+). The earlier records of
+
+Mu. leucogaster
+
+from Devalsari (
+1698 m
+) in Tehri–Garhwal district (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+) also possibly belongs to this species.
+Himachal Pradesh
+: Kandaghat (
+1560 m
+) and Mount Karol (
+1850 m
+) in Solan district (present study); unspecified locality in Chamba district (photographic evidence). We caught
+one specimen
+in a harp–trap set in a gully amongst pine forests while another was caught in harp trap set in a pine forest opening. Tube–nosed bats are known to be forest dwellers and our catches in Solan also point to this habitat preference. Interestingly, the Chamba animal was caught while entering a village house surrounded by farmlands and some tree strands. Few bats have reportedly been living in the space between stone slates and wooden roof of the house for a couple of years and returned to the same place even after evicted once by the owner (R. Kapoor,
+pers. comm
+.). In
+Uttarakhand
+also, these bats were mist netted in pine or oak forests (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+).
+
+
+
+FIGURE 21.
+Dorsal, ventral, and lateral view of cranium and lateral and ventral view of mandible of A)
+
+Mu. huttonii
+
+(ZSINERC 443), and B)
+
+Mu. cyclotis
+
+(ZSI–NERC V/M/ERS/425) from the Western Himalayas.
+
+
+
+Taxonomic notes
+: The relatively large genetic distance (>6.8% K2P) measured between the topotypic material from Western Himalayas and numerous specimens sequenced from
+China
+and Indochina certainly underscores further taxonomic diversity in this Oriental Region (Chakravorty
+et al.
+2020). Interestingly, the Taiwanese endemic
+
+Mu. puta
+
+is genetically the least divergent (about 8% K2P) from Indian samples of
+
+Mu. huttonii
+
+for both COI and CYTB markers (
+Figs 4
+and
+6
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC92D03FF6DFF2EFBD4FAF4.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC92D03FF6DFF2EFBD4FAF4.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4028b7851fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFC92D03FF6DFF2EFBD4FAF4.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+16.
+
+Myotis blythii
+(
+Tomes, 1857
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+(Lesser Mouse–eared Bat)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 M,
+
+
+31.05.2017
+
+,
+Barog Tunnel
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/ 405
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimen:
+A single individual was captured from a crevice inside Barog tunnel. Largest amongst all Indian
+
+Myotis
+
+, this male had a weight of
+16 g
+and forearm length of
+58.4 mm
+. The wings were long and broad with a wingspan of
+380 mm
+. The dorsal fur was grey–brown, and the venter was beige. Hairs were darker at the base with paler tips. Belly fur was shorter (c.
+4 mm
+) than on the back (c.
+6 mm
+) as also noted by
+Bates & Harrison (1997)
+. The muzzle was pointed, flesh coloured and covered with scattered hairs. Unlike in most European
+
+My. blythii
+
+, there was no apparent patch of white fur on the forehead between ears. Ears were elongated, light brown. The tragus was half the length of ear and narrowed down towards the tip (
+Fig. 15A
+). The wings attached to the outer metatarsal of each foot.
+
+
+The cranium was robust with the greatest length of
+21.2 mm
+in our specimen. The rostrum was short and broad; the braincase elevated gently above the rostrum. Distinct supraorbital ridges were present. Sagittal crest was not very prominent. Lambda formed the posterior extremity of the skull. The coronoid process of each mandible was tall and triangular. Compared to the skull size, dentition was weak. The upper incisors were bicuspidate, the second one slightly shorter than the first. Canine was relatively short, only slightly exceeding the level of third premolar. The first and second upper premolars were similar in surface area and the second one was slightly intruded. The first two lower incisors were tricuspidate while the third one had four cusps. Lower molars were myotodont.
+
+
+The baculum of
+
+M. blythii
+
+is variable in shape although the overall structure matches to an arrowhead (
+Albayrak & Asan 2001
+). The baculum length of our specimen was
+1 mm
+and
+0.6 mm
+wide at the base. In dorsal view, the broad shape corresponded to that of an isosceles triangle with a rounded tip and arched base. The baculum was curved upward in dorsal profile (
+Fig. 14H
+).
+
+
+DNA:
+
+The
+COI
+(GB
+MW054901
+)
+
+
+and
+CYTB
+(GB
+MW054872
+)
+
+
+sequences from this
+Himachal Pradesh
+specimen were reported in a previous account (
+
+Ruedi
+et al.
+2021
+
+).
+These
+sequences were very similar (<2% sequence divergence) to specimens collected in
+Pakistan
+(GB
+MK799658
+) or in
+CentralAsia
+(e.g.,GB
+MT588108
+orAF376840), but more divergent (about 6%) from other taxa such as
+My. b. oxygnathus
+from Europe (e.g., GB
+OQ885387
+)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Taxonomic note:
+The taxon
+
+Myotis blythii
+
+was originally described by
+Tomes (1857)
+as
+
+Vespertilio blythii
+
+from an unprecise locality called Nassenabad; its exact geographic location is far from clear but logically should be considered as “Himalayas” (
+Topál 1971
+;
+
+Khandal
+et al.
+2022
+
+). Another taxon,
+
+Vespertilio murinoides
+
+was subsequently described from Chamba area of
+Himachal Pradesh
+(
+Dobson 1873
+), but Thomas (1915) considered it as a synonym of
+
+My. blythii
+
+. Based on examination of the
+type
+series of
+Dobson (1873)
+in the Zoological Survey of
+India
+, Kolkata,
+Topál (1971)
+also confirmed the above view of synonymy and opined that the Western Himalayas is inhabited by a single form
+
+My. blythii
+
+. This nominate form
+
+My. b.
+blythii
+
+occurs south of the Himalayas from
+Nepal
+to
+Afghanistan
+(
+Benda & Gaisler 2015
+) and parts of Central Asia (
+
+Benda
+et al.
+2011
+
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFD02D1BFF6DFA42FC56FB48.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFD02D1BFF6DFA42FC56FB48.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..487d4bedd93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFD02D1BFF6DFA42FC56FB48.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,425 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+28.
+
+Submyotodon caliginosus
+(
+Tomes, 1859
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New material: 1 M,
+
+16.04.2019
+
+,
+Ansuya
+,
+Chamoli district
+,
+Uttarakhand
+(
+V
+/M/ERS/637)
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimen:
+Externally, this bat resembled other small whiskered
+
+Myotis
+
+occurring in the Himalayas i.e.,
+
+My. nipalensis
+
+and
+
+My. muricola
+
+. It had a dense, glossy dark brown fur. Individual hairs on the dorsum had light brown tips with dark roots; the ventral hairs had dark roots and greyish brown tips, resembling more to those of
+
+My. muricola
+
+. The face was hairy with prominent bristle–like hairs. The small feet had a wing insertion to the base of toe. However, the deep emargination on the posterior margin of the ears which projected forwards as an arched lobe near the base of the ear (
+Fig. 15F
+) was characteristic of this taxon and conveniently separated this genus from any
+
+Myotis
+species
+
+(
+
+Ruedi
+et al.
+2021
+
+). The shape of the tragus was also different in being curved forwards and only tapering near the tip, a character more akin to
+
+Pipistrellus
+
+than
+
+Myotis
+
+.
+
+
+In lateral view, the braincase appeared particularly flattened (SKH
+4.21 mm
+) when compared to other
+Myotinae
+in the region and corresponded well to other congeners i.e.,
+
+Su. moupinensis
+
+from southern
+China
+and
+
+Su. latirostris
+
+from
+Taiwan
+(
+
+Ruedi
+et al.
+2021
+
+). Lower molars were nyctalodont as against myotodont state in most other
+
+Myotis
+
+.
+
+
+DNA:
+No biological material was obtained here, but COI and CYTB haplotypes (GB
+MW054921
+and
+MW054885
+, respectively) of specimens from
+Himachal Pradesh
+were reported in
+
+Ruedi
+et al
+. (2021)
+
+and confirmed that
+
+Submyotodon
+
+and
+
+Myotis
+
+were very divergent, the former being the most basal lineage of
+Myotinae
+.
+
+
+Echolocation call:
+We recorded broadband echolocation calls (bandwidth=61.41 kHz) of short duration (5.6 ms), ending at 53.6 kHz. The calls had a short QCF component. Echolocation calls appeaedr to be separable from those of
+
+My. muricola
+
+on the basis of a higher end frequency. However, they may be confused with certain calls of
+
+My. longipes
+
+. The calls of
+
+My. longipes
+
+typically ended above 60 kHz but may stretch below 55 kHz where they overlap with the ending frequency of
+
+Su. caliginosus
+(
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+)
+
+.
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+Uttarakhand
+:Ansuya Devi (
+2000 m
+), Mandal (
+1530 m
+) and Shokharakh (
+3065 m
+) in Chamoli district; Pindar Valley (elevation unknown), Bageshwar District (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+; present study).
+Himachal Pradesh
+: Chatri (
+1820 m
+) in Chamba district; Mount Karol (
+1950 m
+) in Solan district; Narkanda (c.
+2700 m
+), Shimla (c.
+2200 m
+) in Shimla district; Sangla (
+2725 m
+) in Kinnaur district; Samayala (c.
+1500 m
+) in Kangra district (
+Lindsay 1927
+;
+
+Ruedi
+et al.
+2021
+
+; present study). The records of
+
+My. muricola
+
+from Kalatop Khajjiar (
+2480 m
+) in Chamba district (
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2011
+
+) also belong to this species. In
+Uttarakhand
+, this species was caught over a stream at an oak forest edge in and in a primary broadleaved forest. They were also mist netted over a small stream in sub–Alpine habitat in Shokharakh (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+). In
+Himachal Pradesh
+, individuals were commonly caught in oak and fir forest in similar elevation areas and apparently distributed across all physiographic zones (
+
+Ruedi
+et al.
+2021
+
+).
+
+
+So far,
+
+Su. caliginosus
+
+is known from northern
+Pakistan
+(Dunga Gali,
+Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
+; c.
+34°3’N
+;
+73°24’E
+,
+2300 m
+) and along the Himalayas from Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
+Nepal
+, and
+Sikkim
+in
+India
+(
+Benda 2010
+;
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+;
+
+Ruedi
+et al.
+2021
+
+).
+
+
+Taxonomic notes
+:
+Tomes (1859)
+described
+
+Vespertilio caliginosus
+
+from an unspecified locality in
+India
+. Most subsequent workers considered it as a synonym of
+
+My. muricola
+
+,
+
+My. nipalensis
+
+or
+
+My. siligorensis
+
+(
+Thomas 1915b
+; Hill 1983;
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+; Simons 2005) leading to its uncertain taxonomic status.
+
+Ruedi
+et al.
+(2021)
+
+clarified the situation by reviewing the morphological and genetic differences between these forms and concluded that each of these taxa represent well defined biological species and confirmed the generic distinction of
+
+Submyotodon
+
+from
+
+Myotis
+.
+
+During current investigations, all vouchers in ZSI Solan labelled as “
+
+My. muricola
+”
+
+from
+Himachal Pradesh
+(
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2011
+
+) were re–identified as
+
+Su. caliginosus
+(
+
+Ruedi
+et al.
+2021
+
+)
+
+. Consequently, the occurrence of
+
+My. muricola
+
+in
+Himachal Pradesh
+is yet to be confirmed, although in
+Uttarakhand
+both species were found to occur in symparty (see above and
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFD22D18FF6DFF66FAF0F984.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFD22D18FF6DFF66FAF0F984.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..780945b4324
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFD22D18FF6DFF66FAF0F984.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+
+29.
+
+Miniopterus fuliginosus
+Hodgson, 1835
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(Eastern long winged bat)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 2 F,
+
+
+11.06.2017
+
+,
+Derghat
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+
+,
+
+V
+/M/ERS/411, 412 and one released female at
+Mandal
+,
+Uttarakhand
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimen
+: The individuals from the Western Himalayas had a light brown dorsal pelage intermixed with darker hairs whereas the ventral fur was uniform lighter brown with darker roots. Ears, muzzle and patagium were lighter brown. There was a small patch of dark brown hairs in the forehead just over the muzzle. Overall colour pattern was similar to specimens of the larger
+
+Mi. magnater
+
+from northeastern
+India
+.
+
+
+As previously reported,
+
+Mi. fuliginosus
+
+had an average forearm length of
+48.4 mm
+which was smaller than in
+
+Mi. magnater
+
+(
+50.6 mm
+) for Indian specimens (
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2020
+
+). The cranial dimensions of
+
+Mi. fuliginosus
+
+were also smaller (e.g., GTLi <
+16.2 mm
+or
+CM
+3
+<
+6. 5 mm
+) with no overlap with those of
+
+Mi. magnater
+
+(e.g., GTLi>
+16.9 mm
+or
+CM
+3
+>
+6.7 mm
+).
+
+
+DNA:
+
+No new biological material was obtained here but the
+CYTB
+and
+COI
+haplotypes (GB
+MW054886 and MW054924
+, respectively) of one of these
+Himachal Pradesh
+specimens (M
+
+2262/ V
+
+/M/ERS/ 411) was reported in
+
+Ruedi
+et al.
+(2021)
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+Uttarakhand
+: Bajawala (
+638 m
+), Dehradun district; Dhanaulti (
+2114 m
+), Tehri–Garhwal district; Ramnagar (
+330 m
+), Nainital district (
+Wroughton 1914
+;
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+); Mandal (
+1600 m
+), Chamoli district (present study).
+Himachal Pradesh
+: Barog Tunnel (
+1560 m
+), Brewery Tunnel (
+1480 m
+); Kandaghat (
+1560 m
+); Chambaghat (
+1450 m
+), Solan district (labelled as
+
+Mi. schreibersii
+
+in
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2011
+
+).
+
+
+Two adult
+females in non–reproductive state were caught in a harp–trap set near a concrete pond amidst a farmland bordering an oak forest patch. Earlier studies in
+Himachal Pradesh
+reported its common occurrence in the crevices of several dark, humid railway tunnels along Kalka–Shimla track (
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2011
+
+). Our collection site was also located near a railway tunnel where these animals were likely to be roosting. In
+Uttarakhand
+, this bat was recorded in a variety of habitats like open streams, shrub–covered hills to oak forests and pregnant individuals were caught in the month of May (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+). The minimum and maximum echolocation call frequency recorded was 47.0 kHz and 88.9 kHz respectively (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+).
+
+
+Taxonomic notes
+: For several decades, many Asian, African, and Australasian taxa of mid–size
+
+Miniopterus
+
+were considered to represent a single polytypic species,
+
+Mi. schreibersii
+
+s.l.
+As such, this species name was associated to most reports from the Old World, including from
+India
+(e.g., Bates & Harrison 1990). New approaches combining morphology and molecular methods clearly demonstrated that
+
+Mi. schreibersii
+
+s.s.
+is in fact restricted to the Western Palearactic and eastward does not range beyond the Caucasus. Indeed, recent accounts using such integrative approaches evidenced that the Indian Subcontinent was home to five species of
+
+Miniopterus
+
+, i.e.
+
+Mi. magnater
+
+,
+
+Mi. fuliginosus
+
+,
+
+Mi. phillipsi
+,
+Mi. pusillus
+
+and
+
+Mi. srinii
+
+(
+
+Kusuminda
+et al.
+2022
+
+;
+Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu 2023
+). In the Western Himalayas, current genetic and morphologic evidence support only the occurrence of
+
+Mi. fuliginosus
+
+, while the larger
+
+Mi. magnater
+
+(and the much smaller
+
+Mi. pusillus
+
+) are found further east and south of this region (see e.g.,
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2020
+
+), the last species (
+
+Mi. phillipsi
+
+and
+
+Mi. srinii
+
+) being endemic to southern
+India
+and
+Sri Lanka
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFD92D13FF6DFE2BFE83F96D.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFD92D13FF6DFE2BFE83F96D.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dd8a6e9fdbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFD92D13FF6DFE2BFE83F96D.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+24.
+
+Nyctalus leisleri
+(Kuhl, 1817)
+
+
+
+
+
+(Lesser Noctule)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 2 M,
+
+
+07.06.2017
+
+,
+Narkanda
+,
+Shimla District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+
+,
+
+V
+/M/ERS/413, 414; two released individuals from
+Narkanda
+, nine released individuals from
+Ansuya
+, and one released individual from
+Kanchula
+,
+Chamoli district
+,
+Uttarakhand
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimens
+: A medium sized species with an average forearm length of
+44.7 mm
+in the measured Himachal specimens. The dorsal pelage was rufous brown with dark hair roots while the ventrum was distinctly lighter brown but also with darker roots. The ears were triangular in profile with a short, curved tragus and dark brown in colour (
+Fig. 15G
+). The space between ears and eyes were sparsely haired. The interfemoral membrane was also dark brown and hairless. It joined the feet at the base of the digits. There was a prominent calcar lobe. The fifth metacarpal was distinctly shorter than the third and fourth.
+
+
+In the upper jaw, the first upper premolar was small and slightly intruded so that the canine and the second premolar were almost in contact, a character that is more akin to
+
+Ny. montanus
+
+than to
+
+leisleri
+(
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+)
+
+. However, the first premolar of the lower mandible is similar in size to the second, which is typical of
+
+leisleri
+
+, not of
+
+montanus
+
+(op. cit.).
+
+
+The baculum was thin and long (
+6.8 mm
+). The shaft was straight with a slightly enlarged roundish tip while the proximal end enlarged and bifurcated by a deep emergination into two halves. The width at the base was
+0.91 mm
+. In lateral view, the distal and proximal ends were bent to produce a curved appearance (
+Fig. 14E
+).
+
+
+DNA:
+The
+COI
+sequence of
+one specimen
+from Himachal Pradesh (M
+
+2226 /
+V
+
+/M/ERS/413) was not only very similar (about 1% K2P) to haplotypes from Uttarakhand (GB
+MN339189
+and
+MN714905
+) or
+Pakistan
+(GB
+MK091913
+), but also to
+
+Ny.leisleri
+
+sampled in the Western Palaearctic region (e.g., from
+Switzerland
+GB OQ706660;
+Table S2
+;
+Fig. 4
+). The same pattern of low genetic divergence was obtained with a sequence of the
+CYTB
+from this Himachal individual (
+Fig. 6
+), which proved to be very similar (1.3% K2P) to European samples as well (e.g., GB OQ885404;
+Table S3
+). Unfortunately, there are no sequences of
+
+Ny. montanus
+
+available in public repositories, so its genetic distinctness from
+
+Ny. leisleri
+
+cannot be evaluated.
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes
+:
+Uttarakhand
+: Bajawala (
+638 m
+) in Dehradun district; Devalsari (
+1698 m
+), Dhanaulti (
+2114 m
+) and Maldevta (
+846 m
+) in Tehri–Garhwal district; Dogalbita (
+2370 m
+) in Rudraprayag district; Mandal (
+1600–1800 m
+), Ansuya (
+2000–2200 m
+), and Kanchula (
+2500 m
+) in Chamoli district; Katarmal (
+1380 m
+) in Almora district; Pangot in Nainital district (
+Bhat1974
+;
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+; present study).
+Himachal Pradesh
+: Kothi, Kullu district and Narkanda (ca.
+2700 m
+), Shimla district (present study;
+
+Bhat
+et al.
+1983
+
+;
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2011
+
+). In Narkanda, a number of these bats were caught in a mist net set across an artificial waterhole while coming for drinking. Except for
+two male
+individuals, all the over 20 captured animals were either pregnant or lactating females which were released. Another 17 animals were also harp trapped and released from a nearby location including 16 pregnant or lactating females which indicate the presence of a maternity colony nearby. In
+Uttarakhand
+, these bats were caught flying over open streams or brooks in oak forest (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+). In Europe, foraging habit of this species over water bodies like drainage canals, streams and lakes is well documented (
+Shiel 2006
+;
+
+Spada
+et al.
+2008
+
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFDB2D17FF6DFB13FDB1FE20.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFDB2D17FF6DFB13FDB1FE20.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..54b0920123e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFDB2D17FF6DFB13FDB1FE20.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+26.
+
+Plecotus homochrous
+Hodgson, 1847
+
+
+
+
+
+(Hodgson’s long–eared bat)
+
+
+
+New material:
+1 M,
+
+
+26.04.2021
+
+,
+Chopta
+,
+Chamoli District
+,
+Uttarakhand
+(
+V
+/M/ERS/654); 1 M
+
+,
+
+
+27.04.2021
+
+,
+Kanchula Kharak
+,
+Chamoli District
+,
+Uttarakhand
+(
+V
+/M/ERS/655)
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimens:
+This is a medium–sized vespertilionid with forearm length of
+36.2– 39.4 mm
+in our measured specimens. As for all the congeneric species, it was instantly recognizable from its very distinctive long ears. The fur was long, buffy brown on the back and shorter ginger brown on the belly. The oval shaped ears joined over the forehead through a thin membrane. The ears were semi–translucent and had many prominent horizontal ridges and a semi–circular lobe projected from the base of the anterior border. The wings and tail membrane were light brown, hairless and the long tail was fully enclosed within the membrane. The wing attacheed to the mid metatarsus and calcar lobe was absent.
+
+
+DNA:
+No biological material was obtained from these specimens, but
+COI
+haplotypes of
+
+Pl. homochrous
+
+from Uttarkhand (GB
+MN339194
+and
+MN339195
+) were already reported by
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+(2020)
+
+and differed considerably from sympatric
+
+Pl. wardi
+
+(>12% K2P) or from
+
+Pl. auritus
+
+(>15% K2P;
+Table S2
+) with which it was previously associated (e.g.,
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+).
+
+Fukui
+et al.
+(2020)
+
+obtained similar phylogenetic results with other mtDNA markers.
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+
+Uttarakhand
+: Devalsari (
+
+1698 m
+
+), Dhanaulti (
+
+2114 m
+
+) in
+Tehri Garhwal district
+; Ansuya Devi (
+
+2000 m
+
+), Chopta (
+
+2800 m
+
+) and Kanchula Kharak (
+
+2510 m
+
+) and Shokharakh (
+
+3065 m
+
+) in
+Chamoli district
+; Phurkia (c.
+
+3250 m
+
+) in
+Bagheswar district
+(
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+; present study)
+
+.
+
+Himachal Pradesh
+: Ratandi (
+
+2700 m
+
+),
+Shimla district
+(
+
+Bhat
+et al.
+1983
+
+)
+
+.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 22.
+Pictures showing dorso–ventral pelage colouration and side profile of
+
+Pi
+.
+babu
+
+specimens from localities in different physiographic zones of Himachal Pradesh. A) Greater Himalaya: Sangla (ZSI–NERC V/M/ERS/485), B) Lesser Himalaya: Narkanda (ZSI–NERC V/M/ERS/435), C) Siwalik Himalaya: Kandaghat (ZSI–NERC V/M/ERS/487), D) Close–up view of dorsal, ventral pelage and the penis of ZSI–NERC 487 and calcar lobe of ZSI–NERC V/M/ERS/485 specimens.
+
+
+
+The current specimens were taken from mixed temperate broadleaf forests and sub–alpine rhododendron forests. Previously in Uttarakhand, individuals were also caught in dense primary forests of oak, cedar, or sub– alpine rhododendron (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+). Although according to
+
+Spitzenberger
+et al.
+(2006)
+
+,
+
+Pl. homochrous
+
+has been recorded in the southern slopes of the Himalayas generally at lower elevations than
+
+P. wardi
+
+, records of
+
+Pl. homochrous
+
+from Western Himalayas indicate it to be a highland species that often occurs in syntopy with
+
+Pl. wardi
+(
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+)
+
+. Additionally, four individuals were also collected at high elevation sites (
+2200 m
+) in northern
+Vietnam
+, suggesting that throughout its geographical range
+
+Pl. homochrous
+
+is a highland species (
+
+Fukui
+et al.
+2020
+
+;
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2024
+
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFDD2D17FF6DFE47FE98F834.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFDD2D17FF6DFE47FE98F834.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..76a056e6f94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFDD2D17FF6DFE47FE98F834.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+27.
+
+Plecotus wardi
+Thomas, 1911
+
+
+
+
+
+(Ward’s long–eared bat)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 F,
+
+
+08.06.2017
+
+,
+Narkanda
+,
+Shimla District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+(
+V
+/M/ERS/415); 2 F
+
+,
+
+
+10.05.2019
+
+Tungnath
+,
+KWLS
+,
+Uttarakhand
+(
+V
+/M/ERS/632 and 634); 1 M
+
+,
+
+
+26.04.2021
+
+,
+Chopta
+,
+Chamoli district
+,
+Uttarakhand
+(
+V
+/M/ERS/658)
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimens
+: A very distinctive bat with huge ears (
+32.5–42.6 mm
+) and medium– sized forearms (
+FA
+41.9–45.6 mm
+). Tragus was spindle shaped and just short of half the length of ear. Dorsal fur (
+9.5 mm
+long) was beige or brown with darker roots while the ventral fur was creamy white with darker roots. Muzzle was flesh–coloured covered with scattered hairs. The patagium, interfemoral membranes were essentially naked except for the proximal ends. Feet were also covered with short hairs. The thumb was long (>
+7 mm
+) which can be used to differentiate externally this species from sympatric
+
+Pl. homochrous
+
+(thumb <
+5 mm
+) (
+Fig. 15H
+).
+
+
+The braincase was slim, longish (GTLi ≥ 17.0 mm). From the rostrum, the braincase elevated almost in a straight line till the frontal region. The braincase was slightly bulbous in the frontal region and constricted in the parietal region. The tympanic bullae were quite enlarged (maximal diameter
+4.75 mm
+) and frontally extended almost to the level of hamular process. The zygomatic arches were not flared, thin, and enlarged mid–dorsally. As compared with
+
+Pl. homochrous
+
+,
+
+Pl. wardi
+
+was considerably larger in craniodental measurements (
+Table S4
+) and had stronger dentition (compare
+Figs 25
+A-C).
+
+
+DNA:
+The
+COI
+sequence of
+one specimen
+from
+Himachal Pradesh
+(M
+
+2259
+V
+
+/M/ERS/415) was very similar (about 1.5% K2P) to haplotypes from
+Uttarakhand
+(GB
+MN339196
+) and proved to be unique among the plecotine bats analyzed so far (
+Fig. 4
+). They were most closely related to Central Asian
+
+Pl. strelkovi
+(
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+)
+
+, but very distinct from those of
+
+Pl. austriacus
+
+(>20% K2P) with which
+
+wardi
+
+had earlier been synonymized (e.g.,
+Bates & Harrison, 1997
+).
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes
+:
+Uttarakhand
+: Martoli (
+3575 m
+) and Milam (
+3740 m
+) in Pithoragarh district; Shokharakh (
+3065 m
+) in Chamoli district and Tungnath (
+3500 m
+) in Rudraprayag district (
+
+Spitzenberger
+et al.
+2006
+
+;
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+).
+Himachal Pradesh
+: Narkanda (
+2700 m
+), Shimla district (present study). One lactating female was caught in a harp trap inside pine–fir forest in Narkanda. Another lactating female was caught near an artificial waterhole early in the morning in a flap net and was released. Capture of lactating females again indicates the presence of a maternity colony nearby. The
+Uttarakhand
+specimen was caught in a mist net in alpine meadow in mid–May and did not show any apparent sign of lactation. This is a high–elevation species with records so far from altitudes ranging between
+1700 m
+(Hari Parbat, Srinagar,
+India
+) and
+3750 m
+(Milam,
+Uttarakhand
+). In
+Uttarakhand
+, it occured in sympatry with
+
+Pl. homochrous
+
+at
+3000 m
+. This species was not recorded below
+3000 m
+in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+).
+
+
+Taxonomic notes
+: The systematics of long eared bats of the genus
+
+Plecotus
+
+has been marred with uncertainity. Based on a global morphological and molecular revision
+
+Spitzenberger
+et al.
+(2006)
+
+distinguished at least 19 main lineages, most of which requiring species status. A recent review, however, indicated that the above study might have overestimated the species diversity and actually only two species,
+
+Pl. homochorus
+
+and
+
+Pl. wardi
+
+(including
+
+Pl. ariel
+
+) occur in the whole Himalayan region (
+
+Fukui
+et al.
+2020
+
+). The former species is distributed from
+Pakistan
+, via northwestern
+India
+,
+Nepal
+, Tibet, and Yunnan, to northern
+Vietnam
+, whereas the latter is presently known from
+Pakistan
+, northwestern
+India
+, Tibet, Szechwan, and
+Nepal
+(
+
+Spitzenberger
+et al.
+2006
+
+;
+Benda & Gaisler 2015
+;
+
+Fukui
+et al.
+2020
+
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFE52D2CFF6DFCE5FCC0FC28.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFE52D2CFF6DFCE5FCC0FC28.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9b8a7d4b9fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFE52D2CFF6DFCE5FCC0FC28.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+2.
+
+Tadarida insignis
+(Blyth, 1862)
+
+
+
+
+
+(East Asian free–tailed bat)
+
+
+
+New material:
+1 M,
+
+
+07.04.2021
+
+,
+Mandal village
+,
+Chamoli District
+,
+Uttarakhand
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/651
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimen
+: The adult male specimen had brown dorsal pelage and lighter brown ventral fur. Individual hairs were short, tips brownish and the bases were creamy white. It had a forearm length of
+62.2 mm
+. The feet were covered with long grey hairs, and small fleshy callosities were present on the sole. The thumb bore a small claw and a prominent thumb pad (
+2.5 mm
+in diameter) was present. The tail membrane was essentially naked except for the dorsal region closer to rump and fringes which were covered with short grey hair. The ventral side of the tail membrane was perceptibly lighter coloured than the dorsal side. About one third of the tail protruded out of the membrane and this protruding portion was brownish in colour. Ears were large and broad and closely positioned over the forehead with 8–9 vertical ridges. Ear fringes were covered with short grey hairs on the ventral side. Tragus was shorter, with a slightly constricted basal portion. The plagiopatagium was inserted just above the tibio–metatarsal joint. The penis was pendulous and without any special modifications, the scrotal area was distinctively white coloured.
+
+
+The skull was robustly built and elongated. The anterior part of the braincase was slightly raised ending in a concavity posteriorly. The lamboid region was also slightly raised. The sagittal crest was absent but lateral lamboid crests were present. The coronoid process in mandible was high and reaching almost to the level of lower canines (
+Fig. 7
+).
+
+
+DNA
+: We obtained a fragment of 651 bp of the
+COI
+gene from this male individual. Compared to homologous sequences from genuine European
+
+Ta. teniotis
+
+(e.g., Portuguese GB
+KY581661
+or Swiss GB
+OQ
+706681) or from
+
+Ta. aegyptiaca
+
+from
+India
+(GB
+MG821187
+), this
+Uttarakhand
+specimen was clearly very divergent (11–15% K2P distance) and thus did not belong to either of these two species. It was, however, minimally divergent (0.7–0.8% K2P distance) from Asian sequences labelled as
+
+Ta. insignis
+
+(e.g., from
+Japan
+GB
+MK410371
+) or as
+
+Ta. latouchei
+
+(e.g., from
+South Korea
+GB
+MK177282
+).
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes
+:
+Uttarakhand
+: Dehradun City (
+670 m
+), Dehradun District; Taapu Sera (
+1007 m
+), Tehri Garhwal district; Mandal village (
+2000 m
+), Chamoli district (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al
+. 2020
+
+; present study). This is the first mention of
+
+Ta. insignis
+
+from
+India
+, but at the same time implies that previous mentions of
+
+Ta. teniotis
+
+from
+India
+represent this species. The
+Uttarakhand
+records also extend the westward range of this species by a considerable c.
+2500 km
+. It may be mentioned that based on acoustic call signatures,
+
+Ta. teniotis
+
+was recently reported from Kali
+Gandaki
+canyon of Central
+Nepal
+(
+
+Sharma
+et al.
+2021
+
+) which might also represent
+
+Ta. insignis
+
+indicating widespread occurrence across the Himalayan range. The present specimen was attracted to the trapping site by playing social calls of
+
+Ta. teniotis
+
+recorded in
+Portugal
+and was caught in a mist net. A strong and high–flier and preferring to roost in hilly inaccessible areas (
+Chakravarty 2017
+), this species is always difficult to catch and possibly is one of the reasons for its scant records from the country. The echolocation calls from individuals in Uttarakhand had a max–min frequency range of 31.6–9.9 kHz and was described in
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+(2020)
+
+as
+
+Ta. teniotis
+
+.
+
+
+Taxonomic note:
+The taxonomic status of
+
+Ta. teniotis
+
+in
+India
+must be reconsidered. There are indeed close similarities in external and craniodental measurements between
+
+Ta. teniotis
+
+and its Oriental congener
+
+Ta. insignis
+
+, but according to
+
+Benda
+et al
+. (2015)
+
+the former is a Western Palaearctic species which reaches its eastern limit in
+Afghanistan
+, and thus should not be distributed in
+India
+. This view is clearly corroborated by our molecular comparisons with up to 15% sequence divergence between European
+
+Ta. teniotis
+
+and Oriental
+
+Ta. insignis
+
+(
+Table S3
+). Previous mentions of
+
+Ta
+. “
+teniotis
+
+” from
+India
+(e.g.,
+Hill 1963
+,
+Deshpande & Kelkar 2015
+,
+Chakravarty 2017
+) and elsewhere in the Oriental Region (e.g., Sharma
+et al.
+2020,
+Taylor 2019
+,
+
+Francis
+et al.
+2010
+
+) therefore most likely represent
+
+Ta. insignis
+
+.
+
+
+Regarding the two
+
+Tadarida
+species
+
+endemic to the Oriental Region (
+
+Ta. insignis
+
+and
+
+Ta. latouchei
+
+), external and craniodental measurements of the specimen from
+Uttarakhand
+(e.g., FA
+62.2 mm
+) is more akin to the larger
+
+Ta. insignis
+
+(FA>
+60 mm
+), whereas
+
+Ta. latouchei
+
+is considerably smaller (FA<
+57 mm
+;
+Funakoshi & Kunisaki 2000
+). However, we found minimal genetic distances (<1%) among all Asian
+
+Tadarida
+
+variously labelled as
+
+“teniotis
+”
+
+,
+
+insignis
+
+or
+
+latouchei
+,
+
+and sampled over considerable geographic distances (
+i.e
+., from
+India
+to
+Japan
+). Some of these sequences are based on vouchered specimens with verifiable morphological identification, which suggest that typical (large)
+
+Ta. insignis
+
+(e.g., HNHM–MAM 25862 and 25864, both from
+Yunnan
+,
+China
+) may share virtually identical mitochondrial sequences with typical (small)
+
+Ta. latouchei
+
+(ROM MAM 118321 from
+Laos
+). Thus, based on mitochondrial markers these two Asian molossids cannot be discriminated and nuclear markers should be investigated before further taxonomic decisions can be taken.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFE52D2FFF6DFE9EFB24FD40.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFE52D2FFF6DFE9EFB24FD40.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1bd3b7eb84a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFE52D2FFF6DFE9EFB24FD40.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+1.
+
+Sphaerias blanfordi
+(
+Thomas, 1891
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+(Blanford’s Fruit Bat)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 F,
+
+
+14.05.2019
+
+,
+Kanchula
+,
+Kedarnath
+WLS,
+Uttarakhand
+(released)
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimen
+: An adult female was caught in a clearing at a mixed oak–maple forest. It had a forearm length of
+52.8 mm
+. The muzzle was short, and the ears had a thin white anterior margin. Tail was absent and the interfemoral membrane and hindfeet were densely covered with hairs. Two pairs of lower incisors were visible. It also had two tufts of yellowish hairs on either side of the neck.
+
+
+
+
+DNA:
+no biological material was obtained from this species.
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+Himachal Pradesh
+: Not recorded.
+
+Uttarakhand
+: Dogalbita (
+
+2370 m
+
+), Kanchula (
+
+2600 m
+
+),
+Chamoli district
+; Sukhidhang (
+
+1380 m
+
+),
+Almora district
+; Dharchula (
+
+920 m
+
+), Dummer (
+
+1540 m
+
+), Khela (
+
+1540 m
+
+) and Tawaghat (
+
+1140 m
+
+),
+Pithoragarh district
+(
+Bhat 1974
+; present study)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFE72D2DFF6DFF66FD9EFABC.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFE72D2DFF6DFF66FD9EFABC.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f2f109be78f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFE72D2DFF6DFF66FD9EFABC.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+
+3.
+
+Rhinolophus affinis
+Horsfield, 1823
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(Intermediate horseshoe bat)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 M,
+
+
+30.05.2017
+
+,
+Bank
+of
+river Narag
+,
+Devthal
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/416
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimen:
+The average forearm length was
+53.3 mm
+in three measured males. The specimens were rusty brown dorsally and buffy brown ventrally. Dorsal hairs were grayish white with brownish tips and ventral hairs were also whitish except for the light brown tips. The ear of specimen 416 was smaller at
+19.6 mm
+. The superior connecting process of the sella was broadly rounded off when viewed laterally. The lancet was straight sided and pointed. The lower lips had three mental grooves. The 3
+rd
+metacarpal (
+39.5 mm
+) was slightly shorter than 4
+th
+(
+41.3 mm
+). The first phalanx of the 3
+rd
+metacarpal (
+15.9 mm
+) was characteristically short, much less than half the length of the metacarpal. The 2
+nd
+phalanx (
+30 mm
+) is 75% of the length of the metacarpal.
+
+
+The baculum of the collected male was
+2.16 mm
+in length and
+0.77 mm
+in width at the base. The tip was pointed, and the basal cone was deeply emarginated on the ventral side and the emargination was little shallow on the dorsal side. In lateral profile, it was bent forward forming an elongated C–like structure.
+
+
+DNA:
+We obtained 684 bp of the
+COI
+gene from the individual from Solan (M
+
+2197/
+V
+
+/M/ERS/ 416), which was identical to that of
+
+Rh. affinis
+
+from Uttarakhand (GB
+MN339197
+) or very close to one individual from Meghalaya (M1927, released). Its
+CYTB
+(1140 bp) sequence was similar to various individuals from Meghalaya (e.g., M1604) or
+China
+(e.g., GB
+EF544419
+) at about 3.5% divergence. In NJ reconstructions,
+
+Rh. affinis
+
+from throughout continental Asia always formed a strongly supported, monophyletic clade distinct from other species of rhinolophids (
+Figs 3
+and
+5
+).
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+Himachal Pradesh
+: Barog tunnel (
+1560 m
+), Happy valley near Solan town (
+1550 m
+), Kot
+Beja
+(
+1100 m
+) and Devthal (
+963 m
+) in Solan district (
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2011
+
+; present study).
+Uttarakhand
+: Kaladhungi (
+400 m
+) and Bilaspur (
+1380 m
+) near Bhim Tal in Naini Tal district; Maldevta (
+850 m
+), Landour (
+2000 m
+), and Benog WLS (
+1755 m
+) in Dehradun district, Devalsari (
+1700 m
+) and Dhanaulti (
+2100 m
+) in Tehri–Garhwal district, (
+Bhat 1974
+; Bates & Harriosn 1997;
+
+Chakravarty
+et al
+. 2020
+
+).
+
+
+Three males
+were caught (two were released upon measuring) from inside an ancient gold mine of about
+13 m
+length and about
+1 m
+in diameter on the bank of a river. They were roosting in three groups of 3–20 individuals sharing space with some
+
+Hi. armiger
+
+. They had FM–CF–FM structure, and the peak frequency (FmaxE) recorded from our Himachal individuals ranged between 79 and 81 kHz. This was lower than those previously recorded in
+Uttarakhand
+i.e., 88 kHz (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+) suggesting geographical variations which is common in rhinolophid bats (
+
+Sun
+et al.
+2013
+
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFE72D33FF6DFA3AFD91FB49.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFE72D33FF6DFA3AFD91FB49.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..680fb82b3c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFE72D33FF6DFA3AFD91FB49.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+4.
+
+Rhinolophus nippon
+Temminck, 1835
+
+
+
+
+
+(Japanese greater horseshoe bat)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 F,
+
+
+31.05.2017
+
+,
+Barog Tunnel
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/ 403; 1 M
+
+,
+
+
+02.06.2017
+
+,
+Mount Karol
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/402
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimens:
+Four individuals from
+Himachal Pradesh
+were examined of which two were old museum specimens. They had an average forearm length of
+60.5 mm
+. One of the females had the largest forearm length of
+62.5 mm
+and longest ear at
+27 mm
+. Dorsally, the pelage was light golden brown while the belly was slightly lighter in colour. The dorsal hairs had light brown tips and dark brown roots. Ears were pointed at the tip with 8–9 ridges on the inner side. The horseshoe width was
+7.2–7.3 mm
+, the median emargination of the horseshoe was broad. The superior connecting process of sella was rounded off when viewed laterally (
+Fig. 8A
+). The lancet was pointed at the tip and sides are concave. The lower lip had three mental grooves, the middle one extended forward. On average, the 3
+rd
+metacarpal was 9.2% shorter than the 4
+th
+. The length of first phalanges of the 3
+rd
+metacarpal was 52.8 % of the length of the metacarpal.
+
+
+The skull was robust (zygomatic width considerably exceeding mastoid width) with an average greatest length of
+24.77 mm
+. A well–developed sagittal crest was present which bifurcated anteriorly forming a shallow nasal pit and extended posteriorly till the lambda, albeit weakly. Prominent lamboid crests were present laterally. The palate was highly emarginated, its anterior margin extending till the middle of the first molar and the posterior border resting approximately at the level of the line drawn between M
+2
+and M
+3
+(
+Fig. 9B
+).
+
+
+DNA:
+We obtained 651 bp of the
+COI
+gene and 1140 bp of the
+CYTB
+from one individual captured in Mt Karol (M
+
+2215/
+V
+
+/M/ERS/402), which represents the first DNA evidence from northern Indian specimens of the
+
+Rh. ferrumequinum
+
+species complex. None of the
+CYTB
+sequences available in the GeneBank matched the Himachal Pradesh sample, the most similar sequence (at 5% K2P distance) being that of a sample from
+Yunnan
+(GB
+ON640696
+) and labelled as “
+
+Rh. ferrumequinum
+
+” (
+Table S2
+). The
+COI
+gene also gave similar results, the closest match (at 3.4% K2P distance) being Asian samples from southern
+China
+(e.g., from
+Zhejiang
+, GB
+OR
+467324), or a sample of
+
+Rh. nippon
+
+from
+Japan
+(GB
+KT779432
+) at 3.5% divergence. Western Palaearctic and some Central Asian sequences of genuine
+
+Rh. ferrumequinum
+
+
+s.s
+.
+
+were all more divergent,>5% for the
+COI
+(e.g., GB
+OQ
+706678), or>6.5% for the
+CYTB
+(e.g., GB
+OQ
+885419) (see
+Tables S2
+and S
+3
+). Thus, both molecular markers suggest that the Himachal Pradesh sample is a unique and rather distinctive lineage. However, its phylogenetic position with respect to the two major mitochondrial clades assigned respectively to
+
+ferrumequinum
+
+and
+
+nippon
+
+by
+
+Koh
+et al.
+(2014)
+
+places it as sister to the latter with strong bootstrap support (
+Figs 3
+and
+5
+). Consistent with our results,
+
+Uvizl
+et al
+. (2024)
+
+also pointed that the smaller Central Asian
+
+Rh. bocharicus
+
+was also part of this species complex but distinct from other species.
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 8.
+Portrait showing frontal and side views of the noseleaf structure of A)
+
+Rh. nippon
+
+(ZSI–NERC V/M/ERS/403) and B)
+
+Rh. sinicus
+
+(ZSI–NERC V/M/ERS/404) from the Western Himalayas.
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes
+:
+Himachal Pradesh
+: Barog Tunnel (
+1560 m
+), Lutru Cave near Arki (
+1550 m
+), Mount Karol (
+1890 m
+), Solan Town (
+1500 m
+) in Solan District (
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2011
+
+; present study); Chakmoh (c.
+760 m
+), Hamirpur District (
+Ghosh 2008
+); Chamba (c.
+1000 m
+), Chamba District (Chakraborty 1977); Kullu Valley, Manali (
+1950 m
+) Kullu District (
+Allen 1908
+;
+Lindsay 1927
+); Mandi (c.
+1050 m
+), Mandi District (
+Ghosh 2008
+); Ghannati (c.
+1640m
+), Shimla (
+2100 m
+), Tottu (c.
+1900 m
+) in Shimla District (
+Dodsworth 1913
+;
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+;
+Ghosh 2008
+).
+Uttarakhand
+: Katarmal (
+1380 m
+) and Almora (c.
+1600 m
+) in Almora district and Mussorie (
+2000 m
+) in Dehradun district (
+Bhat 1974
+;
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+). A female specimen was caught at about
+300 m
+inside Barog tunnel (
+1530 m
+asl). They were seen roosting in two small groups with females carrying babies. We could record two other rhinolophids namely
+
+Rh. lepidus
+
+and
+
+Rh. perniger
+
+inside the tunnel although in lesser numbers. Another specimen was caught in a mist net at Mount Karol (
+1850 m
+) inside oak forest. A cave located nearby this forest patch held a breeding population of
+
+Rh. sinicus
+
+although no
+
+Rh. nippon
+
+could be observed there.
+
+
+Taxonomic note:
+Traditionnally,
+
+Rh. ferrumequinum
+
+was considered as a single, polytypic species spanning the entire Palearctic region, from Europe to
+Japan
+, and parts of northern Oriental Region (e.g.
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+;
+
+Csorba
+et al.
+2003
+
+).
+Bates & Harrison (1997)
+showed that northern
+India
+was inhabited by two distinct forms, a smaller one found in Kashmir (
+proximus
+Andersen, 1905
+), and a larger one (
+
+tragatus
+Hodgson, 1835
+
+) found in
+Himachal Pradesh
+to
+Nepal
+, Arunachal Pradesh and southern
+China
+(
+
+Csorba
+et al.
+2003
+
+). Recent revisions based on molecular and morphological characters (
+
+Koh
+et al.
+2014
+
+;
+
+Uvizl
+et al.
+2024
+
+) showed that
+
+Rh ferrumequinum
+
+is a species complex, represented in Asia by the nominal species in the western half of the continent, by the smaller
+
+Rh. bocharicus
+
+in Central Asia and by
+
+Rh. nippon
+
+further east to the Japanese Archipelago. The exact geographic extent of each species though was unclear owing to inadequate sampling from the Himalayan region. We show here that the taxon
+
+tragatus
+
+from Himachal Pradesh is genetically closely related, but morphologically slightly distinct from
+
+Rh. nippon
+
+, and thus should be considered as a distinctive subspecies of the latter (i.e.,
+
+Rh. nippon tragatus
+
+). Under this concept, Himachal Pradesh would represent the westernmost limit of distribution of
+
+Rh. nippon
+
+, while further west
+
+Rh. ferrumequinum
+s.s.
+
+occur. According to this suggested taxonomic arrangement, the smaller form from Kashmir (
+proximus
+) might represent the easternmost representative of
+
+Rh. ferrumequinum
+
+s.s.
+, pending new genetic analyses to address its extact phylogenetic relationships. However, as some species of
+
+Rhinolophus
+
+may show instances of mitonchdrial introgression, blurring phylogenetic relationships (
+
+Dool
+et al
+. 2016
+
+;
+
+Uvizl
+et al.
+2024
+
+), taxonomic conclusions should ideally be based on several independent DNA markers, which is currently lacking for Himalayan specimens.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF12D3EFF6DF8A7FEDAF914.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF12D3EFF6DF8A7FEDAF914.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6d63ecb7eb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF12D3EFF6DF8A7FEDAF914.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+12.
+
+Eptesicus pachyomus
+(
+Tomes, 1857
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+(Oriental Serotine)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 F,
+01.06.2017
+,
+
+Salogra
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/420 and 1 F
+
+,
+01.06.2017
+,
+
+Salogra
+,
+Solan district
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+, released; 1 F
+
+,
+09.04.2018
+; 1 M
+19.04.2019
+& 1 M
+05.05.2021
+,
+
+Mandal
+,
+Chamoli district
+,
+Uttarakhand
+, released
+
+.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 11.
+Portraits of some bat species recorded from the Western Himalayas during the present study. A)
+
+Ba. darjelingensis
+
+(released animal), B)
+
+Ep. pachyomus
+
+(ZSI–NERC V/M/ERS/420), C)
+
+Hy. affinis
+
+(ZSI–NERC V/M/ERS/638), D)
+
+Hy. savii
+
+(ZSI–NERC V/M/ERS/633), E)
+
+Mu.
+cf.
+aurata
+
+(released animal), F)
+
+Mu. cyclotis
+
+(ZSI–NERC V/M/ERS/425), G)
+
+Mu. huttonii
+
+(ZSI–NERC V/M/ERS/424), H)
+
+Mu. huttonii
+
+(released animal from Ansuya, Uttarakhand).
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 12.
+Dorsal, ventral, and lateral view of cranium and lateral and ventral view of mandible of
+
+Ep. pachyomus
+
+from Himachal Pradesh (ZSI–NERC V/M/ERS/420).
+
+
+
+Morphological description of specimen
+: Our specimens measured
+50.6–51.2 mm
+in forearm length. The pelage on the dorsal side was light brown with a golden tinge and beige in the ventral side; individual hairs were darker on the roots. The muzzle and lower lips were flesh coloured and sparsely haired. The ears were broadly conical with a roundish tip and six distinct ridges on the inner sides. The tragus was short (
+7.1–7.2 mm
+) and blunt, slightly curved inward (
+Fig. 11B
+). The wing and interfemoral membrane were dark brown and without hairs. The thumb had a delicate curved claw.
+
+
+The cranium was robust with greatest length in our Himachal specimen at
+20.27 mm
+. The rostrum was broad (rostral width
+7.5 mm
+), zygomatic arches were widely flared far exceeding the mastoid breadth. The sagittal crest was low, visible only from the parietal region and continued up to lambda. Palate was long and broad; its exterior margin lied at the level of posterior end of canine and the posterior margin spread well behind the 3
+rd
+molar. The coronoid process of mandible was high and sharply descended to the condyle (
+Fig. 12
+). The dentition was robust, upper toothrow measured
+7.36 mm
+. The first upper incisor was large with a visible secondary cusp, the second one was very small. There was a diastema between the second incisor and the canine. The canine was well developed and exceeds the length of first premolar.
+
+
+DNA:
+We obtained
+COI
+and
+CYTB
+sequences of a specimen from Solan in Himachal Pradesh (M
+
+2207/
+V
+
+/ M/ERS/420), which proved to be nearly identical (<0.7% divergence) to homologous sequences from a specimen housed at the Field Museum (
+FMNH
+140422) and captured in the Karakar Pass,
+Pakistan
+(
+GB
+OP157125
+and
+OP137071
+, respectively). Other Asian lineages in the
+
+serotinus
+
+group assigned by
+
+Juste
+et al.
+(2013)
+
+to
+
+Ep. pachyomus
+
+, including those sampled in
+Laos
+(
+GB
+HM540269
+,
+EU786850
+),
+China
+(
+GB
+EU786841
+) or
+South Korea
+(
+GB
+HQ580342
+) and curiously
+one specimen
+from Uttarakhand (
+GB
+MN339179
+), formed a distinct clade of closely related lineages (i.e. within 2% sequence diveregence). This geographically widespread clade was, however, clearly distant genetically from the Himachal Pradesh and the Pakistani samples by 11–17% sequence divergence (
+Tables S2
+and S
+3
+). These two latter samples were collected and sequenced independently for two mitochondrial markers, and both concur in being very divergent from any other known Asian lineages of
+
+Eptesicus
+
+. Other large species of
+
+Eptesicus
+
+, including
+
+Ep. serotinus turcomanus
+
+were also all distinct. Hence, this stricking molecular divergence is certainly not due to a potential laboratory artifact (see e.g.,
+Sangster & Luksenburg 2020
+) but needs further scrutiny to be properly interpreted in terms of taxonomy.
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+
+Uttarakhand
+:
+Mandal village
+(
+
+1630 m
+
+) in
+Chamoli district
+
+;
+
+Himachal Pradesh
+:
+Salogra
+(
+
+1440 m
+
+) in
+Solan district
+(Present study)
+
+.
+
+
+Two females
+of this species were caught in mist nets set around an artificial pond at Salogra at an elevation of
+1440 m
+asl during early June. The collection locality is a small hamlet with agriculture fields and
+
+Pinus roxburghii
+
+trees. There is a cave nearby which holds populations of
+
+Rh. sinicus
+
+,
+
+Rh. lepidus
+
+and
+
+My. longipes
+
+although no
+
+Eptesicus
+
+was located there. It was a hot summer evening and a number of individuals of apparently the same species were seen drinking water from the pond. Both caught animals were lactating females which suggest the presence of a maternity colony nearby. In Uttarakhand, specimens were also caught in mist nets set over small streams in Mandal village in April and early May. In
+Afghanistan
+, this bat was reported from elevation between
+570–830 m
+and was known to roost in ruins and other synanthropic places (
+Benda & Gaisler 2015
+).
+
+
+Taxonomic note
+: The largest of all
+
+Eptesicus
+species
+
+in the Indian subcontinent,
+
+Ep. pachyomus
+
+was traditionally considered to be distributed in the Indian Himalaya from
+Jammu and Kashmir
+to northeastern
+India
+(as “
+
+Ep. serotinus
+”
+
+in
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+). Based on analyses of morphology and both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data,
+
+Juste
+et al.
+(2013)
+
+limited the distribution of
+
+Ep. serotinus
+
+to Europe and Central Asia whereas the Oriental representatives of the
+
+serotinus
+
+group were assigned to
+
+Ep. pachyomus
+
+, although they lacked any Indian or Himalayan samples in their molecular dataset. This new taxonomy was also supported by extensive morphological comparisons by
+Benda & Gaisler (2015)
+who included the Afghani taxon
+pashtonus
+as a synonym of
+
+Ep. pachyomus
+
+. According to
+
+Khandal
+et al.
+(2022)
+
+, no precise locality was associated to the
+type
+of
+
+pachyomus
+
+described by
+Tomes (1857)
+from
+India
+and
+type
+locality might be somewhere in the Himalayas rather than the arid plains of
+Rajasthan
+. The cranial measurements of our
+Himachal Pradesh
+specimen appear among the smaller values reported by
+Benda & Gaisler (2015)
+for a series of specimens from
+Iran
+,
+Pakistan
+and Kashmir, but otherwise correspond morphologically to this taxon, including specimens from
+Afghanistan
+(op. cit.). Samples from further east and assigned to various other subspecies (i.e.,
+andersoni
+,
+pallens
+or
+horikawai
+) are all larger bats. It is therefore puzzling to find a unique and basal mitochondrial lineage from
+Himachal Pradesh
+and northern
+Pakistan
+(genetically identical for both CYTB and COI genes) (
+Figs 4
+and
+6
+). This lineage was very divergent from all other Oriental samples, including from one released individual from Uttarakhand (Chakravarty
+et al.
+2022). As no nuclear marker were tested from the
+Himachal Pradesh
+or Pakistani samples, it is unclear whether this divergent mitochondrial lineage represents an introgressed variant inherited from an unsampled species, as has been shown in some Eurasian
+
+Eptesicus
+
+(Juste
+et. al.
+2013,
+
+Artyushin
+et al.
+2009
+
+), or whether
+
+Ep. pachyomus
+
+represents a complex of several taxa in the Himalayas.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF42D3FFF6DF953FE52FBD4.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF42D3FFF6DF953FE52FBD4.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a5d51b2f388
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF42D3FFF6DF953FE52FBD4.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+
+13.
+
+Hypsugo affinis
+(
+Dobson, 1871
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(Chocolate pipistrelle)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 M,
+
+
+19.04.2019
+
+,
+Mandal
+,
+Chamoli district
+,
+Uttarakhand
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/638; 1 M
+
+,
+
+
+05.05.2021
+
+,
+Mandal
+,
+Chamoli district
+,
+Uttarakhand
+, released
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimen
+: An adult male had a forearm of
+37.9 mm
+. The pelage appeared uniform smoky black dorsally and smoky greyish brown ventrally (
+Fig. 11C
+). The head appeared flat; the lip fringes were hairy, ears were small, rhomboidal, and thick at the proximal part with a small tragus. The wings were essentially naked which join at the base of the digits. There were seven caudal vertebrae, the terminal one projecting out of the tail membrane. A prominent calcar lobe was present. Penis was pendulus and hairy on the distal part.
+
+
+The skull had a broad and elongated rostrum and gradually rised to lambda in a straight line (
+Fig. 13A
+). There was a midline depression in the orbital region. The zygoma was thin with a distinct process in the jugal bones. The upper canine was only moderately exceeding the height of the last corresponding premolar (in contrast with the conspicuously long canines of
+
+Hy. dolichodon
+
+; see
+Fig. 3
+. in
+
+Görföl
+et al
+. 2018
+
+). The first upper premolar was small and intruded. Lower molars were myotodont. The baculum was small (
+2.5 mm
+), broad in the middle and slightly constricted at both ends (
+Fig. 14F
+). The distal end was slightly groved but without any expansion. This corresponds well to the depiction of the baculum of
+
+Hy. affinis
+
+in
+Hill & Harrison (1987)
+and differs sharply from the baculum of
+
+Hy. dolichodon
+
+(
+
+Fig.
+5
+
+in
+
+Görföl
+et al
+. 2018
+
+).
+
+
+DNA:
+no biological material was obtained from this species.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution and ecological notes:
+At present, two localities in Western Himalayas are known:
+Uttarakhand
+: Kumaon division and Mandal (
+1500 m
+) in Chamoli district (
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+; present study). Both individuals were caught over a stream at the edge of an oak forest near human habitation.
+
+Hy. affinis
+
+is known to be an upland species with all records being within
+1250–2530 m
+(
+
+Görföl
+et al.
+2018
+
+) and our present record also corroborates it. The echolocation call was recorded on release. We recorded narrowband (bandwidth=40.74 kHz) calls, ending at 25.89 kHz, and having a peak frequency of 30.51 kHz (
+Table 6
+).
+
+
+Taxonomic note:
+
+Hypsugo affinis
+
+is reportedly distributed in southern and northern parts of South Asia (
+India
+,
+Nepal
+and
+Sri Lanka
+), southern
+China
+(
+Xizang
+,
+Yunnan
+, and
+Guangxi
+), and Southeast Asia (
+Myanmar
+and
+Cambodia
+) (
+
+Chheang
+et al.
+2013
+
+;
+Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu, 2019a
+). However,
+
+Görföl
+et al.
+(2018)
+
+showed that recent records of this species from lowland
+Myanmar
+(
+
+Bates
+et al
+. 2005
+
+) and
+Cambodia
+(
+
+Chheang
+et al.
+2013
+
+) actually represent the recently described species
+
+Hy. dolichodon
+
+. The
+type
+specimen of
+
+Hy. affinis
+
+was collected from Bhamo (ca.
+24°15’N
+;
+97°14’E
+) in
+Kachin State
+of northern
+Myanmar
+at an elevation of
+1363 m
+(
+Dobson 1871
+) and further records of the species all came from higher altitudes between
+1250–2530 m
+(
+
+Görföl
+et al.
+2018
+
+). However, the skull of the
+type
+specimen of
+
+Hy. affinis
+
+in ZSI, Kolkata is not traceable, so final taxonomic assignation to either species is still problematic (op. cit.).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF52D3CFF6DFB13FA13FB2C.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF52D3CFF6DFB13FA13FB2C.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d30c3ca87e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF52D3CFF6DFB13FA13FB2C.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+14.
+
+Hypsugo savii
+(Bonaparte, 1837)
+
+
+
+
+
+(Savi’s Pipistrelle)
+
+
+
+New material:
+1 F,
+
+
+31.03.2018
+
+,
+Mandal village
+,
+Chamoli district
+,
+Uttarakhand
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/633
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimen:
+The
+Uttarakhand
+specimen had a forearm of
+37.7 mm
+. The pelage was light brown dorsally and creamy–white ventrally, with thick and silky fur. Dorsal hairs were unicoloured whereas ventral hairs had darker roots and whitish tips. The ears, muzzle, patagium and feet were dark, contrasting against its light pelage colouration (
+Fig. 11D
+). The wing and tail membranes were black and essentially naked on both sides. The shape of the ear was rather like a
+
+Pipistrellus
+
+but with a short and wide tragus. Wing membrane joined at the middle of the metatarsus. A small calcar lobe was present, and the tail tip projected out of the tail membrane by about
+4 mm
+.
+
+
+The skull and dentition were relatively robust. The rostrum was broad and with two frontal depressions and elevated to the braincase in almost a straight line (
+Fig. 13B
+). A weak sagittal crest was present. The palate was concave and very deep. The zygomatic arches were delicate. The upper incisors were bicuspid. Only one upper premolar was present which was equal to the canine in basal area and almost reaching the height of the canine. The coronoid process was situated much higher than the condylar process. Lower molars were myotodont. These morphological features and mensural data agree well with the Central Asian, sand–coloured subspecies
+Hy. s. caucasicus
+found in
+Afghanistan
+(Benda & Geisler 2015) or
+Tajikistan
+(
+
+Benda
+et al.
+2024
+
+).
+
+
+DNA:
+COI
+sequence from an Uttarakhand specimen (
+V
+/M/ERS/633) proved to be very similar (within 1.8% sequence divergence) to
+
+Hy. savii
+
+’s lineage D described recently by
+Gojznikar & Mayer (2024)
+for Central Asia. This lineage D included sequences from southern
+Mongolia
+(GB
+OM370825
+and
+MW367769
+) labelled as “
+
+Hy. stubbei
+”
+
+or “
+
+Hy. alaschanicus
+”
+
+(
+Fig. 4
+). These
+
+savii
+
+’s lineage D sequences were more distant (>7%) from various other lineages of
+
+Hy. savii
+
+from the Western Palearctic region (e.g.,
+OQ
+706648, see
+Gojznikar & Mayer 2024
+) and even more so (>9%) from sequences of true
+
+Hy. alaschanicus
+
+from
+Mongolia
+or
+China
+(GB
+OR
+467319 or
+MF459671
+).
+
+
+
+
+Distribution and ecological notes:
+
+Hy. savii
+
+is primarily a Palaearctic species with a supposed intrusion into northern
+India
+(
+Juste & Paunović 2016
+). However, the records of this species from Pune in
+Maharashtra
+(
+Korad & Yardi 2004
+) and from Ambala in
+Haryana
+(
+Neuhauser 1970
+) were regarded as misidentifications because
+
+Hy. savii
+
+is unlikely to be found in the hot plains (
+Benda & Gaisler 2015
+). The report of a specimen from Gilgit in
+Pakistan
+administered Kashmir (
+Chakraborty 1983
+) which was collected and initially identified by J. Scully as
+
+Vesperugo borealis
+
+was also considered by John Hill as doubtful. It was therefore suggested that the Oriental limit of distribution of the species could be the Hindu Kush barring aside a single record from Kamu,
+Nuristan province
+in eastern
+Afghanistan
+(
+Benda & Gaisler 2015
+). Our specimen from Mandal (
+1600 m
+) therefore represents the first authentic record of this species from the Western Himalayas and
+India
+as a whole, extending its distribution to the southeast by about
+900 km
+.
+
+
+The adult female was caught in a mist net set over a shallow, shaded stream along the edge of an oak forest. We recorded short frequency–modulated (FM) calls with a bandwidth of 53.14 kHz with an end frequency of 29.2 kHz. The peak frequency was recorded at 42.11 kHz (
+Table 6
+). The call frequencies were superficially similar to those recorded in European
+
+Hy. savii
+(
+Russo & Jones 2002
+)
+
+. The echolocation calls were recorded inside a room so that the bat could be collected after recording. Therefore, the call may resemble the ones emitted in dense clutter. Natural search phase calls are likely to have distinct FM and QCF components, with lower bandwidth and longer duration. In the study area (Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary), its calls overlap with those of
+
+Mirostrellus joffrei
+(
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+)
+
+.
+
+
+Taxonomic note:
+Dobson (1871)
+described
+
+Pipistrellus austenianus
+
+from the Khasi Hills in north–eastern
+India
+, which has been regarded as a possible synonym of
+
+Hy. savii
+
+(e.g.,
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+). However, as no critical evaluation of the only known specimen from Cherrapunjee with other
+
+Hypsugo
+spp.
+
+has been made so far, this taxonomic assignement is best considered as doubtful. The high lineage diversity found in the mitochondrial DNA of
+
+Hy. savii
+
+(
+Fig. 4
+) further questions the taxonomic rank to be assigned to these divergent clades (
+Gojznikar & Mayer 2024
+). We indeed concur that in the absence of nuclear genetic markers, it is currently impossible to decide whether each major clade represent distinct species or subspecies, or simply reflect the complex phylogeographic history of a single polytypic and widespread species (
+Benda & Gaisler 2015
+). We can only support that the
+Uttarakhand
+specimen is part of
+
+Hy. savii
+
+’s lineage D and has external morphology corresponding well to
+
+Hy. savii caucasicus
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF62D3DFF6DFB51FB42FF59.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF62D3DFF6DFB51FB42FF59.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9b3ee861a60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF62D3DFF6DFB51FB42FF59.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+15.
+
+Mirostrellus joffrei
+(Thomas, 1915)
+
+
+
+
+
+(Joffre’s Pipistrelle)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 M,
+
+
+06.04.2021
+
+,
+Mandal village
+,
+Chamoli District
+,
+Uttarakhand
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/ 650
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimen:
+This was a small bat with a forearm length of about
+38 mm
+. It had a glossy, dark brown dorsal pelage with a slight reddish tinge and the ventral fur was light golden brown with a sharp demarcation between these two colours. Dorsal hairs had darker roots and lighter tips while the ventral hairs were uniformly coloured throughout their length. Wings and patagium were dark brown and naked, except for the region closer to the body. The sides of the muzzle between nostrils and eyes were characteristically swollen with a few long vibrissae. The ears were broad and short with rounded tip and roughly matching a right triangle in lateral profile. The tragus was short and rounded, with a basal lobe, inner margin concave and the outer margin convex. The wing membrane attached to the mid metatarsus and a small unkeeled calcar lobe was present. The two terminal caudal vertebrae projected out of the membrane.
+
+The skull was stout with a short rostrum and bulbous braincase, with traces of occipital and sagittal crest present. Supraorbital processes were large and directed sideways. The first incisor was bifid, the second was also bifid and reached about two third the length of the first. In frontal view, the canines were divergent. Lower molars were myotodont.
+
+DNA:
+no biological material was obtained from this species.
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+Uttarakhand
+: Mandal village (
+1500 m
+), Chamoli district (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+; present study). Individuals were caught flying over an open stream at the edge of an oak forest. The current specimen was collected at a shaded stream in the same spot described in
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+(2020)
+
+. It has not been recorded from any other part of Western Himalayas, although not uncommon in Mandal area.
+
+
+Taxonomic note:
+See
+
+Görföl
+et al.
+(2020)
+
+for the correct generic classification of
+
+Mi. joffrei
+
+, which used to be included within
+
+Pipistrellus
+
+(e.g., Bates & Harrison 1990) or
+
+Hypsugo
+
+(e.g.,
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2017
+
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF92D30FF6DFAAFFB92FAD8.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF92D30FF6DFAAFFB92FAD8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..89778f247df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFF92D30FF6DFAAFFB92FAD8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+5.
+
+Rhinolophus lepidus
+Blyth, 1844
+
+
+
+
+
+(Blyth’s horseshoe bat)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 M,
+
+
+31.05.2017
+
+,
+Barog Tunnel
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/491; 1 M
+
+,
+
+
+01.06.2017
+
+,
+Saproon cave
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/492; 1 F, 15.04.21,
+Ansuya
+,
+Chamoli District
+,
+Uttarakhand
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/656
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimens:
+The examined specimens had average forearm length of
+38.8 mm
+. The dorsal pelage was cinnamon brown, individual hairs were buff with cinnamon brown tips. Ventrum was lighter brown with bicoloured hairs. In lateral view, the tip of the triangular connecting process was broadly rounded off compared to more acute shape in
+
+R. pusillus
+(
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+)
+
+. The tip of the lancet in our specimens had straight sides for about
+1.7 mm
+and then rounded off broadly. There were three mental grooves in the lower lips. The 3
+rd
+metacarpal was shorter, and 4
+th
+and 5
+th
+were subequal.
+
+
+The skull had a mean GTLi value of
+16.38 mm
+and almost all cranial measurements overlaped with values for
+
+R. pusillus
+
+with which this Himalayan form was mostly confused (
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+;
+
+Csorba
+et al.
+2003
+
+). The sagittal crest, although weak, extended to the anterior portion of the lamboid region; this was unlike
+
+R. pusillus
+
+from northeastern
+India
+(e.g.,
+V
+/M/ERS/ 722) wherein the weak sagittal crest flattened off in the posterior sagittal region. The upper canine was well developed exceeding the length of the second premolar. The first upper premolar was minute and situated on the toothrow; the canine and the second premolar were not in contact. The small lower third premolar was aligned with the toothrow and second and fourth premolars were not in contact.
+
+
+The bacular shape was characteristic, elongated and S–shaped. The dorsal edge of the basal cone was shorter than the ventral one. The shaft gradually tapered towards the tip which was wide and roundish. The baculum of specimen
+V
+/M/ERS/491 was
+3.52 mm
+in length and
+0.95 mm
+wide at the base.
+
+
+DNA
+: We obtained up to 702 bp of the
+COI
+from two individuals sampled in Himachal Pradesh (M
+
+2203/
+V
+
+/M/ERS/491, M
+
+2209/
+V
+
+/M/ERS/492) representing the smaller, northwestern subspecies
+
+Rh. lepidus monticola
+
+. Sequences were most closely related to
+
+Rh. shortridgei
+
+from northern
+Myanmar
+or to
+
+Rh. monticolus
+
+from
+Thailand
+(within 1.2% sequence divergence). One
+COI
+sequence from South
+India
+(GB
+MG821186
+, Srinivasulu
+et al
+. unpublished) refereable to the larger, nominal subspecies
+
+Rh. l.
+lepidus
+
+differed slightly more (up to 3%). All these sequences formed a poorly resolved clade within the
+
+pusillus
+
+species complex (
+Fig. 3
+), as already evidenced by
+
+Soisook
+et al
+. (2016)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+Himachal Pradesh
+: Drang (c.
+780 m
+), Mandi District (
+Ghosh 2008
+); Kullu (c.
+1200 m
+), Kullu District (
+Ghosh 2008
+); Barog Tunnel (
+1560 m
+), Saproon cave (
+1500 m
+) and Salogra cave (
+1440 m
+) (present study).
+Uttarakhand
+: Ansuya Devi (
+2000–2582 m
+), Benog WLS (
+1755 m
+), Mandal (
+1530 m
+) Chamoli district, Khati (
+2300 m
+), Almora (
+1600 m
+),Almora District (
+Wroughton 1914
+as
+
+R. monticola
+
+;
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+; present study); Ranibag (
+757 m
+), Nainital District (
+Wroughton 1914
+).
+
+
+This species was roosting inside the Barog tunnel, Salogra temple cave and a cave in Saproon although earlier surveys in some of these sites failed to find the species (
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2011
+
+). In Barog tunnel, a few non–breeding individuals were found along with a few
+
+Rh. affinis
+
+. In Salogra and Saproon caves, they were observed in higher numbers (c.100 individuals) sharing roosting space with
+
+Rh. sinicus
+
+and
+
+My. longipes
+
+. The peak call frequency of Himachal specimens was recorded at 98–100 kHz, which is slightly less than those recorded in
+Uttarakhand
+101–109 kHz (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+). This frequency does not overlap with any other species in the study area and thus provides a reliable identification clue in the field.
+
+
+Taxonomic note:
+The small rhinolophids of the Oriental Region are members of the
+
+Rh. pusillus
+
+species complex (
+
+Csorba
+et al.
+2003
+
+) and represent another group in a stage of taxonomic uncertainty (
+
+Hutson
+et al.
+2019
+
+). Recenty,
+
+Soisook
+et al.
+(2016)
+
+revised Indochinese taxa and concluded that several morphologically distinct taxa should warrant species rank although all were genetically poorly differentiated (mostly within 4% sequence divergence). As detailed by
+Bates & Harrison (1997)
+this uncertainty in species discrimination is a long–standing problem in the Himalayan foothills as well. Indeed, the distinctly smaller subspecies
+
+Rh. lepidus monticola
+
+living in this region overlaps in size and craniodental characteristics with the larger specimens of
+
+Rh. pusillus
+
+(
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+;
+
+Csorba
+et al.
+2003
+
+). Our samples from
+Himachal Pradesh
+and
+Uttarakhand
+were sampled closer to the
+type
+locality of
+Rh.
+[
+l.
+]
+
+monticola
+
+(Mussorie;
+Andersen 1905
+) and all keyed out morphologically as typical
+
+Rh. l.
+monticola
+
+. These samples, however, were also genetically very similar (within 1.7% divergence) to other specimens sampled elsewhere in the Oriental Region, casting doubts about their specific distinctness. Clearly, nuclear markers are needed to solve this taxonomic conundrum within the
+
+pusillus
+
+species complex.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFA2D31FF6DFA1FFC1CFF74.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFA2D31FF6DFA1FFC1CFF74.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b735dcdca3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFA2D31FF6DFA1FFC1CFF74.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+6.
+
+Rhinolophus pearsonii
+Horsfield, 1851
+
+
+
+
+
+(Pearson’s horseshoe bat)
+
+
+
+New material:
+1 M, 03.05.21, Ansuya, Chamoli District,
+Uttarakhand
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/657.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimens:
+A medium sized horseshoe bat with forearm length of
+53.9 mm
+in the
+Uttarakhand
+specimen. The pelage was long and woolly, dorsally chestnut brown, slightly paler on the belly. Ears were very long compared to the body size. The noseleaf was similar to the Northern woolly horseshoe bat but without the circular basal lappets in the former. The horseshoe was broad covering the entire muzzle and had a wide and deep emargination. When viewed laterally, the superior connecting process of the sella was rounded, deflected downward but the inferior surface was almost straight. The lancet was triangular with a relatively pointed tip. The lower lip had a single mental groove. The tail membrane was characteristically covered with hairs on the upper surface.
+
+
+DNA
+: No biological sample from the Western Himalayas could be obtained for DNA analyses.
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+Uttarakhand
+: Ansuya (
+2580 m
+), Mandal (
+1530 m
+), Chamoli district; Mussoorie (
+2000 m
+), Dehradun district; Narkota (
+1350 m
+), Rudraprayag district; Loharkhet (
+1800 m
+) Bageshwar district (
+Bates & Harrison, 1997
+;
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+; present study).
+
+
+The individual from
+Uttarakhand
+was caught in a mistnet covering a narrow trail in primary oak forest.
+
+Su. caliginosus
+
+,
+
+My. muricola
+
+, and
+
+Murina
+sp.
+
+were also caught in the same net. The echolocation call peak frequency was recorded at ~60 kHz and overlaps with the smaller
+
+Rh. macrotis
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFB2D36FF6DF985FD32FC61.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFB2D36FF6DF985FD32FC61.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..334762b6922
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFB2D36FF6DF985FD32FC61.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+7.
+
+Rhinolophus perniger
+Hodgson, 1843
+
+
+
+
+
+(Northern Woolly horseshoe bat)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 M,
+
+
+31.05.2017
+
+,
+Barog Tunnel
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+
+,
+
+V
+/M/ERS/ 400 and three relased individuals at
+Mandal
+,
+Uttarakhand
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimens:
+The largest rhinolophid in the Indian subcontinent with average forearm length of
+71.7 mm
+in the Western Himalayan specimens. The forearm of the released individuals averaged
+71.59 mm
+.A distinctive bat with long woolly fur, dorsally dark brown to black with lighter tips in some hairs giving a frosted appearance.Ventral fur was little lighter,but in some individuals, this was not noticeable.Horseshoe was broad, extending beyond the margins of upper lip. There was a deep median emargination on the horseshoe dividing it into two halves. The sella base had pronounced circular basal lappets on either side.The connecting process of the sella was rounded off downward and forward. The lancet was broadly rounded off. The lower lip had only one mental groove.
+
+
+DNA:
+We obtained 713 bp of the
+COI
+gene from a single individual captured in the Barog tunnel (M
+
+2204/
+V
+
+/M/ERS/400), which is the first DNA evidence from a Himalayan specimen and representing topotypical material of
+
+Rh. perniger
+
+. This north Indian sample was very similar (within 2% sequence divergence) to other samples from
+China
+or the Indochinese Peninsula (e.g., northern
+Laos
+, M1210), but were more distinct (≥ 3% sequence divergence) from individuals representing the Lesser Woolly horseshoebat
+
+Rh. beddomei
+
+sampled in
+Sri Lanka
+(GB
+HM541415
+) or southern
+India
+(GB
+OQ
+921889) (
+Fig. 3
+).
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+Himachal Pradesh
+:Arki (
+900 m
+), Shalaghat (
+1200 m
+) and Barog tunnel (
+1560 m
+) in Solan district (
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2011
+
+; present study).
+Uttarakhand
+: Jharipani (
+1410 m
+) in Dehradun district; Maldevta (
+846 m
+) in Tehri–Garhwal district; Pangot (
+1976 m
+) in Nainital district; Mussoorie (
+2000 m
+) in Dehradun district (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+;
+Dobson 1878
+).
+
+
+A lone roosting male individual was caught inside Barog tunnel. Previous observations from
+Himachal Pradesh
+and
+Uttarakhand
+also indicate its solitary roosting habit in caves and abandoned man–made structures (
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2011
+
+;
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+). The peak call frequency of the Himachal individual was 31–32 kHz which is similar to that reported from
+Uttarakhand
+(
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+). This frequency is the lowest amongst the rhinolophid bats in the study area, thereby aiding unambiguous acoustic identification in the field.
+
+
+Taxonomic note:
+
+Rh. luctus
+
+, a member of the
+trifoliatus
+group (
+
+Csorba
+et al.
+2003
+
+), was long considered as a polytypic and widespread species found across most of the Oriental Region. However, based on a combination of chromosomal, acoustic, bacular and morphological characters several subspecies were recently elevated to species rank and few new taxa were recognized (e.g.,
+
+Volleth
+et al
+. 2015
+
+,
+2017
+), including the Indomalayan
+
+Rh. perniger
+
+. Our new, topotypical genetic data support that Himalayan
+
+Rh. perniger
+
+and most Chinese specimens are indeed highly similar and should be conspecific (
+Fig. 3
+) as they are phylogenetically distinct from the smaller, South Indian and
+Sri
+Lankan
+
+Rh. beddomei
+(
+
+Srinivasulu
+et al.
+2023
+
+)
+
+. However, more extensive comparative studies, notably from the Sundaland (terra typica of
+
+Rh. luctus
+
+is
+Java
+), are still needed to firmly establish relationships within the whole
+
+Rh. luctus
+
+species complex (
+
+Volleth
+et al.
+2017
+
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFC2D37FF6DFB87FEABFD40.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFC2D37FF6DFB87FEABFD40.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4e0d6ca2a83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFC2D37FF6DFB87FEABFD40.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+8.
+
+Rhinolophus macrotis
+Blyth, 1844
+
+
+
+
+
+(Big–eared horseshoe Bat)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 M,
+
+
+04.06.2017
+
+,
+Mount Karol
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/ 564
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimens
+: The adult male was caught in a harp trap set in an oak forest atop Mount Karol in Solan district. The dorsal fur of the specimen was buff brown with whitish roots and light brown tips. The ventrum appeared little lighter, individual hairs white with light brown tips. Compared to the size of the animal (e.g.,
+FA
+41.4 mm
+), the long ears (
+23.8 mm
+) were very prominent. The sella was unlike that of any other rhinolophids in
+India
+: it was parallel–sided, broad (
+2.9 mm
+at base), and the apex was rounded off and deflected downwards (
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+). When viewed laterally, our specimen had superior connecting process broadly rounded off, the anterior surface of the sella was slightly emarginated beneath the connecting process (
+Fig. 10A
+).
+
+
+The baculum was
+3.60 mm
+in length and
+1.13 mm
+in width at the base. The baculum was flattened dorsoventrally with a roundish tip. In lateral profile, the distal end was slightly bent forward.
+
+
+DNA
+: We obtained the
+COI
+sequence of 705 bp from this individual from Himachal Pradesh (M
+
+2216/
+V
+
+/M/ERS/ 564). Compared to other rhinolophids, the least divergent sequence was that of a
+
+Rh. marshalli
+
+from
+Cambodia
+at 3.5% (
+GB
+MW981437
+), but this is only slightly lower than other sequences variously labelled as
+
+Rh. siamensis
+
+or
+
+Rh. macrotis
+
+(at 4–5% divergence). To obtain meaningful compraisons with the most recent review of this group (
+
+Liu
+et al
+. 2019
+
+), we also sequenced the
+CYTB
+(1140 bp) of the same Himachal Pradesh specimen, which was divergent at about 3.1% K2P from a sequence from
+Nepal
+(
+GB
+MN077655
+). According to this genetic marker, other taxa within the
+
+macrotis
+
+species complex, e.g.,
+
+Rh. siamensis
+,
+Rh. osgoodi
+
+or
+
+Rh. episcopus
+
+were slightly more divergent at 3.5–4.5% (
+Table S2
+).
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+
+Uttarakhand
+:
+Jharipani
+(
+
+1600 m
+
+) and Mussorrie (
+
+2000 m
+
+),
+Dehradun district
+(Blanford 1888–91;
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+)
+
+.
+
+Himachal Pradesh
+:
+Mount Karol
+(
+
+1850 m
+
+),
+Solan district
+. This is the first record of this species from
+
+Himachal Pradesh
+.
+
+
+The specimen was caught in a harp trap set over a forest gully with some puddles at Mount Karol in the outskirts of Solan town. The trapping site was essentially dominated by various species of oak trees (
+
+Quercus
+spp.
+
+). The harp trap was set for the whole night and along with this specimen, an individual of
+
+Murina huttonii
+
+was also captured.
+
+
+The peak frequency was recorded at 62 kHz which overlaps with that of
+
+R. pearsonii
+
+recorded in
+Uttarakhand
+(
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+).
+
+
+Taxonomic note
+: Traditionally,
+
+Rh. macrotis
+
+is characterised by a suite of external and craniodental characters like large ears, well–developed lancet with a rounded tip, weak canines, and long palatal bridge (
+
+Csorba
+et al.
+2003
+
+). However, in recent times it was suggested that
+
+Rh. macrotis
+
+is a species complex with a number of cryptic species (
+
+Sun
+et al.
+2008
+
+; Tu
+et al.
+2017). More recent integrative taxonomic assessment of this species from
+Vietnam
+and
+China
+(
+
+Liu
+et al.
+2019
+
+) indicates that
+
+Rh. macrotis
+
+in continental Asia includes three closely related taxa which are distinguishable from genuine
+
+Rh. macrotis
+s.s.
+
+i.e.
+
+Rh. episcopus
+,
+Rh. osgoodi
+
+and
+
+Rh. siamensis
+.
+
+The same autors also showed that reticulate evolution through introgressive hybridization was the main cause of several incongruences between phylogenetic reconstructions based on mitochondrial versus nuclear markers.
+
+
+
+Due
+to the lack of sufficient phenotypic, bioacoustic and molecular data from topotypic material and also from specimens across its supposed distribution range in
+India
+, the taxonomic status of this complex remains indeterminate in
+India
+.
+Nevertheless
+, the limited genetic and echolocation call data suggest that our
+Himachal
+specimen and the one reported from
+Uttarakhand
+(
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+) (closer to the
+type
+locality in
+Nepal
+) may represent true
+
+Rh. macrotis
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFE2D34FF6DFF2EFC02F935.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFE2D34FF6DFF2EFC02F935.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a27de632b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFE2D34FF6DFF2EFC02F935.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+
+9.
+
+Rhinolophus sinicus
+Thomas, 1915
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(Chinese horseshoe bat)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 F,
+
+
+01.06.2017
+
+,
+Salogra cave
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/422; 1 F
+
+,
+
+
+01.06.2017
+
+,
+Saproon cave
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/404
+
+.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimens
+: Our specimens had a forearm length of
+47.9–50.2 mm
+. Pelage was golden brown dorsoventrally with slightly paler belly. Ears were shorter (
+17.6–19.1 mm
+). In specimen
+V
+/M/ ERS/404, the lancet had a well–defined longish tip immediately followed by a triangular base (
+Fig. 8B
+). In lateral view, the superior connecting process of sella was broadly rounded off. The lancet was broad with a well–defined short tip; the superior connecting process of the sella was round with the base of the sella projecting slightly forwards and downwards. Mental grooves were three in number. In the wings, the third and fourth metacarpals were almost equal in length, whereas the fifth was slightly longer. The second phalanx of the third metacarpal was longer at
+22.5 mm
+on average. Thus, externally the
+Himachal Pradesh
+
+Rh. sinicus
+
+specimens corresponded well with the descriptions given in
+Thomas (2000)
+and
+
+Csorba
+et al.
+(2003)
+
+.
+
+
+The skulls had average condylocanine length of
+17.77 mm
+. The zygomatic arches were flared with average width of
+10.77 mm
+which was greater than the mastoid breadth (
+9.54 mm
+). Average palate length was
+2.40 mm
+. The anterior border of the palate lied at the level of paracone of the first molar and the posterior border lied at the level of metastyle of second molars.
+
+
+DNA
+: We obtained
+COI
+sequences of 705 bp from two individuals from Himachal Pradesh (M2070 and M
+
+2208/
+V
+
+/M/ERS/404), which proved to be almost identical. We also obtained a full length
+CYTB
+from
+one specimen
+(M2070). Reconsturctions based on both mitochondrial markers consistently grouped all these lineages with sequences from
+China
+assigned by
+
+Mao
+et al.
+(2017)
+
+to either
+
+Rh. sinicus
+
+or
+
+Rh. thomasi
+
+at about 5 % or less divergence from each other (
+Figs 3
+and
+5
+). Interestingly, these lineages formed a strongly supported monophyletic clade which excluded the other members of the group,
+
+Rh. rouxii
+
+and the Peninsular Indian clade (
+
+Chattopadhyay
+et al.
+2012
+
+).
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes
+:
+
+Himachal Pradesh
+:
+Happy valley
+(
+
+1550 m
+
+), Saproon (
+
+1550 m
+
+) and Salogra (
+
+1440 m
+
+) in
+Solan district
+(
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2011
+
+; present study)
+
+.
+
+Uttarakhand
+:
+Dharkuri
+(
+
+2700 m
+
+),
+Rudraprayag district
+(
+Wroughton 1914
+as
+
+Rh. rouxii
+
+)
+
+.
+
+
+The peak frequency was recorded at 87 kHz both in
+Himachal Pradesh
+(present study) and in
+Uttarakhand
+(
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+). In
+Himachal Pradesh
+, it can be told apart from
+
+Rh. affinis
+
+using acoustic characters (FmaxE 78 Khz) but in
+Uttarakhand
+their call frequencies overlap (
+
+Chakravarty
+et al.
+2020
+
+).
+
+
+Taxonomic note
+: Based on craniodental and molecular data,
+Thomas (2000)
+recognized the Himalayan form
+
+Rh. sinicus
+
+as a species different from peninsular Indian
+
+Rh. rouxii
+
+. Besides some differences in the wing measures and noseleaf structures, shorter palate length (
+1.9 mm
+in average) with the anterior border lying adjacent to the metacone of the first molar was cited as one of the distinctive characters of
+
+Rh. sinicus
+
+against
+
+Rh. rouxii
+(
+Thomas 2000
+)
+
+. We compared our Himachal specimens in the light of the above characters and observed that the palatal bridge was slightly longer (mean=
+2.4 mm
+) with its anterior border extending beyond the metacone of the first molar. The upper canines of our specimens (albeit slightly worn out) were short, their height was at the level of the posterior premolar and did not seem to exceed the height of the second premolar considerably.
+
+Csorba
+et al.
+(2003)
+
+mentions this smaller upper canine as a distinguishing character of closely allied
+
+Rh. thomasi
+
+from
+Thailand
+. DNA sequences confirm the close phylogenetic relationships of the Indomalayan
+
+Rh. sinicus
+
+and Indochinese
+
+Rh. thomasi
+
+(
+Figs 3
+and
+5
+) but contradict that they are related to morphologically similar
+
+Rh. rouxii
+
+and the Peninsular Indian clade. Indeed, the latter two taxa are much more divergent (>7%) and are phylogenetically unrelated, questioning the monophyly of the
+
+rouxii
+
+group defined by
+
+Csorba
+et al
+. (2003)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFE2D35FF6DF8FBFC84FC98.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFE2D35FF6DF8FBFC84FC98.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9ef7966a7e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFE2D35FF6DF8FBFC84FC98.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+10.
+
+Hipposideros armiger
+Hodgson, 1835
+
+
+
+
+
+(Great–Himalayan leaf–nosed bat)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 1 M,
+
+
+30.05.2017
+
+,
+Bank
+of
+river Narag
+,
+Devthal
+,
+Solan District
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+,
+V
+/M/ERS/399.
+Morphological description of specimens
+: The lone male from Himachal Pardesh had a dense dark brown dorsal pelage with lighter hair bases. The ventral fur was grey brown. The noseleaf had four supplementary leaflets, the fourth one minute. Behind the posterior part of the noseleaf and above the eyes, there were prominent fleshy protuberances with scattered vibrissae, a characteristic feature of the adult males of this species (
+Soisook 2019
+). There was a frontal depression with a tuft of dark hairs. The fifth metacarpal was about 6 percent shorter than the third and fourth which were subequal
+
+.
+
+
+The bacula of our specimen was
+1.73 mm
+in length. It had a bilobate base, a constricted shaft and the tip bifurcated to form two ventrally projecting processes.
+
+
+DNA
+:
+
+The single
+COI
+sequences (705 bp) from the Himachal Pradesh (M
+
+2201/V
+
+/M/ERS/ 399) was identical to a sequence of
+
+Hi. armiger
+
+from
+Uttarakhand
+(GB
+MN339181
+) and very similar (less than 2% divergence) to others from
+Indochina
+(e.g., from
+Vietnam
+,
+
+Francis
+et al
+. 2010
+
+), suggesting the existence of a single lineage throughout an extensive geographic area
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes
+:
+Himachal Pradesh
+: Devthal (
+963 m
+), Mount Karol (
+2100 m
+) in Solan district (
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2011
+
+; present study).
+Uttarakhand
+: Bagheswar (
+950 m
+) in Bagheswar district (
+Wroughton 1914
+); Katarmal (
+1380 m
+) in Almora district (
+Bhat 1974
+); Mussoorie in Dehradun district (
+Jerdon 1874
+).
+
+
+At Devthal, about 20 individuals of
+
+Hi. armiger
+
+were roosting along with a small number of
+
+Rh. affinis
+
+inside a small, abandoned mine. No sign of any breeding activity of the species was noted. In earlier studies in Himachal, this bat was recorded in the temple cave of Mount Karol sharing the roosting space with
+
+My. longipes
+
+(misidentified as
+
+My. mystacinus
+
+in
+
+Saikia
+et al.
+2011
+
+) and
+
+Rh. affinis
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFF2D3AFF6DFC27FBE4FE04.xml b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFF2D3AFF6DFC27FBE4FE04.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..86a3c977c33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/BB/87/03BB87E9FFFF2D3AFF6DFC27FBE4FE04.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+
+
+
+Taxonomic reassessment of bats from the Western Himalayas, India and description of a new species of the Myotis frater complex (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Saikia, Uttam
+0000-0001-9184-8071
+Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793003, India. uttamzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9184 - 8071
+uttamzsi@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chakravarty, Rohit
+0000-0001-7432-6917
+Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany. rohitchakravarty @ ncf-india. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7432 - 6917 & Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311, “ Amritha ”. 12 th Main. Vijayanagar 1 st Stage, Mysore- 570017, India. & Bat Conservation International, 500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, USA.
+rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Csorba, Gabor
+0000-0001-5720-4600
+Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross 13., Budapest, H- 1088, Hungary. csorba. gabor. hnhm @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5720 - 4600
+csorba.gabor.hnhm@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Laskar, Mostaque Ahmed
+0000-0001-6294-0450
+Department of Biotechnology, St. Anthonys College, Bomfyle Road, East Khasi Hills, Shillong, Meghalaya- 793001, India. laskar 41 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6294 - 0450
+laskar41@gmail.com
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Ruedi, Manuel
+0000-0003-3283-7764
+Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland. * Corresponding author, Manuel. Ruedi @ geneve. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3283 - 7764
+Ruedi@geneve.ch
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-05
+
+
+5644
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+78
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5644.1.1
+1175-5334
+15818470
+98354CF6-78A5-4CCD-84FE-1E220B722DE9
+
+
+
+
+
+11.
+
+Barbastella darjelingensis
+(Hodgson, 1855)
+
+
+
+
+
+(Eastern Barbastelle)
+
+
+
+New material
+: 3 F,
+
+
+08.06.2019
+
+, forest near
+Narkanda
+,
+Himachal Pradesh
+
+; 1 M,
+
+
+08.04.2018
+
+,
+Khalla village
+, 1 M
+
+,
+
+
+25.04.2019
+
+,
+Chopta village
+,
+Chamoli district
+,
+Uttarakhand
+
+; released after measurements.
+
+
+Morphological description of specimens:
+The forearm lengths of the animals were measured at
+41.8–42.9 mm
+. The pelage was long and silky, dark brown dorso–ventrally with silvery tips, the overall appearance looked dark. The ears were large, hairy, and joined over the forehead. Tragus was longish, narrowed gradually with slightly roundish tip. Face and wing membranes were dark brownThe interfemoral membrane was naked. Feet were small and devoid of hairs.
+
+
+DNA
+: The
+COI
+sequence (705 bp) and
+CYTB
+(1140 bp) from one Himachal Pradesh barbastelle (M2230 released) was identical to a sequence of
+
+Ba. darjelingensis
+
+from Uttarakhand (
+GB
+MN339178
+;
+COI
+). No other record from the GenBank or
+BOLD
+matched these sequences (>6.3% K2P distance), stressing the distinctiveness of this taxon compared to other Asian species of this genus (
+Figs 4
+and
+6
+). Sequences considered by
+
+Kruskop
+et al.
+(2019)
+
+as
+
+Ba. cf. darjelingensis
+
+from
+Vietnam
+(
+ABBSI
+270–11) or from
+Taiwan
+(
+GB
+LC456144
+) were the closest relative (at about 6% sequence divergence for both markers). Another
+COI
+sequence from
+Nepal
+(
+GB
+JF442795
+) and labelled as
+
+Ba. darjelingensis
+
+by the same authors was much more divergent from any other
+
+Barbastella
+
+haplotype (13–20% K2P divergence), including from Indian
+
+Ba. darjelingensis
+
+. As this sequence (available in
+BOLD
+) had low quality trace files and many unique mutations compared to other sequences, it might represent a pseudogene and is disregarded here.
+
+
+
+
+Locality records and ecological notes:
+
+Uttarakhand
+: Kapkot (
+
+1140 m
+
+) in
+Almora district
+(
+Bhat 1974
+);
+Khalla village
+(
+
+1667 m
+
+) and Chopta (
+
+2800 m
+
+) in
+Chamoli district
+(present study)
+
+.
+
+Himachal Pradesh
+: Shimla (c.
+
+2200 m
+
+), Narkanda (
+
+2700 m
+
+) in
+Shimla district
+(Blanford 1888–1891;
+Ghosh 2008
+; present study)
+
+.
+
+
+
+Three adult
+females were caught in a
+flap trap
+early in the morning around a pond inside a temperate coniferous forest dominated by
+
+Cedrus deodara
+
+in
+Narkanda
+in early June. The lactating individuals indicated the presence of a maternity colony nearby and were released soon after being measured
+
+.
+
+One male
+animal was caught in mist net set across a pool of water in secondary oak forest near
+Khalla village
+and another female (non parous) was caught over a slow–flowing brook close to an open meadow in
+Chamoli district
+of
+Uttarakhand
+in
+
+April 2018
+
+
+.
+
+
+As is usual in
+
+Barbastella
+
+bats,we recorded
+two types
+of echolocation calls that are emitted orally and nasally(
+
+Seibert
+et al.
+2015
+
+). The oral calls are soft and narrowband (bandwidth=17 kHz) with a peak frequency of 26 kHz. Nasal calls differ from oral calls in having a convex shape with a slightly higher bandwidth (24 kHz) and peak frequency (31 kHz).
+
+
+Taxonomic note
+: According to the most recent review of the genus
+
+Barbastella
+
+conducted with an integrative approach (
+
+Kruskop
+et al.
+2019
+
+) and the current genetic results (
+Figs 4
+and
+6
+), the Himalayan species
+
+Ba. darjelingensis
+
+(
+type
+locality
+West Bengal
+,
+India
+) is distinct from both the Central Asian
+
+Ba. caspica
+
+and the Indochinese
+
+Ba.
+cf.
+darjelingensis
+
+. The later taxon is of uncertain taxonomic affinity because morphologically it is undistinguishable from genuine
+
+darjelingensis
+
+, but genetically differs from other taxa (
+
+Kruskop
+et al.
+2019
+
+). Previous accounts based on morphology (e.g.,
+Bates & Harrison 1997
+) used to classify all these Asian forms under
+
+Ba. leucomelas
+
+, which has now been shown to be endemic to the Sinai Peninsula (
+Benda & Mlikovsky 2008
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF00FFBB4AE48A525BD27D77.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF00FFBB4AE48A525BD27D77.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..07b5bee0580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF00FFBB4AE48A525BD27D77.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium dendrobii
+Hodgson
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined
+
+
+
+SINGAPORE
+:
+
+1 slide with
+1 specimen
+: left label:
+Platylecanium
+/ On
+Dendrobium
+leaf / India at Seattle / I.W. Berryhill Coll. /
+June 2 1939
+/ Seattle 7975. Right label:
+Platylecanium
+/ dendrobii / Hodgson /
+
+holotype
+
+♀
+(1/1 adf, fairly good) (
+USNM
+).
+
+
+Unmounted material.
+Unknown.
+
+
+Slide-mounted adult female
+(
+Fig. 6
+). Body elongate and fairly narrow, symmetrical and somewhat pointed at each end, length
+3.95 mm
+, width
+0.94 mm
+; anal cleft about 1/7
+th
+of body length.
+
+
+Dorsum.
+Derm quite uniformly sclerotised but palest near margin; areolations somewhat obscure but largest and most abundant near margin and smaller and more indistinct medially. Number of bands of reticulation plates not clear, but with probably 13 marginal reticulation points on head between anterior stigmatic clefts and, on each side, 4 between stigmatic clefts and 12/13 on abdomen (latter including line close to anal cleft, when visible). With distinct unsclerotised ray extending radially from each stigmatic cleft, each ray 430‒500 μm long. Dorsal setae stoutly setose with a non-flagellate apex, mostly slightly curved, 7‒9 μm long (only slightly shorter than a marginal seta), set in a socket about 3 μm wide (only slightly wider than those of marginal setae); more medial setae frequently raised on a distinct fleshy base, with seta on apex; setae most abundant towards margin, becoming very sparse medially. Clear areas present as in diagnosis, each surrounded by a group of preopercular pores, each pore about 3 μm wide, clearly larger and more distinct than dorsal simple pores, each with a distinct border (also possibly convex); preopercular pores distributed as follows: (anteriormost)
+CA
+1, 0;
+CA
+2, 1‒3;
+CA
+3, 5‒6;
+CA
+4, 6. Dorsal pores, probably microducts, represented by small non-sclerotised spots in derm, each pore 1‒2 μm wide, forming (along with dorsal setae) a distinct reticulate pattern.Anal plates about 240 μm long, combined width about 145 μm, together less than 2 times longer than broad, each plate with anterior margin clearly shorter than posterior margin, and with a rather elongated pointed apex; each plate with 4 setae 6‒8 μm long, present as in diagnosis; underside of each plate simple, without thickening or indentations in inner margin. Anogenital fold with 2 pairs of short fine setae on anterior margin and 2 pairs of fine setae on each lateral margin, each seta about 5 μm long, plus 1 larger seta about 7 μm long at posterior end of apodeme. Eyespots each more-or-less round, located on dorsum away from margin; width of each lens about 35 μm.
+
+
+Margin.
+Margin not crenulated. Marginal setae all short, each about 8‒10 μm long (only slightly longer than a dorsal seta), and finely setose, with 1 (rarely 2) approximately associated with each marginal reticulation point; with 23 setae anteriorly between anterior stigmatic clefts, and, on each side, 6‒10 between stigmatic clefts, and 17‒22 along abdominal margin. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, each cleft with outer margins almost touching; inner part of cleft quite broad with innermost margin strongly sclerotised; with 3 (one with 4) stigmatic spines, median spine longest, extending out as far as margin; length of median spine 75‒78 μm, each lateral spine 35‒52 μm long; clefts without marginal setae along each outer margin, although these present at entrance. Anal cleft with margins touching.
+
+
+Venter.
+Multilocular disc-pores each 6‒8 μm wide, mainly with 10 loculi, frequent on either side of genital opening and on preceding segment only; number on each side of segment:
+VII
+, 12‒14 and
+VI
+, 18. Spiracular disc-pores, each about 3 μm wide with mainly 5 loculi, present in a narrow band between margin and each spiracle; with
+21‒22 in
+each anterior band and
+22‒24 in
+each posterior band. Ventral microducts minute; distribution unclear. Ventral setae: interantennal setae not detected; longer setae present on abdominal segments
+VII
+and
+VI
+but only represented by basal sockets; setae otherwise very scarce. Antennae very reduced, segmentation obscure, basically with a narrow scape and with other segments fused; scape without setae but apex apparently with 5 fleshy setae and no setose setae; total antennal length 33‒35 μm. Clypeolabral shield about 118 μm long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 35‒40 μm. Legs not detected, perhaps absent.
+
+
+
+
+Comments.
+
+Platylecanium dendrobii
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+can be diagnosed by the following combination of character-states: (i) body elongate and symmetrical in shape; (ii) anal plates clearly longer than their combined width; (iii) each anal plate with anterior margin clearly shorter than posterior margin and with a pointed apex; (iv) body margin not crenulated; (v) marginal setae only slightly longer than dorsal setae; (vi) preopercular pores clearly larger than other dorsal pores; (viii) preopercular pores relatively few, and absent from around anteriormost clear area; (ix) each stigmatic cleft with 3 long, narrow stigmatic spines, median spine extending out to margin; (x) multilocular disc-pores restricted to abdominal segments VII and VI; (xi) legs possibly absent, and (xii) antennae very reduced.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 6.
+
+Platylecanium dendrobii
+Hodgson
+
+,
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, adult female.
+
+
+
+In having: (i) an elongate body more than twice as long as broad; (ii) a non-crenulated margin; (iii) much reduced antennae, and (iv) anal plates clearly longer than their combined widths,
+
+P. dendrobii
+
+is close
+
+P. elongatum
+
+and
+
+P. cyperi
+
+. Based on Takahashi’s description,
+
+P. dendrobii
+
+differs from
+
+P. elongatum
+
+in having a very long median stigmatic spine, extending out as far as margin (median stigmatic spine on
+
+P. elongatum
+
+subequal to or shorter than other stigmatic spines), and in possessing dorsal areolations (apparently absent on
+
+P. elongatum
+
+).
+
+Platylecanium dendrobii
+
+differs from
+
+P. cyperi
+
+in having (i) a body with somewhat pointed ends (evenly rounded in
+
+P. cyperi
+
+), (ii) long median stigmatic spines reaching to margin (not reaching margin in
+
+P. cyperi
+
+), and (iii) in having normally only 1 marginal seta associated with each marginal reticulation point (
+
+P. cyperi
+
+usually has 2‒4 setae associated with each reticulation point). The new species is currently known only off a species of
+
+Dendrobium
+
+(
+Orchidaceae
+), intercepted at Seattle in US but originating from
+India
+.
+
+
+Name derivation.
+The species is named after the orchid host-plant genus,
+
+Dendrobium
+Sw.
+
+, on which it was found.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF02FFBD4AE489C75A267C17.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF02FFBD4AE489C75A267C17.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aa505c1276e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF02FFBD4AE489C75A267C17.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium eastopi
+Hodgson
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined
+
+
+
+
+SARAWAK
+:
+
+1 slide with
+2 specimens
+: left label:
+Platylecanium
+/ eastopi /
+Hodgson
+/
+
+Holotype
+
+and
+
+paratype
+
+; right label:
+SARAWAK
+/
+
+G.
+Mulu Nat. Park
+
+/
+Long Pala
+/ alternate leaves /
+
+18.vi.1978
+
+/
+V
+.
+F. Eastop
+coll.
+
+/
+
+No
+16 252 / CIE A. 10642 (1/2 quite mature adff, fairly good;
+holotype
+(here designated) specimen nearest species label) (
+NHML
+)
+
+.
+
+
+Unmounted material.
+Unknown.
+
+
+Slide-mounted adult female
+(
+Fig. 7
+). Body elongate and strongly asymmetrical on both dorsum and venter; small, length 2.8‒3.0 mm, width
+1.25‒1.3 mm
+; anal cleft short, about 1/9
+th
+of body length.
+
+
+Dorsum.
+Derm with a broad unsclerotised marginal area taking up about half body width, and a quite strongly sclerotised broad medial strip; also with a heavily sclerotised ring around each eyespot and strong sclerotisation on inner margin of each stigmatic cleft. Reticulation plates and reticulation lines very obscure but, based on the number of groups of marginal setae on margin, probably with 13 marginal reticulation points between anterior stigmatic clefts and, on each side, 4 between stigmatic clefts and 13 on abdomen. With no clear areolations. With a distinct membranous ray arising from each stigmatic cleft, extending medially to approximately dorsad to spiracles. Dorsal setae very short, each 4‒6 μm long (much shorter than a marginal seta), setose, mostly distinctly curved, each set in a socket about 4 μm wide; very sparse but those present submarginally frequently each raised on a distinct fleshy base, with seta on apex; setae most abundant near margin and very scarce or absent medially. Clear areas present as in diagnosis but rather obscure, located on margin of sclerotised medial strip; possibly lacking associated preopercular pores. Dorsal pores not visible submarginally, only indicated by small unsclerotised spots in medial band of sclerotisation, each 1‒2 μm wide; as only occasionally present near clear areas, probably all microducts. Anal plates each 103‒113 μm long, combined width about 96 μm; together almost quadrate, with anterior and posterior margins subequal in length; each plate with 4 setae distributed as in diagnosis, and without small pores; underside of each plate mildly thickened underneath along inner margin and with a strongly sclerotised posterior margin. Anogenital fold with 1 pair of short fine setae on anterior margin, 2 pairs along each lateral margin and 1 seta at posterior end of each apodeme. Eyespots each approximately round, located away from margin on dorsum; maximum width about 25 μm.
+
+
+Margin.
+Margin distinctly crenulated, most noticeable near clefts. Marginal setae all short, each about 8‒10 μm long (much longer than a dorsal seta), and finely setose, mostly slightly bent, mainly present singly or in pairs along margin, with 26‒31 between anterior stigmatic clefts, and each side with 7 or 8 setae between stigmatic clefts, and 19‒24 setae along abdominal margin. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, each with outer margins almost touching; inner part of cleft quite broad but short, with innermost margin strongly sclerotised, and with 3 stigmatic spines, median spine longest; length of median spine 35‒38 μm, each lateral spine 26‒33 μm long; no spines extending laterally as far as margin; clefts mainly without marginal setae on outer margins. Anal cleft with margins touching.
+
+
+Venter.
+Multilocular disc-pores each 7‒9 μm wide and mostly with 10 loculi, present on either side of genital opening and on preceding segment only; very few, with, on each side:
+VII
+, 3‒5, and
+VI
+, 7‒12. Spiracular disc-pores, each about 3 μm wide with mainly 5 loculi, present in a narrow band between each spiracle and margin; number of pores in each band dependant on asymmetry, with as few as 8 on narrow side and up to 25 on broad side. Ventral microducts minute; distribution unclear but present near mouthparts and each spiracular disc-pore band. Ventral setae very scarce and short; interantennal setae and those on abdominal segments
+VII
+and
+VI
+not located. Antennae very reduced, appearing as a single rather triangular segment with no signs of segmentation; with 4 or 5 fleshy setae plus 2 setose setae on apex; total antennal length 26‒28 μm. Clypeolabral shield 96‒105 μm long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 21‒27 μm. Legs very reduced, each composed of a broad oval to circular base, 15‒26 μm wide, with a central claw about 5‒7 μm long; digitules absent.
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 7.
+
+Platylecanium eastopi
+Hodgson
+
+,
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, adult female.
+
+
+
+
+Comments.
+
+Platylecanium eastopi
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+can be diagnosed by the following combination of character-states: (i) body elongate (and asymmetric in shape); (ii) anal plates as long as their combined widths; (iii) each anal plate with anterior and posterior margin subequal in length; (iv) body margin crenulated; (v) marginal setae longer than dorsal setae; (vi) preopercular pores apparently absent; (vii) each stigmatic cleft with 3 narrow stigmatic spines, none reaching margin; (viii) multilocular disc-pores very few, restricted to abdominal segments VII and VI; (ix) legs present but very reduced, and (xii) antennae very reduced.
+
+
+In having: (i) only 3 stigmatic spines in each cleft; (ii) short antennae; (iii) body elongate, clearly more than twice as long as wide; (iv) a crenulated margin, and (v) anal plates about as long as their combined widths,
+
+P. eastopi
+
+appears to be very similar to
+
+P. asymmetricum
+
+but it differs in numerous ways, particularly in: (i) the absence of a deep cleft on the underside of inner margin of each anal plate, and (ii) in the absence of preopercular pores. At the present time,
+
+P. eastopi
+
+is known only from the original collection off an unknown plant in
+Sarawak
+.
+
+
+Name derivation.
+The species is named after Victor Eastop, the renowned aphidologist, who collected these specimens.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF04FFBD4AE488E7596479D9.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF04FFBD4AE488E7596479D9.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5d079f4e31d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF04FFBD4AE488E7596479D9.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium elongatum
+Takahashi
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium elongatum
+Takahashi, 1951
+b: 104
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Comments.
+
+Platylecanium elongatum
+
+was collected on the leaves of a palm on the
+Riau
+(Riouw) Is and does not appear to have been collected since. From
+Takahashi’s (1951)
+original description, the main character-states diagnosing this species are: (i) body elongate, about 2.3 times longer than wide (
+4.2‒4.7 mm
+long); (ii) dorsum without areolations; (iii) with 4‒7 preopercular pores present around some clear areas; (iv) anal plates together about as long as combined widths, each plate with a pointed apex and posterior margin slightly longer than anterior margin; (v) stigmatic clefts each with 3 stigmatic spines; (vi) stigmatic spines longer than marginal setae, each stout and tapering, but not reaching margin; (vii) stigmatic spines subequal in length or with median spine shorter than lateral spines; (viii) margin not crenulated; (ix) marginal setae sparse, setose and short, with 14‒22 on each side between stigmatic clefts, and (x) antennae rudimentary and pointed apically.
+
+
+In having: (i) an elongate body, 2.3 times longer than wide; (ii) a non-crenulate margin; (iii) only 3 stigmatic setae in each cleft; (iv) very short antennae, and (v) anal plates each with a distinctly pointed apex,
+
+P. elongatum
+
+somewhat resembles
+
+P. dendrobii
+
+(described as new above) and
+
+P. cyperi
+
+. Based on Takahashi’s description and figures,
+
+P. elongatum
+
+differs from
+
+P. dendrobii
+
+in having: (i) short stigmatic spines, which are subequal in length and do not reach the margin (those of
+
+P. dendrobii
+
+are much longer, with the median spine reaching the margin), and (ii) each side with possibly more marginal setae between the stigmatic clefts (about 14‒22 on
+
+P elongatum
+
+but only 6‒10 on
+
+P. dendrobii
+
+).
+
+Platylecanium elongatum
+
+differs from
+
+P. cyperi
+
+in lacking dorsal areolations (
+
+P. cyperi
+
+has a broad submarginal band of areolations).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF04FFBE4AE48DAC581C7D53.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF04FFBE4AE48DAC581C7D53.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dfe85e1235b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF04FFBE4AE48DAC581C7D53.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium faveolatum
+Hodgson
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined
+
+
+
+MALAYSIA
+:
+
+left label:
+Platylecanium
+/ faveolatum / Hodgson /
+holotype
+♀
+. Right label: Cameron Highlands / Road, Malaya /
+25-iii.-1964
+/ on
+Castanopsis hullettii
+/ S.W. Brown / Entomology / U.C. Davis Calif. / 508 (1/1 adf, fairly young; good) (
+USNM
+)).
+
+Paratype
+
+slides: collection data as for
+holotype
+(2/2 adf, fairly heavily sclerotised) (
+USNM
+).
+
+
+Note.
+According to Kew Gardens (https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid;ipni. org:names:295369-1),
+
+
+
+Castanopsis hullettii
+
+is a synonym of
+
+C. lucida
+(Nees) Soepadmo.
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 8.
+
+Platylecanium faveolatum
+Hodgson
+
+,
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, adult female.
+
+
+
+Unmounted material.
+Unrecorded.
+
+
+Slide-mounted adult female
+(
+Fig. 8
+). Body oval, quite broad and rounded at both ends, length
+2.8‒2.9 mm
+, width 2.0‒
+2.5 mm
+; dorsum more-or-less symmetrical but venter clearly asymmetric; anal cleft about 1/8
+th
+of body length.
+
+
+Dorsum.
+Derm of
+holotype
+lightly sclerotised, with a fairly broad membranous margin; older specimens appearing uniformly sclerotised, but at high power, surface with a broad band of areolations present submarginally and most of derm with marking somewhat resembling a honeycomb; with slightly denser derm associated with anal plates, around each clear area, along margin (on older specimens) and around each eyespot. Each stigmatic cleft with a strongly sclerotised inner margin. Layout of reticulation plates not always clear but probably with 4 longitudinal bands on each side; with 13 marginal reticulation points on head between anterior stigmatic clefts and, on each side, 4 between stigmatic clefts and 13 on abdomen. Unsclerotised rays arising from each stigmatic cleft indistinct, only indicated by absence of dermal areolations, even on most mature specimens. Dorsal setae robust, each 8‒10 μm long, with a wide basal socket 5‒7 μm wide (socket clearly larger than that of a marginal seta), setae mostly distinctly curved and with a clearly capitate apex; none apparently located on a raised fleshy base; setae rather sparse within reticulation lines, most abundant near margins. Clear areas present as in diagnosis, each surrounded by a large group of preopercular pores, pores mostly each 3.5‒5.0 μm wide (distinctly larger than a dorsal simple pore) but a few as large as 6.0 μm wide; each with a distinct border and a few dark spots medially; distributed as follows: (anteriormost)
+CA
+1, 17‒28;
+CA
+2, 22‒33;
+CA
+3, 21‒29;
+CA
+4, 18‒25. Dorsal microducts each represented by a clear area in derm, each about 2 μm wide, present in a distinct reticulate pattern with dorsal setae. Anal plates each 149‒158 μm long and 128‒141 μm wide, only slightly longer than broad, with a blunt apex; each with 4 setae 8‒10 μm long, often on small ridges on each plate but otherwise as in diagnosis, although apical seta set back from apex; without pores medially; underside of each plate without a deep cleft about half-way along inner margin. With 1 pair of short fine setae on anterior margin of anogenital fold, 1 or 2 pairs of fine setae along each lateral margin, each 8‒10 μm long, plus 1 seta at posterior end of each apodeme (obscure on all specimens). Anal ring with 6 setae; anal tube about as long as anal plates; length of anal ring setae up to about 200 μm. Eyespots each oval, located on dorsum almost dorsad to scape; each lens about 20‒30 x 15‒22 μm.
+
+
+Margin.
+Margin not crenulated. Marginal setae all quite long, usually slightly curved and finely spinose, each about 20‒27 μm long (clearly much longer than a dorsal seta), with apex pointed; each basal socket only slightly smaller than that of a dorsal seta (about 5.0 μm wide) and quite deep; setae slightly displaced onto dorsum, with mostly 2 setae (occasionally only 1) roughly associated with each marginal reticulation point, but also with fairly frequent setae between reticulation points; with about 29 marginal setae between anterior stigmatic clefts and, on each side, 7‒13 between stigmatic clefts and 23‒26 on abdominal margin. Stigmatic clefts not as deep as in some species, each with outer margins almost touching; inner part of cleft widening and becoming quite broad, with inner margin strongly sclerotised; with 3 long, narrow to stout, blunt stigmatic spines, median spine longest, 30‒42 μm long, extending out to margin, lateral spines each 16‒25 μm long. Outer margins of stigmatic clefts without marginal setae. Anal cleft with margins touching along entire length.
+
+
+Venter.
+
+Multilocular disc-pores unusual, each small, mainly with 6‒8 loculi, present in segments
+VII
+and
+VI
+only, with 5‒9 on each side of
+VII
+and 7‒10 on each side of
+VI
+. Spiracular disc-pores, small and mostly with 5 loculi, present in a narrow band mainly 1 pore wide between each spiracle and margin, number of pores very variable, depending on asymmetry, with up to 25 pores per band on broad side and as few as perhaps 7 on narrow side. Ventral microducts minute, probably present throughout. Ventral setae: quite hard to see due to sclerotisation but pair of longer setae present medially in abdominal segment
+VII
+, each 25‒42 μm long, plus some much shorter setae across all abdominal segments, more anterior and lateral setae becoming shorter, each about 8 μm long. Antennae very reduced, with almost no indication of segmentation; setae only visible near apex, number reduced, possibly only 2 or 3 fleshy setae and 1 or 2 other setae; total antennal length 35‒45 μm. Clypeolabral shield about 120‒130 μm long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 35‒40 μm. Legs only visible on
+holotype
+specimen, represented by a short claw, with no digitules
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Comments.
+Adult female
+
+P. faveolatum
+
+
+sp. nov
+.
+
+is unique amongst known
+
+Platylecanium
+species
+
+in having only 6‒8 loculi in each multilocular disc-pore and in lacking a membranous ray extending medially from each stigmatic cleft. Other characters of note are: (i) the honeycomb appearance of the derm in mature specimens; (ii) the long marginal setae, much longer than dorsal setae; (iii) capitate dorsal setae; (iv) preopercular pores rather abundant and approximately equally frequently associated with all four clear areas; (v) a non-crenulated margin; (vi) anal plates only slightly longer than combined width and each with apical seta set back from apex; (vii) legs reduced to just claws, lacking digitules, and (viii) antennae with obscure segmentation and a reduced number of setae.
+
+
+In having: (i) a body less than twice as long as broad; (ii) anal plates about as wide as their combined widths, and (iii) very reduced antennae,
+
+P. faveolatum
+
+is closest to non-asymmetric
+
+P. asymmetricum
+,
+P. mesuae
+
+and
+
+P. cribrigerum
+
+but differs from all of them in having: (i) multilocular disc-pores with only 6 or 7 loculi, (ii) quite large preopercular pores which are about equally frequently associated with all clear areas, and (iii) capitate dorsal setae. The other species have (i) multilocular disc-pores mostly with 10 loculi, (ii) rather small preopercular pores which are few or absent in association with anterior clear areas, and (iii) sharply pointed dorsal setae.
+
+Platylecanium faveolatum
+
+is currently known only from the Cameron Highlands,
+Malaysia
+, on
+
+Castanopsis lucida
+
+(
+Fagaceae
+).
+
+
+Name derivation.
+The species name,
+
+faveolatum
+
+, refers to the honeycomb marking on the dorsum: it is derived from the Latin
+faveolatus
+, meaning “finely honeycombed”.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF09FFB54AE48E835A6C7EE7.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF09FFB54AE48E835A6C7EE7.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e20260ec61e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF09FFB54AE48E835A6C7EE7.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium mesuae
+Takahashi
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium mesuae
+Takahashi, 1950: 58
+
+
+;
+
+Hodgson 2023: 561
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined
+
+
+
+Type material:
+MALAYSIA
+:
+Lectotype
+
+adf: upper labels: a small round label stating
+Lectotype
+, plus another label stating: Pres. by / Comm. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1953.789, and a third label showing a map of the round cover slip and the position of the
+Lectotype
+, marked in red; lower label:
+Platylecanium
+/ asymmetricum / Morr. var / mesuae Tak. /
+29.vi.1943
+/
+Mesua
+/ Kuala / Lumpur /
+R
+. Takahashi (1/4 adff;
+NHML
+). There is also a specimen of another unknown soft scale species on the slide, covered in black ink (not
+
+P. mesuae
+
+). The remaining (
+
+paralectotype
+
+) specimens are somewhat damaged, particularly the venter. In addition, several of them have nymphs inside. This is thought to be the only type slide of
+
+P. mesuae
+
+.
+
+
+Note.
+The following description is a slightly modified version of
+Hodgson (2023)
+, which was made from the
+lectotype
+plus the largest and smallest specimens.
+
+
+Unmounted material.
+Unknown.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 10.
+
+Platylecanium mesuae
+Takahashi
+
+, adult female.
+
+
+
+Slide-mounted adult female
+(
+Fig. 10
+). Some parts of dorsum are covered in a broken glassy test. Body oval but asymmetrical, most obviously indicated by the position of the mouthparts and lengths of the stigmatic grooves. Body probably almost flat in life, length
+2.7–3.3 mm
+; width
+1.7–2.4 mm
+; stigmatic clefts distinct but narrow and sclerotised, anal cleft with sides adpressed, about 1/6
+th
+of body length.
+
+
+Dorsum.
+
+Derm rather evenly sclerotised throughout apart from: (i) quite strong sclerotisation in each stigmatic cleft; (ii) a fairly broad sclerotised area around anal plates; (iii) randomly shaped, lightly sclerotised areas around each clear area, approximately on abdominal segments II–
+VI
+; (iv) a quite wide membranous area around each eyespot, and (v) a radial membranous groove extending medially from each stigmatic cleft, those on short side 25–40 µm long and 50–65 µm long on long side. Derm on more sclerotised specimens also with oval-to-round areolations submarginally. Dorsal setae each very fine and setose, about 5 µm long, generally slightly bent, apparently situated on a membranous cone, present in a reticulate pattern, but setae much sparser medially where pattern vague; with probably a total of 47 marginal reticulation points with setae around margin, and 11 reticulation plates medially between anal plates and anterior margin. Dorsal pores of
+2 types
+: (i) very small pores, possibly microducts, represented by unstained dots, each about 2 µm wide, present within reticulation lines of dorsal setae (not present within areolations); and (ii) small, convex preopercular pores found in groups associated with each clear area, each pore 4–6 µm wide, frequency as follows: (anteriormost)
+CA1
+, 0;
+CA2
+,
+1–5
+;
+CA3
+,
+5–8
+;
+CA4
+,
+4–8
+pores and
+CA5
+(when visible), 0. Anal plates together quadrate, 128–133 µm long, combined width 120–130 µm, each plate with outer margins more-or-less straight and subequal in length; probably with four setae near apex, all very fine and short, each perhaps 3–5 µm long. Anogenital fold possibly without setae on anterior margin but with 3 short, very fine setae on each lateral margin, each seta about 3–8 µm long; anal plate apodemes fusing along anterior margin of anogenital fold. Anal ring bearing 6 setae, each about 150 µm long. Eyespot present on dorsum, located about half-way between margin and a point dorsad to antennal scape; width of lens 23–25 µm, greatest width of surrounding membranous area 65–85 µm
+
+.
+
+
+Margin
+slightly crenulated, with marginal setae sometimes appearing to be set slightly onto dorsum. Marginal setae finely setose, with some setae bending anteriorly and others posteriorly, each seta about 10–15 µm long, slightly curved; with a group of 0–3 (mostly 2 or 3) at each reticulation point; absent from anal lobes and from along outer margins of each stigmatic cleft. Stigmatic clefts each narrow at margin, widening inwardly, strongly sclerotised along innermost margin; each cleft containing 3 spinose stigmatic setae, each bluntly pointed and more-or-less parallel sided; medial spine rather variable in length (but some thought to be broken), 38–55 µm long, each lateral spine 28–43 µm long.
+
+
+Venter.
+Derm membranous. Pregenital disc-pores mostly with 10 loculi, present on segments
+VII
+and
+VI
+only, with, on each side,
+VII
+with 12–19 and
+VI
+with 17–22. Spiracular disc-pores mostly with 5 loculi but very small, present in rows more-or-less 1 pore wide between each spiracle and margin, with many fewer on short side, as follows: side with short bands with 5–10 (mainly 5 or 6) per band, side with longer bands with 14–22. Ventral microducts minute, each perhaps 1.5 µm wide, sparse, distribution uncertain. Ventral setae: with perhaps 2 pairs of interantennal setae; 1 pair of pregenital setae, each 40–55 µm long; other setae all setose and very short, each 3–5 µm long, situated on a rather convex basal socket. Antennae reduced, with a broad scape and with other segments fused; setae restricted to near apex, with 5 fleshy setae; each antenna 13–33 µm long. Clypeolabral shield about 113–120 µm long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 23–31 µm; supporting bars narrow. Legs reduced to minute stubs, each about 2–3 µm long, without digitules; perhaps sometimes absent.
+
+
+
+
+Comments.
+
+Platylecanium mesuae
+
+can be diagnosed by the following combination of character-states: (i) body broadest posteriorly; (ii) anal plates about as long as their combined widths; (iii) each anal plate without a cleft on underside of inner margin; (iv) margin crenulated; (v) marginal setae about twice as long as dorsal setae; (vi) preopercular pores clearly larger than other dorsal pores; (vii) preopercular pores only present in association with posterior 3 pairs of clear areas; (viii) each stigmatic cleft with 3 long, narrow stigmatic spines; (ix) multilocular disc-pores restricted to abdominal segments VII and VI; (x) legs very reduced, mostly to a claw, without digitules, and (xii) antennae very reduced. The above description differs slightly from that of
+Takahashi (1950)
+in that he considered that the marginal setae were not in groups, whereas they are clearly in groups associated with the marginal reticulation points.
+
+
+In having: (i) a crenulated margin; (ii) reduced antennae; (iii) a body less that twice as long as broad, and (iv) multilocular disc-pores mostly with 10 loculi,
+
+P. mesuae
+
+is very similar to
+
+P. watsoniae
+
+(described as new below), and symmetric
+
+P. asymmetricum
+
+.
+
+Platylecanium mesuae
+
+differs from
+
+P. watsoniae
+
+as follows (character-states for
+
+P. watsoniae
+
+in brackets): (i) anal plates about as long combined widths (clearly much longer than wide); (ii) apodemes on either side of anterior end of anal cleft fused anteriorly (clearly separate); (iii) possibly with anterior margin of anogenital fold without setae (with 2 pairs of setae); (iv) each stigmatic cleft without marginal setae along outer margins (with 2 or 3 marginal setae), and (v) dorsal setae finely setose, and each less than half length of a marginal seta (robustly setose, each more than half length of a marginal seta).
+
+Platylecanium mesuae
+
+differs from
+
+P. asymmetricum
+
+in: (i) the absence of a deep cleft underneath the inner margin of each anal plate, and possibly (ii) in the absence of marginal setae along inner margins of each stigmatic cleft.
+
+
+
+Platylecanium mesuae
+
+is currently only known from the original collection in
+Malaysia
+, on
+
+Mesua
+sp.
+
+(
+Calophyllaceae
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF0FFF884AE4890F5AFD7CEF.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF0FFF884AE4890F5AFD7CEF.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f85689b5094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF0FFF884AE4890F5AFD7CEF.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium palmae
+Hodgson
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined
+
+
+
+
+SULAWESI UTARA
+.
+Holotype
+:
+
+left label:
+Platylecanium
+/ palmae /
+Hodgson
+
+/
+
+Holotype
+; right label:
+Dumoga-Bone
+n.p. /
+Sulawesi Utara
+/ approx.
+
+1140 m
+
+. alt /
+Clarks Camp
+/
+Palmae
+–poss.
+Calamus
+/
+
+10.v.1985
+
+/
+J.H. Martin
+4935A (1/1 adf, good) (
+NHML
+)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Paratypes
+
+♀♀
+: as above, labelled
+paratype
+(1/1 adf, good) (
+NHML
+); also
+Platylecanium
+/ palmae / Hodgson /
+paratype
+
+
+♀♀
+; right label:
+Ratan Palm
+/
+Dumoga-Bone
+n.p. /
+SULAWESI UTARA
+/ approx.
+
+1140 m
+
+. alt /
+Clarks Camp area
+/
+
+10.v.1985
+
+/
+J.H. Martin
+4936A (1/2 adff, good) (
+NHML
+)
+
+.
+
+
+Unmounted material.
+Unrecorded, but slide-mounted specimens with remains of a thin waxy or glassy test.
+
+
+Slide-mounted adult female
+(
+Fig. 12
+). Body elongate oval and basically symmetrical, about 2.5 times longer than broad and rounded at both ends, length
+3.7‒4.8 mm
+, width 1.9‒2.0 mm; anal cleft about 1/7
+th
+of body length.
+
+
+Dorsum.
+All
+four specimens
+probably young as derm unsclerotised; only areas with obvious sclerotisation inner margins of stigmatic clefts; all specimens showing a differentiated narrow marginal area and a rather obscure submarginal band of areolations; with slightly denser derm associated with anal plates and possibly around each eyespot; medially, derm covered in small white (shiny) spots of what appears to be waxy material. Layout of reticulation plates vague but with marginal reticulation points as follows: 13 on head between anterior stigmatic clefts and, on each side, perhaps 5 between stigmatic clefts and 13 on abdomen. With a distinct unsclerotised ray arising from each stigmatic cleft, length of rays: anterior, each 295‒440 μm, posterior, each 210‒500 μm. Dorsal setae robust and setose, mostly slightly curved, each 12‒14 μm long, with basal socket 5‒6 μm wide; no dorsal setae appear to be raised on distinct fleshy bases; setae located in reticulation lines but scarce medially. Clear areas present as in diagnosis, but rather obscure, each surrounded by a group of preopercular pores, each pore mostly 3.0‒3.5 μm wide with a distinct border and a few dark spots medially; usually distributed in 2 groups, one anterior to and other posterior to each clear area, as follows: (anteriormost)
+CA
+1, 8‒13;
+CA
+2, 8‒13;
+CA
+3, 6‒12;
+CA
+4, 5‒7. No other dorsal pores found, but it is likely that microducts present as in other
+
+Platylecanium
+species.
+
+Anal plates 174‒188 μm long, 141‒145 μm combined width, each plate clearly longer than broad, with a pointed apex; with 4 setae all close to apex, apical setae each 21‒23 μm long, others each 8‒10 μm long; no small pores noted; underside of each plate showing nothing significant. Anogenital fold with 4 or 5 pairs of short fine setae on anterior margin, 0 fine setae along each lateral margin, plus 1 seta at posterior end of each apodeme, latter 7‒8 μm long. Anal tube about same length as anal plates; anal ring with 6 setae, length of each seta up to 230‒250 μm. Eyespots oval, located on dorsum away from margin; maximum width of each lens about 18‒20 μm.
+
+
+Margin.
+Margin not crenulated. Marginal setae fairly long and setose, each about 13‒17 μm long (mostly slightly longer than a dorsal seta) with a sharp apex; basal socket slightly narrower than that of dorsal setae; more-or-less evenly distributed around margin although occasionally with a slight concentration near a marginal reticulation point, with about 50‒55 between anterior clefts and, on each side, 21‒25 between clefts and 41‒49 on abdominal margin; marginal setae absent from outer margins of stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, each with outer margins of cleft almost touching; inner part widening and becoming quite broad, with inner margin strongly sclerotised; each cleft with 3 long, narrow, blunt stigmatic spines, with middle spine frequently shorter than lateral spines; each 25‒40 μm long. Anal cleft with margins touching along entire length.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 12.
+
+Platylecanium palmae
+Hodgson
+
+,
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, adult female.
+
+
+
+Venter.
+Multilocular disc-pores mostly with 10 loculi, present in segments
+VII
+,
+VI
+and
+V
+; with (only countable on
+holotype
+specimen) 8 and 11 on each side of
+VII
+, 18 and 20 on each side of
+VI
+and 4? and 5 on each side of
+V
+. Spiracular disc-pores, each rather small, mostly with 5 loculi, present between each spiracle and margin in a narrow band mainly 1 pore wide, with 13‒18 disc-pores in each band. Ventral microducts minute; with a concentration near labium but possibly present throughout. Ventral setae: a pair of short setae present between antennal bases; pairs of longer setae in segment
+VII
+, each about 70 μm long, and moderately long pairs in segments
+VI
+and
+V
+, each 30‒40 μm long; distribution of other setae hard to determine but submarginal setae very short, only slightly longer than width of basal socket, and very sparse. Antennae only somewhat reduced, each with a distinct scape and pedicel, a long third segment and apical 3 segments all fused; with setose setae on scape and pedicel, and with perhaps 5 fairly long fleshy setae plus 4‒6 setose setae on apical segment; total antennal length 152‒190 μm. Clypeolabral shield 117‒135 μm long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 33‒40 μm. Legs reduced, only detectable on
+holotype
+specimen, each represented by small sclerotised areas of derm, possibly representing claw.
+
+
+
+
+Comments.
+
+Platylecanium palmae
+
+
+sp. nov
+.
+
+can be quickly recognised by the following combination of character-states: (i) antennae almost fully developed; (ii) marginal setae many, distributed rather evenly around the margin; (iii) each stigmatic cleft with 3 setae, median seta often shortest; (iv) multilocular disc-pores present in posterior 3 abdominal segments (V-VII inclusive); (v) preopercular pores about equally frequent around all four clear areas, and (vi) 4 or 5 pairs of setae present on anterior margin of anal cleft. In having almost complete antennae,
+
+P. palmae
+
+is somewhat like
+
+P. coelogyne
+
+, described above, but is otherwise very different.
+
+Platylecanium palmae
+
+is currently known only from the original collection in
+Sulawesi Utara
+off a species of palm, possibly
+
+Calamus
+sp.
+
+(
+Arecaceae
+).
+
+
+Name derivation.
+The species is named after the common name used for its host plant - palm–derived from the Latin ‘
+palma
+’ for palm tree.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF12FFAA4AE48EE659477D2B.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF12FFAA4AE48EE659477D2B.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bbfb1f29b02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF12FFAA4AE48EE659477D2B.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PLATYLECANIUM
+Cockerell & Robinson, 1915
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium
+Cockerell & Robinson, 1915a: 427
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+Platilecanium
+Danzig & Konstantinova, 1990: 44
+. Misspelling of genus name.
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecarium
+Tang, 1991: 135
+
+
+, misspelling of genus name.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Type
+species:
+
+
+Platylecanium cribrigerum
+Cockerell & Robinson
+
+, by original designation.
+
+
+Generic diagnosis.
+(Features in italics of particular taxonomic significance). Belonging to the family
+Coccidae
+. Body sometimes asymmetrical; usually flat; membranous when young but becoming sclerotised at maturity; in life, probably covered in a thin glassy/waxy test.Anal cleft usually about 1/6
+th
+‒1/7
+th
+of body length.
+Dorsum
+with a sparse
+reticulate pattern of pores and setae
+, these lines of pores and setae most obvious near margin; lines extending from margin and forming reticulation plates; generally with 3 or 4 longitudinal bands of reticulation plates on each side (though this can be hard to determine due to paucity of setae and pores medially).
+With a ray of unsclerotised derm extending radially from each stigmatic cleft
+(not visible on non-mature specimens). Dorsum with various patterns of dermal ornamentation, including areolations, particularly submarginally.
+Eye spots displaced to medially on dorsum almost dorsad to scape
+(
+Fig. 1E
+). Dorsal setae usually shorter than marginal setae and each
+often raised on a membranous mound
+.
+With 4 (rarely 5) pairs of clear areas on abdomen, each usually with associated preopercular pores.
+Dorsal tubercles, pocket-like sclerotisations and tubular ducts absent. Anal plates together quadrate, with 4 fine setae near the apex: 2 near inner margin, 1 on apex and 1 near posterior margin. Anal cleft usually with 1 or 2 pairs of small setae along anterior margin and 1‒4 pairs on each lateral margin. Anal ring with 6 setae, ventral anal ring setae largest and longest.
+Margin
+with or without ornamentation, when present in the form of crenulations.
+Marginal setae finely setose and generally rather sparse, mainly positioned in groups at each reticulation point
+; often also present along outer margins of each stigmatic cleft. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, each with a narrow entrance and sides almost touching, and with innermost margins of cleft heavily sclerotised; each cleft usually with 3 stigmatic setae but more present in some species.
+Venter.
+Ventral tubular ducts absent. Preantennal pores absent.
+Multilocular disc-pores usually with 10 or 11 loculi, restricted to abdominal segments VI and VII only or V
+,
+VI and VII
+. Spiracular disc-pores small, mainly with 5 loculi, usually present in narrow bands 1 or 2 pores wide. Ventral microducts small to minute.
+Antennae usually greatly reduced
+but occasionally with up to six segments visible. Clypeolabral shield typical of
+Coccidae
+but clypeal setae absent. Spiracles small.
+Legs either absent or represented by little more than claws without digitules.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF18FFA14AE48ECB59F0789D.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF18FFA14AE48ECB59F0789D.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..425c79ab3a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF18FFA14AE48ECB59F0789D.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium citri
+Takahashi
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium citri
+Takahashi, 1942: 23
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Comments.
+
+Platylecanium citri
+
+was originally collected at
+Bangkok
+Noi,
+Thailand
+on
+
+Citrus
+
+(
+Rutaceae
+) in
+March 1940
+but does not appear to have been found since. From
+Takahashi’s (1942)
+original description, the main features characterising this species appear to be: (i) body asymmetrical and
+4 mm
+long; (ii) submarginal areolations abundant, each small and oval; (iii) antennae rudimentary (each about 40 μm long); (iv) legs absent [probably present but reduced to claws]; (v) stigmatic clefts deep, each with 3 stigmatic spines, each spine about 37 μm long, much longer than a marginal seta; (vi) margin not crenulated; (vii) marginal setae short (each about 12 μm long), setose and sparse, and (viii) anal plates each narrow and pointed, together clearly longer than wide (length about 230 μm; width of single plate about 65 μm).
+
+
+
+Platylecanium citri
+
+somewhat resembles
+
+P. faveolatum
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, described below, in having: (i) a non-crenulate margin; (ii) body less than twice as long as wide; (iii) only 3 stigmatic setae in each cleft; (iv) anal plates together longer than wide, and (v) very short antennae. However, based on Takahashi’s description,
+
+P. citri
+
+can be easily separated from
+
+P. faveolatum
+
+in having the anal plates each more than three times as long as the width of a single plate (only about twice as long on
+
+P. faveolatum
+
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF19FFA24AE48BDE59507DCF.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF19FFA24AE48BDE59507DCF.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d56a118f942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF19FFA24AE48BDE59507DCF.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium coelogyne
+Hodgson
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined
+
+
+
+
+THAILAND
+:
+
+left label:
+Thailand
+/ ex
+Coelogynae
+sp. stem / xi.10. [19]72 /
+Hawaii
+20014 /
+L.H. Tengen
+/
+Balsam
+; right label:
+Platylecanium
+/ coelogyne /
+Hodgson
+/
+Holotype
+and
+paratype
+♀♀
+(1/2 adff,
+
+Holotype
+
+specimen (here designated) smallest and marked with an arrow, other specimen a
+
+paratype
+
+(latter lacking venter) (
+USNM
+).
+
+Other
+paratypes
+
+: collection data as previous (1/2 adff,
+1 specimen
+lacking a venter) (
+USNM
+). All specimens slightly damaged and all
+paratype
+specimens heavily sclerotised. These specimens were clearly intercepted by the
+
+
+U.S.
+phytosanitary services in
+Hawaii
+
+.
+
+
+Unmounted material.
+Unknown.
+
+
+Slide-mounted adult female
+(
+Fig. 3
+). Body oval and symmetrical, length
+2.9‒3.5 mm
+, width 2.0‒3.0 mm; anal cleft quite long, about 1/5
+th
+‒1/6
+th
+of body length.
+
+
+Dorsum.
+Derm sclerotised throughout, with little sign of heavier sclerotisation apart from a little in each stigmatic cleft and along sides of anal cleft. Derm with some short, rather parallel, markings marginally and then with a complete submarginal band of areolations, each areolation quite large and roundish; rest of derm with a pattern of mainly 3‒5-sided markings with minute spots. Reticulation plates possibly in 4 longitudinal bands on each side, but reticulation lines indistinct; marginal reticulation points reasonably distinct, with 13 points on head between anterior stigmatic clefts and, on each side, with 4 between stigmatic clefts and 13 on abdomen (latter including line close to anal cleft, often difficult to distinguish). Each stigmatic cleft without an unsclerotised ray extending medially. Dorsal setae each 8‒12 µm long (much shorter than marginal setae), robustly setose, mostly slightly curved with a fine apex; each socket about 4‒5 µm wide; a few setae each raised on a distinct fleshy mound (not very obvious) with seta located on apex; setae restricted to within reticulation lines and most abundant towards margin, becoming distinctly scarce medially. Clear areas present, as in diagnosis but unusually large, each clear area surrounded by a group of preopercular pores, each pore about 4.0 µm wide (subequal to width of a setal socket) with a granulate surface and a distinct border; pores very few, distributed as follows: (anteriormost)
+CA
+1, 0;
+CA
+2, 0 or 1;
+CA
+3, 3‒6, and
+CA
+4, 3‒6. Dorsal microducts minute, each about 1 μm wide, located in an unsclerotised spot within reticulation lines. Anal plates together almost quadrate, each plate 170‒190 µm long, combined width 185‒190 µm, with anterior and posterior margins subequal in length, rounded laterally and with a rather blunt apex; anterior and posterior margins strongly sclerotised, with sclerotisation ending rather abruptly about 2/3rds along length of posterior margin, with a distinct indentation at this point; inner margin slightly wavy. Each plate with 4 setae, distributed as in diagnosis, that near apex 25‒30 µm long; each plate also with a few small pores. Anogenital fold with 2 pairs of short fine setae on anterior margin, each lateral margin possibly without setae along middle part but with a short seta at posterior end of apodeme. Eyespots slightly oval, located away from margin on dorsum; greatest width 22‒35 μm.
+
+
+Margin
+not crenulated. Marginal setae clearly longer than dorsal setae, setose, each 13‒22 μm long, with mainly 2 setae (occasionally only 1) approximately associated with each marginal reticulation point, plus a few others between reticulation points; with 25‒35 setae between anterior spiracular clefts and, each side, 8‒14 between stigmatic clefts and 22‒30 on abdomen. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, each with outer margins of cleft nearly touching; inner part of cleft quite broad, with inner margin strongly sclerotised; each cleft with 3 stigmatic spines, all very short, blunt and subequal in length, each 16‒26 μm long; margins of each cleft without setae but usually with 1 or 2 on each side of cleft opening. Anal cleft with margins touching.
+
+
+Venter.
+Multilocular disc-pores each 5‒6 μm wide, each with mainly 10 loculi, frequent on either side of genital opening and on preceding segment only; frequency not very clear but each side of segment perhaps with:
+VII
+, 16; and
+VI
+, 25‒41. Spiracular disc-pores each about 3.0‒3.5 μm wide with 5 or 6 loculi, present in a band 2 or 3 pores wide between each spiracle and margin; with at least
+45 in
+each band. Ventral microducts minute, each about 1 μm wide; distribution unknown. Ventral setae: long pregenital setae present on abdominal segments
+VI
+and
+VII
+, rather robust, those on
+VII
+each 85‒90 µm long, those on
+VI
+each 58‒65 μm long, plus a few others each 28‒30 μm long; setae sparse elsewhere but smaller submarginally that medially. Antennae only slightly reduced, segmentation not very clear; each antenna with at least 4 or 5 segments but with normal 3 apical segments fused; with perhaps 2 small setae on scape, a campaniform pore on pedicel and possibly 5 fleshy setae and perhaps 4 setose setae on apical segment; total antennal length 150‒163 μm. Clypeolabral shield 160‒170 μm long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 35‒43 μm. Legs minute, each more-or-less reduced to a claw with no digitules; only prothoracic leg detected with certainty.
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 3.
+
+Platylecanium coelogyne
+Hodgson
+
+,
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, adult female.
+
+
+
+
+Comments.
+
+Platylecanium coelogyne
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+is characterised by having the following combination of character-states: (i) moderately developed antennae showing distinct segmentation; (ii) each stigmatic cleft with three short, blunt stigmatic spines, all subequal in length; (iii) absence of unsclerotised rays extending medially from each stigmatic cleft; (iv) margin not crenulated; (v) marginal setae longer than dorsal setae and rather abundant; (vi) anal plates about as long as their combined widths; (vii) sclerotisation along posterior margin of each anal plate stopping abruptly at a notch in the posterior margin; (viii) preopercular pores very few, almost entirely restricted to posterior two clear areas; (ix) legs present but reduced to just claws, and (x) spiracular disc-pores in bands 2 or 3 pores wide.
+
+
+The presence of: (i) moderately developed antennae showing distinct segmentation, (ii) very short, blunt stigmatic setae, and (iii) absence of unsclerotised rays extending medially from each stigmatic cleft immediately separates
+
+P. coelogyne
+
+from all other known
+
+Platylecanium
+species.
+
+
+Platylecanium coelogyne
+
+is currently only known from this interception in Hawaii on the orchid
+
+Coelogyne
+
+sp., imported from
+Thailand
+.
+
+
+Name derivation.
+The species name
+
+coelogyne
+
+(a noun in apposition) is after the orchid host-plant genus on which it was collected,
+
+Coelogyne
+Lindl.
+
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF1BFFA44AE4899F58237A8B.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF1BFFA44AE4899F58237A8B.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..20bd349db1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF1BFFA44AE4899F58237A8B.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium cribrigerum
+(Cockerell & Robinson)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Neolecanium cribrigerum
+Cockerell & Robinson, 1915: 110
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium cribrigerum
+(Cockerell & Robinson, 1915)
+
+;
+
+Cockerell & Robinson 1915a: 427
+
+. Change of combination.
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined
+
+
+
+Part of
+type
+material:
+PHILIPPINES
+
+:
+Platylecanium
+/
+Neolecanium
+/ cribrigerum / Philippines / Part of
+type
+. Ckll., plus a small label: Ehrhorn Collection (1/1 adf, barely stained, poor, missing half of abdomen and much of venter) (
+USNM
+).
+
+
+Also studied previously
+(see
+Hodgson, 1994
+):
+
+PHILIPPINES
+
+, Los Banos, ex
+
+Piper loheri
+
+(
+Piperaceae
+), no date, C.F. Baker (1/1 adf, about a quarter of a specimen) (
+USNM
+).
+Also
+1 slide with
+two specimens
+, labelled:
+
+TYPE
+
+,
+
+Neolecanium cribrigerum
+
+C &
+R
+, Genotype of
+
+Platylecanium
+
+C &
+R
+, donated C.D.A. Cockerell (
+NHML
+: 1/2 adff); plus another slide labelled:
+
+TYPE
+
+,
+
+Neolecanium cribrigerum
+
+C &
+R
+(
+NHML
+(1931.2030): 1/1 adf).
+
+
+
+
+Note.
+The following description is taken as far as possible from the single slide studied here but, where structures are absent (i.e., on venter), the details are taken from
+Hodgson (1994)
+. All measurements given in brackets are from
+Hodgson (1994)
+.
+
+
+
+
+Unmounted material.
+“Female perfectly flat, broad oval, about
+4.25 mm
+long and
+3.55 mm
+broad; no glassy or waxy covering; rich red-brown” (
+Cockerell & Robinson 1915a
+).
+
+
+Slide-mounted adult female
+(
+Fig. 4
+). Body oval, quite broad and rounded at both ends, length 4.4 (3.5‒4.2) mm, width 3.3 (2.8‒4.0) mm; anal cleft about 1/6
+th
+of body length.
+
+
+Dorsum.
+Derm fairly-uniformly sclerotised but palest near margin; with a distinct complete paler inner submarginal band of quite large areolations plus a vague outer marginal band of smaller areolations; derm slightly denser around anal plates, around each clear area and around each eyespot; derm showing no variation in sclerotisation relating to reticulation plates. Layout of reticulation plates rather vague but probably with 3 longitudinal bands on each side; marginal reticulation points reasonably distinct, with 13 on head between anterior stigmatic clefts and, on each side, 4 between clefts and possibly 12 on abdomen (latter including reticulation line close to anal cleft). With a distinct unsclerotised ray extending radially from each stigmatic cleft, ray lengths: anterior each 77‒95 μm, posterior each 62‒100 μm. Dorsal setae each 6‒8 (8‒10) μm long (only slightly shorter than marginal setae), setose, mostly distinctly curved, each in a socket about 5 μm wide (wider than sockets of marginal setae), mostly raised on a distinct fleshy base, particularly submedially, with seta located on apex; setae frequent in reticulation lines near margins, becoming less frequent medially. Clear areas distributed as in diagnosis, each surrounded by a group of preopercular pores; each pore about 3‒4 μm wide, slightly larger than a dorsal microduct, with a more distinct border (also possibly convex), distributed as follows: (anteriormost)
+CA
+1, 0 or 1;
+CA
+2, 7‒9;
+CA
+3, 10 or 11;
+CA
+4, 10 or 11. Dorsal microducts represented by unsclerotised spots in derm, each about 1‒2 μm wide, forming (with dorsal setae) a distinct reticulate pattern but microducts more randomly distributed than dorsal setae. Anal plates each 163‒185 (147‒158) μm long, combined width 172 μm (single plate 71‒84 (75‒85) μm wide); together almost quadrate, each with anterior and posterior margins almost equal in length or with posterior margin slightly longer, and with apex rather rounded to pointed. Each plate with 4 setae as in diagnosis, all missing; also with 2 or 3 small pores medially; underside of each plate without a cleft on inner margin. Anogenital fold with 2 pairs of short fine setae on anterior margin, 2 or 3 pairs of fine setae along each lateral margin plus 1 seta at posterior end of apodeme. Anal ring bearing 6 setae, located at end of long anal tube, each about 1.5 times as long as anal plates.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 4.
+
+Platylecanium cribrigerum
+(Cockerell & Robinson)
+
+, adult female.
+
+
+
+Margin.
+Margin not crenulated. Marginal setae all short, each about 8‒10 (6‒10) μm long (subequal to or slightly longer than a dorsal seta), finely setose and usually slightly bent, with 1‒3 close to each marginal reticulation point; with about 10‒14 on each side between stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, each with outer margins almost touching; inner part of cleft widening and becoming quite broad, with inner margin strongly sclerotised; each with 3 or 4 long, narrow, blunt stigmatic spines, each 33‒60 μm long. Cleft margins each usually with 1‒3 marginal setae. Anal cleft with margins touching along entire length. Eyespots oval, located away from margin on dorsum, almost dorsad to scape; each about 33 x 23 (32‒34) μm wide.
+
+
+Venter.
+Multilocular disc-pores, each about 5-6 μm wide, mainly with 10 loculi, present in segments
+VII
+and
+VI
+only, frequency on each side as follows:
+VII
+, about 22, and
+VI
+, about 18. Spiracular disc-pores, each with mainly 5 loculi, present in a narrow band mainly 1 pore wide between each spiracle and margin, with 20‒26 disc-pores in each anterior band and
+28‒39 in
+each posterior band. Ventral microducts minute; distribution unclear. Ventral setae: a pair of short setae present between antennae; a pair of longer setae present on abdominal segment
+VII
+and rather a shorter pair on
+VI
+; otherwise, setae very fine, minute and scarce. Antennae very reduced, each consisting of a narrow scape, with remaining segments fused; scape with no setae and remaining setae all situated near apex; total antennal length 58 (49‒58) μm. Clypeolabral shield about 112 μm long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 35 (35‒42) μm. Legs minute, each more-or-less reduced to a claw but possibly sometimes absent; digitules not visible.
+
+
+
+
+Comments.
+All of the available material is in very poor condition but the species is perhaps recognisable by the following combination of character-states: (i) body broadly oval; (ii) anal plates together about as long as combined width; (iii) underside of each anal plate without a deep cleft on inner margin; (iv) margin not crenulated; (v) marginal and dorsal setae very similar in size; (vi) preopercular pores fairly easily distinguishable from dorsal simple pores; (vii) preopercular pores associated with CA1 very few or absent; (viii) each stigmatic cleft with 3 or 4 long, narrow stigmatic spines; (ix) each stigmatic cleft with 1‒3 marginal setae along outer margin; (x) multilocular disc-pores restricted to abdominal segments VI and VII; (xi) legs each reduced to just a claw or absent, and (xii) antennae very reduced, consisting of a narrow scape, with all other segments fused.
+
+
+In having: (i) a non-crenulated margin; (ii) much reduced antennae; (iii) usually 3 stigmatic setae in each stigmatic cleft, and (iv) body less than twice as long as broad,
+
+P. cribrigerum
+
+is perhaps closest to
+
+P. citri
+
+, and
+
+P. faveolatum
+
+(described as new below).
+
+Platylecanium cribrigerum
+
+differs from
+
+P. citri
+
+in having each anal plate 145‒185 μm long and 71‒85 μm wide, whereas each anal plate of
+
+P. citri
+
+is longer and narrower - about 230 μm long and 65 μm wide (
+Takahashi 1942
+).
+
+Platylecanium cribrigerum
+
+differs from
+
+P. faveolatum
+
+in having: (i) multilocular disc-pores each with 10 loculi (only 6 or 7 loculi in
+
+P. faveolatum
+
+) and (ii) few preopercular pores, mainly associated with the posteriormost pairs of clear areas, whereas
+
+P. faveolatum
+
+has many preopercular pores associated with all four pairs of clear areas.
+
+Platylecanium cribrigerum
+
+is also similar to
+
+P. sarawakense
+
+, described as new below, but the latter species has: (i) a crenulated margin and possibly (ii) many more multilocular disc-pores in abdominal segment VI.
+
+
+
+Platylecanium cribrigerum
+
+does not appear to have been recorded since the original collection and is currently only known from Los Baños,
+Philippines
+, off
+
+Piper loheri
+
+(
+Piperaceae
+). Interestingly, the only other
+
+Platylecanium
+
+to have been found on
+
+Piper
+sp.
+
+to-date is
+
+P. faveolatum
+.
+
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF1DFFB94AE48D5B5FFB7F9F.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF1DFFB94AE48D5B5FFB7F9F.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c18acc653e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF1DFFB94AE48D5B5FFB7F9F.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium cyperi
+Takahashi
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium cyperi
+Takahashi, 1950: 59
+
+
+;
+
+Hodgson 2023: 558
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined
+
+
+
+
+Lectotype
+and
+paralectotypes
+
+:
+
+MALAYSIA
+:
+
+upper label:
+Host
+- /
+Cyperus
+[with an additional little round label stating Type, and another oblong label stating: Pres. by / Comm. Inst. Ent. / B.M. 1953‒812]; bottom label: Platy- / lecanium / cyperi /
+Takahashi
+/
+
+2.iv.1943
+
+/
+Kuala
+/
+Lumpur
+/
+R
+
+.
+
+Takahashi
+(1/3 adff, all mature and heavily stained, all in fair condition) (
+NHML
+)
+
+.
+
+
+Other
+
+
+paralectotypes
+
+as previous (1/6 adff,
+NHML
+). Almost all specimens have some damage to the venter and most specimens with well-developed nymphs inside
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Note.
+Data taken from
+5 specimens
+, not always the same five, depending on whether a structure was visible. Description is basically similar to that of
+Hodgson (2023)
+.
+
+
+
+
+Unmounted material.
+“Dark yellowish brown when dry. Body elliptic or elongate oval, flattened, not pointed at both ends, strongly sclerotized” (
+Takahashi 1950
+).
+
+
+
+FIGURE 5.
+
+Platylecanium cyperi
+Takahashi
+
+, adult female, where A = clear area.
+
+
+
+Slide-mounted adult female
+(
+Fig. 5
+). Body elongate-oval, large, 6.0–7.0 mm long, 2.3–3.0 mm wide; anal cleft possibly fused, about 1/6
+th
+of body length; stigmatic clefts distinct.
+
+
+Dorsum.
+Derm apparently quite thick (heavily stained) apart from an unstained fingerlike membranous ray extending medially from each stigmatic cleft (each about 750–800 µm long). Derm without any distinct sclerotisation around anal plates, but with a strong, rather deep sclerotisation at base of each stigmatic cleft. Dorsal areolations arranged as follows: small pale cell-like areas visible at high magnification (see
+Fig. 5
+) in a broad submarginal band 250–650 µm wide, arranged in radial lines or blocks; also in a line on each side of anal plates. Derm with reticulation plates arranged in rows along body, with 7 (8?) longitudinal rows of reticulation plates across dorsµm, and perhaps 11 reticulation plates in a medial line between anal plates and anterior margin; with 52 around entire margin. Margin with 13 marginal reticulation points between anterior stigmatic clefts and, on each side, 4 between stigmatic clefts and 13 on abdomen. Positions of dorsal setae and pores usually only indicated by pale areas in derm but, when visible, dorsal setae small, possibly parallel-sided and rather blunt, each about 5–6 µm long, about 1.5x width of setal socket; frequent; representing main delineator of reticulate pattern. Clear areas (
+Fig. 5A
+): with 4 on each side, each apparently lacking preopercular pores. Dorsal pores probably all microducts, each minute, frequent along reticulation lines but more randomly distributed than dorsal setae. Anal plates longer than their combined widths, 195–210 µm long, combined widths 140–160 µm; all anal plate margins fairly straight; setal distribution unclear but probably with at least 2 short setae on each inner margin near apex, each 5–7 µm long, plus a similar apical seta; also with 1 or 2 small pores on dorsal surface.Anogenital fold with 1 pair (
+one specimen
+with 2 pairs) of very short setae on anterior margin, each about 3 µm long; plus another short seta about half-way along each lateral margin. Anal tube quite long; anal ring bearing perhaps 3 pairs of setae. Eyespots about 30 µm wide, situated away from margin, about halfway to a point dorsad to each scape.
+
+
+Margin
+not crenulated. Marginal setae finely setose and short, each 15-20 μm long*, mostly curved posteriorly; rather sparse, often in groups of 2 or 3 near each marginal reticulation point, with 48–55 between anterior stigmatic clefts and, on each side, 18–25 setae between clefts and 39–44 on abdomen. Stigmatic clefts each about 75-85 μm deep, narrow near margin but broadening inwardly, each outer margin of cleft with 1 or 2 marginal setae; base of each cleft heavily sclerotised, each sclerotisation about 40–50 μm deep; each cleft with 3 stout spinose setae, each parallel sided with a blunt apex; median spine usually longest but often all subequal, each 40–65 μm long. Anal cleft possibly fused.
+
+
+Venter.
+Derm entirely membranous. Multilocular disc-pores, each 6–7 μm wide with 10–12 outer loculi, restricted to dense groups on abdominal segments
+VII
+and
+VI
+, with 25–29 on either side of segment
+VII
+and 8‒12 medially in segment
+VI
+, plus groups of 24‒38 extending posteriorly. Spiracular disc-pores, each about 3 μm wide, with 5 or 6 loculi, present in narrow bands 1–3 pores wide between each spiracle and margin, with perhaps
+13–28 in
+each band; with none apparently extending medially over spiracles. Ventral microducts minute, each perhaps 0.7 μm wide; distribution uncertain, possibly present throughout. Ventral setae sparse; pairs of long setae present medially in segment
+VII
+only, each seta about 30–35 μm long; inter-antennal setae apparently absent.Antennae very reduced, each 45–60 μm long with segmentation obscure, and setae restricted to apical three segments. Clypeolabral shield small, about 105–130 μm long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 45–55 μm. Legs apparently entirely absent.
+
+
+*
+Note
+that the lengths for the marginal setae given in
+Hodgson (2023)
+are incorrect.
+
+
+
+
+Comments.
+Whilst the material studied here was in poor condition, adult female
+
+P. cyperi
+
+can be diagnosed based on the following combination of character-states: (i) body elongate, rounded at both ends; (ii) dorsum with a distinct band of areolations submarginally; (iii) anal plates more than 2 times longer than width of a single plate; (iv) each anal plate without a cleft on underside of inner margin; (v) margin not crenulated; (vi) marginal setae much longer than dorsal setae; (vii) preopercular pores apparently absent; (viii) each stigmatic cleft with 3 long, narrow stigmatic spines, not nearly reaching margin; (ix) each stigmatic cleft with 1 or 2 marginal setae along outer margin; (x) multilocular disc-pores restricted to abdominal segments VII and VI; (xi) legs apparently absent, and (xii) antennae very reduced, with setae on only apical three segments.
+
+
+In having: (i) a non-crenulated margin; (ii) body more than 2 times longer than broad; (iii) only 3 long stigmatic spines in each cleft, and (iv) short antennae,
+
+P. cyperi
+
+is somewhat like
+
+P. dendrobii
+,
+
+described as new below, but it (i) apparently lacks preopecular pores (present on
+
+P. dendrobii
+
+); (ii) has many more marginal setae–usually 2 associated with each reticulation point (
+
+P. dendrobii
+
+only has 1 associated with each reticulation point); (iii) the stigmatic spines do not extend out of the stigmatic cleft (median stigmatic spine extends out to margin in
+
+P. dendrobii
+
+), and (iv) the dorsal areolations are differently arranged (compare
+Figs 5
+&
+6
+).
+
+
+
+Platylecanium cyperi
+
+is currently only known from
+Malaysia
+off
+
+Cyperus
+sp.
+
+(
+Cyperaceae
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF31FF884AE488BF5A9F7898.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF31FF884AE488BF5A9F7898.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0ed5b0bcad3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF31FF884AE488BF5A9F7898.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium riouwense
+Takahashi
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium riouwense
+Takahashi, 1951: 104
+
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium riouwanse
+Takahashi
+
+;
+
+Joshi & Firake 2019: 7
+
+. Misspelling of species epithet.
+
+
+
+
+
+Comments.
+
+Platylecanium riouwense
+
+, from the Riau (Riouw) Is in the
+Philippines
+, was only briefly described and illustrated by
+Takahashi (1951)
+, who did not indicate the host. It does not appear to have been collected since. From the description, it seems extremely likely that the venter was missing as no details are given of ventral structures and only 1 incomplete specimen exists. The key character-states that can be gleaned from his description are: (i) body elongate,
+2.6 mm
+long, about 2.2 times longer than broad; (ii) margin not crenulated (“simple”); (iii) dorsum with faint, large areolations submarginally; (iv) clear areas present, but perhaps only posterior 3 pairs; (v) stigmatic clefts small, each with 3 stigmatic spines; (vi) stigmatic spines slender and blunt, not reaching margin; (vii) marginal setae short, fine and curved, much shorter than stigmatic spines; (viii) marginal setae few, perhaps with only 6 on each side between stigmatic clefts; (ix) anal plates about 2.5 times longer than width of a single plate, each with a blunt apex, and (x) each anal plate with posterior margin convex and subequal in length or slightly shorter than anterior margin.
+
+
+It is unfortunate that no characters on the venter were described by Takahashi. However, in having an elongate body, more than twice as long as wide,
+
+P. riouwense
+
+somewhat resembles
+
+P. asymmetricum
+,
+P. cyperi
+
+,
+
+P. dendrobii
+
+and
+
+P. palmae
+
+(the latter two species are described as new above). However,
+
+P. riouwense
+
+apparently differs from
+
+P. asymmetricum
+
+in having (i) a non-crenulate margin (the margin of
+
+P. asymmetricum
+
+is crenulated) and (ii) no cleft on on inner margin on underside of anal plate.
+
+Platylecanium riouwense
+
+differs from the other three species in having the anterior and posterior margins of the anal plates subequal in length or posterior margin shorter than the anterior margin, and each plate with a blunt apex (the other three species have anal plates with the posterior margins clearly longer than anterior margins, and each plate has a pointed apex).
+
+Platylecanium riouwense
+
+also differs from
+
+P. palmae
+
+in having few marginal setae (about 6) on each side between the stigmatic clefts (more than 20 on
+
+P. palmae
+
+), and in having large areolations (small in
+
+P. palmae
+
+). It also differs from
+
+P. dendrobii
+
+in having the body rounded at both ends (clearly not rounded on
+
+P. dendrobii
+
+), and probably differs from
+
+P. cyperi
+
+in the arrangement of the dorsal areolations.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF32FF8C4AE48BDE5AC97A33.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF32FF8C4AE48BDE5AC97A33.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fbf9ef1acb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF32FF8C4AE48BDE5AC97A33.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium sarawakense
+Hodgson
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined
+
+
+Type material:
+
+
+SARAWAK
+:
+
+left label:
+Platylecanium
+/ sarawakense /
+Hodgson
+/
+
+Holotype
+
+/ and
+
+paratype
+
+/reddish in life; right label: host indet., upper / surface of leaves /
+SARAWAK
+/
+Gunung
+/
+Mulu Nat. Park
+, /
+5g
+.
+Melinau
+,
+Camp
+5 /
+
+1.iii.1989
+
+/
+J.H. Martin
+5450 (1/2 adff, good,
+
+holotype
+
+specimen on right, next to locality label) (
+NHML
+).
+
+
+
+Non-type specimens
+:
+
+SARAWAK
+
+: left label:
+
+SARAWAK
+/
+Sibute
+,
+Piper nigrum
+/ C.
+R
+
+.
+
+Wallace
+/
+
+1.xii.1961
+
+1942 / C.I.E. C 486; right label:
+Platylecanium
+/ sarawakense /
+Hodgson
+(3/6 adff in fair condition but covered in a lot of white wax-like test and with much fungal hyphae; asymmetrical) (
+NHML
+)
+
+.
+
+
+BRUNEI
+
+: left label:
+Platylecanium
+/ sarawakense /
+Hodgson
+; right label
+
+:
+
+
+BRUNEI
+
+,
+Salapon
+/
+
+vi. 1974
+
+on /
+Piper nigrum
+/
+No.
+875 /
+D.J. McCrae
+/ CIE A7471 (2/3 adff, fairly good, symmetrical but with a lot of waxy test still present and attacked by fungi) (
+NHML
+)
+
+.
+
+
+Note.
+The
+two type
+specimens (
+Fig. 13
+) are basically symmetrical but the
+non-type specimens
+from Sibute (
+Fig. 14
+) are strongly asymmetrical. The description is made from the
+type
+specimens, with data for non-type Gunung specimens given in brackets where different.
+
+
+Unmounted material.
+Apparently reddish in life; non-type specimens with a thin whitish waxy test.
+
+
+Slide-mounted adult female
+(
+Figs 13
+&
+14
+). Body oval and basically symmetrical (strongly asymmetrical), rounded at both ends, length 4.4‒4.5 (3.0‒4.8) mm, width 2.6‒3.2 (1.7‒2.9) mm; anal cleft about 1/7
+th
+of body length.
+
+
+Dorsum.
+Derm unsclerotised and therefore specimens relatively young; inner margins of stigmatic clefts only areas with obvious sclerotisation; all specimens showing a narrow margin and then a rather obscure submarginal band of areolations (latter not visible); with slightly denser derm around anal plate and possibly around each eyespot. Layout of reticulation plates not easily determined but marginal reticulation points as follows: with 13 between anterior stigmatic clefts and, on each side, 4 between stigmatic clefts and 13 on abdomen. Unsclerotised stigmatic ray arising from each stigmatic cleft indistinct; length of rays: anterior each 275‒420 (210‒465) μm, posterior each 340‒420 (?‒465) μm. Dorsal setae robust and setose, generally curved, each 6‒8 μm long, with a basal socket about 3.0 (4.0) μm wide, socket only slightly larger or subequal to that of a marginal seta (clearly larger); no dorsal setae appear to be raised on distinct fleshy bases; setae located in reticulation lines but scarcer medially. Clear areas present as in diagnosis, but rather obscure, posterior 2 or 3 (1‒3) clear areas each surrounded by group of preopercular pores, each pore mostly 3‒4 (4‒5) μm wide - subequal to width of dorsal setal basal socket, each with a distinct border and a few dark markings medially; pores usually distributed in two groups, one anterior to and other posterior to each clear area as follows: (anteriormost)
+CA
+1, 0 (0‒2);
+CA
+2, 1 or 2 (7‒14);
+CA
+3, 4‒6 (11‒18);
+CA
+4, 8‒11 (9‒18). Microducts represented by pale spots within the reticulate pattern with dorsal setae. Anal plates combined width 147‒164 (134‒143) μm, each plate clearly longer than broad, 235‒244 (176‒206) μm long, with a pointed apex; with 4 setae all close to apex, all setae 6‒8 μm long; no small pores noted; underside of each plate with a darker half-moon-shaped area along inner margin; without a deep cleft underneath on inner margin. Anogenital fold usually with 1 pair of short fine setae on anterior margin, 1‒3 (1 or 2) fine setae along each lateral margin plus a seta at posterior end of each apodeme, latter 7 (8‒10) μm long. Anal ring located at end of a long anal tube about same length as anal plates, with 6 setae; length of each anal ring seta up to 250 (230) μm. Eyespots each oval, located away from margin on dorsum; maximum width of each lens about 40 μm.
+
+
+Margin.
+Margin crenulated. Marginal setae fairly long and setose, each about 12‒17 (15‒18) μm long (approximately twice as long as a dorsal seta) with a sharp apex; basal socket subequal to that of a dorsal seta; distribution almost entirely restricted to marginal reticulation points, each point usually with 1 or 2 setae (rarely 0 or 3); and with a slight concentration of setae near each stigmatic cleft; with 30 or 31 (22‒34) setae anteriorly between stigmatic clefts, and, on each side, 10‒14 (8‒16) setae between stigmatic clefts and 25‒29 (18‒29) on abdomen. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, each with outer margins of cleft almost touching; inner part widening and becoming quite broad, with inner margin strongly sclerotised; each cleft with 3 long, blunt stigmatic spines, middle spine normally significantly longer than lateral spines, not nearly extending out to margin; each median spine 50‒78 (26‒37) μm long, lateral spines each 33‒55 (18‒32) μm long. Inner cleft margins with or without setae. Anal cleft with margins touching along entire length.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 13.
+
+Platylecanium sarawakense
+Hodgson
+
+,
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, symmetrical adult female.
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 14.
+
+Platylecanium sarawakense
+Hodgson
+
+,
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, asymmetrical adult female.
+
+
+
+Venter.
+Multilocular disc-pores each mostly with 10 loculi, present in abdominal segments
+VII
+and
+VI
+; with 21‒25 (27‒34) on each side of
+VII
+, and 33‒40 (31‒42) on each side of
+VI
+. Spiracular disc-pores, each rather small, mostly with 5 loculi, present between each spiracle and margin in a narrow band mainly 1 pore wide, with 16‒25 (6‒29) disc-pores in each anterior band and 22‒30 (8‒33) disc pores in each posterior band. Ventral microducts minute; probably present throughout. Ventral setae: a pair of long setae in segment
+VII
+, each about 75‒80 (46‒77) μm long, and a pair of shorter setae in
+VI
+, each 16‒25 μm long, setae becoming shorter more anteriorly and laterally; submarginal setae very short, only slightly longer than width of basal socket, very sparse. Antennae very reduced, each more-or-less one segmented with just a hint of scape; with setae only near apex; total antennal length 48‒58 (45‒53) μm. Clypeolabral shield 113‒120 (105‒122) μm long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 33‒37 (31‒35) μm. Legs only represented by small claws, sometimes impossible to locate.
+
+
+
+
+Comments.
+
+Platylecanium sarawakense
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+is recognisable by the following combination of character-states: (i) roundly oval body shape; (ii) margin clearly crenulated; (iii) marginal setae almost entirely restricted to marginal reticulation points; (iv) dorsal setae about half length of marginal setae; (v) anal plates slightly longer than combined width, each plate with an acute apex; (vi) underside of each anal plate with a crescent-shaped sclerotisation along inner margin; (vii) preopercular pores absent (or rare) on anteriormost clear areas; (viii) each stigmatic cleft with 3 spinose setae; (ix) multilocular disc-pores rather more abundant than on many species; (x) legs reduced to just claws without digitules, and (xi) antennae very reduced.
+
+Although at first sight the specimens from Gunung and Sibute appear to be very different due to the asymmetry of the latter, all the above characters apply to both collections. The asymmetry of the latter is particularly obvious when looking at the number of spiracular disc-pores in each disc-pore row, with as few as 6 on one side and up to 29 on the other. As discussed above, it is here considered that asymmetry in soft scale insects is associated with the site where the nymphs settled and should not be considered as a character-state for separating species.
+
+In having: (i) a crenulate margin; (ii) very reduced antennae; (iii) only three stigmatic spines in each cleft, and (iv) multilocular disc-pores only in abdominal segments VI and VI,
+
+P. sarawakense
+
+is very similar to
+
+P. asymmetricum
+
+and
+
+P. mesuae
+.
+
+It differs from
+
+P. asymmetricum
+
+in lacking the deep cleft under the inner margins of each anal plate, and from
+
+P. mesuae
+
+in having the anal plate apodemes clearly separate along their entire length (they are fused anteriorly in
+
+P. mesuae
+
+).
+
+Platylecanium sarawakense
+
+is also very similar to
+
+P. cribrigerum
+
+but the latter (i) lacks crenulations along the margin (crenulated on
+
+P sarawakense
+
+) (ii) the anal plates are almost as long as their combined widths, each with a blunt or rounded apex width (much longer on
+
+P. sarawakense
+
+and with a pointed apex), and
+
+P. cribrigerum
+
+has few multilocular disc-pores in abdominal segment VI (many more on
+
+P. sarawakense
+
+).
+
+Platylecanium sarawakense
+
+is also somewhat similar to
+
+P. watsoniae
+
+, described as new below–see under that species for comparison. The new species is currently only known from
+Sarawak
+and
+Brunei
+on the island of Borneo off
+Piperaceae
+and an unknown host.
+
+
+Name derivation.
+The species is named after the country on the island of Borneo from which most of the above specimens originated–
+Sarawak
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF35FF814AE48EF65A407EE7.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF35FF814AE48EF65A407EE7.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bf99b65961f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF35FF814AE48EF65A407EE7.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium vanda
+Hodgson
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined
+
+
+Type material:
+
+
+THAILAND
+:
+
+left label:
+Platylecanium
+/ on
+Vanda
+coerulea /
+Bangkok
+,
+Siam
+at S.F. /
+Various
+colrs /
+
+Apr. 19, 1948
+
+/
+San Francisco
+24962; right label:
+Platylecanium
+/ vanda /
+Hodgson
+/
+
+holotype
+
+/
+paratype
+ad
+♀♀
+(3 young adf, plus 2 x second-instar
+♀
+nymphs:
+
+holotype
+
+: right-hand specimen, marked with a black line, furthest from label;
+other specimens
+here designated
+
+paratypes
+,
+
+good) (
+USNM
+)
+
+.
+
+
+Other
+paratypes
+
+: THAILAND: left label:
+Platylecanium
+/ on Vanda coerulea / Siam at
+D.C.
+/
+Lumsden
+&
+Adamas
+coll. /
+
+Jan. 20, 1939
+
+/ EQ# 65825; right label:
+Platylecanium
+/ vanda / Hodgson /
+paratype
+♀♀
+(1/
+3 specimens
+:
+1 immature
+adf + 2 x second-instar
+♀
+nymphs: good) (
+USNM
+)
+
+.
+
+Also
+THAILAND: left label:
+Platylecanium
+/ sp. / on
+Vanda
+coerulea /
+Bangkok
+,
+Siam
+at S.F. /
+
+Aug. 27, 1948
+
+/
+San Fransico
+25262; right label:
+Platylecanium
+/ vanda /
+Hodgson
+/
+paratype
+♀♀
+(1/5 adff -
+1 immature
+and 4 mature adf, good) (
+USNM
+)
+
+.
+
+
+
+Other, non-type, material:
+THAILAND
+
+, on
+Orchidaceae
+leaf,
+11.viii.1975
+, JFK 1A20371, W. Adams (1/1 mature adf, fair) (
+USNM
+).
+THAILAND
+, on leaf of
+
+Ascocentrum
+sp.
+
+(
+Orchidaceae
+),
+16.viii.1979
+, Miami 21476, E.B. Lee (1/3 adf, good) (
+USNM
+).
+THAILAND
+, on
+Vanda
+sp. (
+Orchidaceae
+),
+17 Mar. 1954
+, B.P. Stewart, Miami 3042 (1/1 adf, 2 x second-instar males and 1 x second-instar
+♀
+nymphs; good) (
+USNM
+).
+THAILAND
+(
+Siam
+), at D.C., on
+Vanda coerulea
+leaf,
+31 Mar. 1939
+, H.L. Sanford, Coll. # 63648 (1/3 adf, fair) (
+USNM
+).
+
+INDIA
+
+, ex
+Vanda
+sp. leaf,
+12.1.1971
+, B.
+R
+. Dozier, Miami # 2506 (1/1 adf + 2 x second-instar female nymphs, good) (
+USNM
+).
+
+
+
+FIGURE 15.
+
+Platylecanium vanda
+Hodgson
+
+,
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, adult female.
+
+
+
+Note:
+
+all of the above material was intercepted on entry into the
+U.S.A.
+The
+description is taken mainly from the
+type
+series
+
+.
+
+
+Unmounted material.
+Unrecorded but some mounted specimens with remains of a thin waxy, glassy test.
+
+
+Slide-mounted adult female
+(
+Fig. 15
+). Body oval and symmetrical, quite broad and rounded at both ends, length 2.0‒
+4.3 mm
+, width
+1.5‒3.3 mm
+; anal cleft about 1/7
+th
+of body length.
+
+
+Dorsum.
+Derm unsclerotised when young, becoming fairly uniformly sclerotised at maturity but generally palest near margin and most heavily sclerotised medially; a band of areolations present submarginally but often indistinct; with slightly denser derm associated with anal plates, around each clear area and around each eyespot; derm showing no specific variations in sclerotisation in relation to reticulation plates; each stigmatic cleft with a strongly sclerotised inner margin. Layout of reticulation plates rather vague but probably with 4 longitudinal bands on each side. Marginal reticulation points: with 13 between anterior stigmatic cleft and, on each side, 4 between stigmatic clefts and 13 on abdomen (including that along each anal cleft margin). Unsclerotised ray arising from each stigmatic cleft distinct on mature specimen; length of each ray: 500‒750 μm. Dorsal setae robust, each 8‒12 μm long, with a wide basal socket 5‒6 μm wide (socket clearly larger than that of a marginal seta), mostly distinctly curved with a blunt apex; on mature specimens, setae only occasionally slightly raised on a distinct fleshy base, with seta located on apex; setae common in reticulation lines but scarcer medially. Clear areas present as in diagnosis, each surrounded by a group of preopercular pores, each mostly 4.5‒5.0 μm wide (distinctly larger than a dorsal microducts) but a few as large as 8.0 μm wide; each pore with a distinct border and a few dark spots medially; distributed as follows: (anteriormost)
+CA
+1, 2‒15;
+CA
+2, 7‒16;
+CA
+3, 9‒16;
+CA
+4, 7‒16. Dorsal microducts each represented on mature specimens by a clear area in derm, each 2‒3 μm wide, possibly with a short inner ductule; present in a distinct reticulate pattern along with dorsal setae. Anal plates each 176‒210 μm long and 130‒168 μm wide, clearly longer than broad, with a pointed apex; each plate with 4 setae, distributed as in diagnosis; underside of each plate with a distinctly wrinkled posterior margin, and some thickening along inner margin but with no cleft underneath about half-way along inner margin. Anogenital fold with 2 pairs of short fine setae on anterior margin, 2 or 3 pairs of fine setae along each lateral margin plus a seta at posterior end of each apodeme, 8‒16 μm long. Anal ring with 6 setae, located at end of an anal tube about same length as anal plates; length of anal ring setae each up to 270 μm. Eyespots oval, located on dorsum away from margin, almost dorsad to scape; width of each lens about 17 μm in a socket 20‒40 x 17‒40 μm wide.
+
+
+Margin.
+Margin not crenulated. Marginal setae all short, each about 14‒17 μm long (subequal to or slightly longer than a dorsal seta), seta perhaps slightly narrower than dorsal setae but also with a blunt (or slightly capitate) apex; basal-socket also slightly smaller than that of a dorsal seta, with 0 or 1 approximately associated with each marginal reticulation point, each side with a total of about 10‒15 setae (not including those in each cleft). Stigmatic clefts quite deep, with outer margins of cleft almost touching; inner part of cleft widening and becoming quite broad, with inner margin strongly sclerotised; each cleft with 4‒7 long, narrow, blunt stigmatic spines, each 16‒75 μm long, shortest spines located laterally when 7 spines present; cleft margins each usually with 1‒3 marginal setae. Anal cleft with margins touching along entire length.
+
+
+Venter.
+Multilocular disc-pores mostly with 10 loculi, present in segments
+VII
+and
+VI
+only, with 10‒17 on each side of
+VII
+and 15‒21 on each side of
+VI
+. Spiracular disc-pores, each rather small, mostly with 5 loculi, present in a narrow band mainly 1 pore wide between each spiracle and margin, with 18‒29 disc-pores in each band. Ventral microducts minute; distribution uncertain. Ventral setae: a pair of short setae present between antennae; a pair of long setae, each about 85 μm long, present on abdominal segment
+VII
+, plus some quite long setae across all abdominal segments, more anterior and lateral setae becoming shorter; submarginal setae very short, each about 4‒5 μm long. Antennae reduced, usually with a narrow scape and all other segments fused with occasional signs of pseudo-articulations; setae only visible on apical segment; total antennal length 68‒86 μm. Clypeolabral shield about 112 μm long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 28‒42 μm. Legs absent (but see Comments below second-instar female below).
+
+
+
+
+Comments.
+
+Platylecanium vanda
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+can be recognised by the following combination of character-states: (i) broadly oval shape; (ii) anal plates longer than wide, with posterior margin longer than anterior margin and with a rather pointed apex; (iii) underside of each anal plate showing nothing distinctive; (iv) margin not crenulated; (v) dorsal setae with a blunt apex and a large basal socket; (vi) marginal setae slightly longer than dorsal setae but with a narrower basal socket, each seta with a blunt apex; (vii) marginal setae very few, with only 0 or 1 associated with each marginal reticulation point and with only about 10‒15 per side; (viii) preopercular pores easily separable from dorsal simple pores; (ix) each stigmatic cleft with 4‒7 long, narrow stigmatic spines; (x) multilocular disc-pores restricted to abdominal segments VII and VI; (xi) legs normally absent, and (xii) antennae with a short scape, other segments fused.
+
+
+
+Platylecanium vanda
+
+is morphologically very similar to
+
+P. nepalense
+
+but is much smaller when mature and occurs on different hosts. For a comparison, see under
+
+P. nepalense
+
+above
+
+
+All of this material was intercepted on entry into the
+U.S.A.
+, mainly on leaves of the orchid
+Vanda coerulea
+Griff. Ex Lindl.
+
+Platylecanium vanda
+
+,
+
+sp. nov.
+
+appears to be restricted to
+Orchidaceae
+and so far is known only from
+Thailand
+and
+India
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF3BFF844AE488E758F779D3.xml b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF3BFF844AE488E758F779D3.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9d07244df5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/03/F2/87/03F287E1AF3BFF844AE488E758F779D3.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+
+
+
+Revision of the soft scale genus Platylecanium (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), with descriptions of eight new species
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Hodgson, Chris
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+151
+198
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.1
+1175-5326
+83F03AF1-85CF-4347-A0B4-1A0438108391
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Platylecanium watsoniae
+Hodgson
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined
+
+
+
+
+PHILIPPINES
+:
+Holotype
+:
+
+1 slide with
+1 adult
+female: left label:
+Platylecanium
+/ watsoniae / Hodgson /
+
+holotype
+
+♀
+/
+J. Dooley
+coll.; right label:
+Orchid
+/
+Philippines
+/ 09/13/[19]79 / COI LI SW/
+PM
+/
+CF009442
+/
+Euparol
+(1/1 adf, fairly good) (
+USNM
+).
+
+
+
+Unmounted material.
+Unknown.
+
+
+Slide-mounted adult female
+(
+Fig. 18
+). Body oval and symmetrical, length
+3.8 mm
+, width
+2.3 mm
+; anal cleft about 1/7
+th
+of body length.
+
+
+Dorsum.
+Derm lightly sclerotised throughout, with little sign of heavier sclerotisation apart from a little around each eyespot and heavy sclerotisation in each stigmatic cleft. With a complete broad submarginal band of areolations, each areolation quite large and roundish. Reticulation plates probably in 4 longitudinal bands on each side but reticulation lines indistinct; marginal reticulation points reasonably clear, with 13 on head between anterior stigmatic clefts and, on each side, 4 between stigmatic clefts and 12 or 13 on abdomen (latter including line close to anal cleft, often difficult to distinguish). Unsclerotised ray arising from each stigmatic cleft distinct, extending medially to dorsad to each spiracle or even a little further medially. Dorsal setae each 8‒9 μm long (shorter than a marginal seta), robustly setose, mostly distinctly curved; socket about 5 μm wide (larger than that of a marginal seta), with only a few setae raised on a distinct fleshy base; restricted to within reticulation lines and setae most abundant nearer margin, becoming distinctly scarce medially. Clear areas as in diagnosis, but with 5 pairs on abdomen and an extra pair medially at inner end of each anterior unsclerotised ray; clear areas
+CA
+2-
+CA
+4 each surrounded by a group of preopercular pores, each 2.5‒3.5 μm wide with a granulate surface and a distinct border; distributed as follows: (anteriormost)
+CA
+1, 0;
+CA
+2, 4;
+CA
+3, 7 or 8;
+CA
+4, 12 or 13, and
+CA
+5, 0. Dorsal microducts minute, each about 1 μm wide, located in an unsclerotised area of derm within reticulation lines. Anal plates together longer than broad, 150‒153 μm long, combined width about 118 μm; each plate with anterior margin clearly shorter than posterior margin, with a rather pointed apex and with 4 setae near apex, each 5‒8 μm long, distributed as in diagnosis; one plate with a small pore medially; posterior margin slightly wavy and sclerotised; inner margin with a broad area of thickening on underside of each plate. Anogenital fold with 2 pairs of short fine setae on anterior margin, 2 pairs of fine setae in middle of each lateral margin and 1 short seta at posterior end of each apodeme, all setae only indicated by basal sockets. Apodemes simple, not fused anteriorly. Eyespots each more-or-less round, located on dorsum away from margin; maximum width of each lens about 30 μm.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 18.
+
+Platylecanium watsoniae
+Hodgson
+
+,
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, adult female.
+
+
+
+Margin.
+Margin distinctly crenulated. Marginal setae longer than dorsal setae, setose but perhaps with a blunt apex, 12‒14 μm long, with basal socket distinctly smaller than that of a dorsal seta; with mainly 2 (occasionally only 1) setae approximately associated with each marginal reticulation point, with 32 setae between anterior stigmatic clefts and, on each side, 11 or 12 between stigmatic clefts, 25‒28 on abdomen, plus 0‒3 on outer margins of each cleft. Stigmatic clefts quite deep, each with outer margins nearly touching; inner part of cleft quite broad with margin strongly sclerotised; with 3 or 4 stigmatic spines, median spine longest, each 43‒50 μm long, not extending out to margin, lateral spines each 28‒33 µm long. Anal cleft with margins touching.
+
+
+Venter.
+Multilocular disc-pores each 5‒7 μm wide, mostly with 10 loculi, frequent on either side of genital opening and on preceding segment only; with, on each side of segment, 1 ‒19 on
+VII
+and 22‒24 on
+VI
+. Spiracular disc-pores, each about 3.0 μm wide with 5 or 6 loculi, present in a narrow band between each spiracle and margin; with
+18‒21 in
+each band. Ventral microducts minute, each about 1 µm wide, possibly sparsely distributed throughout. Ventral setae: inter-antennal setae probably absent; preanal setae on abdominal segments
+VII
+rather robust, each about 30‒43 μm long; those on segment
+VI
+missing; setae sparse elsewhere but smaller submedially that medially. Antennae very reduced, with a suggestion of a scape, otherwise segmentation obscure; setae restricted to apical half; total antennal length about 40 μm. Clypeolabral shield about 120 μm long. Spiracles small, width of each peritreme 26‒30 μm. Legs minute, each more-or-less reduced to a claw, only visible on one side on some segments; claws each 7‒10 μm long; digitules not visible.
+
+
+
+
+Comments.
+Although there is only
+one specimen
+of this species,
+
+P. watsoniae
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+is distinctive, and is characterised by the following character-states: (i) margin crenulated; (ii) dorsal setae shorter than marginal setae but with broader basal sockets; (iii) preopercular pores associated with clear areas CA2-CA4 only; (iv) preopercular pores easily distinguishable from other dorsal pores; (v) with 5 pairs of clear areas on abdomen; (vi) with an additional clear area at inner end of anterior unsclerotised ray; (vii) anal plates longer than broad; (viii) anal plates without a deep cleft underneath each inner margin; (ix) each inner margin of anal plates with a broad area of thickening; (xii) antennae very short, and (x) legs, when visible, reduced to just claws without digitules.
+
+
+
+Platylecanium watsoniae
+
+is somewhat similar to
+
+P. sarawakense
+
+, described above, in having the inner margin of each anal plate with a broad area of thickening on underside of each plate and anal plates that are longer than their combined widths and each plate with a rather pointed apex, but
+
+P. watsoniae
+
+differs in having: (i) 5 pairs of clear areas dorsally on the abdomen, plus an additional clear area at inner end of anterior unsclerotised ray, and (ii) much smaller anal plates, each 150‒153 μm long and about 118 μm combined width (compared with 176‒244 μm long and 134‒164 μm combined width on
+
+P. sarawakense
+
+). In addition, these two species have been recorded from very different hosts:
+
+P. watsoniae
+
+on
+Orchidaceae
+and
+
+P. sarawakense
+
+on
+Piperaceae
+.
+
+
+The presence of the additional clear area near the inner end of each unsclerotised ray in
+
+P. watsoniae
+
+is unique within
+
+Platylecanium
+
+but is also found in several species of
+
+Discochiton
+
+and
+
+Paralecanium
+.
+
+
+
+Two other
+
+Platylecanium
+species
+
+are known only from intercepted specimens on
+Orchidaceae
+, namely
+
+P. vanda
+
+and
+
+P. coelogyne
+
+, both described as new above.
+
+Platylecanium watsoniae
+
+differs significantly from
+
+P. vanda
+
+in having: (i) a crenulated margin; (ii) only 3 stigmatic spines in each stigmatic cleft, and (iii) in having many marginal setae (more than 45 on each side); in contrast,
+
+P. vanda
+
+has an uncrenulated margin, up to 7 stigmatic spines in each cleft and very few marginal setae (about 10 per side).
+
+Platylecanium watsoniae
+
+differs from
+
+P. coelogyne
+
+in having a crenulated margin and very reduced antennae (whereas
+
+P. coelogyne
+
+has an uncrenulated margin and the antennae are well developed).
+
+Platylecanium watsoniae
+
+is currently only known from this single specimen, intercepted at San Francisco on
+Orchidaceae
+from the
+Philippines
+.
+
+
+Name derivation.
+The species is named after Dr Gillian W. Watson, current scale insect subject editor for
+
+Zootaxa
+
+, who has contributed greatly to our understanding of this group.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFC5FF56FF6DF89684074AEE.xml b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFC5FF56FF6DF89684074AEE.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f42a2e0a5f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFC5FF56FF6DF89684074AEE.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+
+
+
+Khoisan, a new genus of Cyclominae from South Africa, with nine new species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Meregalli, Massimo
+Massimo Meregalli-University of Turin, Dept. of Life Sciences and Systems Biology-Via Accademia Albertina 13 - 10123 TORINO ITALY
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Borovec, Roman
+Roman Borovec-Sloupno 64, 503 53 Smidary, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+37
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+1175-5326
+15818550
+3699C7A0-AFCA-4F24-B676-F5F2E9C90B20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Khoisan
+Meregalli & Borovec
+
+,
+gen. n.
+
+
+
+
+
+urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
+278BA3B3-B1DF-45A6-8326-64F52C25F3EA
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 1
+
+
+
+
+
+Type
+species,
+
+by present designation:
+
+Khoisan triarthrus
+Meregalli & Borovec
+
+
+sp. nov.
+Gender
+
+: masculine.
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis.
+Small
+Cyclominae
+, less than
+2.8 mm
+long; head bent downwards from longitudinal line of body (
+
+Fig.
+1g
+
+), rostrum narrow and long, in dorsal view with basal half densely scaled, scales forming lateral strip extended out of lateral margins before antennal insertion, apical half glabrous (
+Fig 1h
+), in ventral view glabrous along entire length, excepting basal lateral strip of scales (
+Fig. 1d
+); underside with a transverse row of spaced small setae (
+Fig. 1o
+); antennae inserted at midlength or between midlength and anterior third of rostrum; rostrum in lateral view moderately curved, usually more curved at midlength (
+Fig. 1l
+); scrobes very short, directed towards underside; funicle with 3–5 segments, club with basal segment longer than 2 apical segments combined (
+Fig. 1f
+); pronotum and elytra tuberculate (
+Fig. 1b
+); pronotum anteriorly prominent above head (
+Fig. 1p
+); prosternum deeply excavate to receive rostrum in repose (
+Fig. 1c
+); tibiae short, without distinct mucro, with a row of subapical spines and 2 spurs (
+
+Fig.
+1m
+
+); tarsi with small moniliform segments, segment 3 similar to 2, not lobed (
+Fig. 1i
+); gonocoxites apically membranous, lacking styli, with fine sparsely scattered setae (
+Fig. 1n
+); sternite VIII of female with umbrella-shaped plate, translucent, with sclerotized strip along apical margin (
+Fig. 1j
+). Body incrusted, possibly covered by exudate to which soil particles adhere (
+Fig. 1a
+).
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+Body length
+1.7–2.75 mm
+. Body integument pale to dark brownish or blackish, antennae black or funicles with club reddish or yellowish brown; tarsi pale reddish, brown or black. Vestiture consisting of scales of various shape, appressed to integument or suberect or erect, white, yellow, ochreous, brown or black, spatulate, or longitudinally concave, C-shaped in section, often with deep indentation, longer scales often long pedunculate, present on dorsal and ventral part of body, protruding outwards on sides of rostrum, usually reciprocally isolated and not touching one another on unsculptured parts of integument, seldom partially imbricate, thickened or very compact on rostrum, tubercles and humps, apex of elytral tubercles in some species with a tuft of fan-shaped scales; apical and ventral part of rostrum, ventral head capsule, antennal funicles and clubs and tarsi lacking scales; scapes with inconspicuous small appressed scales on anterior side (
+
+Figs.
+1t
+–w
+
+). Dorsal and ventral part of body and legs with sparse narrow long erect setae, mostly inserted on top of tubercles or granules on tibiae, usually dark-coloured; apical glabrous part of rostrum with sparse, short, semi-erect hair-like setae, dorsally, laterally as well as ventrally prominent; antennae and legs with sparse, unevenly scattered, short, hair-like semi-erect setae. Entire body usually incrusted with soil, obscuring scales and details of sculpture (
+Fig. 1a
+). Integument sculpture when cleaned from soil rugose or smooth, pronotum and elytra with large raised tubercles (
+Fig. 1b
+). Rostrum long, narrow, almost circular in cross section, almost of same width from base to apex if basal strip of scales protruding outside of lateral margin is excluded from measurement, in males 2.4–3× as long as wide, in female 2.7–3.2× as long as wide (width at base measured including lateral strip of scales); in dorsal view widest at base, here, including external strip of scales, 1.3–1.8× as wide as at apex, in basal half often slightly tapered apicad, with straight or slightly curved sides; rostrum in apical half narrower, usually feebly enlarged apicad, with slightly concave sides, beyond antennal insertions glabrous, unpunctate, smooth to finely shagreened; in middle in some species at place of antennal insertions with slightly curved sides, before and behind slightly constricted. Rostrum in ventral view subparallel-sided along entire length, glabrous, smooth, with raised keel from antennal insertions to underside of head, in basal half distinctly laterally framed by protruding scales; in lateral view in males 0.8–1.1×, in females 1–1.3× as long as pronotum, slightly curved, widest at base, in basal half slightly evenly tapered apicad, in apical half subparallel-sided or tapered. Rostrum posteriorly not dorsally separated from head. Frons and epistome indistinct. Mandibles very small, lacking scales, without mandibular scars.Antennae inserted between middle and apical third; antennal insertions not visible in dorsal view, placed on side of rostrum (
+Fig. 1h
+), scrobes very short, directed towards underside, in lateral view visible only shortly behind insertion (
+Fig. 1l
+). Head round, short and broad, insertion curved downwards from longitudinal line of body, underside with transverse row of narrow setae below eyes and through entire underside from side to side, in lateral view flat or distinctly concave. Eyes small, in dorsal view almost flat, in lateral view placed in middle of head.
+
+Antennae short; scapes in repose not reaching eyes, 3.7–6.4× as long as wide at apex, 1.5–2× as long as funicle, in short basal part slightly curved, then straight, slightly evenly enlarged apically, at apex 0.6–1× as wide as club. Funicles with 3, 4 or 5 segments, segment 1 longest. Antennal clubs oval to long spindle-shaped, basal segment at least half as long as club length, in species with 3-segmented funicles with incomplete rows of setae in places of previous sutures after fusion of terminal funicle segments.
+
+Pronotum broadly subquadrate to subtrapezoidal, distinctly narrower than elytra, 0.90–1.20× as long as wide, widest before midlength, seldom at midlength, more or less tapered posteriorly with straight sides, distinctly constricted at about anterior third (
+Fig. 1p
+). Disc indistinctly flatly granulate or sparsely punctate, with two–four tubercles on dorsum, two at middle and two near base, sides with tubercle before anterior constriction, often another tubercle behind, towards base, and smaller one in lower part, in intermediate position between others; anterior margin in dorsal view swollen, anteriorly hood-shaped, extended above head, in some species with two–four small tubercles prominent anteriorly; base straight to slightly arched, in lateral view with well-developed postocular lobe, lacking vibrissae in dorsal portion. Procoxal cavities contiguous, round; procoxae subglobular, placed at base of prosternum, very distant from anterior margin; anterior margin ventrally deeply arched. Prosternum deeply excavate to receive rostrum in repose. Scutellar shield indistinct.
+
+
+Elytra shortly oval, 1.0–1.2× as long as wide, 10-striate, integument smooth or slightly rough, striae very small, or with round deeply impressed punctures, as wide as or wider than width of interstriae, usually curved around tubercles; interstriae 2 with tubercle at beginning of declivity, interstriae 3 with two–three tubercles, often with one at base, and in some species with small apical tubercle, interstriae 5 with two-three tubercles, interstriae 7 usually with four, equally spaced prominent tubercles; shoulders obliquely subtruncate posteriorly (
+Figs 1b,g
+). Apices of elytra visible in dorsal view. Metathoracic wings absent. Mesocoxal cavities circular, narrowly separate, mesoventral process narrow. Metacoxae slightly transverse, laterally not reaching elytral margins, separated by about their width (
+Fig. 1c
+). Legs short and robust. Femora unarmed, inflated at middle. Tibiae short and robust, straight, with straight internal side, occasionally external side expanded outwards near apex, with granule, apices not expanded mesally or laterally, broadly transversely truncate, with several sparse, short, unobtrusive black bristles or few dark subapical spines and two tiny spurs; mucro indistinct; protibiae 2.3–3.5× as long as wide at apex. Tarsi with first three segments bead-shaped, subequal in length and width, segment 3 not bilobed, onychium longer than segments 2 + 3 together, evenly enlarged apically, at apex slightly wider than others; in some species protarsi shorter than meso- and metatarsi. Claws free, moderately long, distinctly divergent (
+Fig. 1i
+).
+
+
+Ventrites 1.1–1.3× as long as wide, smooth, ventrite 1 at midwidth 1.5× as long as 2 and about as long as ventrites 3 and 4 combined, ventrite
+5 in
+males shorter, subtrapezoidal, in females longer, apically rounded. Suture between ventrites 1 and 2 straight or slightly sinuate at middle, fine, other sutures straight, rough. Metaventral process obtuse, about as wide as transverse diameter of metacoxa (
+Fig. 1k
+).
+
+
+Male terminalia. Penis moderately short, slightly shorter than or as long as temones, differing in shape between species; endophallus with sclerites short or small, stick-shaped or rounded (
+Fig. 1q
+). Tegmen with manubrium about twice as long as diameter of slender ring, lacking parameres (
+Fig. 1r
+). Sternite IX slightly curved, anteriorly enlarged to small, wide, rounded plate; basal arms fused posteriorly (
+Fig. 1e
+).
+
+
+Female terminalia. Gonocoxites simple, inconspicuous, weakly sclerotized, slender, elongate, slightly curved outside, evenly tapered apically; short apical portion membranous, narrowly rounded, lacking styli, with short and fine, sparsely scattered setae (
+Fig. 1n
+). Sternite VIII with moderately long and slender apodeme, Y-shaped, terminating in apical portion of plate; plate umbrella-shaped, in middle portion membranous, translucent, about one quarter of apodeme length; apical margin in short median part interrupted, slender, bearing sparse short setae, with more sclerotized strip along entire length, gradually narrowed, exceptionally connected at middle or connected with Y- shaped termination of apodeme; basal margin membranous (
+Fig. 1n
+). Spermatheca with regularly curved, slender tapered cornu, rounded corpus, very short, indistinct ramus and short, tube-shaped collum (
+Fig. 1s
+).
+
+
+Sexual dimorphism
+. The rostrum in some species is longer and thinner in females than in males. Ventrite 5 is longer and apically rounded in females, shorter and subtrapezoidal in males. In one species the apical half of the rostrum is reddish-brown in males and darker in females; in one species females have more prominent elytral tubercles, particularly the humeral one, so that the elytra are broader at the base and subtriangular, with the sides sublinearly narrowed apicad, whereas males have shorter tubercles and more regularly oval elytra.
+
+
+Individual variation.
+Intraspecific variation mainly concerns size, height of the tubercles and density and colour of the scales. In one species,
+
+K. triarthrus
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+, the variation in the elytral sculpture and shape and in the form of the scales is conspicuous.
+
+
+Derivation of the name.
+The genus name is derived from the indigenous people of southern Africa, living between the Cape region and
+Namibia
+, the same region where the new genus occurs. The name
+Khoisan
+, or Khoe- Sān, is a catch-all term for those people that do not speak one of the Bantu languages, combining the Khoekhoen (formerly “Hottentots”) and the Sān (formerly “Bushman”) (
+Wikipedia 2025
+).
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+South Africa
+, native to the Northern and
+Western Cape
+, southern and eastern part of the
+Eastern Cape
+, near the border with the
+Free State
+, where it may be present (
+Figures 8
+,
+18
+).
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFCAFF42FF6DFB3384604CFA.xml b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFCAFF42FF6DFB3384604CFA.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e6c2708b85b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFCAFF42FF6DFB3384604CFA.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+
+
+
+Khoisan, a new genus of Cyclominae from South Africa, with nine new species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Meregalli, Massimo
+Massimo Meregalli-University of Turin, Dept. of Life Sciences and Systems Biology-Via Accademia Albertina 13 - 10123 TORINO ITALY
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Borovec, Roman
+Roman Borovec-Sloupno 64, 503 53 Smidary, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+37
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+1175-5326
+15818550
+3699C7A0-AFCA-4F24-B676-F5F2E9C90B20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Khoisan albogibbosus
+Meregalli & Borovec
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
+464A2A59-BB48-428E-9B07-3233573BA34A
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 7
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Type
+locality:
+
+South Africa
+,
+Northern Cape
+, nr.
+Danielskuil
+
+.
+
+
+Material examined:
+
+
+Holotype
+:
+
+♂
+,
+RSA
+,
+Northern Cape
+,
+
+1431 m
+
+,
+Danielskuil
+env., pr.
+Postmasburg
+28°15.544'S
+23°34.784'E
+[-28.25906° 23.57973°],
+
+4.xi.2023
+
+R
+.
+Borovec
+leg., sifting under various plants in perennial vegetation (
+TMSA
+)
+
+.
+
+
+Paratypes
+:
+
+10 ex.
+, same data as the holotype (
+MMTI
+,
+RBSC
+)
+
+;
+
+10 ex.
+,
+RSA
+Northern Cape
+,
+
+1452 m
+
+S of
+Danielskuil
+,
+Lime Acres
+,
+28°21.503'S
+23°32.300'E
+[-28.35839° 23.5383°],
+
+5.xi.2023
+
+R
+
+.
+Borovec
+leg., sifting under various plants in perennial vegetation (
+NHMUK
+,
+CMNC
+,
+RBSC
+);
+
+1 ♂
+,
+South Africa
+,
+Northern Cape
+bor. or.,
+Michael Košťál
+leg.,
+Danielskuil
+env., pr.
+Postmasburg
+
+1450 m
+
+,
+28°15.7S'
+23°34.8'E
+[-28.2617° 23.58°],
+
+24.x.2023
+
+, sifted (
+MKSS
+)
+
+;
+
+10 ex.
+, S.
+Africa, C.P.
+,
+Holpan
+125,
+Kimberley, SE
+2824
+Cb
+[-28.74° 24.76°],
+
+20 Oct. 1988
+
+,
+Entomology Dept.
+,
+NMBH 35221
+,
+BMSA
+(C)
+
+156302-311 (
+BMSA
+);
+
+3 ex.
+, same data as previous one, but
+
+7 Feb. 1989
+
+,
+NMBH 35228
+,
+BMSA
+(C)
+
+156312-314 (
+BMSA
+).
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+Body length
+2.32–2.75 mm
+,
+holotype
+2.65 mm
+. Body red brownish to blackish, scapes, femora and tibiae in some specimens paler, brownish. Scales angular or C-shaped, as long as wide or slightly longer than wide, brown, appressed to integument, dense, partially imbricate on dorsum of elytra, brown, suberect, incised at apex, not imbricate on dorsum of pronotum, white, compact on top of tubercles, sharply contrasting with brown scales below, white scales erect, spatulate on posterior fringe of pronotum and basal fringe of elytra, round with thickened margins, disposed in one–two rows on lateral elytral interstriae and on declivity, spatulate or triangular, suberect on legs, long bifid, appressed to integument on head and subcircular on dorsum of rostrum and anterior part of scapes, lateral and supra-orbital strips very thick; setae brown, slender, erect, inserted on top of tubercles and sparse on tibiae.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 7.
+
+Khoisan albogibbosus
+
+. Body, dorsum (a), side (b); head with rostrum, dorsal view (g), lateral view (j); antenna (i); pronotum, dorsal view (h), lateral view (e); elytra, dorsolateral view (d), dorsal view (f); protibia (c); ventrites (1); penis, dorsal view (k), profile (m). Scale bar 1 mm; figures not to scale.
+
+
+Rostrum in males 2.7–2.8× as long as wide at base, in females 2.9–3.1× as long as wide at base; in lateral view in males 0.8× as long as pronotum, in females 0.9× as long as pronotum. Basal half of rostrum in dorsal view in both sexes evenly tapered apicad, apical part of rostrum with slightly concave sides, slightly broadened; rostrum at base 1.43–1.53× as wide as at apex. Antennae inserted at about 3/5 of rostrum length. Interocular space transversely deeply depressed, with ill-defined margins, in lateral view head distinctly concave.
+Scapes 1.5–1.8× as long as funicle, at apex as wide as club; funicles with 3 segments, segment 1 conical, 2–2.6× as long as wide and 1.5–2× as long as segment 2, this 1.4–1.5× as long as wide; segment 3 1.1–1.2× as long as wide; clubs 2–2.2× as long as wide.
+Pronotum 1.07–1.12× as long as wide, in anterior third distinctly constricted; dorsum with two conical tubercles before midlength and two lower tubercles near base, anterior margin with four small tubercles, sides with large tubercle at point of maximum width, before anterior constriction, followed by a lower and longer tubercle at midlength between anterior tubercle and base. Pronotum in lateral view with tubercles obtusely raised, deeply sinuate before swollen anterior margin. Base straight.
+Elytra in males 1.09–1.13× as long as wide, in females 1.15–1.18× as long as wide. Interstriae 2 with a round tubercle slightly beyond middle and another on posterior declivity, interstriae 3 with three round tubercles, one at base, one at middle and one on declivity, interstriae 5 with small basal tubercle, another at anterior third and one beyond middle, interstriae 7 with three, laterally prominent, tubercles. Interstriae narrow, on side slightly convex; striae distinctly punctate, punctures wider than width of interstriae, curved around tubercles.
+Legs robust, protibiae 3.5× as long as wide at apex, apex obliquely cut, slightly broadened laterally.
+Penis in dorsal view 2.3–2.6× as long as wide, subparallel-sided, in apical portion evenly tapered apicad, with slightly concave sides, tip narrowly rounded; in lateral view narrow, regularly curved, evenly tapered apicad. Endophallus with two short parallel transverse sclerites.
+Spermatheca with cornu almost straight; corpus elongated; ramus extremely short and wide, hardy visible; collum longer than wide, slightly tapered distad, directed upwards.
+
+Bionomics.
+The
+type
+specimens from Danielskuil were sifted from roots of various small shrubs and dry grasses in the low, sparse, perennial vegetation, on a plain with sandy soil.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 8.
+Distribution map. Symbols with a black dot indicate the locality of the holotype. Map generated from https://www. openstreetmap.org.
+
+
+
+Derivation of the name.
+The characteristic white-scaled elytral tubercles, contrasting with the dark surface, suggested the specific epithet, which is derived from the Latin terms
+albus
+, white, and
+gibbosus
+, with tubercles. The name is an adjective.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+Central part of
+South Africa
+, in the eastern part of
+Northern Cape
+, up to the border with the
+Free State
+, where it may also be present (
+Figure 8
+).
+
+
+
+
+Remarks.
+
+Khoisan albogibbosus
+
+shares the character of 3-segmented funicles with
+
+K. triarthrus
+
+, which differs in having the elytra with narrow, inconspicuous punctures, the tubercles with orange or brown to black scales, the elytral scales erect, often pedunculate and the basal dorsal tubercles broad, elongate.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFCEFF5FFF6DFE2F81E0490E.xml b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFCEFF5FFF6DFE2F81E0490E.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c9e9cae298e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFCEFF5FFF6DFE2F81E0490E.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,644 @@
+
+
+
+Khoisan, a new genus of Cyclominae from South Africa, with nine new species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Meregalli, Massimo
+Massimo Meregalli-University of Turin, Dept. of Life Sciences and Systems Biology-Via Accademia Albertina 13 - 10123 TORINO ITALY
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Borovec, Roman
+Roman Borovec-Sloupno 64, 503 53 Smidary, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+37
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+1175-5326
+15818550
+3699C7A0-AFCA-4F24-B676-F5F2E9C90B20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Khoisan triarthrus
+Meregalli & Borovec
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
+7AC9B499-F3E4-40DD-AC76-FA4D48F7A12F
+
+
+
+
+
+Figures 4
+,
+5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Type
+locality:
+
+South Africa
+,
+Northern Cape
+, S of
+Soebatsfontein
+
+
+
+Material examined:
+
+
+Holotype
+:
+
+♂
+,
+RSA
+,
+Northern Cape
+,
+Namaqua
+,
+S of Soebatsfontein
+,
+
+280 m
+
+,
+30°11.754'S
+,
+17°33.275'E
+[-30.195923° 17.554583°],
+
+13.ix.2013
+
+,
+R
+.
+Borovec, M
+. Meregalli lgt. (
+TMSA
+)
+
+.
+
+
+Paratypes
+
+:
+2 ex.
+, same data as the holotype, (
+MMTI
+,
+RBSC
+)
+
+;
+
+1 ♂
+,
+RSA
+,
+Northern Cape
+,
+Namaqua NP
+,
+Ca
+
+20 km
+S Soebatsfontein
+
+,
+
+234 m
+
+,
+30°12.084'S
+,
+17°33.389'E
+[-30.20140° 17.55649°],
+
+13.xi.2016
+
+, sifting of detritus, dead leaves and branches below shrubby
+
+Euphorbia
+, R. Borovec
+
+lgt. (
+RBSC
+)
+
+;
+
+3 ex.
+,
+RSA
+,
+Northern Cape
+,
+
+881 m
+
+,
+Rd
+from
+R 382
+to
+Kosies
+, -29.1167° 17.566871°,
+
+15.xi.2016
+
+,
+Meregalli
+legit (
+RBSC
+,
+MMTI
+)
+
+;
+
+1 ex.
+,
+RSA
+, N.
+Cape
+,
+Namaqua
+,
+SE of Soebatsfontein
+,
+
+270 m
+
+, -30.16985° 17.61602°,
+
+19.xi.2013
+
+Meregalli
+lgt. (
+MMTI
+)
+
+;
+
+20 ex.
+,
+RSA
+,
+Northern Cape
+,
+Namaqua
+rd to
+Hondeklipbaai
+, nr.
+Kameelboom
+,
+
+144 m
+
+,
+30°28.236'S
+,
+17°41.907'E
+[-30.4706° 17.69845°],
+
+13.ix.2013
+
+, sifting of detritus, dead leaves and branches below shrubby
+
+Euphorbia
+, R. Borovec, M. Meregalli
+
+lgt. (
+ANIC
+,
+NHMUK
+,
+MMTI
+,
+NMPC
+,
+RBSC
+,
+SANC
+)
+
+;
+
+3 ex.
+RSA
+,
+Northern Cape
+,
+NE Wallekraal
+, rd to
+Kamieskroon
+,
+
+230 m
+
+,
+30°20.153'S
+,
+17°36.702'E
+[-30.33589° 17.61169°]
+
+13.xi.2016
+
+, sifting of detritus, dead leaves and branches below shrubby
+
+Euphorbia
+, R. Borovec, M. Meregalli
+
+lgt. (
+MMTI
+,
+RBSC
+)
+
+;
+
+2 ex.
+RSA
+,
+Northern Cape
+,
+
+607m
+
+,
+
+20 km
+N Garies
+
+, dir.
+Spoegrivier
+, -30.340119° 17.798443°,
+
+13.xi.2016
+
+,
+Meregalli
+legit (
+MMTI
+)
+
+;
+
+2 ex.
+,
+RSA
+,
+Northern Cape
+, rd. Kliprand-
+Garies
+, pass
+E Rondefonteinsberg
+,
+
+420 m
+
+,
+30°44.210'S
+,
+18°14.299'E
+[-30.73683° 18.23831°],
+
+11.ix.2013
+
+, sifting of detritus, dead leaves and branches below shrubby
+
+Euphorbia
+, R. Borovec, M. Meregalli
+
+lgt. (
+RBSC
+)
+
+;
+
+1 ex.
+,
+RSA
+,
+Western Cape
+,
+R 358
+NE Bitterfontein
+,
+
+397 m
+
+,
+30°53.921'S
+,
+18°19.809'E
+[-30.89868° 18.33015°],
+
+21.xi.2016
+
+, sifting of detritus, dead leaves and branches below shrubby
+
+Euphorbia
+, R. Borovec, M. Meregalli
+
+lgt. (
+RBSC
+)
+
+;
+
+7 ex.
+,
+RSA
+,
+Western Cape
+,
+SW Nuwerus
+,
+
+356 m
+
+,
+31°11.266'S
+,
+18°20.286'E
+[-31.18777° 18.33810°],
+
+12.xi.2016
+
+, sifting
+Euphorbia, R. Borovec
+lgt. (
+MMTI
+,
+RBSC
+)
+
+;
+
+5 ex.
+,
+RSA
+,
+Western Cape
+,
+
+1 km
+SE Vanrhynsdorp
+
+,
+
+117 m
+
+,
+31°37.234'S
+,
+18°43.681'E
+[-31.62057° 18.72802°],
+
+10.ix.2013
+
+, sifting of detritus, dead leaves and branches below shrubby
+
+Euphorbia
+, R. Borovec, M. Meregalli
+
+lgt. (
+RBSC
+,
+MMTI
+)
+
+;
+
+7 ex.
+RSA
+,
+Western Cape
+,
+
+240 m
+
+,
+Rd N
+7
+N Vanrhynsdorp
+to
+Flamintvlakte
+,
+
+10.ix.2013
+
+, -31.21229° 18.55899°, sifting karoo,
+Meregalli
+lgt. (
+MMTI
+,
+RBSC
+)
+
+;
+
+1 ex.
+,
+RSA
+,
+Western Cape
+,
+Ca
+
+35 km
+S Vanrhynsdorp
+
+,
+3 km
+S
+Trawal
+rd N7,
+
+65 m
+
+,
+31°54.881'S
+,
+18°31.658'E
+[-31.91469° 18.52762°],
+
+9.xi.2013
+
+, sifting of detritus, dead leaves and branches below shrubby
+
+Euphorbia
+, R. Borovec, M. Meregalli
+
+lgt. (
+RBSC
+)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+Body length
+1.72–2.53 mm
+,
+holotype
+2.23 mm
+. Body dark brownish to black; antennae and tarsi yellowish red; apical half of rostrum pale reddish brown, in females usually darker. Scales of various colours, ochre, brown to black and white, on smooth part of integument broad, often apically bifid, scarcely erect, on tubercles longer, concave, C-shaped, some pedunculate, usually black or dark brown on dorsum of pronotum and elytra, white on sides and declivity, on sides irregularly disposed, not aligned along interstriae, rather regularly spaced, tubercles on dorsum of pronotum and elytra with ochre or black scales, on sides with white to translucent scales, usually pedunculate; setae brown, slender, spatulate, inserted on top of tubercles, few on rostrum and few on legs.
+
+Rostrum in males 2.9–3.2× as long as wide at base, in females 3–3.4× as long as wide; in lateral view in males 0.9–1.2× as long as pronotum, in females 1–1.2× as long as pronotum. Basal half of rostrum in dorsal view in males irregularly tapered apicad with slightly curved sides, in females evenly tapered apicad with straight sides; apical half of rostrum in both sexes with slightly concave sides; rostrum in both sexes at base 1.48–1.65× as wide as at apex. Antennal insertions between middle and apical third of rostrum.
+
+
+FIGURE 4.
+
+Khoisan triarthrus
+
+. Body, dorsum (a), side (d); head with rostrum, dorsal view (h), lateral view (j); antenna (i); pronotum, dorsal view (f), lateral view (e); elytra, dorsolateral view (b), dorsal view (g); protibia (c); ventrites (k); penis, ventral view (1), profile (m). Scale bar 1 mm; figures not to scale.
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 5.
+Body, dorsal and lateral view of
+
+Khoisan triarthrus
+
+: Kosies (a, b); Kameelboom (c, d); Kliprand (e,f); Bitterfontein (g, h); Trawal (i,j); Flamintvlakte (k, 1).
+
+
+Scapes 2.1–2.3× as long as funicle, at apex 0.8–0.9× as wide as club; funicles 3-segmented, segment 1 globose to conical to cylindrical, 1.4–2.6× as long as wide and 1.5–2.2× as long as segment 2, this 1.4–1.5× as long as wide; segment 3 as long as wide to slightly transverse; clubs elongate, 2.1–2.3× as long as wide.
+Pronotum 0.92–1.05× as long as wide, in anterior quarter sharply compressed, dorsum with four tubercles, two in median part, two placed towards base, anterior margin slightly curved, lacking prominent humps; sides with two tubercles, one at anterior third, one at midlength, sides sublinearly convergent towards base, or slightly curved; base slightly curved.
+Elytra short, in males 1.05–1.2× as long as wide, in females 1.15–1.25× as long as wide; striae with very narrow, barely distinct punctures, narrower than width of interstriae; interstriae 2 with tubercle before declivity; interstriae 3 with oblong tubercle at base, a conical tubercle before declivity and another one on declivity, interstriae 5 with two tubercles, interstriae 7 with four high conical tubercles; females usually with basal tubercle on interstriae 7 strongly prominent, and elytra subtriangular, with maximum width behind humeri.
+Legs short, protibiae robust, 3.8× as long as wide, not broadened apicad, with narrow granule before midlength and before apex.
+Penis in dorsal view 2.3–2.5× as long as wide, widest at basal half, in apical half evenly tapered apicad with rounded sides, tip slightly extended anteriorly; in lateral view regularly curved, evenly tapered apicad. Endophallus with two short parallel sclerites.
+Spermatheca with cornu slender and regularly curved; corpus rounded; ramus almost indistinct, extremely short, hump-shaped; collum tube-shaped, distinctly curved, directed forward.
+
+Bionomics.
+All specimens were collected by sifting litter under large
+
+Euphorbia
+
+shrubs and found together with different genera and species of entimines and various other genera of
+Cyclominae
+(
+Fig. 6
+).
+
+
+
+FIGURE 6.
+Habitat of
+
+Khoisan triarthrus
+, Namaqua
+
+National Park, south of Soebatsfontein.
+
+
+
+Variation.
+This species shows strong morphological variation, partly between the sexes, partly within a population and partly between locations. Females often have slightly longer elytra and higher tubercles. The greatest variation regards the shape of the elytra, which may be more rounded or subglobose, the height of the tubercles and the colour and shape of the scales, which may be oval, C-shaped, ochre-coloured, non-pedunculate even on the tubercles, or brownish to black, pedunculate even on the flat parts of the elytra. The specimens from the northernmost locality, near Kosies (
+Figs 3a, b
+), are rather similar to those from south of Soebatsfontein, with relatively low tubercles and ochreous scales on tubercles, whereas those from Kameelboom (
+Figs 3a,b
+) have darker scales, the erect pedunculate scales more frequent and ochreous scales absent, the tubercles taller, particularly the subhumeral ones, which are rather prominent outwards, and the elytra subtriangular in shape; these are the specimens most different from those from south of Soebatsfontein. Those from Nuwerus and Bitterfontein (
+
+Figs
+3g
+,h
+
+) are relatively similar, but the tubercles are shorter, whereas those from Kliprand (
+Figs 3e,f
+) are similar to those from south of Soebatsfontein. The specimens from the vicinity of Flamintvlakte (
+Figs 3k,l
+) have long, ochreous, raised pedunculate scales and smaller tubercles; those from the outskirts of Vanrhynsdorp are similar, but the scales are shorter and the scales on the sides smaller, almost appressed to the integument. The southernmost population, near Trawal (
+Figs 3i,j
+), does not show any particular difference from those further north. The penis does not show any differences between the populations.
+
+
+Derivation of the name.
+The name, meaning with three segments, refers to the 3-segmented antennal funicles of this species, a condition only occurring in this genus among the known
+Cyclominae
+. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+This species has a relatively wide range, stretching from north of Steinkopf in the
+Northern Cape
+to south of Vanrhynsdorp in the northern part of
+Western Cape
+, along a narrow strip a short distance from the coast. The northernmost locality, near Kosies, is more than
+100 km
+from the next one to the south, but this gap is probably due to a lack of data from intermediate localities (
+Figure 8
+).
+
+
+
+
+Remarks.
+
+Khoisan triarthrus
+
+shares the character of the 3-segmented funicles with
+
+K. albogibbosus
+
+, which differs in having the rostrum black, the elytral striae with round large punctures (wider than the interstriae), the dorsal pronotal and elytral tubercles round, with short white scales appressed to integument on their upper part, and the tibiae with thick scales.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFD1FF4AFF6DFD4F81074E42.xml b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFD1FF4AFF6DFD4F81074E42.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d717f90df93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFD1FF4AFF6DFD4F81074E42.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+
+
+
+Khoisan, a new genus of Cyclominae from South Africa, with nine new species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Meregalli, Massimo
+Massimo Meregalli-University of Turin, Dept. of Life Sciences and Systems Biology-Via Accademia Albertina 13 - 10123 TORINO ITALY
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Borovec, Roman
+Roman Borovec-Sloupno 64, 503 53 Smidary, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+37
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+1175-5326
+15818550
+3699C7A0-AFCA-4F24-B676-F5F2E9C90B20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Khoisan karooicus
+Meregalli & Borovec
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
+4492D961-FDEB-4C60-AD30-3E09CA395BA6
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 12
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Type
+locality:
+
+South Africa
+,
+Western Cape
+,
+Karroo NP
+, Klipspringer´s Pass
+
+.
+
+
+Material examined:
+
+
+Holotype
+:
+
+♂
+,
+RSA
+Western Cape
+,
+Karroo NP
+, Klipspringer´s
+Pass
+,
+
+1231 m
+
+,
+32°17.733'S
+,
+22°26.987'E
+[-32.29555° 22.44978°],
+
+5.xi.2018
+
+,
+R
+.
+Borovec
+&
+M. Meregalli
+lgt. (
+TMSA
+)
+
+.
+
+
+Paratypes
+:
+
+2 ex, same data as holotype (
+RBSC
+,
+MMTI
+);
+1 ♀
+
+,
+
+RSA
+Western Cape
+,
+Karroo NP
+, antenna,
+
+1821 m
+
+,
+32°15.248'S
+,
+22°30.327'E
+[-32.25413° 22.50545°],
+
+20.x.2019
+
+,
+R
+
+.
+
+Borovec &
+M. Meregalli
+lgt., sifting under different shrubs in fynbos (
+MMTI
+)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+Body length
+2.06–2.51mm
+,
+holotype
+2.06 mm
+. Body black including apical part of rostrum and antennae, short basal part of scapes and tarsi dark brown. Scales pale ochre-coloured, concave, narrowly pedunculate, erect on pronotum and elytra, on head, rostrum and underside round, almost appressed to integument; on pronotum sparse, distantly inserted on dorsum, tightly packed on anterior margin, on dorsal tubercles and sides, on elytra aligned in two–three irregular rows on interstriae, reciprocally isolate, not obscuring integument, densely packed on top of tubercles, forming a fan-shaped coating, lower part of tubercle unscaled, scales on legs erect, lighter; setae dark brown, very narrow, inserted on top of tubercles on pronotum and elytra, four on anterior margin and sides of pronotum, few setae also present on rostrum and legs.
+
+
+Rostrum equally long in both sexes, in
+♂
+2.4–2.5× as long as wide at base; in lateral view 0.8× as long as pronotum; in basal part subparallel in males, slightly narrower and tapered in females, in both sexes abruptly tapered before antennal insertions, 1.3× as wide at base as at antennal insertion, in both sexes at base 1.53–1.61× as wide as at apex; apical part of rostrum slightly enlarged anteriorly. Antennal insertions between midlength and apical third.
+
+Scapes short and slender, 1.4–1.5× as long as funicle, at apex 0.6–0.7× as wide as club; funicles 5-segmented with first segment longer than others; segment 1 1.3–1.4× as long as wide and 1.4–1.5× as long as segment 2, this 1.1–1.2× as long as wide; segments 3 and 4 as long as wide; segment 5 1.2–1.3× as wide as long; clubs 1.5–1.7× as long as wide.
+Pronotum as long as wide or slightly transverse, strongly constricted behind anterior margin, sides sublinear, weakly tapering basad; surface with large round punctures, disc flat, with two dorsal tubercles and two lower humps towards base, anterior margin with four low tubercles; sides with one raised tubercle at point of maximum width, and a lower tubercle towards base; in lateral view tubercles distinctly raised, anterior margin swollen upwards, slightly prominent above head. Base slightly arched.
+Elytra 1.05–1.15× as long as wide. Striae with deep round punctures, regularly impressed, as wide as width of interstriae, interstriae 2 with tubercle on dorsum, before declivity, interstriae 3 with two low humps on basal part and one raised tubercle at beginning of declivity, interstriae 4 with basal low hump, interstriae 5 with three tubercles on dorsum and declivity, interstriae 7 with four highly prominent tubercles, regularly spaced from base to apex.
+Legs short, protibiae enlarged at midlength, external margin with raised conical granules, narrowed at apex; apex with three large dark spines.
+
+
+FIGURE 12.
+
+Khoisan karooicus
+
+. Body, dorsum (a), side (b); head with rostrum, dorsal view (g), lateral view (c); antenna (j); pronotum, dorsal view (f), lateral view (h); elytra, dorsolateral view (d), dorsal view (e); protibia (m); ventrites (k); aedeagus, dorsal view (1), penis, profile (i). Scale bar 1 mm; figures not to scale.
+
+
+Penis 2.2× as long as wide, widest at apical quarter, here with regularly curved sides, basally slightly tapered, subparallel-sided at basal half, apically constricted, with shortly sinuate sides before short, narrowly rounded tip; in lateral view regularly curved, evenly tapered apicad, sharply pointed. Endophallus with two short, transversely placed sclerites.
+Spermatheca with regularly curved cornu; corpus large, rounded; ramus not developed; collum short, tube-shaped, directed forward.
+
+Bionomics.
+The
+type
+specimens were sifted from litter under various small shrubs in mountain fynbos.
+
+
+Derivation of the name.
+This species takes its name from the Karoo biome and the Karoo National Park, in which the
+type
+series was found. The name is an adjective.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+South Africa
+,
+Western Cape
+, Karoo National Park, in the lower areas and up to the highest peak of the park (
+Figure 18
+).
+
+
+
+
+Remarks.
+Among the species with 5-segmented funicles,
+
+K. maddocki
+
+is easily distinguishable from
+
+K. karooicus
+
+by its very high pronotal and elytral tubercles, its pronotum being longer than wide, scarcely broadened before the anterior constriction, and by its penis having a very slender apex.
+
+Khoisan javalae
+
+differs in having a brownish integument, the strial punctures small, the scales arranged in one irregular row, dense and raised on declivity, and the penis narrowed anteriorly, whereas
+
+K. oneili
+
+has the pronotum very strongly narrowed anteriorly, beyond the point of maximum width, and its sides are distinctly narrowed posteriorly; the lateral interstriae have sparse scales.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFD3FF44FF6DFE6784E34FD2.xml b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFD3FF44FF6DFE6784E34FD2.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a57368551ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFD3FF44FF6DFE6784E34FD2.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+
+
+
+Khoisan, a new genus of Cyclominae from South Africa, with nine new species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Meregalli, Massimo
+Massimo Meregalli-University of Turin, Dept. of Life Sciences and Systems Biology-Via Accademia Albertina 13 - 10123 TORINO ITALY
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Borovec, Roman
+Roman Borovec-Sloupno 64, 503 53 Smidary, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+37
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+1175-5326
+15818550
+3699C7A0-AFCA-4F24-B676-F5F2E9C90B20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Khoisan umbrosus
+Meregalli & Borovec
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
+4A0F47D6-1B1C-450B-B01A-EC5108A62265
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 11
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Type
+locality:
+
+South Africa
+,
+Western Cape
+,
+Stellenbosh
+
+.
+
+
+
+Material examined:
+Holotype
+:
+
+♂
+,
+RSA
+Western Cape
+, Stellenbosch, Marais Park,
+121 m
+,
+33°55.848'S
+,
+18°52.630'E
+[-33.93081° 18.87716°],
+15.x.2019
+,
+R
+. Borovec & M. Meregalli lgt., sifting under
+
+Oxalis
+sp.
+
+in border of forest (
+TMSA
+).
+
+Paratypes
+:
+
+3 ♀♀
+, same data as
+holotype
+(
+MMTI
+,
+RBSC
+);
+6 ex.
+RSA
+Western Cape
+, Stellenbosch, Marais Park, -33.964452° 18.876308°,
+07.ix.2018
+(4 ex),
+27.vi.2019
+(2 ex), Julien Haran legit,
+JHAR
+2573, from the base of
+
+Oxalis purpurea
+
+and
+
+Oxalis obtusa
+(CBGP)
+
+; 3 ex
+RSA
+,
+Western Cape
+, Tygerberg, -33.875° 18.596°, Julien Haran legit,
+JHAR
+1213 (
+CBGP
+).
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+Body length
+2.13–2.75 mm
+,
+holotype
+2.31 mm
+. Body including antennae and legs dark brownish. Scales on basal part of rostrum, pronotum and elytra broad, longitudinally concave, on elytra aligned in one row along even interstriae, regularly spaced, on tubercles scales longer, densely packed; scales with border thickened, internal part very thin, on middle of pronotum and base of elytra brown, on dorso-lateral and lateral parts of pronotum and elytra, on rostrum, legs and underside of body whitish, translucent or pale ochreous, round, appressed to integument; setae dark brown, narrow, long, erect, inserted on top of tubercles, on anterior margin of pronotum, along scaled part of rostrum, one long erect seta on medial expansion of protibiae.
+
+Rostrum in male 2.94× as long as wide at base, in females 3.14–3.38× as long as wide at base; in lateral view in both sexes 1.1× as long as pronotum; in both sexes in basal part evenly tapering apicad with sinuate sides, apical part narrower than basal part, with slightly concave sides, broadened apicad; rostrum at base in male 1.42× as wide as at apex, in females 1.27–1.33× as wide as at apex. Antennal insertions at apical third.
+Scapes slender, distinctly curved, 1.6–1.7× as long as funicle, at apex 0.7–0.8× as wide as club; funicles 4- segmented, first two segments conical; segment 1 twice as long as wide and twice as long as segment 2, this 1.4–1.5× as long as wide; segment 3 as long as wide to 1.1× as wide as long; segment 4 1.1–1.2× as wide as long; clubs 1.6–1.7× as long as wide.
+Head moderately concave in lateral view.
+Pronotum 1.04–1.09× as wide as long, widest at anterior third, distinctly constricted behind anterior margin, regularly tapered basad. Dorsum flat, with two distinct humps in median part and four humps on dorso-lateral parts, a tubercle on sides at point of maximum width, before anterior constriction, lateral parts with two tubercles, with an additional hump on sides; anterior margin not swollen, moderately prominent above head. Base and apex slightly arched.
+Elytra oval, 1.03–1.08× as long as wide; striae broad, with deep round punctures, on dorsum wider than width of interstriae, on sides as wide as width of interstriae, punctures curved around tubercles; interstriae 2 with small tubercle on dorsum, another one before declivity, and a smaller one at apex, interstriae 3 with five tubercles, one broad at base, two on dorsum, one on declivity and one at apex, interstriae 5 with two tubercles at midlength, interstriae 7 with four tubercles along sides, equally spaced.
+Legs short, protibiae angularly broadened outwards before apex, much narrowed at apex, 2.6× as long as wide at subapical expansion, 4.8× as long as wide at apex.
+
+
+FIGURE 11.
+
+Khoisan umbrosus
+
+. Body, dorsum (a), side (b); head with rostrum, dorsal view (i), lateral view (c); antenna (1); pronotum, dorsal view (j), lateral view (e); elytra, dorsolateral view (d), dorsal view (h); protibia (m); ventrites (f); penis, dorsal view (g), profile (k). Scale bar 1 mm; figures not to scale.
+
+
+Penis 3.44× as long as wide, in dorsal view at basal half with slightly rounded sides, at apical half tapered apicad with slightly sinuate sides, lamella narrowly rounded; in lateral view regularly curved, evenly tapered apicad, sharply pointed. Endophallus not examined.
+Spermatheca with slender, regularly curved cornu; corpus large, rounded; ramus and collum very small, hump-shaped, almost indistinct.
+
+Bionomics.
+The
+type
+material was sifted below trees in a park, from a shallow layer of litter with
+
+Oxalis
+
+plants, and on the hill in
+Cape
+Town, again at the base of an
+
+Oxalis
+
+plant (Haran, personal communication).
+
+
+Derivation of the name.
+The species epithet is formed from the Latin noun
+umbra
+, shadow, and refers to the place where the specimens were found, a cool, shady spot under trees, in contrast to the usually dry and sunny habitats where the other species of the genus were found. The name is an adjective.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+South-western part of
+Western Cape province
+, on a hill in
+Cape
+Town and in Stellenbosh (
+Figure 18
+).
+
+
+
+
+Remarks.
+This species shares the character of 4-segmented funicles with
+
+K. mendeli
+
+and
+
+K. harani
+
+, which differ in having scarcely raised elytral tubercles and lacking a denser coating of scales; the former also has a reddish apex of the rostrum, legs and tarsi and the penis with straight sides and a more elongate lamella.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFD5FF46FF6DFD1784914CFA.xml b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFD5FF46FF6DFD1784914CFA.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8998f356e9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFD5FF46FF6DFD1784914CFA.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+
+
+
+Khoisan, a new genus of Cyclominae from South Africa, with nine new species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Meregalli, Massimo
+Massimo Meregalli-University of Turin, Dept. of Life Sciences and Systems Biology-Via Accademia Albertina 13 - 10123 TORINO ITALY
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Borovec, Roman
+Roman Borovec-Sloupno 64, 503 53 Smidary, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+37
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+1175-5326
+15818550
+3699C7A0-AFCA-4F24-B676-F5F2E9C90B20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Khoisan harani
+Meregalli & Borovec
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
+BFEC276F-2C6C-4A32-B406-3E945EC38EDF
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 10
+
+
+
+
+Type locality:
+South Africa
+,
+Western Cape
+, ca.
+50 km
+NE of Ceres.
+
+
+
+
+Holotype
+:
+
+♂
+,
+RSA
+Western Cape
+,
+Crossing
+R355
+–
+R
+
+356, 747 m
+
+,
+33°12.345'S
+,
+19°43.771'E
+[-33.20575° 19.72952°],
+
+13.xi.2018
+
+,
+R
+. Borovec lgt., sifting of litter under shrubby
+
+Euphorbia
+(TMSA)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+Body length of
+holotype
+2.23 mm
+. Elytra and rostrum blackish, pronotum brownish, antennal clubs dark brown, antennal scapes and funicles, legs with tarsi and ventrites yellowish. Scales on basal part of rostrum, pronotum and elytra erect, spaced, broad, as long as wide, concave, with thickened margins, dark brownish to blackish on dorsum of pronotum and elytra, pale ochreous or whitish on sides of pronotum and sides and lateral parts of elytral declivity, from interstriae 3, slightly more thickened on tubercles, scales on head and base of rostrum ochreous, towards antennal insertions white; setae sparse, dark, short, usually inconspicuous, inserted on top of tubercles on elytra and on tiny tubercles on protibiae.
+
+Rostrum 2.38× as long as wide at base; in lateral view 1.18× as long as pronotum; basal half of rostrum in dorsal view distinctly tapered apicad with straight sides; sides strongly narrowed beyond antennal insertion, distinctly broadened to apex; rostrum at base 1.9× as wide as at apex; antennal insertions before apical 2/3 of length.
+Scapes slender, 1.94× as long as funicle, at apex 0.64× as wide as club; funicles 4-segmented with first segment oblong; segment 1 1.8× as long as wide and 1.8× as long as segment 2, this 1.5× as long as wide; segments 3 and 4 as long as wide; clubs 2.2× as long as wide.
+Pronotum as long as wide, widest at midlength, scarcely constricted behind anterior margin, regularly tapered basad; dorso-lateral and lateral humps low, small, almost indistinct. Base weakly curved, anterior margin moderately prominent above head, slightly raised in profile, slightly curved, not sinuate at middle.
+Elytra subtriangular, as long as wide; punctures of striae small, shallow, distantly spaced, scarcely visible, slightly broader on sides; interstriae 2 with tubercle on declivity, interstriae 3 with tubercle before declivity; tubercles on interstriae 5 low, scarcely raised, interstriae 7 with four larger tubercles, first two obtuse, moderately raised, two post-median higher, rounded on top, and a minute subapical additional tubercle.
+Protibiae robust, 3.6× as long as wide at apex, with small raised granules on external side, slightly broadened towards apex, apex straight, lacking spines.
+Penis 2.6× as long as wide, in dorsal view in basal half slightly concave, in apical half curved, sinuate before small rounded apical lamella; ostium with sides convergent basally; in lateral view regularly curved, evenly tapered apicad. Endophallus with small oblong sclerite.
+Female genitalia not known.
+
+Bionomics.
+The
+type
+specimen was found by sifting litter under a shrubby
+
+Euphorbia
+
+in dry habitats. This species is a taxonomic and biogeographical vicariant of
+
+K. mendeli
+
+. The two species are separated by the Langeberg, a mountain range aligned in a west-east direction, which forms an important barrier between the drier, higheraltitude plateau to the north and the lower, more humid coastal plains to the south.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 10.
+
+Khoisan harani
+
+. Body, dorsum (a), side (b); head with rostrum, dorsal view (h), lateral view (c); antenna (i); pronotum, dorsal view (g), lateral view (e); elytra, dorsolateral view (d), dorsal view (f); protibia (1); ventrites (k); penis, dorsal view (j), profile (m). Scale bar: 1 mm; figures not to scale.
+
+
+
+Derivation of the name.
+This species is named after our friend Julien Haran (
+Centre
+de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Montpellier,
+France
+), who very kindly assisted us during our stay in Stellenbosch, showing us some interesting habitats. During his research in
+South Africa
+he also found some specimens of
+
+Khoisan umbrosus
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+South Africa
+,
+Western Cape
+, plateau north of the Langeberg (
+Figure 18
+).
+
+
+
+
+Remarks
+.
+
+Khoisan mendeli
+
+differs from
+
+K. harani
+
+in having the penis longer, with a narrow apical lamella and the ostium with sides subparallel basally, the elytra dark reddish, the rostrum reddish, the elytral tubercles small and narrow, with those on interstriae 7 acutely pointed, and the scapes shorter; in
+
+K. umbrosus
+
+the penis has a slightly longer apical lamella and the elytra have a dense coating of scales around the higher tubercles.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFD7FF40FF6DFE6783AC4F6A.xml b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFD7FF40FF6DFE6783AC4F6A.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..578a82de744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFD7FF40FF6DFE6783AC4F6A.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+
+
+
+Khoisan, a new genus of Cyclominae from South Africa, with nine new species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Meregalli, Massimo
+Massimo Meregalli-University of Turin, Dept. of Life Sciences and Systems Biology-Via Accademia Albertina 13 - 10123 TORINO ITALY
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Borovec, Roman
+Roman Borovec-Sloupno 64, 503 53 Smidary, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+37
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+1175-5326
+15818550
+3699C7A0-AFCA-4F24-B676-F5F2E9C90B20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Khoisan mendeli
+Meregalli & Borovec
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
+9BAC84C0-A334-416F-9CDD-43ACD762265F
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 9
+
+
+GenBank COI sequence:
+PV560672.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Type
+locality:
+
+South Africa
+,
+Western Cape
+,
+
+W
+Robertson
+
+
+.
+
+
+Material examined:
+
+
+Holotype
+:
+
+♂
+,
+RSA
+,
+Western Cape
+,
+R60
+18 km
+W
+Robertson
+,
+
+284 m
+
+,
+33°45.140'S
+,
+19°43.341'E
+[-33.7523° 19.72235°],
+
+15.xi.2018
+
+,
+R
+.
+Borovec
+&
+M. Meregalli
+lgt., sifting of litter under shrubby
+
+Euphorbia
+(TMSA)
+
+
+.
+
+
+Paratypes
+:
+
+2 ♂♂
+, same data as the holotype (
+MMTI
+,
+RBSC
+)
+
+;
+
+1 ♂
+,
+RSA
+,
+Western Cape
+,
+R60
+
+
+18 km
+E
+Robertson
+,
+
+289 m
+
+,
+33°41.699'S
+,
+19°35.784'E
+[-33.69498° 19.59641°],
+
+15.xi.2018
+
+,
+R
+
+. Borovec & M. Meregalli lgt., sifting of litter under shrubby
+
+Euphorbia
+(MMTI)
+
+;
+
+1 ♂
+,
+RSA
+Western Cape
+,
+R 60
+
+,
+
+between
+Worcester
+&
+Robertson
+,
+
+292 m
+
+,
+33°41.685'S
+,
+19°35.802'E
+[-33.69475° 19.5967°],
+
+24.xi.2016
+
+,
+R
+
+. Borovec & M. Meregalli lgt., sifting of detritus, dead leaves and branches under shrubby
+
+Euphorbia
+(RBSC)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+Body length
+1.75–2.06 mm
+,
+holotype
+2.06 mm
+. Body dark brownish; antennae and tarsi yellowish to reddish brown, clubs in some specimens slightly darker; apical half of rostrum in males reddish brown, short apical part dark brownish. Scales on basal part of rostrum, pronotum and elytra erect, spaced, regularly inserted, broad, as long as wide, concave, dark brownish to blackish on dorsum of pronotum and elytra, whitish on sides of pronotum and sides and lateral parts of elytral declivity, from interstriae 3; anterior margin of pronotum with a row of translucent whitish scales, dorso-lateral margin of rostrum with a thick layer of pale greyish scales; scales on head brown, on base of rostrum paler; setae sparse, dark, spatulate, one at midlength of sides of pronotum, visible from above, narrow, longer, inserted on top of tubercles on elytra and on tiny tubercles on protibiae.
+
+Rostrum in males 2.5–2.7× as long as wide at base; in lateral view 1.1–1.15× as long as pronotum. Basal half of rostrum in dorsal view in males distinctly tapered apicad, with rounded sides; apical half of rostrum distinctly narrower than basal part, linearly broadened to apex; rostrum at base 1.9–2× as wide as at apex. In lateral view rostrum sharply, subangularly curved at midlength in males. Antennal insertions before apical 2/3 of length.
+Scapes slender, 1.6–1.75× as long as funicle, at apex 0.7–0.8× as wide as club; funicles 4-segmented with first segment long, subglobose and last segment transverse; segment 1 1.3–1.4× as long as wide and 1.6–1.7× as long as segment 2, this 1.1–1.2× as long as wide; segment 3 1.1–1.2× as wide as long; segment 4 1.4–1.5× as wide as long; clubs 1.8–1.9× as long as wide.
+Pronotum 0.95–1.07× as long as wide, widest at anterior third, distinctly constricted behind anterior margin and regularly tapered basad; dorso-lateral and lateral humps low, small, almost indistinct; base weakly curved, apex moderately prominent above head, slightly raised in profile, slightly curved, not sinuate at middle.
+Elytra oval, 1.09–1.16× as long as wide; punctures of striae small, shallow, distantly spaced, scarcely visible; interstriae 1 with small tubercle on declivity, interstriae 3 weakly convex, tubercles not distinct; interstriae 5 with two oblong, moderately raised tubercles on basal part, interstriae 7 with 4 tubercles, equally spaced, basal one low, median tubercle obtusely raised, two post-median tubercles narrowly conically raised, acute.
+Protibiae robust, 2.8–2.9× as long as wide at apex, with three granules on external side, slightly inflated at midlength, broadened towards apex, apex straight, lacking distinct spines.
+Penis 2.6–2.8× as long as wide, in dorsal view in basal half subparallel-sided, in apical half narrowly subtriangular with straight sides, lamella elongate, narrowly rounded; ostium with sides almost subparallel basally; in lateral view regularly curved, evenly tapered apicad. Endophallus with transverse, semicircular sclerites. Female genitalia not known.
+
+
+FIGURE 9.
+
+Khoisan mendeli
+
+. Body, dorsum (a), side (b); head with rostrum, dorsal view (h), lateral view (c); antenna (k); pronotum, dorsal view (i), lateral view (e); elytra, dorsolateral view (d), dorsal view (g); protibia (i); ventrites (f); penis, dorsal view(l), profile (m). Scale bar 1 mm; figures not to scale.
+
+
+
+Bionomics.
+All specimens were sifted from litter under shrubby
+
+Euphorbia
+
+.
+
+
+Derivation of the name.
+This species is named in honour of Gregor Johann Mendel (1822–1884), author of ‘
+Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden
+’ [Experiments on Plant Hybrids] (
+Mendel 1866
+), in which he published the results of his experiments on plant hybrids, which gave rise to modern genetics; Mendel was also the first to lay the mathematical foundations of science.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+South Africa
+, southern part of
+Western Cape
+, south of the Langeberg mountains (
+Figure 18
+).
+
+
+
+
+Remarks.
+
+Khoisan mendeli
+
+shares the character of 4-segmented funicles with
+
+K. harani
+
+and
+
+K. umbrosus
+
+. The former differs in having the penis with a short apical lamella and sides sinuate anteriorly and the ostium with sides rounded basally, the blackish elytra and rostrum, the scapes almost twice as long as the funicles, the broad, obtuse elytral tubercles, the larger size and the elytral sides sublinearly tapered at apex;
+
+K. umbrosus
+
+, other than for the penis with short apical lamella, mainly differs in having highly raised elytral tubercles, with a dense coating of scales, and a dark brown apical part of rostrum, antennae and tarsi.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFDAFF72FF6DF9C685524EF2.xml b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFDAFF72FF6DF9C685524EF2.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d9451163a72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFDAFF72FF6DF9C685524EF2.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+
+
+
+Khoisan, a new genus of Cyclominae from South Africa, with nine new species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Meregalli, Massimo
+Massimo Meregalli-University of Turin, Dept. of Life Sciences and Systems Biology-Via Accademia Albertina 13 - 10123 TORINO ITALY
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Borovec, Roman
+Roman Borovec-Sloupno 64, 503 53 Smidary, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+37
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+1175-5326
+15818550
+3699C7A0-AFCA-4F24-B676-F5F2E9C90B20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Khoisan oneili
+Meregalli & Borovec
+
+,
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
+38E1C584-9F7F-4995-953C-9007D3080DCB
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 17
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Type
+locality
+
+:
+South Africa
+,
+Eastern Cape
+,
+Uitenhage
+
+.
+
+
+Material examined:
+
+
+Holotype
+:
+
+♀
+,
+Uitenhage
+[-33.77°, 25.40°],
+Cape
+Col., Rev. O’Neil (
+NHMUK
+)
+
+.
+
+
+Paratypes
+:
+
+same data as the holotype,
+1 ♀
+(
+NHMUK
+);
+1 ♂
+, Dunbrody [-33.46° 25.54°], 13/2/04 (
+NHMUK
+)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 17.
+
+Khoisan oneili
+
+. Body, dorsum (a), side (b); head with rostrum, dorsal view (h), lateral view (c); antenna (1); pronotum, dorsal view (i), lateral view (d); elytra, dorsolateral view (g), dorsal view (e); protibia (j); penis, ventral view (f), profile (k). Scale bar 1 mm; figures not to scale.
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+Body length
+2.25–2.70 mm
+,
+holotype
+2.70 mm
+. Body brownish, apical half of antennae and tarsi darker. Scales pale ochre-coloured, concave, those on tubercles pedunculate, erect on pronotum and elytra, anterior margin of pronotum, base of elytra, and dorso-lateral sides of rostrum, smaller and sub-erect on head, rostrum, anterior part of scapes, legs and underside; on pronotum sparse, distantly spaced on dorsum, denser on anterior margin and tubercles, on elytra aligned in one–two irregular rows on interstriae, reciprocally isolate, not obscuring integument, rather dense, distance between two adjacent scales at most as long as length of one scale, scales on tubercles dense, tightly packed, on tubercles of interstriae 7 mainly inserted on apical part, base of tubercles unscaled; setae very thin, pale brown, inserted on top of tubercles on pronotum, elytra and tibiae, surface of pronotum with few very thin hair-like setae.
+
+Rostrum 3× as long as wide in both sexes, in males more robust, sides linearly slightly convergent basad, in lateral view strongly curved before point of antennal insertions in males, in female more regularly curved, in male as long as pronotum, in female slightly longer than pronotum; in both sexes with apical part slightly enlarged apicad with slightly concave sides. Antennal insertions between midlength and apical third.
+Scapes 1.35× as long as funicle, at apex 0.6× as wide as width of club; funicles 5-segmented, first segment long, others short, segment 1 1.8–1.9× as long as wide and 2× as long as segment 2, this 1.2–1.3× as long as wide, segment 3 1.1× as long as wide, segments 4 and 5 1.1–1.2× as wide as long, 4 slightly smaller than 5; clubs 2× as long as wide.
+Pronotum slightly transverse, 0.94× as long as wide, strongly constricted behind anterior margin, ratio width before constriction / width at apex 1.6–1.7; disc flat, with two median high tubercles and two humps before posterior margin, anterior margin with four tubercles, margin prominent above head between median tubercles, sides with strong anterior lateral tubercle, with another tubercle behind and additional smaller tubercle near lower margin, in intermediate position between other two; sides distinctly convergent basad, base arched.
+
+Elytra in
+♂
+1.05× as long as wide, in
+♀
+1.08× as long as wide, striae with narrow punctures, smaller than interstriae; interstriae 2 with low tubercle at beginning of declivity, interstriae 3 with two conical tubercles on dorsum, followed by a high tubercle on declivity and a lower one at apex, interstriae 5 with three tubercles, interstriae 7 with four long conical tubercles, more raised than those on dorsum, as long as wide at base, equally spaced from base to apex.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 18.
+Distribution map. Symbols with a black dot indicate the locality of the holotype. Map generated from https:// www.openstreetmap.org.
+
+
+Legs short, protibiae short, 2.45× as long as wide at point of maximum width, triangularly broadened before apex, with external subapical tubercle, narrowed at apex, with very short apical spines.
+Penis short, 1.8× as long as wide, widest at basal two thirds, here narrowly curved with sinuate sides, in apical third constricted, apex very shortly rounded; in lateral view regularly curved, evenly tapered apicad, sharply regularly pointed. Endophallus with small rounded sclerite.
+Spermatheca with slender curved cornu; corpus rounded; ramus indistinct, very small, hump-shaped; collum tube-shaped, short, directed upwards.
+
+Bionomics.
+No data available
+
+
+Derivation of the name.
+This species is named after Rev. Joseph A. O’Neil (1867–1952), who was among the first entomologist to carry out extensive research in the Uitenhage District (
+Plug, 2020
+) and collected all the known specimens of this species.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+South Africa
+, southern part of
+Western Cape
+, in the surroundings of Gqeberha (formerly Port Elizabeth) (
+Figure 18
+).
+
+
+
+
+Remarks.
+Among the species of
+
+Khoisan
+
+with 5-segmented funicles,
+K. javelae
+differs from
+
+K. oneili
+
+in having the anterior lateral tubercles of the pronotum moderately expanded outwards, with the maximum width behind the tubercles, the sides less constricted anteriorly, the apex broader (ratio of maximum width/width at apex 1.40–1.45), the elytra with dense raised scales on the declivity, the protibiae scarcely thickened and enlarged before the apex, the elytra in profile with scarcely raised tubercles and the penis shorter, with the sides apically elongate between the first constriction and the apical curvature, whereas
+
+K. maddocki
+
+differs in having very high elytral tubercles, the pronotum longer than wide, the rostrum moderately curved in lateral view and the penis with elongate apical lamella and
+
+K. karooicus
+
+differs in having broader elytra, with striae wider than interstriae, with the scales arranged in two to three rows, the pronotum with sides subparallel towards the base and the penis with shortly convergent sides.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFDCFF4FFF6DFF0E827A4B5A.xml b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFDCFF4FFF6DFF0E827A4B5A.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c172dfc3ce3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFDCFF4FFF6DFF0E827A4B5A.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+
+
+
+Khoisan, a new genus of Cyclominae from South Africa, with nine new species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Meregalli, Massimo
+Massimo Meregalli-University of Turin, Dept. of Life Sciences and Systems Biology-Via Accademia Albertina 13 - 10123 TORINO ITALY
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Borovec, Roman
+Roman Borovec-Sloupno 64, 503 53 Smidary, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+37
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+1175-5326
+15818550
+3699C7A0-AFCA-4F24-B676-F5F2E9C90B20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Khoisan javalae
+Meregalli & Borovec
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
+F563F62A-AC54-424C-BFC7-9B58984E4C3E
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 15
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Type
+locality:
+
+South Africa
+,
+Western Cape
+, south of
+Ladismith
+
+.
+
+
+Material examined:
+
+
+Holotype
+:
+
+♂
+,
+RSA
+,
+Western Cape
+,
+S Ladismith
+to
+Riversdale
+,
+
+277 m
+
+,
+33°40.566'S
+,
+21°10.527'E
+,
+
+27.x.2019
+
+,
+R
+.
+Borovec
+&
+M. Meregalli
+lgt.,
+Sifting
+of litter under shrubby
+
+Euphorbia
+(TMSA)
+
+
+.
+
+
+Paratypes
+:
+
+1 ♂
+,
+1 ♀
+, same data as holotype (
+MMTI
+,
+RBSC
+)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+Body length
+2.19–2.31 mm
+,
+holotype
+2.31 mm
+. Body brownish, antennae darker. Scales pale ochre-coloured, erect, oval or longer, narrowly pedunculate, oval on dorsum of pronotum, elytral interstriae, head, rostrum, anterior part of scapes, legs and underside, longer, pedunculate on anterior margin of pronotum, base of elytra, around and on top of tubercles, on pronotum sparse on dorsum, denser on anterior margin and dorsal tubercles, on elytra aligned in one–two irregular rows on interstriae, reciprocally isolate, not hiding integument, denser on declivity, distance between two consecutive scales at most as long as length of one scale, scales on tubercles dense, tightly packed; setae thin, pale brown, erect, inserted on top of tubercles.
+
+Rostrum in males wider, 2.5× as long as wide, in basal part sides weakly tapered, in females 3× as long as wide, in basal part slenderer; in lateral view strongly curved at point of antennal insertion, in both sexes as long as pronotum, beyond antennal insertion slightly enlarged apicad, with slightly concave sides. Antennal insertions between midlength and apical third.
+Scapes 1.35–1.45× as long as funicle, at apex subequal in width as club; funicles 5-segmented, first segment long, the others short; segment 1 1.8–1.9× as long as wide and 1.4–1.5× as long as funicle 2, this 1.2–1.3× as long as wide; segment 3 1.1× as long as wide; segment 4 as long as wide, segment 5 1.1–1.2× as wide as long; clubs 1.7× as long as wide.
+Pronotum as long as wide, moderately constricted behind anterior margin; disc flat, with two median moderately raised humps, and two more humps before posterior margin; anterior margin broad, ratio width at anterior lateral tubercle/width at apex 1.40–1.45, strongly curved, prominent above head, with two lateral tubercles, sides with strong tubercle at point of maximum width, behind anterior constriction, linearly and distinctly converging basad, base arched.
+Elytra in males 1.02–1.05× as long as wide, in females 1.08–1.12× as long as wide, striae with narrow punctures, as wide as interstriae; interstriae 2 with low tubercle at beginning of declivity, interstriae 3 with basal tubercle, followed by two dorsal low tubercles and a low tubercle at apex, interstriae 5 with three low tubercles, interstriae 7 with four, more raised tubercles, equally spaced from base to apex.
+Legs short, protibiae relatively slender, 3.28× as long as wide at point of maximum width, moderately broadened towards apical third, with small granules, slightly constricted apically, apex with few rigid brownish spines.
+Penis 2.4–2.6× as long as wide, widest at basal two thirds, here subparallel-sided with slightly rounded sides, at apical third constricted, slightly evenly tapered apicad with straight sides, apex subtriangular with shortly slightly sinuate sides and short, rounded tip; in lateral view regularly curved, evenly tapered apicad, sharply regularly pointed. Endophallus with two small, hammer-shaped sclerites.
+Spermatheca not examined.
+
+Bionomics.
+The
+type
+material was sifted below a large shrub of
+
+Euphorbia mauritanica
+
+on a slope with Fynbos vegetation (
+Figure 16
+).
+
+
+Derivation of the name.
+We name this species after Marion Javal, Julien Haran’s wife and researcher at the Institute for Research and Development, Montpellier (
+France
+), acknowledging her hospitality during our visit in Stellenbosch. We are pleased to have named two species of this new, fascinating genus after Marion and her husband Julien.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+South Africa
+, southern part of
+Western Cape
+, between Ladismith and Roberston (
+Figure 18
+).
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 15.
+
+Khoisan javalae
+
+. Body, dorsum (a), side (b); head with rostrum, dorsal view (g), lateral view (c); antenna (j); pronotum, dorsal view (d), lateral view (i); elytra, dorsolateral view (f), dorsal view (e); protibia (h); penis, ventral view (1), profile (k), apex, dorsal view (m). Scale bar 1 mm; figures not to scale.
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 16.
+Habitat of
+
+Khoisan javalae
+
+, South of Ladismith.
+
+
+
+
+Remarks.
+Among the species of
+
+Khoisan
+
+with 5-segmented funicles,
+
+K. maddocki
+
+differs from
+
+K. javalae
+
+in having blackish elytra, with very high tubercles, the pronotum longer than wide, the rostrum moderately curved in lateral view and the penis with elongate apical lamella, whereas
+
+K. karooicus
+
+differs in having a blackish elytral integument, the punctures on the elytral striae broader than the width of the interstriae, with scales arranged in two to three rows, the pronotum with sides subparallel towards the base and the penis with shortly convergent sides, and
+
+K. oneili
+
+differs in having a pronotum with narrower apex, the anterior tubercles of the sides strongly prominent outwards, the ratio width at the anterior lateral tubercle / width at the anterior margin 1.6–1.7, the elytral tubercles in lateral view high and the penis short.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFDFFF48FF6DFCFF82164E0A.xml b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFDFFF48FF6DFCFF82164E0A.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ba3ed971915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/05/7E/87/057E87A4FFDFFF48FF6DFCFF82164E0A.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+
+
+
+Khoisan, a new genus of Cyclominae from South Africa, with nine new species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Meregalli, Massimo
+Massimo Meregalli-University of Turin, Dept. of Life Sciences and Systems Biology-Via Accademia Albertina 13 - 10123 TORINO ITALY
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Borovec, Roman
+Roman Borovec-Sloupno 64, 503 53 Smidary, Czech Republic
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+1
+37
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.1
+1175-5326
+15818550
+3699C7A0-AFCA-4F24-B676-F5F2E9C90B20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Khoisan maddocki
+Meregalli & Borovec
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
+EBCFA253-3206-4FCA-9155-252EC979A893
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 13
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Type
+locality:
+
+South Africa
+,
+Eastern Cape
+c.,
+Blinkwater
+env., pr.
+Fort Beaufort
+
+.
+
+
+Material examined:
+
+
+Holotype
+:
+
+♂
+,
+South Africa
+,
+Eastern Cape
+c.,
+Blinkwater
+env., pr.
+Fort Beaufort
+,
+
+550 m
+
+,
+32°42.9'S
+,
+26°35.8'E
+[-32.715° 26.597°],
+
+27.xi.2018
+
+,
+M. Košťál
+lgt. (
+TMSA
+)
+
+.
+
+
+Paratype
+:
+
+1 ♂
+, same data as the holotype (
+MKSS
+)
+
+;
+
+2 ♂♂
+, same data as the holotype, but
+
+12.xi.2023
+
+,
+R
+.
+Borovec
+legit
+
+, sifting under various plants in perennial vegetation (
+RBSC
+,
+MMTI
+).
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+Body length
+2.53–2.56 mm
+,
+holotype
+2.56 mm
+. Elytra black, tubercles, pronotum, legs and antennae dark reddish, rostrum and tarsi almost black. Scales on pronotum and elytral interstriae, excluding tubercles, rostrum, anterior part of scapes and legs pale ochreous, erect, oval, scales on tubercles, margin of pronotum and base of elytra white, long narrowly pedunculate, concave, on dorsum of pronotum scales sparse, unscaled spaces amidst scales broader than diameter of one scale, on elytral interstriae sparse, not regularly aligned in rows, scales on tubercles mainly inserted on apical part, base of tubercles unscaled, scales on legs triangular, thick, raised; setae dark brownish, narrow, contrasting with white scales, inserted on top of tubercles on pronotum and elytra, two–three setae inserted amidst scales on rostrum and near apex of scapes; surface of pronotum with extremely fine, narrow hair-like setae.
+
+Rostrum in males 2.31–2.41× as long as wide, basal part evenly tapered anteriad with straight sides, curved towards antennal insertions; in lateral view 0.7–0.8× as long as pronotum; at base 1.85–1.90× as wide as at apex, apical part slightly enlarged apicad, in lateral view weakly and regularly curved. Antennal insertions between midlength and apical third.
+Scapes slender, 1.7–1.8× as long as funicle, at apex 0.8–0.9× as wide as club; funicles 5-segmented with first segment relatively elongate, the others short; segment 1 1.4–1.5× as long as wide and 1.5–1.6× as long as segment 2, this 1.1–1.2× as long as wide; segments 3 and 4 as long as wide; segment 5 1.1–1.2× as wide as long, broader than previous; clubs 1.6–1.7× as long as wide.
+Pronotum 1–1.12× as long as wide, subcylindrical, slightly constricted behind anterior margin; disc flat, with two median tubercles and two tubercles near base, anterior margin with four humps protruding from anterior margin, sides with two conical tubercles, almost 2× as long as wide at base, and one smaller narrower tubercle near lower margin; base slightly arched.
+
+
+FIGURE 13.
+
+Khoisan maddocki
+
+. Body, dorsum (a), side (b); head with rostrum, dorsal view (g), lateral view (c); antenna (j); pronotum, dorsal view (f), lateral view (i); elytra, dorsolateral view (d), base (e); protibia (k); aedeagus, dorsal view (1), penis, profile (h). Scale bar 1 mm; figures not to scale.
+
+
+Elytra 1.06–1.09× as long as wide, striae with deep round punctures, distance between two consecutive punctures as long as diameter of one puncture or slightly shorter, punctures broader than width of interstriae; interstriae 2 with tubercle at midlength and before apex, interstriae 3 with three tubercles, one on first third, one on declivity and one at apex, interstriae 5 with tubercle at midlength, interstriae 7 with four tubercles; all tubercles long conical, very prominent, acutely pointed, on interstriae 7 up to 2× as long as wide at base.
+Legs short, protibiae narrow, apparently thick because of dense coating of suberect scales, with median and subapical granules, apex narrowed, with three–four strong blackish spines.
+Penis slender and long, 5.2× as long as wide, subparallel-sided along entire length in dorsal view, apically with rounded sides and elongate to slender, moderately long tip; in lateral view only slightly curved, widest at basal third, apically elongate to long, slender, straight tip. Endophallus not examined.
+
+Bionomics.
+The known specimens were sifted in a dry, open countryside with grasses and shrubs, from roots of small vegetation (
+Figure 14
+).
+
+
+Derivation of the name.
+This species is named after the musician James Maddock, from
+New York
+,
+U.S.A.
+, a very close friend of the first author.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+South Africa
+,
+Eastern Cape
+, in the vicinity of Fort Beaufort (
+Figure 18
+).
+
+
+
+
+Remarks.
+The new species is similar to
+
+K. karooicus
+
+and
+
+K. javalae
+
+, which differ in having broader pronotum and elytra, the pronotum strongly compressed anteriorly and the elytra only slightly longer than wide, the apex of the pronotum with very short, barely distinct tubercles, the tubercles on interstriae 7 at most 1.5× as long as wide at base and the penis with sides shortly convergent at apex; in
+
+K. karooicus
+
+additionally the scales on the interstriae are arranged in two to three regular rows.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF6021274BFF1EE230FAC5A1DA.xml b/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF6021274BFF1EE230FAC5A1DA.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..eb6120a1480
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF6021274BFF1EE230FAC5A1DA.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+
+
+
+Descriptions of immature stages of six aphidophagous Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) species from China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Zhuang, Jiamin
+Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China & Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wei, Xueyuan
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Tao, Xunhong
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wang, Xingmin
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chen, Xiaosheng
+Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China & Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+236
+254
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.3
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.3
+1175-5326
+F52AD2D2-89B0-416D-B94E-B2DA665956E1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Phrynocaria unicolor
+(
+Fabricius, 1792
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(
+Figs 1I–J
+,
+12–13
+)
+
+
+Fourth instar larva
+(
+Figs 12A–B, 12E
+,
+13
+). Length
+11.5 mm
+; width
+3.5 mm
+. Body elongate, cylindrical and tapered, with parascoli and chalazae, black and yellow color. Head: black, tapered (
+Figs 12A–B
+). Epicranial stem absent; frontal arms inverted omega-shaped, do not reach antennae (
+Fig. 13A
+). Three hemispherical stemmata dark, arranged in a triangle, near the base of antenna. Antenna with 3 antennomeres; antennomere 3 with preapical setae and sensilla (
+Fig. 13B
+). Labrum with setae and brown curves on each side, posterior margin V-shaped (
+Fig. 13C
+). Mandible with two apical teeth, central convex, and with one basal tooth and two setae above the condyle in dorsal side (
+Fig. 13D
+). Maxilla with mala trapezoidal, rounded at apex, with spare long curved setae and outer margin with thin and short setae in ventral side (
+Fig. 13F
+). Maxillary palp with three palpomeres (
+Fig. 13H
+). Labium with setae, posterior margin with numerous short setae, labial palpi with three palpomeres in ventral side (
+Figs 13G, 13I
+).
+
+
+Thorax. Pronotum black, with two dorsal plates, semi-oval and sclerotized, separated by a narrow band and yellow stripe in anterior margin; lateral margin of plates and central surface without projection, only with dense short setae (
+Figs 12A–B
+). Mesonotum black separated by a yellow stripe. Lateral margin with a yellow struma; anterior and posterior margins of mesonotum without projection, with dense short setae (
+Figs 12A–B
+). A pair of circular spiracles with lamellae at the opening in anterolateral part of mesonotum (
+Fig. 12B
+). Metanotum black, with a yellow trapezoidal spot; lateral margins with a yellow struma; anterior and posterior margins with dense short setae (
+Figs 12A–B
+). Legs black, long, with setae; ventral part with a seta brush near the tarsal claw, and row of external setae in the tibia; tarsal claw with a subquadrate basal tooth and dense setae around the tooth (
+Fig. 13E
+).
+
+
+Abdomen with nine segments (
+Fig. 12E
+). Segment S1 to S8 with a pair of anterolateral spiracles similar to those of the mesothorax (
+Fig. 12E
+). Segment S1 black, with light yellow spots in dorsolateral and lateral areas, unconnected to S2; dorsal plates with a pair of black strumae; dorsolateral and lateral projections with yellow strumae (
+Figs 12A–B, 12E
+). Segment S2 and S3 dark brown, with black strumae in dorsal, dorsolateral and lateral areas (
+Figs 12A–B, 12E
+). Segment S4 light yellow, and black between lateral and dorsolateral regions; dorsal, dorsolateral and lateral areas with light yellow strumae (
+Figs 12A–B, 12E
+). Segment S5 to S6 black, with black strumae in dorsal and dorsolateral plates and light yellow strumae in lateral areas (
+Figs 12A–B, 12E
+). Segment S7 and S8 black with yellowish white stripes in posterior margin; dorsal and dorsolateral plates with black strumae; lateral areas with light yellow strumae (
+Figs 12A–B, 12E
+). Segment S9 black with nearly 20 setae (
+Figs 12A–B, 12E
+).
+
+
+
+FIGURE 12.
+The larva and pupa of
+
+Phrynocaria unicolor
+
+.
+A–B.
+fourth instar larva, in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view.
+C–D.
+pupa, in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view.
+E.
+nine segments of abdomen of fourth instar larva, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
+
+
+
+Pupa
+(
+Figs 12C–D
+). Length
+6.2 mm
+; width
+4.8 mm
+. Body yellowish white with black spots. Body oval, convex and truncate in the anterior region. Pronotum yellowish white with short setae. Mesonotum with a yellow spot in central surface. Metanotum with a central yellow stripe and a pair of black spots in anterolateral margins. Abdomen with seven visible segments. Segment S1 yellowish white, with yellow irregular stripes in lateral margins. Segment S2 and S3 yellowish white with two black spots; S4 yellow, without black spot. Segment S5 to S7 yellowish white, without black spot.
+
+
+Notes.
+The immature stages of this species are described for the first time.
+Yu (2010)
+provided illustrations of larva and pupa for this species; however, no further descriptions regarding its immature stages were given.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF6025274EFF1EE7C9FDDAA48D.xml b/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF6025274EFF1EE7C9FDDAA48D.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3832bce687c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF6025274EFF1EE7C9FDDAA48D.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+
+
+
+Descriptions of immature stages of six aphidophagous Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) species from China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Zhuang, Jiamin
+Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China & Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wei, Xueyuan
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Tao, Xunhong
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wang, Xingmin
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chen, Xiaosheng
+Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China & Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+236
+254
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.3
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.3
+1175-5326
+F52AD2D2-89B0-416D-B94E-B2DA665956E1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Harmonia sedecimnotata
+(
+Fabricius, 1801
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(
+Figs 1G–H
+,
+8–9
+)
+
+
+Larval descriptions or illustrations of
+
+Harmonia sedecimnotata
+
+:
+Singh & Phaloura 1990: 90
+,
+Phaloura & Singh 1991
+,
+Poorani 2023: 146
+.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 8.
+The larva and pupa of
+
+Harmonia sedecimnotata
+
+.
+A–B.
+fourth instar larva, in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view.
+C–D.
+pupa, in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view.
+E.
+nine segments of abdomen of fourth instar larva, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
+
+
+
+Fourth instar larva
+(
+Figs 8A–B, 8E
+,
+9
+). Length
+6.9–7.5 mm
+; width
+2.4–2.5 mm
+. Body elongate, cylindrical and tapered, with parascoli and chalazae, black and yellow color (
+Figs 8A–B
+). Head: black, tapered. Epicranial stem absent; frontal arms inverted omega-shaped, do not reach antennae (
+Fig. 9A
+). Three hemispherical stemmata dark, arranged in a triangle, near the base of antenna. Antenna with 3 antennomeres; antennomere 3 with preapical setae and sensilla (
+Fig. 9B
+). Labrum with setae, posterior margin V-shaped, with brown curves on each side (
+Fig. 9C
+). Mandible with two apical teeth (
+Fig. 9D
+). Maxilla with mala trapezoidal, rounded at apex, with long curved setae and outer margin with thin and short setae in ventral side (
+Fig. 9F
+). Maxillary palp with three palpomeres (
+Fig. 9H
+). Labium with sestae, posterior margin with numerous short setae, labial palpi with three palpomeres in ventral side (
+Figs 9G, 9I
+).
+
+
+Thorax. Pronotum yellow with two dorsal plates, semi-oval and sclerotized, boundary indistinct; lateral margins of plates with four yellow parascoli bearing two branches; posterior margin of plates with four yellow smaller parascoli; about eight charazae in the anterior area; central surface with spare short setae (
+Figs 8A–B
+). Mesonotum and metanotum black separated by yellow band and yellow circular ring in the root of lateral projections; anterolateral margin of plates each with a black parascoli bearing three to four branches; posterolaterally each with a black sentus (
+Figs 8A–B
+). Lateral margin of mesonotum each with a black sentus, without setae (
+Figs 8A–B
+). A pair of circular spiracles with lamellae at the opening in anterolateral part of mesonotum (
+Fig. 8B
+). Metanotum laterally each with a black sentus (
+Figs 8A–B
+). Legs yellow, long, with setae; ventral part with a seta brush near the tarsal claw, and row of external setae in the tibia; tarsal claw with a square small basal tooth and dense setae around the tooth (
+Fig. 9E
+).
+
+
+
+FIGURE 9.
+Main characters of the fourth instar larva of
+
+Harmonia sedecimnotata
+
+.
+A.
+head, dorsal view.
+B.
+antenna.
+C.
+labrum.
+D.
+mandible.
+E.
+tibiotarsus.
+F.
+maxilla.
+G.
+labium.
+H.
+maxillary palp.
+I.
+labial palp. Scale bars: 200 µm in A, B, D–I; 100 µm in B, D. Black and blue lines: outlines of structures; red dots: boundaries of segmentation of maxillary and labial palpi.
+
+
+
+Abdomen with nine segments (
+Fig. 8E
+). Segment S1 to S8 with a pair of anterolateral spiracles similar to those of the mesothorax (
+Fig. 8E
+). Segment S1 yellow, black in lateral areas, a black oblique stripe between dorsal and dorsolateral plates, and a black spot closed to S2; dorsal and dorsolateral plates with two pairs of yellow parascoli, developed two branches; lateral areas with a pair of yellow parascoli (
+Figs 8A–B, 8E
+). Segment S2 yellow, black in lateral areas, a black oblique stripe between dorsal and dorsolateral plates, and black irregular stripe separates two sides; dorsal and dorsolateral plates with two pairs of yellow parascoli bearing three branches; lateral projections are black parascoli (
+Figs 8A–B, 8E
+). The surface color and location of projection of S3 are similar to those of S2, differing only in the dorsal projections (
+Figs 8A–B, 8E
+). Segment S4 is similar to S1 (
+Figs 8A–B, 8E
+). Segment S5 to S7 black, with yellow base of dorsal projections and lateral areas; dorsal and dorsolateral plates with black parascoli, developed two branches; laterally with smaller black parascoli, only S7 with strumae (
+Figs 8A–B, 8E
+). Segment S8 yellow, with yellow parascoli in dorsal and dorsolateral plates and yellow strumae in lateral areas (
+Figs 8A–B, 8E
+). Segment S9 yellow with nearly 20 setae (
+Figs 8A–B, 8E
+).
+
+
+Pupa
+(
+Figs 8C–D
+). Length
+4.9–5.1 mm
+; width 3.0–
+3.5 mm
+. Yellowish brown with black spots and stripes. Body oval, convex and truncate in the anterior region. Pronotum with two black spots at both sides. Mesonotum with a pair of black spots in central region, and a brown arc on each side in lateral area. Metanotum with two black oblique stripes at both sides. Abdomen with seven visible segments. Segment S1 and S2 with four black spots in central surface. Segment S3 with six black spots: two oblique stripes in central region, four irregular spots arrange in parallel in lateral area; S4 to S6 with one black arc on each side; S7 without black spot.
+
+
+Notes.
+Singh & Phaloura (1990)
+presented a field key to the larvae of four species within the genus
+
+Harmonia
+
+, including
+
+H
+.
+sedecimnotata
+
+. Authors mentioned that
+
+H
+.
+sedecimnotata
+
+can be distinguished from other
+
+Harmonia
+species
+
+by the color of S
+4 in
+lateral areas. Subsequently,
+Phaloura & Singh (1991)
+provided a description of the larval chaetotaxy for this species.
+Poorani (2023)
+presented comprehensive illustrations of this species along with brief descriptions of its immature stages.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF60272749FF1EE4CEFD29A168.xml b/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF60272749FF1EE4CEFD29A168.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f4ee849a973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF60272749FF1EE4CEFD29A168.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+
+
+
+Descriptions of immature stages of six aphidophagous Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) species from China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Zhuang, Jiamin
+Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China & Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wei, Xueyuan
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Tao, Xunhong
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wang, Xingmin
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chen, Xiaosheng
+Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China & Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+236
+254
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.3
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.3
+1175-5326
+F52AD2D2-89B0-416D-B94E-B2DA665956E1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Microcaria pupillata
+(
+Swartz, 1808
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(
+Figs 1N–P
+,
+10–11
+)
+
+
+Fourth instar larva
+(
+Figs 10A–B, 10E
+,
+11
+). Length
+11.2 mm
+; width at metathorax
+3.6 mm
+. Body elongate, cylindrical and tapered, with strumae and chalazae, black and yellow color (
+Figs 10A–B
+). Head: black, tapered. Epicranial stem absent; frontal arms inverted omega-shaped (
+Fig. 11A
+), do not reach antennae; they appear to be separated at bases. Three hemispherical stemmata dark, arranged in a triangle, near base of antenna. Antenna with 3 antennomeres; antennomere 3 with preapical setae and sensilla (
+Fig. 11B
+). Labrum with setae, posterior margin V-shaped, with brown curves on each side (
+Fig. 11C
+). Mandible with two apical teeth (
+Fig. 11D
+). Maxilla with mala trapezoidal, rounded at apex, with spare long curved setae and outer margin with thin and short setae in ventral side (
+Fig. 11F
+). Maxillary palp with three palpomeres, bearing a seta at palpomere 2 (
+Fig. 11H
+). Labium with sparse setae, posterior margin with numerous short setae, labial palp composed with three palpomeres (
+Figs 11G, 11I
+).
+
+
+Thorax. Pronotum yellowish white with two semi-oval and sclerotized black dorsal plates, separated by a narrow band; lateral, anterior and posterior marginal areas without projections, only with dense short setae (
+Figs 10A–B
+). Mesonotum yellowish white, with dense short setae; black plates with semi-circular outer margins and trapezoid inner margins; lateral margins with yellowish white strumae (
+Figs 10A–B
+). A pair of circular spiracles with lamellae at the opening in anterolateral part of mesonotum. Metanotum yellowish white, with dense short setae; black plates with semi-circular outer margins and trapezoid inner margins; laterally with yellowish white strumae. Legs black, long, with sparse setae; ventral part with a seta brush near the tarsal claw, and row of external setae in the tibia; tarsal claw with a square small basal tooth and dense setae around the tooth (
+Fig. 11E
+).
+
+
+Abdomen. Nine segments (
+Fig. 10E
+). Segment S1 to S8 with a pair of anterolateral spiracles similar to those on mesothorax (
+Fig. 10E
+). Segment S1 yellowish white and black; dorsal plates with a pair of black strumae; dorsolateral plates with a pair of yellow strumae; lateral areas with a pair of yellow strumae; each struma with three short chalazae and two short setae (
+Figs 10A–B, 10E
+). Segment S2 and S3 yellowish white and black; dorsal and dorsolateral plates with two pairs of black strumae; lateral areas with a pair of strumae; each struma with three long chalazae and approximately five short chalazae (
+Figs 10A–B, 10E
+). Segment S4 yellowish white, with two pairs of yellow strumae in dorsal and dorsolateral plates; laterally with a pair of yellow strumae; each struma with three long chalazae and approximately three short chalazae (
+Figs 10A–B, 10E
+). Segment S5 and S6 yellowish white with black dorsal and dorsolateral strumae; lateral regions with a pair of yellow strumae; each struma with approximately eight short chalazae (
+Figs 10A–B, 10E
+). Segment S7 yellowish white with black dorsal and dorsolateral strumae, bearing yellow stripe in posterior margin; laterally with yellow strumae (
+Figs 10A–B, 10E
+). Segment S8 dark brown, with yellow stripe in central surface; dorsal and dorsolateral plates with two pair of black strumae; lateral areas with yellow strumae (
+Figs 10A–B, 10E
+). Segment S9 dark brown, with nearly 20 setae (
+Figs 10A–B, 10E
+).
+
+
+
+FIGURE 10.
+The larva and pupa of
+
+Microcaria pupillata
+
+.
+A–B.
+fourth instar larva, in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view.
+C–D.
+pupa, in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view.
+E.
+nine segments of abdomen of fourth instar larva, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
+
+
+
+Pupa
+(
+Figs 10C–D
+). Length
+4.5 mm
+; width
+3.5 mm
+. Yellowish white or yellow with black spots. Body oval, convex and truncate in the anterior region. Pronotum with a pair of black spots in parallel in anterior region. Mesonotum yellowish white with a white trapezoid spot in central part and a pair of large black spots in lateral areas. Metanotum with white U-shape spot in the central region and a pair of black spots. Abdomen with seven visible segments. Segment S1 to S6 yellow with a light brown band in central part. Segment S7 yellowish white with a light brown band in central part.
+
+
+Notes.
+The immature stages of this species are described for the first time. This species has been previously placed in the genus
+
+Bothrocalvia
+Crotch, 1874
+
+by several authors (
+Yu 2010
+;
+
+Ren
+et al
+. 2009
+
+;
+Wang & Chen 2022
+). However,
+
+Ślipiński
+et al
+. (2020)
+
+considered
+
+Bothrocalvia
+
+as a synonym of
+
+Microcaria
+Crotch, 1871
+
+and consequently transferred the species to the genus
+
+Microcaria
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF60282743FF1EE105FACFA1C0.xml b/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF60282743FF1EE105FACFA1C0.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d0885f6265d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF60282743FF1EE105FACFA1C0.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+
+
+
+Descriptions of immature stages of six aphidophagous Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) species from China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Zhuang, Jiamin
+Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China & Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wei, Xueyuan
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Tao, Xunhong
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wang, Xingmin
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chen, Xiaosheng
+Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China & Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+236
+254
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.3
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.3
+1175-5326
+F52AD2D2-89B0-416D-B94E-B2DA665956E1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Coelophora biplagiata
+(
+Swartz, 1808
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(
+Figs 1K–M
+,
+4–5
+)
+
+
+Larval descriptions or illustrations of
+
+Coelophora biplagiata
+
+:
+Kamiya 1965: 85
+,
+Sasaji 1968: 121
+.
+Fourth instar larva
+(
+Figs 4A–B, 4E
+,
+5
+). Length 12.0 mm; width
+3.9 mm
+. Body elongate, cylindrical and tapered, with parascoli and chalazae, black and yellow color (
+Figs 4A–B
+). Head: black, tapered. Epicranial stem absent; frontal arms inverted omega-shaped, do not reach antenna (
+Fig. 5A
+). Three hemispherical stemmata dark, arranged in a triangle, near the base of antenna.Antenna with 3 antennomeres; antennomere 3 with preapical setae and sensilla (
+Fig. 5B
+). Labrum with setae and brown curves on each side, posterior margin V-shaped (
+Fig. 5C
+). Mandible with two apical teeth (
+Fig. 5D
+). Maxilla with mala trapezoidal, rounded at apex, with spare long curved setae and outer margin with thin and short setae in ventral side (
+Fig. 5F
+). Maxillary palp with three palpomeres (
+Fig. 5H
+). Labium with setae in ventral side, posterior margin with numerous short setae, labial palpi with three palpomeres (
+Figs 5G, 5I
+).
+
+
+
+FIGURE 4.
+The larva and pupa of
+
+Coelophora biplagiata
+
+.
+A–B.
+fourth instar larva, in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view.
+C–D.
+pupa, in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view.
+E.
+nine segments of abdomen of fourth instar larva, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 5.
+Main characters of the fourth instar larva of
+
+Coelophora biplagiata
+
+.
+A.
+head, dorsal view.
+B.
+antenna.
+C.
+labrum.
+D.
+mandible.
+E.
+tibiotarsus.
+F.
+maxilla.
+G.
+labium.
+H.
+maxillary palp.
+I.
+labial palp. Scale bars: 500 µm in A, E; 100 µm in C, D, F–I; 50 µm in B. Black lines: outlines of structures; red dots: boundaries of segmentation of maxillary and labial palpi.
+
+
+
+Thorax. Pronotum with two black dorsal plates, semi-oval and sclerotized, separated by a narrow band and posterior marginal areas without projection, only with dense short setae (
+Figs 4A–B
+). Mesonotum yellow and black, with dense short setae; black plates with semi-circular outer margins and trapezoid inner margins; lateral margins with black strumae (
+Figs 4A–B
+). Metanotum yellow and black, with dense short setae; black plates with semi-circular outer margins and trapezoid inner margins; laterally with yellow strumae (
+Figs 4A–B
+). Legs black, with setae; ventral part with a seta brush near the tarsal claw, and row of external setae in the tibia; tarsal claw with a square small basal tooth and dense setae around the tooth (
+Fig. 5E
+).
+
+
+Abdomen with nine segments (
+Fig. 4E
+). Segment S1 to S8 with a pair of anterolateral spiracles similar to those of the mesothorax (
+Fig. 4E
+). Segment S1 yellow in dorsolateral and lateral areas and dark brown elsewhere, with a yellowish white spot in central part; dorsal plates with black parascoli; dorsolateral and lateral areas with yellow parascoli (
+Figs 4A–B, 4E
+). Segment S2 and S3 dark brown, with three pairs of black parascoli in dorsal, dorsolateral and lateral areas (
+Figs 4A–B, 4E
+). Segment S4 yellow, and black in dorsolateral regions; dorsal and lateral areas with two pair of yellow parascoli; dorsolateral plates with a pair of black parascoli. Segment S5 and S6 black and yellow; dorsal and dorsolateral plates with two pairs of black parascoli; laterally with a pair of yellow strumae (
+Figs 4A–B, 4E
+). Segment S7 chequered with black and yellow, with a yellow stripe in posterior margin; dorsal and dorsolateral plates with two pairs of black parascoli; lateral areas with a pair of black strumae (
+Figs 4A–B, 4E
+). Segment S8 black, with yellow strumae in dorsal, dorsolateral and lateral areas (
+Figs 4A–B, 4E
+). Segment S9 black with nearly 20 setae (
+Figs 4A–B, 4E
+).
+
+
+Pupa
+(
+Figs 4C–D
+). Length
+6.2 mm
+; width
+4.8 mm
+. Yellowish brown with black spots. Body oval, convex and truncate in the anterior region. Pronotum with two black spots in anterior part. Mesonotum with a pair of spots in lateral margins. Metanotum with a pair of black spots connected to mesonotum. Abdomen with seven visible segments. Segment S1 and S2 yellowish brown without black spot. Segment S3 and S4 with a pair of black spots. Segment S5 to S7 yellowish brown without black spot.
+
+
+Notes.
+Yu (2010)
+provided illustrations of the larval and pupal stages of this species under the name
+
+Lemnia biplagiata
+(Swartz)
+
+. Additionally,
+Kamiya (1965)
+outlined the general characteristics of various
+Coccinellidae
+tribes including
+
+Lemnia biplagiata
+(Swartz)
+
+as an example, though no specific description was provided.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF602B274CFF1EE68EFA06A781.xml b/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF602B274CFF1EE68EFA06A781.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..83b8316403e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF602B274CFF1EE68EFA06A781.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+
+
+
+Descriptions of immature stages of six aphidophagous Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) species from China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Zhuang, Jiamin
+Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China & Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wei, Xueyuan
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Tao, Xunhong
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wang, Xingmin
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chen, Xiaosheng
+Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China & Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+236
+254
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.3
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.3
+1175-5326
+F52AD2D2-89B0-416D-B94E-B2DA665956E1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Harmonia dimidiata
+(
+Fabricius, 1781
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(
+Figs 1D–F
+,
+6–7
+)
+
+
+Larval descriptions or illustrations of
+
+Harmonia dimidiata
+
+:
+Sasaji 1977: 2
+,
+Singh & Phaloura 1990: 89
+,
+Phaloura & Singh 1991
+,
+Poorani 2023: 126
+.
+
+
+
+FIGURE 6.
+The larva and pupa of
+
+Harmonia dimidiata
+
+.
+A–B.
+fourth instar larva, in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view.
+C–D.
+pupa, in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view.
+E.
+nine segments of abdomen of fourth instar larva, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
+
+
+
+Fourth instar larva
+(
+Figs 6A–B, 6E
+,
+7
+). Length
+6.1–6.8 mm
+; width 3.0–
+3.3 mm
+. Body elongate, cylindrical and tapered, with parascoli and chalazae, black and yellow color (
+Figs 6A–B
+). Head: black, tapered. Epicranial stem absent; frontal arms inverted omega-shaped (
+Fig. 7A
+), do not reach antennae. Three hemispherical stemmata dark, arranged in a triangle, near at the base of antenna (
+Fig. 7A
+). Antenna with 3 antennomeres; antennomere 3 with preapical setae and sensilla (
+Fig. 7B
+). Labrum nearly square, bended at two sides, with setae (
+Fig. 7C
+). Mandible with two apical teeth (
+Fig. 7D
+). Maxilla with mala trapezoidal, rounded at apex, with two long curved setae and outer margin with thin and short setae in ventral side (
+Fig. 7F
+). Maxillary palp with three palpomeres (
+Fig. 7H
+). Labium with spare setae, posterior margin with numerous short setae, labial palpi with three palpomeres (
+Figs 7G, 7I
+).
+
+
+
+FIGURE 7.
+Main characters of the fourth instar larva of
+
+Harmonia dimidiata
+
+.
+A.
+head, dorsal view.
+B.
+antenna.
+C.
+labrum.
+D.
+mandible.
+E.
+tibiotarsus.
+F.
+maxilla.
+G.
+labium.
+H.
+maxillary palp.
+I.
+labial palp. Scale bars: 200 µm in A, B, E, F–I; 100 µm in B, D. Black and blue lines: outlines of structures; red dots: boundaries of segmentation of maxillary and labial palpi.
+
+
+
+Thorax. Pronotum with two black, semi-oval dorsal plates separated by a narrow band; each lateral margin of plates with four black parascoli; about twelve long chalazae and spare short setae in anterior margin of plates; central surface and posterior margin of plates without projection (
+Figs 6A–B
+). Meso- and metanotum black, and their plates pale (
+Figs 6A–B
+). Lateral margins of plates each with a long black and a short parascoli, and a black parascoli bearing three branches in each central surface of plates (
+Figs 6A–B
+). Lateral margins of mesonotum each with a black sentus, without seta (
+Figs 6A–B
+). A pair of circular spiracles with lamellae at the opening in anterolateral part of mesonotum. Metanotum laterally each with a black sentus (
+Figs 6A–B
+). Legs black, long, with setae; ventral part with a bristle brush near the tarsal claw, and row of external setae in the tibia; tarsal claw with a square small basal tooth and dense setae around the tooth (
+Fig. 7E
+).
+
+
+Abdomen with nine segments (
+Fig. 6E
+). Segment S1 to S8 with a pair of anterolateral spiracles similar to those of the mesothorax (
+Fig. 6E
+). Segment S1 yellow, with black stripe in central surface closed S2; dorsal plates with a pair of yellow parascoli, black at the apex, bearing three branches; dorsolateral plates and lateral areas with two pairs of yellow parascoli bearing two branches. Segment S2 yellow, black in central surface, and pale in basal black projections; dorsal plates and lateral areas with two pairs of black parascoli bearing two branches; dorsolateral plates with a pair of yellow parascoli black at the apex (
+Figs 6A–B, 6E
+). The color and the location of projection of S3 are similar to those of S2, only different in the surface color of lateral areas (
+Figs 6A–B, 6E
+). Segment S4 yellow in surface of dorsal and dorsolateral plates, and black in surface of lateral areas, with a black band in central part; dorsally and dorsolaterally with two pairs of yellow parascoli bearing two branches; lateral area with black parascoli (
+Figs 6A–B, 6E
+). Segment S5 and S6 black and pale in basal black projections, with two pairs of black parascoli in dorsal and dorsolateral plates, and a pair of short black parascoli in lateral areas (
+Figs 6A–B, 6E
+). Segment S7 and S8 black, and pale in basal black projections, with two pairs of black parascoli in dorsal and dorsolateral plates, a pair of black strumae in lateral areas (
+Figs 6A–B, 6E
+). Segment S9 black with nearly 20 setae (
+Figs 6A–B, 6E
+).
+
+
+Pupa
+(
+Figs 6C–D
+). Length
+5.2–5.9 mm
+; width
+3.3–3.6 mm
+. Body oval, convex and truncate in the anterior region, brown with black spots. Thorax: pronotum and metanotum with a pair of black spots. Mesonotum with a pair of black spots in lateral margins. Abdomen: seven visible segments. Segment S1 with two black spots; S3 and S4 with a black stripe on each side; S5 and S6 are similar to S3 and S4; S2, S5, S7 brown, without black spot.
+
+
+Notes.
+The larval characters of this species were described by
+Sasaji (1977)
+.
+Singh & Phaloura (1990)
+presented a field key to the larvae of four species within the genus
+
+Harmonia
+
+, including
+
+H
+.
+dimidiata
+
+and pointed out that
+
+H
+.
+dimidiata
+
+can be distinguished from other
+
+Harmonia
+species
+
+by the projections of S
+5 in
+dorsal and dorsolateral areas. Additionally, it can be distinguished from
+
+H
+.
+axyridis
+
+by the coloration of S5 (
+
+Celli
+et al.
+2021
+
+). Subsequently,
+Phaloura & Singh (1991)
+provided a description of the larval chaetotaxy for this species.
+Yu (2010)
+included an illustration of the larva for this species; however, no further descriptions regarding its larva were given.
+Poorani (2023)
+presented comprehensive illustrations of this species along with brief descriptions of its immature stages.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF602E2741FF1EE6C6FA00A0C3.xml b/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF602E2741FF1EE6C6FA00A0C3.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a46758d5c98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/34/4E/87/344E87BF602E2741FF1EE6C6FA00A0C3.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+
+
+
+Descriptions of immature stages of six aphidophagous Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) species from China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Zhuang, Jiamin
+Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China & Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wei, Xueyuan
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Tao, Xunhong
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Wang, Xingmin
+Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China & Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Chen, Xiaosheng
+Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China & Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, China
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-09
+
+
+5646
+
+
+2
+
+
+236
+254
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.3
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.2.3
+1175-5326
+F52AD2D2-89B0-416D-B94E-B2DA665956E1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Cheilomenes sexmaculata
+(
+Fabricius, 1781
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(
+Figs 1A–C
+,
+2–3
+)
+
+
+Larval descriptions or illustrations of
+
+Cheilomenes sexmaculata
+
+:
+Ślipiński 2007: 170
+,
+Yu 2010: 48
+,
+Poorani 2023: 72
+.
+Fourth instar larva
+(
+Figs 2A–B, 2E
+,
+3
+). Length
+6.7–7.3 mm
+; width at metathorax
+2.3–2.4 mm
+. Body elongate, cylindrical and tapered, with black senti and yellow spots (
+Figs 2A–B
+). Head: black, nearly round. Epicranial stem absent; frontal arms inverted omega-shaped (
+Fig. 3A
+), do not reach antennae; they appear to be separated at bases. Three hemispherical stemmata dark, arranged in a triangle, near at the base of antenna. Antenna with 3 antennomeres; antennomere 1 wider than and as short as antennomere 2; antennomere 3 with preapical setae and sensilla (
+Fig. 3B
+). Labrum with setae (
+Fig. 3C
+). Mandible well-sclerotized with two apical teeth (
+Fig. 3D
+). Maxilla with mala brush-shaped, with two long setae and a pair of papillae at the apex in ventral side (
+Fig. 3F
+). Maxillary palp with two setae in palpomere 2, and apex with sensilla (
+Fig. 3H
+). Labium with spare and thin setae, labial palpi with two palpomeres, bearing setae and small stout sensilla at apex (
+Figs 3G, 3I
+).
+
+
+
+FIGURE 1.
+Life stages of six studied species of the tribe
+Coccinellini
+.
+A–C.
+
+Cheilomenes sexmaculata
+
+, larva (A), pupa (B) and adult (C).
+D–F.
+
+Harmonia dimidiata
+,
+
+larva (D), pupa (E) and adult (F).
+G–H.
+
+Harmonia sedecimnotata
+
+, larva (G) and pupa (H).
+I–J.
+
+Phrynocaria unicolor
+
+, larva (I) and pupa (J).
+K–M.
+
+Coelophora biplagiata
+
+, larva (K) pupa (L) and adult (M).
+N–P.
+
+Microcaria pupillata
+
+, larva (N), pupa (O) and adult (P).
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 2.
+The larva and pupa of
+
+Cheilomenes sexmaculata
+
+.
+A–B.
+fourth instar larva, in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) view.
+C–D.
+pupa, in dorsal (C) and lateral (D) view.
+E.
+nine segments of abdomen of fourth instar larva, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
+
+
+
+Thorax. Pronotum black, with two semi-oval dorsal plates, separated by a narrow band and embrace yellow stripes in lateral margins (
+Figs 2A–B
+). Each lateral and posterior margins of plates with a black sentus; nearly 28 setae in external margin; central margin of plates without sentus, only with short setae (
+Figs 2A–B
+). Mesonotum and metanotum plates black, with yellow spots in central surface (
+Figs 2A–B
+). Lateral margins of plates with black sentus, and a yellow sentus in central surface of plates (
+Figs 2A–B
+). Lateral margins of mesonotum each with a yellow parascolus bearing 1 to 3 branches, without seta (
+Figs 2A–B
+). A pair of circular spiracles with lamellae at the opening in anterolateral part of mesonotum (
+Fig. 2B
+). Metanotum laterally each with a yellow parascolus bearing 1 to 3 branches, and three short setae (
+Figs 2A–B
+). Legs black, long, with setae; ventral part with a bristle brush near the tarsal claw, and row of external setae in the tibia; tarsal claw with a subquadrate basal tooth and dense setae around the tooth (
+Fig. 3E
+).
+
+
+
+FIGURE 3.
+Main characters of the fourth instar larva of
+
+Cheilomenes sexmaculata
+
+.
+A.
+head, dorsal view.
+B.
+antenna.
+C.
+labrum.
+D.
+mandible.
+E.
+tibiotarsus.
+F.
+maxilla.
+G.
+labium.
+H.
+maxillary palp.
+I.
+labial palp. Scale bars: 500 µm in A; 100 µm in C–I; 50 µm in B. Black lines: outlines of structures; red dots: boundaries of segmentation of maxillary and labial palpi.
+
+
+
+Abdomen with nine segments (
+Fig. 2E
+). Segment S1 to S8 with a pair of anterolateral spiracles similar to those of the mesothorax (
+Fig. 2E
+). Segment S1 dark brown to black, and tan semi-circular spots in the basal dorsal projections, dorsolateral and lateral parts yellow, with three pairs of yellow senti in dorsal, dorsolateral and lateral parts (
+Figs 2A–B, 2E
+). Segment S2 and S3 dark brown, brown in central surface, lateral parts yellow, with two pairs of black senti in dorsal and dorsolateral plates, and a pair of yellow senti in lateral areas (
+Figs 2A–B, 2E
+). The color and the location of projection of S4 are similar to those of S1 (
+Figs 2A–B, 2E
+). Segment S5 and S6 dark brown, yellow in central surface and lateral parts, with two pairs of black senti in dorsal and dorsolateral plates, and a pair of yellow parascoli in lateral areas (
+Figs 2A–B, 2E
+). Segment S7 and S8 dark brown, yellow in central surface and between dorsal and dorsolateral plates, lateral parts yellow, with a pair of black senti in dorsal plates, a pair of black parascoli in dorsolateral plates, and a pair of yellow strumae in lateral areas. Segment S9 dark brown with nearly 20 setae (
+Figs 2A–B, 2E
+).
+
+
+Pupa
+(
+Figs 2C–D
+). Length 3.9–4.0 mm; width 2.0–
+2.9 mm
+. Body oval, convex, with extremely short setae. Thorax: pronotum yellow, posterior regions black; mesonotum pink, black border in lateral regions with black stripes connected with meso- and metanotum on each side; metanotum pink, with two large and two small black spots. Abdomen: seven visible segments. S1 pink. Segment S2–S6 pink, with a pair of round and black spots on each side.
+
+
+Notes.
+Ślipiński (2007)
+provided concise description of the larval stage of this species under the name
+
+Menochilus sexpunctatus
+
+. Subsequently,
+Yu (2010)
+presented illustrations of immature stages for this species.
+Poorani (2023)
+contributed comprehensive illustrations of this species accompanied by brief descriptions of its immature stages.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/8F/2F/96/8F2F9655C55BFFDFFF77D4A1FC87FEB1.xml b/data/8F/2F/96/8F2F9655C55BFFDFFF77D4A1FC87FEB1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3e34f8bbbc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/8F/2F/96/8F2F9655C55BFFDFFF77D4A1FC87FEB1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+
+
+
+An unexpected discovery: the first species of Paraneseuthia Franz from the Mascarene Islands (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Jałoszyński, Paweł
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+124
+130
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.7
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.7
+1175-5326
+15818698
+E607764E-8720-47A4-BF10-47F19323EC14
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Paraneseuthia disjuncta
+
+sp. nov.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(
+Figs 1–5
+)
+
+
+
+
+Type material.
+
+
+Holotype
+:
+MAURITIUS
+:
+
+♂
+, two labels: “
+Maurice
+/
+Ile des Aigrettes
+/ 24 XII 74 /
+Schauenberg
+” [white, handwritten]; “
+
+PARANESEUTHIA
+
+/
+
+disjuncta
+
+m. / P.
+Jałoszyński, 2025
+/
+HOLOTYPUS
+” [red, printed] (
+MHNG
+).
+
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis.
+Body extremely small (BL <
+0.7 mm
+); head, protibia and metaventrite in male unmodified; punctures on head and pronotum inconspicuous, on elytra larger and dense, but shallow and diffuse; setae on head, pronotum and elytra extremely short, inconspicuous; aedeagus in ventral view strongly elongate and asymmetrical, broadest in sub-basal region and with sinuate lateral margins, apical region subtrapezoidal with one hyaline subtriangular distolateral lobe; parameres of different lengths, each with one minute apical seta.
+
+
+
+
+Description.
+BL
+0.68 mm
+. Body of male (
+Fig. 1
+) elongate and moderately convex, moderately light brown with legs and antennae slightly lighter, setae yellowish.
+
+
+Head broadest across large, strongly convex and coarsely faceted eyes, HL
+0.08 mm
+, HW
+0.16 mm
+; vertex and frons confluent and evenly, weakly convex; supraantennal tubercles small and indistinct. Punctures on head dorsum inconspicuous; setae extremely short, barely discernible. Antennae slender but short, shorter than half BL, with distinctly delimited trimerous clubs, AnL
+0.28 mm
+, antennomeres 1–2 elongate, 3 strongly transverse, 4–7 each about as long as broad, 8 transverse, 9 and 10 each enlarged and transverse, 11 slightly broader than 10, about as long as 9–10 together, about 1.6 times as long as broad.
+
+
+Pronotum semielliptical, equally broad between base and anterior third (in
+Fig. 1
+slightly tilted anteroventrally, so the shape is not shown in strictly dorsal view). PL
+0.20 mm
+, PW
+0.23 mm
+. Anterior margin rounded, lateral margins rounded in anterior third and straight posteriorly, and posterior margin weakly arcuate with short and shallow emargination in front of scutellum, posterior corners nearly right-angled and blunt; pronotal base with pair of small but distinct inner pits not connected by groove, with outer pair of L-shaped impressions near each hind corner (with the bottom line of ‘L’ directed mesad), and with small and shallow median pit. Punctures on pronotal disc fine and inconspicuous; setae sparse and short, nearly recumbent.
+
+
+Elytra oval, broadest slightly anterior to middle and evenly rounded laterally, evenly convex; EL
+0.40 mm
+, EW
+0.30 mm
+, EI 1.33; humeral calli distinct but small, basal impressions indistinct; apices separately rounded. Punctures on elytra more distinct than those on head and pronotum, dense but shallow and diffuse; setae short and sparse, nearly recumbent. Hind wings well developed.
+
+Metaventrite unmodified.
+Legs moderately long and slender, unmodified.
+
+Aedeagus (
+Figs 2–5
+) slender, AeL
+0.13 mm
+; median lobe in ventral view strongly elongate and asymmetrical, broadest in sub-basal region and with sinuate lateral margins, apical region subtrapezoidal with one hyaline subtriangular distolateral lobe; endophallic structures poorly sclerotized; parameres slender, slightly broadened in median region, of different lengths, not reaching apex of median lobe, each with one minute apical seta.
+
+
+
+FIGURES 1–5.
+Holotype of
+
+Paraneseuthia disjuncta
+
+
+sp. nov.
+
+Dorsal habitus (
+1
+), aedeagus in ventral (
+2, 4
+) and lateral (
+3, 5
+) views.
+
+
+Female. Unknown.
+
+
+
+Distribution.
+Île aux Aigrettes at
+Mauritius
+.
+
+
+
+
+Etymology.
+The adjective
+
+disjuncta
+
+refers to the
+terra typica
+remote from the previously known range of
+
+Paraneseuthia
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Remarks.
+The locality listed on the label as Ile des Aigrettes is in fact Île aux Aigrettes, a small island off the south-east coast of
+Mauritius
+(Ile des Aigrettes is an island in Baie du Tonnerre in northernmost
+Madagascar
+). Three very similar females from
+La Réunion
+(Albion and Saint-Philippe) are also deposited at MHNG. One was studied as a whole-body transparent mount in
+Canada
+balsam under compound microscope to confirm the diagnostic characters of
+
+Paraneseuthia
+
+.
+
+
+The aedeagus of
+
+P. disjuncta
+
+is unique and especially the strongly asymmetrical apical region allows for unambiguous identification. Similarly slender aedeagi are typical of two species inhabiting New
+Guinea
+,
+
+P. rugosa
+Jałoszyński, 2020
+
+or
+
+P. levigata
+Jałoszyński, 2010
+
+. However, these two species have symmetrical apices. Slender aedeagi with asymmetrical apices can also be found in New Guinean species,
+
+P. devia
+Jałoszyński, 2008
+
+, and
+
+P. guineana
+Jałoszyński, 2009
+
+. The shape of the distal asymmetrical region in these species is clearly different than in
+
+P. disjuncta
+
+. Externally,
+
+P. disjuncta
+
+is unremarkable, except for being one of the smallest species of the genus.
+
+
+Among all nominal species of
+
+Paraneseuthia
+
+(see distribution in
+Fig. 6
+), the newly described
+
+P. disjuncta
+
+surprisingly shows closest morphological similarities to New Guinean congeners. Clearly the distribution of this enigmatic and rarely collected genus is still inadequately known, and the discovery of species on the Indian Ocean islands is certainly not the last biogeographical surprise.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/A3/0C/28/A30C283EEE72FFC53B97FAC3FBC46C90.xml b/data/A3/0C/28/A30C283EEE72FFC53B97FAC3FBC46C90.xml
index e0c3d94f28f..c1d9227570e 100644
--- a/data/A3/0C/28/A30C283EEE72FFC53B97FAC3FBC46C90.xml
+++ b/data/A3/0C/28/A30C283EEE72FFC53B97FAC3FBC46C90.xml
@@ -1,74 +1,77 @@
-
-
-
-A new unique leafhopper genus of Erythroneurini from China, with the description of one new species (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae)
+
+
+
+A new unique leafhopper genus of Erythroneurini from China, with the description of one new species (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae)
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Song, Yuehua
-School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China & State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang 550025, China & School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China & Department of Life Sciences (Insects), The Natural History Museum, London, SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom
+Song, Yuehua
+School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China & State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang 550025, China & School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China & Department of Life Sciences (Insects), The Natural History Museum, London, SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Yuan, Xiaojuan
-School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China & State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang 550025, China
+Yuan, Xiaojuan
+School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China & State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang 550025, China
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Tan, Yusha
-School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China & State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang 550025, China
+Tan, Yusha
+School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China & State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang 550025, China
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Webb, Mick D.
-School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China & Department of Life Sciences (Insects), The Natural History Museum, London, SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom
+Webb, Mick D.
+School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China & Department of Life Sciences (Insects), The Natural History Museum, London, SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom
-
-
-Author
+
+
+Author
-Mera, Diana R.
-School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China & Department of Life Sciences (Insects), The Natural History Museum, London, SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom & School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China
+Mera, Diana R.
+School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China & Department of Life Sciences (Insects), The Natural History Museum, London, SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom & School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China
-text
-
-
-Zootaxa
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
-
-2025
-
-2025-06-04
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-04
-
-5642
+
+5642
-
-6
+
+6
-
-597
-600
+
+597
+600
-
-https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.6.8
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5642.6.8
-journal article
-10.11646/zootaxa.5642.6.8
-1175-5326
-C8DD3B9C-B014-4A52-8A75-58EE56E48B35
+journal article
+310813
+10.11646/zootaxa.5642.6.8
+594ae2b4-ea32-420f-a724-47f497ed382a
+1175-5326
+15818419
+C8DD3B9C-B014-4A52-8A75-58EE56E48B35
-
+
@@ -93,46 +96,46 @@ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
Description.
Body light brown to brownish (
-Figs 1–6
+Figs 1–6
). Head slightly narrower than pronotum (
-Figs 1, 9
+Figs 1, 9
). Crown with two small dark spots medially, but not obvious (
-Figs 1–5, 9
+Figs 1–5, 9
). Eyes dark brown (
-Fig. 2
+Fig. 2
). Face broad; postclypeus beige, darker than anteclypeus; anteclypeus with one single triangular dark marking near bottom and dark apex (
-Figs 2, 3, 5
+Figs 2, 3, 5
). Pronotum without markings, with posterior margin concave distinctly (
-Figs 1, 4
+Figs 1, 4
). Scutellum with a dark inverted triangular area at bottom medially; scutellar suture distinct (
-Figs 1, 4
+Figs 1, 4
). Forewing brownish, with 4th apical cell tiny, semicircular (
-Fig. 17
+Fig. 17
). Hind wing transparent (
-Fig. 16
+Fig. 16
).
Male abdominal apodemes bladelike, extending to anterior margin of 4th sternite slightly (
-Fig. 11
+Fig. 11
).
Male genitalia.
Pygofer lobe bifurcated, as in generic description with dorsal and ventral two lobes (dorsal one significantly larger than ventral one); microtrichia near upper caudal margin well developed, 1–2 long fine setae scattered at lower caudal margin of lower lobe (
-Fig. 7
+Fig. 7
); dorsal pygofer appendage with bifurcated apex and handlike in lateral view (
-Fig. 8
+Fig. 8
). Subgenital plate expanded near base and apex respectively, central area concave, common in
Erythroneurini
(
-Fig. 10
+Fig. 10
). Aedeagal shaft much longer than preatrium and dorsal apodeme, Pipa-like in ventral view, with pair of short processes subapically; dorsal apodeme connected with broad ligament in lateral view; gonopore terminal, ventrad (
-Figs 12, 13
+Figs 12, 13
). Connective central lobe absent, stalk short but distinct (
-Fig. 14
+Fig. 14
). Style with very long and branched apex; preapical lobe small but prominent (
-Fig. 15
+Fig. 15
).
diff --git a/data/B4/6F/B7/B46FB71AFFFAFF84E18CF85EFA95FEA9.xml b/data/B4/6F/B7/B46FB71AFFFAFF84E18CF85EFA95FEA9.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..545bc0c6d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/B4/6F/B7/B46FB71AFFFAFF84E18CF85EFA95FEA9.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+
+
+
+On the rare species of Dicordylus Lacordaire and Homalocerus Schoenherr (Coleoptera, Belidae) with notes on male terminalia of D. vanini Mermudes
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Mermudes, José Ricardo M.
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+144
+150
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.9
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.9
+1175-5326
+18A05258-7030-4A03-8BE5-00C0112701F6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Homalocerus antennalis
+Hustache, 1940
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined.
+
+BRAZIL
+.
+Rio Grande do Sul
+.
+S. Salvador
+,
+
+30.X.1960
+
+, without leg. (
+MAPA
+)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Remarks
+.
+Vanin (1976)
+stated that
+
+H. antennalis
+
+is the only species characterized by antennomere XI with an elongate length, almost as long as the three preceding antennomeres together. The species was previously known only from the
+type
+locality Água Preta (now Uruçuca), State of
+Bahia
+. However,
+Vanin (1976)
+studied a male and a female from the state of
+Santa Catarina
+, municipality of Joinville (
+10 m
+elevation). Based on the material from this important collection in Porto Alegre (MAPA), the distribution of the species reaches the state of
+Rio Grande do Sul
+and helps to confirm the Atlantic Forest biome for this species at low elevation, unlike
+
+Homalocerus lyciformis
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/B4/6F/B7/B46FB71AFFFBFF84E18CFE64FD25FC05.xml b/data/B4/6F/B7/B46FB71AFFFBFF84E18CFE64FD25FC05.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..945e082bf3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/B4/6F/B7/B46FB71AFFFBFF84E18CFE64FD25FC05.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+
+
+
+On the rare species of Dicordylus Lacordaire and Homalocerus Schoenherr (Coleoptera, Belidae) with notes on male terminalia of D. vanini Mermudes
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Mermudes, José Ricardo M.
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+144
+150
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.9
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.9
+1175-5326
+18A05258-7030-4A03-8BE5-00C0112701F6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Homalocerus lyciformis
+(Germar, 1833)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Material examined.
+
+BRASIL
+.
+Rio de Janeiro
+:
+Itatiaia
+,
+1 male
+,
+
+XII.1989
+
+,
+Ayr Bello
+leg. (
+CEMT
+)
+
+,
+
+Parque Nacional do Itatiaia
+(
+
+750 m
+
+)
+1 female
+,
+
+11–14.I.2008
+
+,
+Monné
+et al.
+leg. (
+DZRJ
+)
+
+;
+
+Teresópolis
+(
+Parnaso
+,
+Parque Nacional da Serra
+dos
+Órgãos
+,
+1 female
+,
+
+10.XI.2010
+
+,
+Silveira
+, leg. (
+DZRJ
+)
+
+;
+
+Estrada Paraty-Cunha
+(
+Parque Nacional da Bocaina
+),
+2 males
+,
+
+23.I.2010
+
+,
+Mermudes
+&
+Mattos
+leg. (
+DZRJ
+)
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+Remarks
+.
+Vanin (1976)
+had already discussed that
+
+Homalocerus lyciformis
+
+is one of the best-known species of the genus, noting the variation in its body coloration, but emphasizing that it can be easily identified through the characters presented in the taxonomic key (
+Vanin 1976: 25
+). He also described the wide distribution of this species in
+Brazil
+, from
+Bahia
+to
+Rio Grande do Sul
+, and its occurrence in
+Argentina
+. In this study, the presence of the species was reported for the first time in two important massifs of the Atlantic Forest biome in Southeastern
+Brazil
+: the Mantiqueira massif (based on the records from Itatiaia) and the Serra do Mar massif (based on the records from Teresópolis and Bocaina).
+Vanin (1976)
+also mentioned the rarity of
+Belidae
+in collections, and this study reiterates that observation, highlighting the scarcity of available material and the still unknown aspect of the group’s biology in
+Brazil
+, including the lack of larval descriptions.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data/B4/6F/B7/B46FB71AFFFCFF85E18CFDB8FB5AF93F.xml b/data/B4/6F/B7/B46FB71AFFFCFF85E18CFDB8FB5AF93F.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a45c83aae00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/B4/6F/B7/B46FB71AFFFCFF85E18CFDB8FB5AF93F.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+
+
+
+On the rare species of Dicordylus Lacordaire and Homalocerus Schoenherr (Coleoptera, Belidae) with notes on male terminalia of D. vanini Mermudes
+
+
+
+Author
+
+Mermudes, José Ricardo M.
+
+text
+
+
+Zootaxa
+
+
+2025
+
+2025-06-06
+
+
+5646
+
+
+1
+
+
+144
+150
+
+
+
+
+https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.9
+
+journal article
+10.11646/zootaxa.5646.1.9
+1175-5326
+18A05258-7030-4A03-8BE5-00C0112701F6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dicordylus vanini
+Mermudes, 2006
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(
+Figs 3–10
+)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Dicordylus vanini
+Mermudes, 2006: 74
+
+
+(fig. 1).
+
+Bená
+et al.
+2024
+
+.
+
+
+
+
+
+Type material.
+
+
+Neotype
+
+(
+
+Figs 3
+–
+10
+
+) from
+BRAZIL
+.
+Paraná
+.
+Ponta Grossa
+(Vila Velha
+IAPAR
+),
+1 male
+,
+
+02.X.2000
+
+malaise 3E2,
+Ganho
+&
+Marinoni
+leg. (white, printed), (
+DZUP 085540
+, white, printed);
+
+Dicordylus vanini
+Mermudes, 2006
+
+(male symbol),
+Mermudes
+&
+Queiroz
+det. 2011 (white, manuscript).
+The
+neotype
+was hereby designated to guarantee nomenclatural stability and fix the type-locality of this species.
+
+
+
+
+
+FIGURES 3–4.
+
+Dicordylus vanini
+
+, neotype: 3, habitus dorsal; 4, lateral.
+
+
+
+
+FIGURES 5–9.
+
+Dicordylus vanini
+
+, neotype, male terminalia: 5, tergite VIII dorsal; 6, Stenite VIII and spiculum gastrale, ventral; 7–8, aedeagus, respectively, dorsal and ventral.
+
+
+
+
+FIGURE 10.
+
+Dicordylus vanini
+
+, neotype, label, specimen deposited at DZUP.
+
+
+
+
+Diagnosis
+. In 2006, Mermudes distinguished
+
+D. vanini
+
+from other species in the genus based on the following characteristics: 1) dorsal vestiture with dense, decumbent, shining, reddish-orange scales; 2) elytra with long, decumbent, ferruginous setae near the suture of the basal 1/4, these setae being conspicuously denser at the middle of the disk; and 3) absence of a rounded spot on the elytra.
+
+
+
+
+Description of terminalia, male.
+Tergite VIII (
+Fig. 5
+) strongly transverse and arched, with slightly sinuous lateral margins, apical margin truncate-rounded with elongated and moderately dense setae. Sternite VIII (
+Fig. 6
+) strongly transverse, lateral and apical margins as in the tergite; proximal margin conspicuously emarginate, with the length of the apodeme subequal to the width of the sternite. Spiculum gastrale (
+
+Figs 5
+–
+6
+
+) elongate, more than 5x the width of the proximal process. Tegmen (
+Fig. 7
+) elongate, parameres at least 4x longer than the body of the ring, apodeme short, subequal to the body of the tegmen ring; apex of the paramere rounded and strongly curved in the distal fifth. Aedeagus (
+
+Figs 8
+–
+9
+
+), elongate and narrow, with subparallel sides; strongly pointed at the apex, this conspicuously dilated in lateral view (
+Fig. 9
+); apodemes very short, less than 1/4 the length of the aedeagus.
+
+
+
+
+Distribution
+. This species is known only from the type locality of the
+neotype
+.
+
+
+
+
+Remarks
+. The original
+holotype
+specimen of
+
+Dicordylus vanini
+
+, which was the sole specimen upon which the species description by
+Mermudes (2006)
+was based, was tragically destroyed in the fire at the National Museum in
+Rio de Janeiro
+on
+September 2, 2018
+. This loss leaves the species without its primary name-bearing type, which is essential for ensuring taxonomic stability and accurate identification of the species. As the original description was based on a single, now-destroyed specimen with limited locality data, there is a significant risk of confusion and misidentification of this species in the future.
+
+
+
+To address this critical issue and maintain nomenclatural stability, I am herein designating a
+neotype
+for
+
+Dicordylus vanini
+
+. This action is taken in strict accordance with
+The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
+(
+ICZN
+, 1999).
+Specifically, I
+am adhering to Article 74 and 75.3, which outline the conditions and procedures for designating a
+neotype
+when the original
+holotype
+has been lost or destroyed.
+Furthermore, I
+am ensuring that the designated
+neotype
+is deposited in a publicly accessible institution (
+DZUP
+,
+Coleção Entomológica Pe Jesus
+Santiago
+Moure
+,
+Depto de Zoologia
+,
+Universidade Federal
+do
+Paraná
+,
+Curitiba
+), as required by
+Article
+75.3.7 of the ICZN (1999)
+
+.
+
+
+
+The designation of this
+neotype
+, a male specimen collected in a
+malaise trap
+at Ponta Grossa (Vila Velha
+IAPAR
+),
+Paraná
+,
+Brazil
+, is essential to fix the type locality of
+
+Dicordylus vanini
+
+and to provide a definitive reference point for future taxonomic studies.
+This
+action will prevent ambiguity, ensure correct application of the species name, and facilitate ongoing research on this rare and geographically restricted beetle species
+
+.
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file