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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.105.724" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e37cd6ef-48e7-4484-8a3b-6ce1247434cf" ID-PMC="PMC3131050" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-105-1" ID-PubMed="21852919" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-105-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 105" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the spider genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 (Arachnida, Araneae, Selenopidae) in North America, Central America and the Caribbean" checkinTime="1451250317184" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Crews, Sarah C." docDate="2011" docId="92ED1C1245400A438813DFBBB50D7D8D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 105: 1-182" docOrigin="ZooKeys 105" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.105.724" docTitle="Selenops nigromaculatus Keyserling 1880" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="FFD3FF99FF8FFE16FFE2FF80FFEDFFF4" masterDocTitle="A revision of the spider genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 (Arachnida, Araneae, Selenopidae) in North America, Central America and the Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="182" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1668150752682" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A revision of the spider genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 (Arachnida, Araneae, Selenopidae) in North America, Central America and the Caribbean</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Crews, Sarah C.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>105</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>182</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.105.724</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.105.724</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-105-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152029656" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:92ED1C1245400A438813DFBBB50D7D8D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/92ED1C1245400A438813DFBBB50D7D8D" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Selenops_nigromaculatus" authority="Keyserling, 1880" authorityName="Keyserling" authorityYear="1880" class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Selenops nigromaculatus Keyserling, 1880</taxonomicName>
Figs 43-44Map 5
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Selenops nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Keyserling, E" journalOrPublisher="Nuernberg," pageId="124" pageNumber="125" pagination="1 - 283" title="Die Spinnen Amerikas, I. Laterigradae." volume="1" year="1880">Keyserling 1880</bibRefCitation>
: 230, pl. 6, Fig. 126 (♂, ♀, examined).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Selenops nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
:F. O. P-Cambridge 1900: 117, pl. 8, Fig. 14 (♂ not ♀).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">
<pageBreakToken pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="start">Selenops</pageBreakToken>
nigromaculatus
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Mello-Leitao CF, de" journalOrPublisher="Archivos de Escola Superior de Agricultura Medicina e Veterinaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" pagination="17 - 74" title="Drassoideas do Brasil." volume="2" year="1918">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mello-Leitão">Mello-Leitao</normalizedToken>
1918
</bibRefCitation>
: 30, Figs 6-7 (♂, ♀).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Selenops nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Muma, MH" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" pagination="1 - 55" title="A study of the spider family Selenopidae in North and Central America and the West Indies." volume="1619" year="1953">Muma 1953</bibRefCitation>
: 44, Figs 76-77 (♂ not ♀).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops santibanezi" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santibanezi">Selenops santibanezi</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Valdez-Mondragon, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="47 - 58" title="Two new species of spiders of the genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 (Araneae: Selenopidae) and redescription of Selenops scitus Muma, 1953 from Mexico." volume="2334" year="2010">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valdez-Mondragón">Valdez-Mondragon</normalizedToken>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
: 50, Figs 5-11 (♂, ♀; not examined) syn. n.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Holotype male:
<normalizedToken originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
, E. Simon (1595 BMNH, examined).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Based on the original illustrations by
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valdez-Mondragón">Valdez-Mondragon</normalizedToken>
(2010: figs 5-11), the holotype male of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops santibanezi" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santibanezi">Selenops santibanezi</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valdez-Mondragón">Valdez-Mondragon</normalizedToken>
, 2010, is in every way identical to the holotype male of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Selenops nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
Keyserling, 1880. The former species was recorded from the following locality: Santa Catarina Ixtepeji, 17.28°, -96.54496667°, 2021 m, Municipio Santa Catarina Ixtepeji, Distrito
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ixtlán">Ixtlan</normalizedToken>
, Oaxaca,
<normalizedToken originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
, 19.IX.2009, ♀, A.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valdez-Mondragón">Valdez-Mondragon</normalizedToken>
, R. Paredes, C.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Santibáñez">Santibanez</normalizedToken>
(CNAN-T0415), not examined.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Males can be distinguished from other species by the dorsal branch of the RTA which is a small stalk that abruptly widens to a small quadrangular structure distally (Figs 43-44). Females can be separated from other species by the median lobes that are close together and come together medially, before separating posteriorly (
<bibRefCitation author="Valdez-Mondragon, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="47 - 58" title="Two new species of spiders of the genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 (Araneae: Selenopidae) and redescription of Selenops scitus Muma, 1953 from Mexico." volume="2334" year="2010">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valdez-Mondragón">Valdez-Mondragon</normalizedToken>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
: figs 10-11).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Until very recently (
<bibRefCitation author="Valdez-Mondragon, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="47 - 58" title="Two new species of spiders of the genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 (Araneae: Selenopidae) and redescription of Selenops scitus Muma, 1953 from Mexico." volume="2334" year="2010">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valdez-Mondragón">Valdez-Mondragon</normalizedToken>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
) there was much confusion regarding this species, in particular the female. The male and female were described by
<bibRefCitation author="Keyserling, E" journalOrPublisher="Nuernberg," pageId="124" pageNumber="125" pagination="1 - 283" title="Die Spinnen Amerikas, I. Laterigradae." volume="1" year="1880">Keyserling (1880)</bibRefCitation>
. The illustrations are of poor quality and it is difficult to distinguish details from them. F. O.
<bibRefCitation author="Pickard-Cambridge, FO" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" pagination="89 - 192" title="Arachnida-Araneida and Opiliones. In: Biologia Centrali- Americana, Zoology." volume="2" year="1900">Pickard-Cambridge (1900)</bibRefCitation>
produced several beautiful illustrations of the male of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Selenops nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
. For unknown reasons Simon didn't show him the female, and unfortunately it was not illustrated. In 1918,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mello-Leitão">Mello-Leitao</normalizedToken>
copied Keyserling's (1880) description and illustration, claiming he had collected a similar female, based on Keyserling's description, in
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
, Brazil. Finally,
<bibRefCitation author="Muma, MH" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" pagination="1 - 55" title="A study of the spider family Selenopidae in North and Central America and the West Indies." volume="1619" year="1953">Muma (1953)</bibRefCitation>
was not able to examine the specimen himself, but he had M. Vachon describe and illustrate the male. Apparently, Vachon also illustrated the female, but this was disregarded by Muma because &quot;There is no doubt that Keyserling's female type is the same as gracilis, new species,&quot; which added to the confusion. Although Keyserling's (1880) illustrations are lacking in certain details, his illustration of the female of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Selenops nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
looks nothing like
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops gracilis" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">Selenops gracilis</taxonomicName>
. Other illustrations of female
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Selenops</taxonomicName>
copulatory organs (e.g.
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops mexicanus" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicanus">Selenops mexicanus</taxonomicName>
) do resemble what the species actually looks like. I have come to two conclusions, both having the same outcome. First,
<bibRefCitation author="Keyserling, E" journalOrPublisher="Nuernberg," pageId="124" pageNumber="125" pagination="1 - 283" title="Die Spinnen Amerikas, I. Laterigradae." volume="1" year="1880">Keyserling (1880)</bibRefCitation>
may have illustrated a juvenile. In the vials of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Selenops nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
types at the BMNH, there is no adult female. There is a single adult male, which is the type, and, in addition, there is a juvenile spider in another vial labelled as
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Selenops nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
, from
<normalizedToken originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, Koch collection, with a blank label, numbered 15.3.5.6416. There is no female, which looks like
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops gracilis" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">Selenops gracilis</taxonomicName>
or otherwise. The second involves the actual female of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Selenops nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
being lost. Luckily, a male of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Selenops nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
was collected with a female, described and beautifully illustrated by
<bibRefCitation author="Valdez-Mondragon, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="47 - 58" title="Two new species of spiders of the genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 (Araneae: Selenopidae) and redescription of Selenops scitus Muma, 1953 from Mexico." volume="2334" year="2010">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valdez-Mondragón">Valdez-Mondragon</normalizedToken>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
. The specimens were described as
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops santibanezi" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santibanezi">Selenops santibanezi</taxonomicName>
. The male type and illustration by
<bibRefCitation author="Valdez-Mondragon, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="47 - 58" title="Two new species of spiders of the genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 (Araneae: Selenopidae) and redescription of Selenops scitus Muma, 1953 from Mexico." volume="2334" year="2010">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valdez-Mondragón">Valdez-Mondragon</normalizedToken>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
clearly reveal these are the same species, and thus,
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops santibanezi" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santibanezi">Selenops santibanezi</taxonomicName>
is a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Selenops nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<pageBreakToken pageId="38" pageNumber="39" start="start">There</pageBreakToken>
also appear to be some erroneous locality records.
<bibRefCitation author="Mello-Leitao CF, de" journalOrPublisher="Archivos de Escola Superior de Agricultura Medicina e Veterinaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" pagination="17 - 74" title="Drassoideas do Brasil." volume="2" year="1918">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mello-Leitão's">Mello-Leitao's</normalizedToken>
(1918)
</bibRefCitation>
collection of a female in
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
, Brazil is dubious, given that the actual specimen was not illustrated, and that it resembled Keyserling's description. In addition, the thorough work on South American selenopids by (
<bibRefCitation author="Corronca, JA" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" pagination="91 - 96" title="Tres nuevas especies de Selenops Latreille, 1819 (Araneae: Selenopidae) en America del Sur." volume="42" year="1996">Corronca (1996</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Corronca, JA" journalOrPublisher="Studies of Neotropical Fauna and the Environment" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" pagination="124 - 148" title="The South American spiders of the genus Selenops (Araneae, Selenopidae) with a description of three new species." url="10.1076/snfe.33.2.124.2153" volume="33" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
) has turned up no specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Selenops nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
. Finally, it is mentioned by
<bibRefCitation author="Simon, E" journalOrPublisher="Acta Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" pagination="223 - 351" title="Revision de la famille des Sparassidae (Arachnides)." volume="34" year="1880">Simon (1880)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Mello-Leitao CF, de" journalOrPublisher="Archivos de Escola Superior de Agricultura Medicina e Veterinaria" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" pagination="17 - 74" title="Drassoideas do Brasil." volume="2" year="1918">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mello-Leitão">Mello-Leitao</normalizedToken>
(1918)
</bibRefCitation>
that this spider was found in Antigua by Grenadier. This particular specimen has not been located. This could refer to the vicinity of Antigua, Guatemala, rather than the Caribbean island nation of Antigua and Barbuda. The type locality is
<normalizedToken originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
and a different species has been found in Antigua and Barbuda which is not closely allied with
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops nigromaculatus" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigromaculatus">Selenops nigromaculatus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Holotype male: Color:carapace uniformly brownish-red; sternum orange-brown; chelicerae orange-brown; maxillae brown, lightening distally; labium light brown lightening distally; abdomen dorsally orange-yellow, no markings present any longer, remnants of festoon visible; ventrally orange-yellowish. Carapace: 0.86 times longer than broad; fovea longitudinal, broad, very shallow. Eyes:AER nearly straight; PER slightly recurved; PME larger than AME, PLE largest, ALE smallest; eye diameters, AME 0.30, ALE 0.08, PME 0.40, PLE 0.50; interdistances AME-PME 0.03, PME-ALE 0.10, ALE-PLE 0.68. PME-PME 1.65. ALE-ALE 2.50; ocular quadrangle AME-AME 0.60, PLE-PLE 2.70; clypeus 0.15 high. Mouthparts:chelicerae with stout setae, maxillae longer than broad, with tuft of conspicuous setae distally; labium distally rounded. Sternum:1.09 times longer than broad, posteriorly indented. Legs:leg I only slightly shorter than legs II, III and IV; leg formula 3241 (Muma, 1953); scopulae present on tarsi of all legs and on metatarsi of legs I and II; tarsi I-IV with strong claw tufts on all legs; both claws with around same number of teeth; spination: leg I, Fm pr 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
1, d 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
1, rl 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
1; Ti pr 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–0–">-0-</normalizedToken>
1, d 0, rl 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–0–">-0-</normalizedToken>
1, v 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="–2–">-2-</normalizedToken>
2; Mt v 2-2; leg II, Fm pr 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
1, d 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
1, rl 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
1; Ti pr 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–0–">-0-</normalizedToken>
1, d 0, rl 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–0–">-0-</normalizedToken>
1, v 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="–2–">-2-</normalizedToken>
2, Mt v 2-2; leg III, Fm pr 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
1, d 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
1, rl 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
1; Ti pr 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–0–">-0-</normalizedToken>
1, rl 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–0–">-0-</normalizedToken>
1, v 2-2; Mt v 2-2; leg IV, Fm pr 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
1, d 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
1, rl 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
1; Ti pr 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
0, v 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="–2–">-2-</normalizedToken>
0, rl 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
0; Mt v 2-2. Abdomen:without terminal tufts of setae. Pedipalp:Fm, spination dorsal 0
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1–">-1-</normalizedToken>
4; cymbium oval to round in ventral view, angled posterolaterally; scopulae scattered, denser toward tip; conductor arising from side and center of bulb, quadrangular; embolus long, blade like, narrow, begins at 7 o'clock, ends at 12 o'clock, does not curve around edge of cymbial margin, but instead directed anteriorly; MA short with stout base and longer hooked finger-like process, arising at 2 o'clock, directed laterally; RTA extending at least 1/4 the length of cymbium in ventral view; RTA with 2 apophyses, the lateral process is a stout stalk with a distal quadrangular process, the ventral process is smaller, blunt and curved; basal cymbial process absent (Figs 43-44). Dimensions: Total length 13.20. Carapace length 5.90, width 6.90. Sternum length 3.00, width 2.75. Abdomen length 7.30, width 5.25. Pedipalp: Fm 1.75, Pt 0.75, Ti 1.00, Ta 1.50, total 5.00. Leg I: Fm 7.00, Pt 3.00, Ti 6.50, Mt 6.00, Ta 2.50, total 25.00. Leg II: Fm 8.00, Pt 3.00, Ti 7.00, Mt 6.65, Ta 2.50, total 27.15. Leg III: Fm 8.00, Pt 2.50, Ti 7.00, Mt 6.50, Ta 2.25, total 26.75. Leg IV: Fm 7.75, Pt 2.50, Ti 6.75, Mt 6.75.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Female: See
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valdez-Mondragón">Valdez-Mondragon</normalizedToken>
(2010: under
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Selenopidae" genus="Selenops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Selenops santibanezi" order="Araneae" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="santibanezi">Selenops santibanezi</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="natural history">
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
This species has been found in bromeliads growing on oak trees at 2000 m elevation (
<bibRefCitation author="Valdez-Mondragon, A" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="47 - 58" title="Two new species of spiders of the genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 (Araneae: Selenopidae) and redescription of Selenops scitus Muma, 1953 from Mexico." volume="2334" year="2010">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valdez-Mondragón">Valdez-Mondragon</normalizedToken>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Unfortunately I only know the type to be from
<normalizedToken originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
, but it is also possible this species is found near Antigua, Guatemala (see Remarks). Other specimens, including the female, are from Oaxaca (Map 5).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<paragraph id="739950BBD278E707A1B71BC8E38330F3" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="F675FBF83BC9AC0FFA02E00C344BE0E0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298353" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera jocosa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jocosa">Hypoponera jocosa Bolton &amp; Fisher</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="2709F9A1C15BBE1DE6BC039D479968DE" lastPageId="64" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
WORKER (holotype in parentheses). Measurements: HL 0.59
<normalizedToken id="A3D0A804CA0EF27438BAC1D42B8940E4" originalValue="–" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">-</normalizedToken>
0.60 (0.60), HW 0.48 (0.48), HS 0.535
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0.540 (0.540), SL 0.39
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0.41 (0.40), PrW 0.36
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0.38 (0.37), WL 0.76
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0.80 (0.78), HFL 0.39
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0.40 (0.38), PeNL 0.14
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0.15
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0.15), PeH 0.38
<normalizedToken id="20B05DA2F3FFF3FCBA5926808F06ADE3" originalValue="–" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">-</normalizedToken>
0.40 (0.39), PeNW 0.25
<normalizedToken id="89CC5A3FD82A6E973151DEF59F647E6C" originalValue="–" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">-</normalizedToken>
0.28 (0.27), PeS 0.257
<normalizedToken id="AE518C39AD835FB3FD2733C5C6ED2ABC" originalValue="–" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">-</normalizedToken>
0.273 (0.270) (3 measured). Indices: CI 80
<normalizedToken id="F4909C2168BC07092943AD3D47EFDDB7" originalValue="–" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">-</normalizedToken>
81 (80), SI 81
<normalizedToken id="6A95691D1E9A1F60F127ACF11F4CBDF7" originalValue="–" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">-</normalizedToken>
85 (83), PeNI 69
<normalizedToken id="A8FA21457B1B496118803227C30573D0" originalValue="–" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">-</normalizedToken>
74 (73), LPeI 35
<normalizedToken id="4671625E91A32117A87CCF25D64A8A87" originalValue="–" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">-</normalizedToken>
37 (38), DPeI 179
<normalizedToken id="952343F84F2CEF10EB5DD0663C08BDA4" originalValue="–" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">-</normalizedToken>
200 (180).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78B3226503E3141ECFCFC2865E5F3EBB" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
Eyes absent. Apex of scape, when laid straight back from its insertion, distinctly fails to reach the midpoint of the posterior margin in full-face view; SL/HL 0.66
<normalizedToken id="A2C36BFB17792627BF5FD6B131018367" originalValue="–" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">-</normalizedToken>
0.68. Cephalic dorsum densely reticulate-punctate; lateroventral surfaces of head with scattered small punctures that are separated by shining areas of cuticle. Pronotal dorsum obviously much less strongly and less densely sculptured than cephalic dorsum, with scattered small punctures. Metanotal groove absent from dorsum of mesosoma, though a faint vestige of the junction between mesonotum and propodeum remains. Propodeum marginate between declivity and side. Posterior surface of petiole node with about 4 short, inconspicuous cuticular ridges that are restricted to the extreme apex of the peduncle and extreme base of the node. Node of petiole in profile slender, short and high, with the anterior and posterior faces parallel and the dorsum shallowly convex. Petiole node in dorsal view broad relative to its length; posterior face transverse and anterior face convex, the dorsum longest medially and tapering rapidly on both sides. Subpetiolar process with a blunt ventral angle. Maximum width of first gastral tergite in dorsal view slightly greater than width of second gastral tergite at its midlength. Cross-ribs at base of cinctus of second gastral tergite very conspicuous, coarse and densely crowded. Midline length of second gastral posttergite, from posterior margin of cinctus to apex, is distinctly less than the width of the segment at its midlength. Disc of second gastral tergite with sharply incised, coarse, conspicuous punctures that are separated by areas of glossy cuticle; the diameters of the punctures are equal to or slightly less than the distances that separate the punctures. First gastral tergite in profile densely pubescent dorsally and with short setae present. Full adult colour: cephalic dorsum black; mesosoma, petiole and gaster dark brown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3DCF2D505262E64DCA9AD037B295288E" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8D04A7417B25E57DD52427E8944760C9" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
Holotype worker, Ethiopia: Ilubador Region, Buno Bedele, nr Bedele, 29/31.vii.2002, Museo Zoologico
<normalizedToken id="B4748E86564E1EE699CD651156656569" originalValue="“" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">&quot;</normalizedToken>
La Specola
<normalizedToken id="B765FA450DAAC19FD37123B8D5EFF858" originalValue="”" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">&quot;</normalizedToken>
, num. MAG 2484 (A. Sforzi &amp; L. Bartolozzi) (MSNF). Paratypes. 2 workers and 1 dealate queen, with same data as holotype (MSNF, BBRC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BDC70BDCD75DAED07D5089257BF152D7" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D73D8B0248A9092C6037EFC0908D0525" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
Although known from only three worker specimens,
<taxonomicName id="3A55F4FA68C045910ABA5F961028BA41" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298353" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera jocosa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jocosa">jocosa</taxonomicName>
is easily distinguished from all other known species in its complex. The species that resemble
<taxonomicName id="9A4722103934FF5F79B3C3EA8FBC56DC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298353" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera jocosa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jocosa">jocosa</taxonomicName>
most closely include
<taxonomicName id="08F9C81821078DFFA6C867634A777463" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29496" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera jeanneli (Santschi)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jeanneli">jeanneli</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E0D9F0865477C967DA4910950039CA2B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298358" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera mixta Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mixta">mixta</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="8903F35E5B57E9E9BFDE968B153C1ED5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298365" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera quaestio Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quaestio">quaestio</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="38392CA27BEF90D2EF65B2D9369BAC26" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298369" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera surda Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="surda">surda</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B25A6D2D7E7CEEACC07354364911622A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29564" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera ursa (Santschi)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ursa">ursa</taxonomicName>
(see under
<taxonomicName id="0442A09790B89ABC7FA7881EAB113C98" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29496" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera jeanneli (Santschi)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jeanneli">jeanneli</taxonomicName>
), but in all of these the petiole node is distinctly less slender in profile and is relatively narrower in dorsal view. LPeI and DPeI in
<taxonomicName id="DD850DD6CFE232B3AF724A01ACE539F5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298353" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera jocosa Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jocosa">jocosa</taxonomicName>
are 35
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38 and 179
<normalizedToken id="EB3DD53FA5A2BFD00C0F57CF4867ABA5" originalValue="–" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">-</normalizedToken>
200 respectively, whereas the indices in the other five together are LPeI 43
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50 and DPeI 137
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172. In addition, the scapes of
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are relatively short, with SI 81
<normalizedToken id="3D48E3CEF554561D8B99AEDBF5623705" originalValue="–" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">-</normalizedToken>
85 and SL/HL 0.66
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0.68. In
<taxonomicName id="2EC9F0D966CC807FD39756BF7CCAEAAF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298358" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera mixta Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mixta">mixta</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D1E660B9BAA56C2C8268AA202F11729F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298369" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera surda Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="surda">surda</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="28F815FA8AADFF40090A9997DA2AB971" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29564" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera ursa (Santschi)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ursa">ursa</taxonomicName>
these indices are SI 86
<normalizedToken id="6BC262A32303644D2EF65438BC666F32" originalValue="–" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">-</normalizedToken>
93, SL/HL 0.71
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0.75. There is overlap with
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only in some specimens of
<taxonomicName id="E933CC4CB8EA1608B514B2771D781873" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:29496" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera jeanneli (Santschi)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jeanneli">jeanneli</taxonomicName>
, which has SI 82
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88, SL/HL 0.64
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0.72, but in this species LPeI is greater than, and DPeI less than, the figures seen in
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.
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<paragraph id="77DA52975BC22366724EA4D2B297249F" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
The ridges at the base of the posterior face of the petiole are small and inconspicuous. If these are overlooked,
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specimens will key out at the couplet that contains
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and
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. However, the differently shaped petioles of the three species will quickly separate them. In
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and
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together, their combined LPeI is 47
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56, considerably greater than the LPeI 35
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37 of
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. Individually, the PeNI of
<taxonomicName id="8E3DD23AF47C7C7CBB75B7AA03189BB3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:298359" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" genus.completionEvidence="missing, matching species" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Hypoponera molesta Bolton &amp; Fisher" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molesta">molesta</taxonomicName>
(89
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94) is much greater than that of
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(69
<normalizedToken id="FCBDE70D773C0FF9A3719DD851B78656" originalValue="–" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">-</normalizedToken>
74), while the DPeI of
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(139
<normalizedToken id="EE3738847797821D7098D11EAC856001" originalValue="–" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">-</normalizedToken>
160) is much lower than that of
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(179
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200).
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In the known Ethiopian fauna jocosa resembles
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. The possibility must be considered that the latter is merely a small representative of the former in which the minute cuticular ridges of the posterior petiole have been lost. However, among the very few specimens currently available the
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holotype is distinctly smaller than the specimens of
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and has a somewhat differently shaped petiole, as indicated by comparison of their respective measurements and indices. For the present, until more material can be accumulated, these differences are considered sufficient to separate them as separate taxa.
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47.
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. Pl. IV. fig. 14. B.M.
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<paragraph id="56FC11302DF365DEDFBBEE0FD7C0786A" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="71" pageNumber="71">Worker. Length 3 1/4 -3 1/2 lines.-Jet-black: head and thorax subopake; abdomen very smooth and shining. Head and thorax finely longitudinally rugose and thinly covered with fine, short, cinereous pile; the disk of the thorax flattened, the lateral margins acute; the prothorax with a stout acute spine on each side in front, the divisions of the thorax strongly marked; the posterior angles of the metathorax slightly produced, not spined. The scale of the peduncle incrassate, subquadrate, with a long, stout spine at each of its superior angles, and a short acute one outside beneath them; abdomen globose.</paragraph>
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Cameron, 1882
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(Kiaer, 1898,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Lygaeonematus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lygaeonematus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lygaeonematus</taxonomicName>
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(Konow, 1904,
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(Enslin, 1916,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" genus="Lygaeonematus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lygaeonematus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lygaeonematus</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1168" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1168">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1168">England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>