diff --git a/data/03/E2/87/03E287A2EF4DB77B17A9F8EDA4A4F827.xml b/data/03/E2/87/03E287A2EF4DB77B17A9F8EDA4A4F827.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a2937758a00 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/E2/87/03E287A2EF4DB77B17A9F8EDA4A4F827.xml @@ -0,0 +1,4200 @@ + + + +Solving of the long-term question: resurrection of Dinodon yunnanensis Werner, 1922 (Squamata: Colubridae: Lycodon) + + + +Author + +Vogel, Gernot +Society for South East Asian Herpetology, Im Sand- 3, D- 69115 Heidelberg, Germany. + + + +Author + +Liu, Shuo +Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 650223, Kunming, China. + + + +Author + +David, Patrick +Reptiles & Amphibiens, UMR 7205 OSEB, Département évolution et Systématique, CP 30, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. 57 rue Cuvier, F- 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. + + + +Author + +Nguyen, Tan Van +Institute for Research and Training in Medicine, Biology and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam & College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, 120 Hoang Minh Thao, Lien Chieu, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-12-12 + + +5551 + + +2 + + +201 +241 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5551.2.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5551.2.1 +1175-5326 +14420976 +37579715-EF27-4F7F-9C02-FF1210FED4A6 + + + + + + + +Lycodon yunnanensis +( +Werner, 1922 +) + +comb. nov. + + + + + + +( +Table 1 +; +Figs. 2 +, +6–8 +) + + + + + + + +Dinodon yunnanensis +Werner 1922: 221 + + + + + + + +— + +Holotype +: +NHMW 23417 +; +adult +female +from +Yunnanfu +, now +Kunming +City, +Yunnan Province +, +China +collected by + +H. Handel-Mazzetti +. + + + + + + + + +Dinodon yunnanensis +— + + +Zhao & Adler (1993: 246 + +, in part); + + +Zhao +et al +. (1998: 180 + + +, in part); + +Zhao (2006: 216 + +, in part); + + +Zhang +et al +. (2011: 67 + + +, in part), + +Vogel & Luo (2011: 35 + +, 37, 40, in part); + +Vogel & David (2019: 522 + +, 528, in part). + + + + + +Lycodon fasciatus + +( +non + +Lycodon fasciatus +Anderson, 1879 + +)— + +Schmidt (1927: 523) + +; + +Bourret (1936: 155 + +, in part); + +Pope (1929: 426 + +, in part); + +Pope (1935: 188–190 + +, in part); + + +Zhao +et al +. (1998: 180–181 + + +, in part); + +Zhao (2006: 216 + +, in part); + +Yang & Rao (2008: 298 + +, in part); + +Vogel & Luo (2011: 40 + +, in part); + + +Zhang +et al +. (2011: 67) + + +; + + +Wallach +et al +. (2014: 401 + + +, in part). + + + + + +Ophites fasciatus + +— + +Zhao & Adler (1993: 246 + +, in part). + + + + + +Lycodon synaptor + +( +non + +Lycodon synaptor +Vogel & David, 2010 + +)— + + +Guo +et al +. (2013: 145 + + +, 147, 148; in part); + + +Siler +et al +. (2013: 272 + + +; in part); + + +Guo +et al +. (2015: 4 + + +, 168; in part); + + +Wostl +et al +. (2017: 543 + + +, 544; in part); + + +Luu +et al +. (2018: 263 + + +, 265, 270; in part); + + +Janssen +et al +(2019: 6 + + +, 18; in part); + + +Luu +et al +. (2019: 226 + + +, 271; in part); + +Vogel & David (2019: 516 + +, 522, 523, 528; in part); + + +Che +et al +. (2020: 284 + + +; in part); + + +Li +et al +. (2020: 11 + + +; in part); + + +Wang +et al +. (2020: 86 + + +, 91–93, 95, 98; in part); + + +Wang +et al +. (2021: 62–86 + + +; in part); + + +Lyu +et al +. (2022: 161 + + +, 162; in part); + +Nguyen +et al +. (2024: 563–581 + +, in part). + + + +Specimens examined +(n = 16, all from +Yunnan Province +, +China +). +CAS 55147 (adult male, no specified locality); + +KIZ 83007, NHMW 21703:2, KIZ 059341, KIZ 059915 ( +four adult +males), NHMW 21703:2 ( +one subadult +male) from Kunming City; + +ZMB 65453 (adult male) from Dali City, Dali Prefecture; + +MCZ 16735, MCZ 18965 ( +two subadult +male) colleted by John Graham from Kunming City; + + +NHMW 23417 ( +Holotype +of + +Dinodon yunnanensis + +), KIZ 73009, KIZ 77004, KIZ 059340 ( +four adult +females), NHMUK 1930.11.16.4 ( +one subadult +female) from +Kunming City +; + + +KIZ 059916 ( +one subadult +female) from +Jianshui County +, +Honghe Prefecture +; + + +KIZ 058904 ( +one adult +female) from +Jingdong County +, +Puer City +. + + + + + +Diagnosis +. Medium-sized species, maximum total length +550 mm +, relative tail length about 0.18–0.21; loreal present, in contact with eye; dorsal scale rows 17–17–15; 5–7 upper dorsal scale rows feebly keeled at midbody; 186–202 ventrals; 67–80 subcaudals, paired; cloacal plate undivided; 8 supralabials with 3 +rd +–5 +th +SL touching the eye; 1 preocular, 2 postoculars; temporals 2+3; dorsal crossbands narrow, whitish colored with speckled on a dark body, 20–36 crossbands on dorsum, 7–12 crossbands on tail; first dorsal crossband starting at ventrals 8–15, on the base 3–7 ventrals, width of the first crossband occupying 1.0–3.0 vertebral scales; venter with discreet bands throughout throat usually dark (based on +Werner 1922 +and our data). + + + + +Etymology +. The specific epithet is a toponymic adjective given in reference to +Yunnan Province +, +China +. Recommended common names: +Yunnan +Wolf Snake (English) and Rắn khuyết +Vân nam +(Vietnamese). + + + + + +Description of the +holotype +of + +Dinodon yunnanensis + + +( +Fig. 2 +). Body elongate, somewhat laterally compressed; head flattened anteriorly, well distinct from the neck; snout depressed and elongate; nostril oval, large, in the middle of the nasal. Eye moderate, with a vertically elliptic pupil. + + +Body size +. SVL +394 mm +, TaL +94 mm +, TL +488 mm +, ratio TaL/TL 0.193. + + +Body scalation +. Dorsal scale rows 17–17–15; dorsal scale rows anteriorly smooth, remaining scale rows feebly keeled at midbody and posteriorly, except for the outermost row, which is always smooth; scales of the vertebral row not enlarged; no apical pits; 193 ventral scales, laterally angulate; 67 subcaudals, paired and laterally angulate; cloacal plate undivided. + + +Head scalation +. Rostral wider than high, triangular, hardly visible from above; posterior rostral scale suture bordering internasals and forming a straight angle in dorsal profile; nasal vertically divided by a furrow below and above the nostril; nasal surrounded by the first two supralabials, rostral, internasal, prefrontal and loreal; internasals paired, anterior sutures slightly concave in dorsal profile, in contact with rostral anteriorly, nasal, and prefrontal; each internasal slightly wider than long; prefrontals paired, large, subrectangular, prefrontal shorter than frontal; each prefrontal in contact with internasals, nasals, loreal, and frontal; supraoculars paired, subrectangularly-shaped, posterior end of each scale slightly wider than anterior end; frontal small, hexagonal, shield shaped, slightly longer than wide, tapering posteriorly; parietals paired, longer than wide; loreal 1/1, subrectangular, longer than high, in contact with eye on a short height; preocular 1/1; subocular absent; postoculars 2/2, the uppermost scale slightly larger than the lowermost; temporals 2+2; supralabials 8/8, first and second in contact with nasal, second and third in contact with loreal, third and fifth in contact with eye, sixth supralabial largest; infralabials 9/9, first to four in contact with the anterior pair of chin shields; mental subtriangular in ventral profile, longer than wide; posterior chin shields equal in size relative to anterior shields. + + +Coloration in preservation +. Body and tail dark blackish-brown, with 23 crossbands on body and 7 on tail, narrow and white, slight speckled; these crossbands, about 2 dorsal scale long, widen at their ventrolateral limit; the first crossband, beginning at the level of ventrals 11. The head is uniformly blackish-brown; the underside of the head is dark in the anterior half and cream in the posterior one; the throat is cream, with a dark cloudy spot on the preventrals and the first ventral. The venter is dark, with faint cream bands rather regular, 2 ventrals wide and with 3–4 ventrals in between; within these crossbands some ventrals are dark on one half and cream on the other, especially in the posterior part of the body. + + + +TABLE 1. Main measurements and meristic characters of the examined specimens of + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +and + +L +. +synaptor + +in Yunnan Province, China. +Remark +: N/a: not available; H: holotype, P: Paratype, SM: subadult male, SF: subadult female.. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
SpeciesNumberLocalitySex +SVL + +TaL + +VEN + +SC + +ASR + +MSR + +DSR + +SL + +SL-E +
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +CAS 55147no specificM501128201751717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 83007KunmingM550148190761717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 059341Changchong Mt, Wuhua, KunmingM393105186781717159/94–6/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 059915Heilinpu, Wuhua, KunmingM36094192741717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +MCZ 16735KunmingSMN/aN/a196791717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +MCZ 18965KunmingSMN/aN/a202801717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +NHMW 21703:1KunmingSM32085191791717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +NHMW 21703:2KunmingM36590193761717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +ZMB 65453DaliM542137199741717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 73009Huahong Cave, KunmingF32279195711717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 77004Huahong Cave, KunmingF525138194701917158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 059340Changchong Mt, Wuhua, KunmingF35978191671717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 059916Guanting, Jianshui, HongheSF29368194771717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 058904Wenlong, Jingdong, PuerF418106193751717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +NHMUK 1930.11.16.4KunmingSF32979190741717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +NHMW 23417 (H)KunmingF39494193671717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +synaptor + +NHMUK 1905.1.30.63 (H)Dongchuan, KunmingF37489201681717158/83–5/3–5
+ +L +. +synaptor + +MNHN 1905.283 (P)Dongchuan, KunmingF39592203691717158/83–5/3–5
+ + +......continued on the next page + + + +TABLE 1 +. (Continued) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
SpeciesNumberLocalitySexILPrOPoOLorLor-EATPTBB +TB + +FB + +BaB + +BV +
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +CAS 55147no specificM8/91/12/21/1yes/yes2/23/3289943
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 83007KunmingM9/81/12/21/1yes/yes2/23/322111151
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 059341Changchong Mt, Wuhua, KunmingM10/101/12/21/1yes/yes2/23/325101041
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 059915Heilinpu, Wuhua, KunmingM9/90/02/21/1yes/yes2/23/32491162
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +MCZ 16735KunmingSM9/91/12/21/1yes/yes2/23/324121061
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +MCZ 18965KunmingSM9/91/12/21/1yes/yes2/23/33211831
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +NHMW 21703:1KunmingSM10/101/12/21/1yes/yes2/23/323121071
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +NHMW 21703:2KunmingM11/111/12/21/1yes/yes2/23/325111231
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +ZMB 65453DaliM9/101/12/21/1yes/yes2/22/23681173
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 73009Huahong Cave, KunmingF10/101/12/21/1yes/yes2/22/32191051.5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 77004Huahong Cave, KunmingF9/81/12/21/1yes/yes2/23/32581342
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 059340Changchong Mt, Wuhua, KunmingF8/91/12/21/1yes/yes2/23/3257952
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 059916Guanting, Jianshui, HongheSF9/91/12/21/1yes/no2/23/325111151.5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KIZ 058904Wenlong, Jingdong, PuerF8/81/12/21/1yes/yes2/23/32091562
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +NHMUK 1930.11.16.4KunmingSF9/91/12/21/1yes/yes2/23/32281452.5
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +NHMW 23417 (H)KunmingF9/91/12/21/1yes/yes2/22/32371142
+ +L +. +synaptor + +NHMUK 1905.1.30.63 (H)Dongchuan, KunmingF8/81/12/21/1no/no2/22/2319931
+ +L +. +synaptor + +MNHN 1905.283 (P)Dongchuan, KunmingF8/81/12/21/1no/no2/22/2309530.5
+ + +Variation +(see +Table 1 +and +Figs. 2 +, +6–8 +for the details). The longest known specimen is +698 mm +long (male; SVL +550 mm +, TaL +148 mm +; KIZ 83007). The longest known female is +663 mm +long (SVL +525 mm +, TaL +138 mm +; KIZ 77004). Ratio TaL/TL 0.18–0.21 (males: 0.20–0.21 [avg. 0.21], females: 0.18–0.21 [avg. 0.19]). + + +Body scalation +. 17 (rarely 19)–17–15 DSR; 186–195 +VEN +, without sexual dimorphism; 67–80 SC, without sexual dimorphism. + + +Head scalation +. SL 8, IL 8 (rarely 9 or 10); loreal touching the eye; preocular present, rarely absent (1/ +16 specimens +); temporals 2+3, rarely 2+2 (3/ +16 specimens +). + + +Dentition +. Based on +three specimens +(CAS 55147 and ZMB 65453): a total of 10 maxillary teeth, with the following formula: 5 small anterior teeth + 2 strongly enlarged teeth + a wide gap + 2 small teeth + a small gap + 2 strongly enlarged, posterior teeth. + + + +FIGURE 2 +. + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +, specimen NHMW 23417 (holotype, adult female) in preservative: A—General dorsal view; B—General ventral view; C—Lateral view of the head, right side; D—Lateral view of the head, left side; E— Dorsal view of the head; F—Ventral view of the head. Photos by G. Vogel. + + + + +FIGURE 3 +. + +Lycodon synaptor + +, specimen NHMUK 1905.1.30.63 (holotype adult female) in preservative: A—General dorsal view; B—General ventral view; C—Lateral view of the head, right side; D—Lateral view of the head, left side; E—Dorsal view of the head; F—Ventral view of the head. Photos by G. Vogel. + + + +Main characters of pattern +. The dorsum is dark blackish-brown with 20–36 crossbands on the body and 7–12 crossbands on the tail; crossbands whitish colored with speckled; body crossbands approximately 1–3 dorsal scales wide along the vertebral scale row, the first one starting at ventral scale 8–15. On the neck an inverted V shaped pink marking. The head is uniformly blackish-brown; when present (sometimes absent), a broad nuchal collar extends from the 6 +th +and 7 +th +supralabial across the lower posterior temporal across the posterior half of the parietals. The venter is dark brown, with faint cream bands rather regular; within these crossbands some ventrals are dark on one half and cream on the other, especially in the posterior part of the body. + + + + +Comparisons +. + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is morphologically and phylogenetically placed within the + +Lycodon fasciatus + +group (e.g. + +Nguyen +et al +. 2024a + +; and this study see +Fig. 5 +) and is overall most similar to other species from the + +Lycodon fasciatus + +group, of which we gave the list of included species above. Therefore, the comparisons with these 15 species appear to be the most pertinent. The main diagnostic characters separating + +Lycodon yunnanensis + +from these 15 species are summarized in +Table 2 +. + + + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from + +L +. +butleri + +by having: slightly smaller maximum size in male (max SVL +550 mm +vs. +648 mm +); lower number of +VEN +in both sexes (186–202 [avg. 194.4] in males, 190– 195 [avg. 192.9] in females vs. 216–227 [avg. 223.0] in males, 221–228 [avg. 224.5] in females); lower number of SC in both sexes (74–80 [avg. 76.8] in males, 67–77 [avg. 71.6] in females vs. 81–97 [avg. 90.5] in males, 88–92 [avg. 90.5] in females); lower number of TB in both sexes (8–12 [avg. 10.3] in males, 7–11 [avg. 8.4] in females vs. 14–25 [avg. 19.8] in males, 15–23 [avg. 18.9] in females). + + + +FIGURE 4 +. + +Lycodon synaptor + +, specimen MNHN 1905.283 (paratype, adult female) in preservative: A—General dorsal view; B—General ventral view; C—Lateral view of the head, right side; D—Lateral view of the head, left side; E—Dorsal view of the head; F—Ventral view of the head. Photos by G. Vogel. + + + + +FIGURE 5 +. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of + +Lycodon + +inferred from the mitochondrial COI sequences. Numbers before slashes indicate ML bootstrap supports (>60) and numbers after slashes indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.90). + + + + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from + +L +. +davidi + +by having: lower number of +VEN +in males (186–202 [avg. 194.4] vs. 224); lower number of SC in males (74–80 [avg. 76.8] vs. 99); lower number BB in males (22–36 [avg. 26.6] vs. 84); lower number of TB in males (8–12 [avg. 10.3] vs. 38); bands on venter present (vs. absent); loreal touching the eye (vs. not touching). + + + +FIGURE 6 +. + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +in preservative from Yunnan Province, China in general dorsal view.A—specimen NHMW 23417; B—specimen MCZ 18965; C—specimen NHMW 21703:1; D—specimen NHMW 21703:2; E—specimen KIZ 058904; F—specimen KIZ 059340; G—specimen KIZ 059341; H—specimen KIZ 059915; I—specimen KIZ 059916; J—specimen KIZ 73009; K—specimen KIZ 77004; L—specimen CAS 55147; M—specimen MCZ 16735; N—specimen ZMB 65453; O—specimen NHMUK 1930.11.16.4. Photos by G. Vogel (A, C–D, J–L, N–O), S. Liu (E–I), J.L. Lee (B, M). + + + + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from + +L +. +cavernicolus + +by having: lower number of +VEN +in both sexes (186–202 [avg. 194.4] in males, 190–195 [avg. 192.9] in females vs. +245 in +male, +232 in +female); lower number of SC in both sexes (74–80 [avg. 76.8] in males, 67–77 [avg. 71.6] in females vs. +113 in +male, +92 in +female); lower number of BB in both sexes (22–36 [avg. 26.6] in males, 20–25 [avg. 23.0] in females vs. +45 in +male, +36 in +female); lower number of TB in both sexes (8–12 [avg. 10.3] in males, 7–11 [avg. 8.4] in females vs. +41 in +male, +29 in +female) + + + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from + +L +. +gammiei + +by having: smaller size in females (max SVL +525 mm +vs. +1.110 mm +); lower number of +VEN +in both sexes (186–202 [avg. 194.4] in males, 190–195 [avg. 192.9] in females vs. 205–217 [avg. 211.0] in males, 205–208 [avg. 216.1] in females); lower number of SC in both sexes (74–80 [avg. 76.8] in males, 67–77 [avg. 71.6] in females vs. 101–110 [avg. 105.5] in males, 101–112 [avg. 107.0] in females); lower number of BB in both sexes (22–36 [avg. 26.6] in males, 20–25 [avg. 23.0] in females vs. 42–57 [avg. 49.5] in females, 43–58 [avg. 49.9] in females); lower number of TB in both sexes (8–12 [avg. 10.3] in males, 7–11 [avg. 8.4] in females vs. 18–23 [avg. 20.5] in males, 16–21 [avg. 18.8] females); colour of crossbands (whitish vs. yellow); loreal touching the eye (vs. not touching). + + + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from + +L +. +gongshan + +by having: smaller maximum size in both sexes (max SVL +550 mm +in males, +525 mm +in females vs. +740 mm +in males, +798 mm +in females); lower ratio TaL/TL in females (0.18–0.21 [avg. 0.19] vs. 0.22–0.23 [avg. 0.22]; lower number of +VEN +in both sexes (186–202 [avg. 194.4] in males, 190–195 [avg. 192.9] in females vs. 203–216 [avg. 210.3] in males, 210–215 [avg. 212.0] in females); lower number of SC in both sexes (74–80 [avg. 76.8] in males, 67–77 [avg. 71.6] in females vs. 79–96 [avg. 85.7] in males, 92–94 [avg. 93.0] in females); lower number of BB in both sexes (22–36 [avg. 26.6] in males, 20–25 [avg. 26.6] in females vs. 26–46 [avg. 36.4] in males, 32–36 [avg. 34.3] in females); lower number of TB in females (7–11 [avg. 8.4] vs. 12–15 [avg. 14.0]). + + + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from + +L +. +liuchengchaoi + +by having: slight smaller maximum size in both sexes (max SVL +550 mm +in males, +525 mm +in females vs. +676 mm +in males, +670 mm +in females); slight lower number of +VEN +in both sexes (186–202 [avg. 194.4] in males, 190–195 [avg. 192.9] in females vs. 202–204 [avg. 203.0] in males, 200–228 [avg. 207.3] in males); lower number of BB in males (22–36 [avg. 26.6] vs. 40–45 [avg. 43.3]; colour of crossbands (cream vs. yellow). + + + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from + +L +. +multifasciatus + +by having: lower ratio TaL/TL in both sexes (0.20–0.21 [avg. 0.21] in males, 0.18–0.21 [avg. 0.19] in females vs. +0.24 in +males, 0.23–0.26 [avg. 0.25] in females); lower number of +VEN +in both sexes (186–202 [avg. 194.4] in males, 190–195 [avg. 192.9] in females vs. +237 in +male, 227–232 [avg. 229.8] in males); lower number of SC in both sexes (74–80 [avg. 76.8] in males, 67–77 [avg. 71.6] in females vs. +117 in +males, 106–108 [avg. 107.0] in females); lower number of BB in both sexes (22–36 [avg. 26.6] in males, 20–25 [avg. 23.0] in females vs. +72 in +male, 51–60 [avg. 56.8] in females); lower number of TB in both sexes (8–12 [avg. 10.3] in males, 7–11 [avg. 8.4] in females vs. +35 in +male, 25–32 [avg. 28.7] in females); ventral pattern (banded vs. uniform); loreal touching the eye (vs. not touching). + + + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from + +L +. +multizonatus + +by having: higher ratio TaL/TL in males (0.20–0.21 [avg. 0.21] vs. 0.16–0.18 [avg. 0.17]); higher number of SC in males (74–80 [avg. 76.8] vs. 56–75 [avg. 65.5]); lower number of BB in males (22–36 [avg. 26.6] vs. 55–62 [57.8]); cloacal plate (undivided vs. divided); ventral pattern (banded vs. uniform); colour of crossbands (cream vs. pink). + + + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from + +L +. +obvelatus + +by having: slight higher ratio TaL/TL in males (0.20–0.21 [avg. 0.21] vs. 0.19); slight lower number of TB in males (8–12 [avg. 10.3] vs. 13); dorsal scales keeled (vs. smooth); ventral pattern (banded vs. uniform); colour of crossbands (cream vs. salmon). + + + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from + +L +. +pictus + +by having: lower number of +VEN +in both sexes (186–202 [avg. 194.4] in males, 190–195 [avg. 192.9] in females vs. 209–215 [avg. 212.0] in males, 213–218 [avg. 215.0] in females); lower number of SC in both sexes (74–80 [avg. 76.8] in males, 67–77 [avg. 71.6] in females vs. 82–90 [avg. 86.8] in female, 85–91 [avg. 89.0] in females); dorsal scales keeled (vs. smooth); ventral pattern (banded vs. uniform). + + + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from + +L +. +ruhstrati abditus + +by having: smaller maximum size in both sexes (max SVL +550 mm +in males, +525 mm +in females vs. +761 mm +in males, +762 mm +in females); lower number of +VEN +in both sexes (186–202 [avg. 194.4] in males, 190–195 [avg. 192.9] in females vs. 206–224 [avg. 217.2] in males, 220–229 [avg. 224.2] in females); lower number of SC in both sexes (74–80 [avg. 76.8] in males, 67–77 [avg. 71.6] in females vs. 85–102 [avg. 93.9] in males, 82–106 [avg. 97.1] in females); lower number of BB in males (22–36 [avg. 26.6] vs. 31–46 [avg. 36.9]; lower number of TB in males (8–12 [avg. 10.3] vs. 14–23 [avg. 16.7]); loreal touching the eye (vs. not touching). + + + +FIGURE 7 +. + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +in preservative from Yunnan, China in Lateral view of the head, right side. A—specimen NHMW 23417; B—specimen ZMB 65453; C—specimen KIZ 73009; D—specimen MCZ 16735; E—specimen MCZ 18965; F—specimen NHMW 21703; G—specimen CAS 55147; H—specimen KIZ 058904; I—specimen KIZ 05930; J—specimen KIZ 059341; K—specimen KIZ 059915; L—specimen KIZ 059916 (adult male). Photos by G. Vogel (A–C, F–G), J.T. Lee (D–E), S. Liu (H–L). + + + + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from + +L +. +ruhstrati ruhstrati + +by having: smaller maximum size in both sexes (max SVL +550 mm +in males, +525 mm +in females vs. +810 mm +in males, +672 mm +in females); slight lower ratio TaL/TL in both sexes (0.20–0.21 [avg. 0.21] in males, 0.18–0.21 [avg. 0.19] in females vs. 0.22–0.25 [avg. 0.23] in males, 0.21–0.24 [avg. 0.23] in females); lower number of +VEN +in both sexes (186–202 [avg. 194.4] in males, 190–195 [avg. 192.9] in females vs. 211–228 [avg. 217.7] in males, 216–228 [avg. 220.4] in females); lower number of SC in both sexes (74–80 [avg. 76.8] in males, 67–77 [avg. 71.6] in females vs. 105–114 [avg. 107.4] in males, 97–108 [avg. 103.0] in females); lower number of BB in both sexes (22–36 [avg. 26.6] in males, 20–25 [avg. 23.0] in females vs. 37–46 [avg. 41.6] in males, 33–40 [avg. 36.4] in females]; lower number of TB in both sexes (8–12 [avg. 10.3] in males, 7–11 [avg. 8.4] in females vs. 16–25 [avg. 21.3] in males, 14–22 [avg. 18.5] in females); loreal touching the eye (vs. not touching). + + + +TABLE 2. +Comparison of morphological characters of + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +with those of the + +Lycodon fasciatus + +group. Characters are: (1): max SVL (mm) in males; (2): max SVL (mm) in females; (3): TaL/TL in males; (4): TaL/TL in females; (5): VEN in males; (6): VEN in females. Diagnostic differences from the + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +are marked in bold. N/a: not available. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Species +(1) + +(2) + +(3) + +(4) + +(5) + +(6) +
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +5505250.20–0.210.18–0.21186–202190–195
(0.21±0.01, n=7)(0.19±0.01, n=7)(194.4±5.4, n=9)(192.9±1.8, n=7)
+ +L +. +butleri + + +648 +5630.19–0.240.20–0.22 +216–227 + +221–228 +
(0.21±0.01, n=9)(0.21±0.01, n=3) +(223 +. +0±3 +. +6 +, +n=9) + +(224 +. +5±2 +. +9 +, +n=4) +
+ +L +. +davidi + +308N/a0.21N/a +224 +N/a
(n=1) +(n=1) +
+ +L +. +cavernicolus + +406N/a0.200.21 +245 + +232 +
(n=1)(n=1) +(n=1) + +(n=1) +
+ +L +. +fasciatus + + +706 + +604 +0.20–0.220.19–0.22 +197–213 + +201–214 +
(0.21±0.01, n=21)(0.20±0.01, n=18) +(203 +. +6±4 +. +1 +, +n=26) + +(207 +. +5±3 +. +3 +, +n=24) +
+ +L +. +gammiei + +632 +1110 +0.20–0.240.19–0.25 +205–217 + +205–228 +
(0.22±0.03, n=2)(0.22±0.03, n=6) +( +211.0 +± +8.49, +n=2) + +(216 +. +1±7 +. +13 +, +n=7) +
+ +L +. +gongshan + + +740 + +798 +0.21–0.27 +0 +. +22–0 +. +23 + +203–216 + +210–215 +
(0.23±0.02, n=8) +(0 +. +22±0 +. +01 +, +n=2) + +(210 +. +3±3 +. +6 +, +n=10) + +(212 +. +0±2 +. +6 +, +n=3) +
+ +L +. +liuchengchaoi + + +676 + +670 +0.20–0.220.16–0.22 +202–204 + +200–228 +
(0.21±0.02, n=2)(0.19±0.02, n=6) +(203 +. +0±1 +. +0 +, +n=3) + +(207 +. +3±9 +. +7 +, +n=7) +
+ +L +. +multifasciatus + +490570 +0 +. +24 + +0 +. +23–0 +. +26 + +237 + +227–232 +
+(n=1) + +(0 +. +25±0 +. +01 +, +n=5) + +(n=1) + +(229 +. +8±2 +. +2 +, +n=4) +
+ +L +. +multizonatus + +505N/a +0 +. +16–0 +. +18 +N/a191–202N/a
+(0 +. +17±0 +. +01 +, +n=4) +(195.5±4.7, n=4)
+ +L +. +obvelatus + +447N/a +0 +. +19 (n=1) +N/a199 (n=1)N/a
+ +L +. +pictus + +5005430.18–0.230.21–0.23 +209–215 + +213–218 +
(0.21±0.04, n=2)(0.21±0.02, n=4) +(212 +. +0±3 +. +0 +, +n=3) + +(215 +. +0±2 +. +1 +, +n=5) +
+ +L +. +ruhstrati abditus + + +761 + +762 +0.19–0.240.19–0.24 +206–224 + +220–229 +
(0.22±0.01, n=15)(0.22±0.01, n=19) +(217 +. +2±5 +. +5 +, +n=20) + +(224 +. +2±3 +. +3 +, +n=19) +
+ +L +. +ruhstrati + + +810 + +672 + +0 +. +22–0 +. +25 + +0 +. +21–0 +. +24 + +211–228 + +216–228 +
+ +ruhstrati + + +(0 +. +23±0 +. +01 +, +n=7) + +(0 +. +23±0 +. +01 +, +n=11) + +(217 +. +7±4 +. +9 +, +n=9) + +(220 +. +4±3 +. +2 +, +n=12) +
+ +L +. +serratus + +480N/a +0 +. +24 +N/a198N/a
+(n=1) +(n=1)
+ +L +. +sidiki + + +650 +555 +0 +. +21–0 +. +24 +0.19–0.23195–210 +207–212 +
+(0 +. +23±0 +. +01 +, +n=4) +(0.21±0.02, n=5)(204.3±7.2, n=4) +(209 +. +8±1 +. +9 +, +n=5) +
+ +L +. +synaptor + +N/a +395 +N/a0.19N/a +201–203 +
(n=2) +(202 +. +2±1 +. +4 +, n=2) +
+ + +......continued on the next page + + + +TABLE 2 +. (Continued). Characters are: (7): SC in males; (8): SC in females; (9): BB in males; (10): BB in females; (11): TB in males; (12): TB in females. Remark: Diagnostic differences from the + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +are marked in bold. N/a: not available. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Species +(7) + +(8) + +(9) + +(10) + +(11) + +(12) +
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +74–8067–7722–3620–258–127–11
(76.8±2.3, n=9)(71.6±3.9, n=7)(26.6±4.6, n=9)(23.0±2.1, n=7)(10.3±1.4, n=9)(8.4±1.4, n=7)
+ +L +. +butleri + + +81–97 + +88–92 +28–3729–33 +14–25 + +15–23 +
+(90 +. +5±5 +. +2 +, +n=8) + +(90 +. +5±5 +. +2 +, +n=4) +(33.0±2.6, n=9)(30.5±1.7, n=4) +(18 +. +9±3 +. +5 +, +n=8) + +(18 +. +9±3 +. +5 +, +n=4) +
+ +L +. +davidi + + +99 +N/a +84 +N/a +38 +N/a
+(n=1) + +(n=1) + +(n=1) +
+ +L +. +cavernicolus + + +113 + +92 + +45 + +36 + +41 + +29 +
+(n=1) + +(n=1) + +(n=1) + +(n=1) + +(n=1) + +(n=1) +
+ +L +. +fasciatus + +76–88 +74–90 +28–43 +29–37 + +12–20 + +10–18 +
(82.1±3.6, n=22) +(81 +. +0±3 +. +8 +, +n=19) +(32.8±3.4, n=25) +(33 +. +2±2 +. +6 +, +n=21) + +(16 +. +2±2 +. +3 +, +n=25) + +(15 +. +3±2 +. +1 +, +n=20) +
+ +L +. +gammiei + +101–110 +101–112 + +42–57 + +43–58 + +18–23 + +16–21 +
+( +105.5 +± +6.4, +n=2) + +( +107.0 +± +4.9, +n=5) + +( +49.5 +± +10.6, +n=2) + +( +49.9 +± +5.2, +n=7) + +(20.5 +± +3.5, +n=2) + +( +18.8±2.2, +n=5) +
+ +L +. +gongshan + + +79–96 + +92–94 + +26–46 + +32–36 +9–16 +12–15 +
+(85 +. +7±6 +. +9 +, +n=7) + +(93 +. +0±1 +. +4 +, +n=3) + +(36 +. +4±6 +. +4 +, +n=9) + +(34 +. +3±2 +. +1 +, +n=3) +(12.8±3.1, n=8) +(14 +. +0±1 +. +7 +, +n=3) +
+ +L +. +liuchengchaoi + +68–81 (72.7±7.2, n=3)75–81 (78.0±2.4, n=5) +40–45 (43 +. +3±2 +. +9 +, +n=3) +18–47 (34.5±10.6, n=6)10–14 (12.0±2.8, n=3)7–14 (11.2±2.5, n=6)
+L +. + +117 + +106–108 + +72 + +51–60 + +35 + +25–32 +
+ +multifasciatus + + +(n=1) + +(107 +. +0±1 +. +0 +, +n=3) + +(n=1) + +(56 +. +8±4 +. +3 +, +n=4) + +(n=1) + +(28 +. +7±3 +. +5 +, +n=3) +
+ +L +. +multizonatus + + +56–75 +N/a +55–62 +N/a11–19N/a
+(65 +. +5±8 +. +0 +, +n=4) + +(57 +. +8±3 +. +4 +, +n=4) +(14.0±3.6, n=4)
+ +L +. +obvelatus + +76N/a31N/a +13 +N/a
(n=1)(n=1) +(n=1) +
+ +L +. +pictus + + +82–90 + +85–91 +29–3225–308–1410–16
+(86 +. +8±5 +. +7 +, +n=2) + +(89 +. +0±2 +. +7 +, +n=4) +(30.0±1.7, n=3)(28.4±1.9, n=5)(11.3±3.1, n=3)(13.4±2.3, n=5)
+ +L +. +ruhstrati abditus + + +85–102 (93 +. +9±4 +. +4 +, +n=16) + +82–106 (97 +. +1±6 +. +0 +, +n=19) + +31–46 (36 +. +9±4 +. +6 +, +n=16) +17–44 (30.4±8.1, n=16) +14–23 (16 +. +7±2 +. +3 +, +n=13) +9–19 (14.8±3.0, n=14)
+ +L +. +ruhstrati + + +105–114 + +97–108 + +37–46 + +33–40 + +16–25 + +14–22 +
+ +ruhstrati + + +(107 +. +4±3 +. +3 +, +n=7) + +(103 +. +0±3 +. +6 +, +n=10) + +(41 +. +6±3 +. +0 +, +n=9) + +(36 +. +4±1 +. +8 +, +=12) + +(21 +. +3±2 +. +5 +, +n=8) + +(18 +. +5±2 +. +4 +, +n=11) +
+ +L +. +serratus + + +84 +N/a +66 +N/a +26 +N/a
+(n=1) + +(n=1) + +(n=1) +
+ +L +. +sidiki + + +80–91 + +77–84 +25–3225–33 +13–16 +10–14
+(84 +. +8±4 +. +6 +, +n=4) + +(81 +. +3±3 +. +0 +, +n=4) +(28.3±3.8, n=4)(27.4±3.6, n=5) +(14 +. +5±1 +. +7 +, +n=4) +(11.2±1.8, n=5)
+ +L +. +synaptor + +N/a68–69N/a +30–31 +N/a9
(68.5±0.7, n=2) +(30 +. +5±0 +. +7 +, +n=2) +(n=2)
+ + + +TABLE 2 +. (Continued). Characters are: (13): Dorsal scales; (14): Anal; (15): Loreal contact with eye; (16): Belly pattern; (17) Colour of bands. Remark: Diagnostic differences from the + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +are marked in bold. N/a: not available. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Species(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)Distributions +Sources +
+ +L +. +yunnanensis + +KeeledEntireYesBandedWhitishChina, VietnamThis study
+ +L +. +butleri + +KeeledEntireYesBanded & spottedWhitishThailand, West Malaysia +Grismer +et al +. (2004); Nguyen +et al +. (2024) +
+ +L +. +davidi + +KeeledEntire +No +Banded & spottedWhitishLaos + +Vogel +et al +. (2012) + +
+ + +......continued on the next page + + + +TABLE 2 +. (Continued). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Species(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)Distributions +Sources +
+ +L +. +cavernicolus +Keeled + +EntireYesBandedWhitishWest Malaysia, Thailand +Grismer +et al +. (2004); this study +
+ +L +. +fasciatus + +KeeledEntireYesBanded +Brown or +China, +Nguyen +et al +. (2024) +
+grayish-brown +Myanmar, India, Bhutan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam
+ +L +. +gammiei + +KeeledEntire +No +Banded +Yellow +India, Bhutan, China +Mistry +et al +. (2007); Chettri & Bhupathy (2009); + +Shu +et al +. (2024) + +
+ +L +. +gongshan + +KeeledEntireYesBandedWhitishChina +Vogel & Luo (2011) +; + +Huang +et al +. (2021) + +
+ +L +. +liuchengchaoi + +KeeledDivided or EntireYesBanded +Yellow +China + +Zhang +et al +. (2011) + +; Nguyen +et al +. (2024) +
+L +. +KeeledEntire +No + +None +WhitishJapan + +Vogel +et al +. (2009) + +; +
+ +multifasciatus + + +Nguyen +et al +. (2024) +
+ +L +. +multizonatus +Keeled + + +Divided +Yes +None + +Pink +China +Lei +et al +. (2014); Nguyen +et al +. (2024) +
+ +L +. +obvelatus + + +Smooth +EntireYes +None + +Salmon +China + +Wang +et al +. (2021) + +; Nguyen +et al +. (2024) +
+ +L +. +pictus + + +Smooth +EntireYes or +None +WhitishVietnam, China + +Janssen +et al +. (2019 + +, +
No +2020); Xu +et al +. (2023); Nguyen +et al +. (2024) +
+ +L +. +ruhstrati abditus + +KeeledEntire +No +Banded & spottedWhitishChina, Vietnam, Laos + +Vogel +et al +. (2009) + +; Nguyen +et al +. (2024) +
+ +L +. +ruhstrati ruhstrati + +KeeledEntire +No +Banded & spottedWhitishTaiwan (China) + +Vogel +et al +. (2009) + +; Nguyen +et al +. (2024) +
+ +L +. +serratus + + +Smooth +DividedYes +None + +Tawny olive +China + +Wang +et al +. (2021) + +
+ +L +. +sidiki + +KeeledEntireYesBandedWhitishIndonesia + +Wostl +et al +. (2017) + +; Nguyen +et al +. (2024) +
+ +L +. +synaptor + +KeeledEntire +No +BandedWhitishChinaThis study
+ + + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from + +L +. +serratus + +by having: lower ratio TaL/TL in males (0.20–0.21 [avg. 0.21] vs. 0.24); lower number of SC in males (74–80 [avg. 76.8] vs. 84); lower number of BB in males (22–36 [avg. 26.6] vs. 66]; lower number of TB in males (8–12 [avg. 10.3] vs. 26); dorsal scales keeled (vs. smooth); colour of crossbands (whitish vs. tawny olive); ventral pattern (banded vs. uniform). + + + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from + +L +. +sidiki + +by having: smaller maximum size in males (max SVL +550 mm +vs. +650 mm +); slight lower ratio TaL/TL in males (0.20–0.21 [avg. 0.21] vs. 0.21–0.24 [avg. 0.23]); lower number of +VEN +in females (190–195 [avg. 192.9] vs. 207–212 [avg. 209.8] in females); slight lower number of SC in both sexes (74–80 [avg. 76.8] in males, 67–77 [avg. 71.6] in females vs. 80–91 [avg. 84.8] in males, 77–84 [avg. 81.3] in females); slight lower number of TB in males (8–12 [avg. 10.3] vs. 13–16 [avg. 14.5]. + + +In particular, + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from the morphologically similar + +L +. +fasciatus + +by having: smaller maximum size in both sexes (max SVL +550 mm +in males, +525 mm +in females vs. +706 mm +in males, +604 mm +in females); lower number of +VEN +in both sexes (186–202 [avg. 194.4] in males, 190–195 [avg. 192.9] in females vs. 197–213 [avg. 203.8] in males, 201–214 [avg. 208.0] in females); lower number of SC in females (67–77 [avg. 71.6] vs. 74–90 [avg. 80.8]); lower number of BB in females (20–25 [avg. 23.0] vs. 26–37 [avg. 32.5]; slight lower number of TB in both sexes (8–12 [avg. 10.3] in males, 7–11 [avg. 8.4] in females vs. 10–20 [avg. 16.0] in males; 10–18 [avg. 15.3] in females); crossbands narrow and whitish without speckled (vs. slight whider and brown or grayish-brown with speckled); dorsum dark blackish-brown (vs. slight blackish-brown), throat usually dark (vs. usually light) ( +Fig. 9 +). + + +Finally, + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +is distinguished from the morphologically similar + +L +. +synaptor + +by having: larger maximum size in females (max SVL +550 mm +vs. +395 mm +); loreal touching the eye (vs. not touching); lower number of +VEN +in females (190–195 [avg. 192.9] vs. 201–203 [avg. 202.2]; lower number of BB in females (20–25 [avg. 23.0] vs. 30–31 [avg. 30.5]; dorsal crossbands whitish colored with speckled (vs. unspeckled); slight higher number of FB in females (9–15 [avg. 11.6] vs. 5–9 [avg. 7.0]); slight higher number of BaB in females (4–6 [avg. 4.9] vs. 3); slight higher number of BV in females (1.5–2.5 [avg. 1.9] vs. 0.5–1.0 [avg. 0.8]). + + + + + +Distribution ( +Fig + +. +10 +). Currently, + +Lycodon yunnanensis + +is known from the central, western, and southern regions of +Yunnan Province +(Kunming City, Chuxiong City, Jingdong County, Lincang City, Dali City, Yuxi City, Mengzi City, Jianshui County, and Jinping County), possibly in +Guangxi +Autonomous Region (Darongshan NP) and +Guangdong Province +(Dawuling NR) of +China +, as well as in northern +Vietnam +(Sa Pa District in +Lao Cai Province +and possibly in Phia Oac-Phia Den NP in +Cao Bang Province +), based on data from +Vogel & David (2010) +, +Vogel & Luo (2011) +, Zhang & Rao (2008), + +Che +et al +. (2020) + +, + +Li +et al +. (2020) + +, + +Wang +et al +. 2021 + +, + +Wu +et al +. (2023) + +, and our data. Given its geographic proximity, its occurrence in several secondary and evergreen forests of Southern +China +as well as of northern +Vietnam +and northern +Laos +is anticipated. + + + + +FIGURE 8 +. + +Lycodon yunnanensis + + +comb +. +nov +. + +in life (all in Yunnan, China)—from Wuhua, Kunming (A–C); from Chuxiong, Chuxiong (D–F); from Xishan, Kunming (G, K); from Guandu, Kunming (H–I); from Chengong, Kunming (J); from Xishan, Kunming (K); from Chengjiang, Yuxi (L). Photos by: S. Liu (A); Y.S. Xiao (B–C); L. Chen (D–E); Y. X. Wu (F); K. Ouyang (G); Y.H. Pu (G–H); S.Y. Zhang (J, L); S. Kang (K). + + + + +FIGURE 9 +. + +Lycodon fasciatus + +in life—in India: Aizawl, Mizoram (A); Jorsing, East Siang, Arunachal Pradesh (B)—in Myanmar: Chipwi, Kachin (C);—in China: Jiangcheng, Puer, Yunnan (D), Daweishan NR, Pingbian, Yunnan (E); Mengla, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan—in Thailand: (F) Umpang, Tak; (G) Chiang Dao WS, Chiang Mai (H); Doi Phu Kha NP, Nan (I); Klong Lan, Kamphaeng Phet (J);—in Laos: Longcheng, Xaisomboun (K);—in Vietnam: Tam Duong, Lai Chau (L). Photos by: P. Shinde (A); S. Narayan (B); T.Z. Naing (C); G. Vogel (D); H.R. Gao (E, G); R. Grassby-Lewis (F, I); A. Kaosung (H); M. Suetrong (J); P. Brakels (K); J. Smith (L). + + + + +Natural history notes and conservation status +. Prior to this study, the biological data of + +Lycodon yunnanensis + +were very limited. This species is distributed to an altitude of + +2,005 +– 2,090 +m + +asl. in Kuming City, Yunan Province, +China +(S.Y. Zhang and Y.S. Xiao pers. comm.).It is a terrestrial and nocturnal species closely associated with secondary forest and evergreen forest. The species is often seen on the road or on the side of the road at night, a species of genus + +Scincella +Mittleman + +( +Scincidae +) is usually sympatric with this species, and it is presumed that this species feeds on small skinks, more ecological information of this species is still missing. + +Lycodon yunnanensis + +is distributed over a large area including many protected areas. The species appears to be quite uncommon in its native regions. The main threats to this species are habitat loss and degradation or are occasionally the victims of misidentifications venomous krait snakes (such as + +B +. +multicinctus +Blyth + +, + +B +. +wanghaotingi +Pope + +) and are needlessly killed. Across its range, the species seems to not be common. We tentatively suggest + +Lycodon yunnanensis + +be considered a Least Concern (LC) species, following the IUCN’s Red List Categories ( +IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2024 +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/E5/68/87/E56887A0FFF8FFA6FF5BFA50EDEDFE13.xml b/data/E5/68/87/E56887A0FFF8FFA6FF5BFA50EDEDFE13.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8ffd1e04d50 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/E5/68/87/E56887A0FFF8FFA6FF5BFA50EDEDFE13.xml @@ -0,0 +1,365 @@ + + + +Two new species of Anthurium Schott (Araceae) from the Atlantic Forest in Minas Gerais, Brazil + + + +Author + +Hammes, Janaine K. +0000-0002-0594-3257 +janaine.hammes@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Coelho, Marcus A. N. +0000-0003-1039-6777 +mnadruz@jbrj.gov.br + + + +Author + +Temponi, Lívia G. +0000-0003-0449-2703 +liviatemponi@yahoo.com.br + + + +Author + +Lombardi, Julio Antonio +0000-0003-1716-3159 +julio.lombardi@unesp.br + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2020 + +2020-04-29 + + +440 + + +4 + + +292 +300 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.440.4.4 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.440.4.4 +1179-3163 +13872132 + + + + + +Anthurium atrovinosum +Temponi, Hammes & Nadruz + + +, + +sp. nov. + +( +Figs. 1 A–D +, +2 +) + + + + + +In + +Anthurium atrovinosum + +the stem and the leaf blade (coriaceus) are erect, the secondary veins are engraved to strongly engraved adaxially. The spadix and immature berries are vinaceous and the peduncle/petiole ratio is (0.3–0.5) 0.8–2.1. This species is morphologically similar to + +A. caparoense +Temponi, Camelo & Nadruz + +in +Camelo et al. (2018b: 122) +but the latter species differs by its green spadix at anthesis. + +Anthurium atrovinosum + +is also similar to + +A. cipoense +Temponi + +in +Temponi & Coelho (2011: 316) +, which has entire and persistent cataphylls, green fruits, larger peduncle/ petiole ratio (1,4) and fewer primary lateral veins (7–9) per side. + +Anthurium atrovinosum + +may also be confused with + +A. megapetiolatum +Gonçalves (2001: 6) + +but this species has a reptant stem, with only the apex erect; it is also similar to + +A. narae +Nadruz, Camelo & Temponi + +in +Camelo et al. (2018a: 82) +but the latter has a larger chartaceous leaf blade (33.5–60.0 long × 15.0– +17.5 cm +wide). Some individuals may also be somewhat similar to + +Anthurium brigadeiroense + +, here described, but the latter differs in its smaller peduncle/petiole ratio 0.2 (0.4–0.7), green berries, chartaceous leaf blade. + + + + +Type:— + +BRAZIL +. +Minas Gerais +: +Araponga +, +Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro, Pico do Boné +, + +02 july 2019 + +, fl., + +J.K. Hammes +et al. 225 + +( +holotype +RB +! + +, + +isotypes +K +! + +, + +MO +! + +). + + + + +FIGURE 1. +A–D. + +Anthurium atrovinosum +A. Habit. B. Inflorescence. C + +–D. Inflorescence at anthesis. E–I + +Anthurium brigadeiroense + +E-F. Habit. G. Inflorescence. H–I. Inflorescence at anthesis and immature fruits. Illustration by Ricardo Crecencio. + + + + +FIGURE 2. + +Anthurium atrovinosum + +. A–B. Leaves showing adaxially engraved veins and abaxially prominent veins. C. Young leaf. D–E. Habit. F–G. Pre-anthesis inflorescence. H. Inflorescence at anthesis, with pollen grains. I. Berries. J. Inflorescence with immature fruits. + + + + +Terrestrial +. +Stem +erect, sometimes red internally in cross section; internodes +0.9–1.5 cm +long. Cataphyll and prophyll brown, marcescent at base and entire at apex. +Petiole +green with vinaceous shading usually at base, abaxially obtuse to obtuse with a slight keel, adaxially sulcate with obtuse angles to slightly sulcate with acute margins, 12.0–45.0 cm long, geniculum +0.2–0.5 cm +long. +Leaf blade +green, discolorous to slightly discolorous, erect to slightly patent, chartaceous, elliptic, 13.5–29.5 × 3.7–9.0 cm, apex acute to apiculate, base acute, obtuse to truncate. Midrib green on both sides, obtuse to acute abaxially, obtuse to acute adaxially, prominent; primary lateral veins 10–16 per side; secondary veins adaxially engraved to strongly engraved; basal vein 1– (0) on each side; collective veins +0.3–1.5 cm +distant from margin. +Inflorescence: +Peduncle green or green with vinaceous dots, or entirely vinaceous, terete to 1-ribbed, 10.0– +35.5 cm +long. +Spathe +green to green with vinaceous dots externally and vinaceous internally, erect to patent at anthesis, reflexed post anthesis, 3.5–6.0 × +0.6–1.1 cm +long, forming an acute angle at petiole/peduncle junction, sessile (not stipitate). +Spadix +vinaceous, cylindrical, 3.0–8.0 × 0.4–1.0 cm, pollen grains yellow, main spiral with 4–5 flowers; alternate spiral with 5–7 flowers, immature fruits and vinous berries, seeds-2. + + + + +Phenology: +The species was found with flowers and young fruits in July and berries in February. + + + + +Eponymy: +The epithet + +“atrovinosum +” + +refers to the color of the berry. + + + + +History and geographic distribution: +The first collection of this species was made by J.K Hammes ( +Hammes 225 +) in 2019 and was deposited in the RB and UNOP herbaria. So far it has been found only in Serra do Brigadeiro State Park, on the “Pico do Boné” and “Matipó” trails, which occur in the municipalities of Araponga and Fervedouro, at elevations ranging from 1450 to 1720 ( +Figure 3 +). + + + +FIGURE 3. +Occurrence of + +Anthurium atrovinosum + +and + +A. brigadeiroense + +at different elevations of Serra do Brigadeiro State Park, MG, Brazil. + + + +Habitat and ecology: + +Anthurium atrovinosum + +has a terrestrial habit and can be found in Upper Montane Seasonal Forest, in shaded sites within the forest, and in montane grasslands ( +campos de altitude +). It occurs in small populations, distributed in groups of 3–4 individuals. According to the IUCN criteria, it is considered, so far, as Critical Endangered (CR) due to its extension of occurrence (EOO) of +5,000 km +² and also because it is endemic to the PESB with occupancy area (AOO) ca. +11,000 km +². + + + + + + +Additional specimens examined ( +paratypes +):— + +BRAZIL +. +Minas Gerais +. +Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro +, +Fervedouro +, +Trilha Pedra do Pato +, + +12 Feb 2020 + +, fl., fr., + +J.K. Hammes +et al. 244 + +( +UNOP +!). + + +Pedra Bonita, Trilha Matipó +, + +4 Aug. 2019 + +, fl., + +J.K. Hammes +et al. 230 + +( +UNOP +!, +SPF +!) + +; + + +4 Aug. 2019 + +, fl., fr., + +J.K. Hammes +et al. 232 + +( +UNOP +!, +BHCB +!, +HRCB +!) + +. + + + + +Notes: +This species belongs to + +Anthurium +sect. +Urospadix +subsect. +Insculptinervia + +, which is characterized by its erect leaf, chartaceous leaf blade and adaxially strongly engraved secondary veins and vinaceous berries; it can be differentiated from other species in this section by the characteristics shown in identification key. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/E5/68/87/E56887A0FFFCFFA6FF5BFE5AEDEDF78B.xml b/data/E5/68/87/E56887A0FFFCFFA6FF5BFE5AEDEDF78B.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c82f083c09a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/E5/68/87/E56887A0FFFCFFA6FF5BFE5AEDEDF78B.xml @@ -0,0 +1,382 @@ + + + +Two new species of Anthurium Schott (Araceae) from the Atlantic Forest in Minas Gerais, Brazil + + + +Author + +Hammes, Janaine K. +0000-0002-0594-3257 +janaine.hammes@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Coelho, Marcus A. N. +0000-0003-1039-6777 +mnadruz@jbrj.gov.br + + + +Author + +Temponi, Lívia G. +0000-0003-0449-2703 +liviatemponi@yahoo.com.br + + + +Author + +Lombardi, Julio Antonio +0000-0003-1716-3159 +julio.lombardi@unesp.br + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2020 + +2020-04-29 + + +440 + + +4 + + +292 +300 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.440.4.4 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.440.4.4 +1179-3163 +13872132 + + + + + +Anthurium brigadeiroense +Nadruz, Hammes & Temponi + + +, + +sp. nov. + +( +Figs. 1 E–I +, +4 +) + + + + + +In + +Anthurium brigadeiroense + +the stem and the leaf blade are erect, the leaf is coriaceous, linear, oblong to rarely elliptical, the secondary veins are engraved to strongly engraved adaxially, the peduncle/petiole ratio is 0.2 (0.4–1.2), the spadix is vinaceous and the fruits are green. It differs from + +A. caparoense + +, + +A. cipoense + +, + +A. megapetiolatum + +; + +A. narae + +by most of the features already given, except green fruits which are also present in + +A. cipoense + +and the chartaceous leaf blade in + +A. narae + +. + +Anthurium atrovinosum + +differs by its elliptical, higher peduncle/petiole ratio (0.3–2.1) 0.8–2.1, vinaceous berries. + + + + +Type: +— + +BRAZIL +. +Minas Gerais +: +Araponga +. +Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro, Lage do Ouro +, + +3 Aug. 2019 + +, fl., fr., + +J.K. Hammes +et al. 228 + +( +holotype +RB +! + +, + +isotypes +BHCB +! + +, + +K +! + +, + +MO +! + +). + + + + +Terrestrial +. +Stem +erect; internodes 0.5–5.0 cm long, sometimes red internally in cross section. Cataphyll and prophyll brown, completely marcescent to marcescent with entire apex. +Petiole +green to green with vinaceous dots from base to middle, abaxially acute to obtuse, adaxially flat to sulcate with obtuse angles, +6.5–49.5 cm +long, geniculum +0.2–0.6 cm +long. +Leaf blade +green, slightly discolorous, coriaceous, linear, oblong to rarely elliptic, 14.5–47.0 × 2.0– +11.5 cm +, acute to apiculate at the apex, acute at the base, truncate, obtuse, slightly cordate when juvenile. Midrib green on both sides, acute to obtuse throughout its length on the upper surfaces (acute at least in the apical portion), acute on the lower surfaces; primary lateral veins 9–14 per side; secondary lateral veins strongly engraved; basal vein (1)– (0); collective veins +0.2–1.8 cm +distant from margin. +Inflorescence: +Peduncle vinaceous to green with vinaceous dots, terete to 1-ribbed, 4.0–34.0 cm long. +Spathe +green with vinaceous shading, erect to patent, 3.0–7.5 × 1.0– +1.5 cm +, decurrency green, acutely angled at junction with peduncle, sessile or shortly stipitate; stipe up to +0.4 cm +long. +Spadix +slightly green with vinaceous dots to brown, cylindrical, 2.8–8.6 × 0.4–1.0 cm, pollen grains yellow, main spiral with 4–5 flowers; alternate spiral with 6–7 flowers, green berries, seeds-2. + + + + +Phenology +: The species was found with flowers and young fruits in July and February. + + + + +Eponymy +: The epithet + +“ +brigadeiroense + +” refers to the location where the species was collected in the Serra do Brigadeiro State Park. + + + + +History and geographic distribution +: The first collection of this species was made by C.N. +Fraga +( + +Fraga +3582 + +) in 2015, in the municipality of Fervedouro on the “Pedra do Pato” trail and was deposited in the RB herbarium. New specimens were collected in 2019 and the species has so far been found only in the Serra do Brigadeiro State Park, on the trails: “Pico do Boné”, “Matipó” and “Pedra do Pato”, within the municipalities of Araponga and Fervedouro, at elevations ranging from +1260 to 1650 m +( +Figure 3 +). + + + + +Habitat and ecology: + +Anthurium brigadeiroense + +has a terrestrial habit and can be found in Upper Montane Seasonal Forest. Small populations of 3–4 individuals were observed in slightly degraded areas near the forest edge and a single population (about 10 individuals) in shaded forest sites. It is considered as Critical Endangered (CR) by the IUCN criteria, due to extension of occurrence (EOO) of +15,000 km +² and also for being endemic to the PESB with an occupation area (AOO) of +24,000 km +². + + + + + + +Additional specimens examined ( +paratypes +):— + +BRAZIL +. +Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro +, +Minas Gerais +: +Araponga +, +Trilha Matipó +, + +4 Jul. 2019 + +, fl., fr., + +J.K. Hammes +et al. 229 + +( +UNOP +! +SPF +!) + +; + + +4 Jul. 2019 + +, fl., fr., + +J.K. Hammes +et al. 231 + +( +RB +!). + + +Pedra do Pato +, + +3 Feb. 2015 + +, fl., + +C.N. Fraga +et al. 3582 + +( +RB +!). + + +Pico do Boné +, + +2 Jul. 2019 + +, fl., fr., + +J.K. Hammes +et al. 226 + +( +HRCB +!). + + +Fervedouro +, +Pedra do Pato +, + +12 Feb. 2020 + +, fl., fr., + +J.K. Hammes +et al. 243 + +( +UNOP +! +BHCB +!) + +; + + +13 Feb. 2020 + +, fr., + +J.K. Hammes +et al. 246 + +( +B +! +P +! +NYBG +! +RB +! +HRCB +!) + +. + + + + +Notes: +This species belongs to + +Anthurium +sect. +Urospadix +subsect. +Insculptinervia + +, which is characterized by its erect leaf, coriaceous leaf blade with secondary veins strongly engraved adaxially, green berries and can be differentiated from other species in this section by the characteristics shown in identification key. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/E5/68/87/E56887A0FFFEFFA4FF5BFF7AEC8FFB08.xml b/data/E5/68/87/E56887A0FFFEFFA4FF5BFF7AEC8FFB08.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..660bfe74b58 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/E5/68/87/E56887A0FFFEFFA4FF5BFF7AEC8FFB08.xml @@ -0,0 +1,301 @@ + + + +Two new species of Anthurium Schott (Araceae) from the Atlantic Forest in Minas Gerais, Brazil + + + +Author + +Hammes, Janaine K. +0000-0002-0594-3257 +janaine.hammes@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Coelho, Marcus A. N. +0000-0003-1039-6777 +mnadruz@jbrj.gov.br + + + +Author + +Temponi, Lívia G. +0000-0003-0449-2703 +liviatemponi@yahoo.com.br + + + +Author + +Lombardi, Julio Antonio +0000-0003-1716-3159 +julio.lombardi@unesp.br + +text + + +Phytotaxa + + +2020 + +2020-04-29 + + +440 + + +4 + + +292 +300 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.440.4.4 + +journal article +10.11646/phytotaxa.440.4.4 +1179-3163 +13872132 + + + + + + +Identification key to + +Anthurium +sect. +Urospadix +subsect. +Insculptinervia + +species + + + + + + + + +1. Stem reptant........................................................................................................................................................................................2 + + +- Stem erect ...........................................................................................................................................................................................3 + + + + + +2. Base of the leaf blade truncated to obtuse, angle between the spathe and peduncle straight, fruit green at the base and brown at the apex........................................................................................................................................................................ + +A. megapetiolatum + + + + + +- Base of the leaf blade rounded to cordate, angle between the spathe and peduncle obtuse, fruit red................................ + +A. longipes + + + + + + +3. Leaf blade with glandular dots ...........................................................................................................................................................4 + + +- Leaf blade without glandular dots ......................................................................................................................................................7 + + + + +4. Base of the leaf blade usually cordate, sometimes truncate, rarely rounded, with sinus ...................................................................5 + + + +- Base of the leaf blade rounded to truncate, without sinus................................................................................................. + +A. marense + + + + + + + +5. Leaf blade deflexed to perpendicular in relation to the stem ............................................................................................. + +A. hoehnei + + + + +- Leaf blade erect in relation to the stem ..............................................................................................................................................6 + + + + + +6. Petiole flat to caniculated with acute margins to subcarenated adaxially, spathe navicular forming a straight angle with the peduncle + +................................................................................................................................................................................ +A. unense + + + + + +- Petiole cylindrical to slightly sulcate with obtuse margins adaxially, spathe flattened forming acute angle with the peduncle + +......... ....................................................................................................................................................................................... +A. fontellanus + + + + + + + +7. Epiphyte or rupicolous, spathe generally caducuous, spadix gray in post-anthesis............................................................ + +A. comtum + + + + +- Terrestrial, spathe persistent, spadix not gray in post-anthesis...........................................................................................................8 + + + + + +8. Petiole larger than the leaf blade, fruit greenish with apex vinaceous .............................................................................. + +A. cipoense + + + + +- Petiole shorter or with the same size as the leaf blade, fruit greenish................................................................................................9 + + + + +9. Petiole shorter than the leaf blade ....................................................................................................................................................10 + + +- Petiole with the same lenght as the leaf blade..................................................................................................................................14 + + + + +10. Peduncle larger than the petiole........................................................................................................................................................11 + + + +- Peduncle with the same lenght or shorter than the petiole ...................................................................................... + +A. brigadeiroense + + + + + + +11. Fruit green ........................................................................................................................................................................................12 + + +- Fruit vinaceous .................................................................................................................................................................................13 + + + + + +12. Secondary veins 21-25, leaf blade +30-70 cm +length, geniculum +5-8 mm +length ............................................................... + +A. galeottii + + + + + +- Secondary veins 9-14, Leaf blade +14-47 cm +length, geniculum +2-6 mm +length..................................................... + +A. brigadeiroense + + + + + + + +13. Petiole caniculated adaxially, spadix stipitate .................................................................................................................. + +A. nitidulum + + + + + +- Petiole sulcate adaxially, spadix sessile............................................................................................................................... + +A. eichleri + + + + + + + +14. Spadix stipitate, fruits green with white dots at the apex and white shades at the base......................................................... + +A. narae + + + + +- Spadix sessile, fruits greenish...........................................................................................................................................................15 + + + + + +15. Petiole flattened to slightly sulcate with obtuse margins adaxially, unripened fruit green ........................................... + +A. caparoense + + + + + +- Petiole sulcate with margins that are frequently obtuse, unripened fruits vinaceous.................................................. + +A. atrovinosum + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file