diff --git a/data/03/9B/87/039B87BCFFB857072250CF94FDB9F8EC.xml b/data/03/9B/87/039B87BCFFB857072250CF94FDB9F8EC.xml index a1887f9077b..4f3998f9858 100644 --- a/data/03/9B/87/039B87BCFFB857072250CF94FDB9F8EC.xml +++ b/data/03/9B/87/039B87BCFFB857072250CF94FDB9F8EC.xml @@ -1,99 +1,102 @@ - - - -The neurocranium of Potamotrygonidae: morphology and phylogenetic significance + + + +The neurocranium of Potamotrygonidae: morphology and phylogenetic significance - - -Author + + +Author -Araújo, Marcus V. G. -Laboratório de Ictiologia (LABICT), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil +Araújo, Marcus V. G. +Laboratório de Ictiologia (LABICT), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil - - -Author + + +Author -Vaz, Diego F. B. -Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom & Biorepository Collaboratorium Guam EPSCoR, Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, Mangilao, United States +Vaz, Diego F. B. +Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom & Biorepository Collaboratorium Guam EPSCoR, Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, Mangilao, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Medeiros, Jade -Laboratório de Ictiologia (LABICT), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil +Medeiros, Jade +Laboratório de Ictiologia (LABICT), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil - - -Author + + +Author -Arthur +Arthur - - -Author + + +Author -Lima -Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil +Lima +Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil - - -Author + + +Author -Rosa, Ricardo S. -Laboratório de Ictiologia (LABICT), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil +Rosa, Ricardo S. +Laboratório de Ictiologia (LABICT), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil - - -Author + + +Author -Loboda, Thiago S. -Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil +Loboda, Thiago S. +Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil - - -Author + + +Author -B., João Paulo C. +B., João Paulo C. - - -Author + + +Author -Silva -Laboratório de Ictiologia (LABICT), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil +Silva +Laboratório de Ictiologia (LABICT), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2024 - -2024-09-21 + +2024 + +2024-09-21 - -202 + +202 - -1 + +1 - -1 -24 + +1 +24 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae104 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae104 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae104 -0024-4082 +journal article +306472 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae104 +a3936bc1-1a63-44dc-bc17-3a58cc6022cd +0024-4082 +14445483 - + @@ -114,7 +117,7 @@ is elongated, with its greatest width at the middle portion of the nasal capsule Styracura the nasal capsules are oval and bear a median indentation in-between the convex anterior margins ( -Fig. 1C +Fig. 1C ; Supporting Information, File S1). The same morphology is seen in the species of Potamotrygon @@ -124,7 +127,7 @@ and Plesiotrygon ( -Fig. 1A, B +Fig. 1A, B ) (Supporting Information, Files S2, S3, S4). In Styracura @@ -138,7 +141,7 @@ and Plesiotrygon the nasal capsules are ventromedially divided by a thin nasal septum that is one-sixth the width of the nasal aperture ( -Fig. 2 +Fig. 2 ). Heliotrygon @@ -148,7 +151,7 @@ and Paratrygon have comparatively shorter nasal capsules anteroposteriorly ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ) (Supporting Information, Files S5, S6), with the anterior margin of the capsules also convex, but less rounded when compared to the general pattern present in the other genera. The nasal septum in Heliotrygon @@ -156,7 +159,7 @@ and Paratrygon is wider, with nearly half the width of the nasal aperture ( -Fig. 4 +Fig. 4 ). Paratrygon @@ -166,9 +169,9 @@ shows a small rostral projection (rpj) in-between the anterior margin of the two Potamotrygon ( -Figs 3B +Figs 3B , -4B +4B ; Supporting Information, File S6). @@ -185,9 +188,9 @@ The condyles for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage (cac) are situat Potamotrygon this condyle is bean-shaped ( -Figs 5A, C +Figs 5A, C , -6B +6B ), while on Plesiotrygon @@ -197,9 +200,9 @@ and Heliotrygon this condyle is rounded ( -Figs 5B +Figs 5B , -6A +6A ). The anteroposteriorly flattened antorbital cartilages (anto) extend posterolaterally from the nasal capsules. In Styracura @@ -221,15 +224,15 @@ and Paratrygon they are smaller and not as posteriorly oriented, with its length corresponding to a quarter of the nasal capsule’s width ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -2 +2 ). In Heliotrygon the antorbital cartilage has a foramen (acf) that is absent on the other genera ( -Fig. 7 +Fig. 7 ). @@ -242,13 +245,13 @@ and Potamotrygon this ventral projection forms an angle of nearly 130° in relation to the basicranium ( -Fig. 5A, C +Fig. 5A, C ), while in Plesiotrygon this angle is less accentuated, close to 170° ( -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ). In Heliotrygon @@ -258,7 +261,7 @@ and Paratrygon the inclination is more accentuated and closer to 100° in relation to the basicranium ( -Fig. 6 +Fig. 6 ). In Styracura @@ -276,21 +279,21 @@ the inclination is more accentuated and closer to 100° in relation to the basic Heliotrygon the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage is anteroventral to the preorbital process ( -Figs 5 +Figs 5 , -6A +6A ), while in Paratrygon this condyle is situated ventrally and at a level with the preorbital process ( -Fig. 6B +Fig. 6B ). Furthermore, Heliotrygon can be distinguished from the other potamotrygonins by having two pairs of condyle-like structures (nco) on the anterior face of its nasal capsules ( -Fig. 7 +Fig. 7 ). These condyles articulate with the anterior segment of the propterygium (apro) and are absent in the other genera. @@ -307,9 +310,9 @@ The preorbital process (prp) is posterodorsal to the nasal capsules. In Paratrygon it extends laterally beyond the longitudinal line with the lateral margin of the nasal capsules ( -Figs 1A, C +Figs 1A, C , -3B +3B ). In Plesiotrygon @@ -319,9 +322,9 @@ the preorbital process reaches the longitudinal line with the nasal capsules, wh Heliotrygon the preorbital process is shorter and does not reach that same longitudinal line at the lateral limit of the nasal capsules ( -Figs 1B +Figs 1B , -3A +3A ). Furthermore, only in Styracura @@ -343,9 +346,9 @@ does the preorbital process project posterolaterally, while in Paratrygon the preorbital process projects laterally ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -3 +3 ). The anterior foramen for preorbital canal (afpc) and the posterior foramen for preorbital canal (pfpc) pierce the base of the preorbital process dorsally, and are housed in a fossa that opens anteriorly. In Heliotrygon @@ -355,9 +358,9 @@ and Paratrygon this fossa is placed medially ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ), while in the other genera it is lateral and closer to the edge of the preorbital process ( -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 ). Differently from the other genera, in Heliotrygon @@ -375,24 +378,24 @@ the foramen for preorbital canal is not divided into two openings. In Paratrygon the ventral opening of afpc occupies the anterior portion of the base of the preorbital process, while pfpc opens ventrally at the posterior region of the base of the preorbital process ( -Figs 5A, C +Figs 5A, C , -6B +6B ), except in Styracura , where the pfpc is positioned further back beyond the base of the preorbital process ( -Fig. 5C +Fig. 5C ). In Plesiotrygon both the foramen for anterior and posterior preorbital canal open posteroventrally at the base of the preorbital process ( -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ; Supporting Information, Files S2, S7). - + Figure 1. Neurocrania of @@ -410,7 +413,7 @@ Neurocrania of (C) in dorsal views. Anatomical abbreviations: afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; elf, endolymphatic foramina; epp, epiphysial process; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; plf, perilymphatic foramina; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sp, supraorbital process. - + Figure 2. Neurocrania of @@ -450,9 +453,9 @@ The precerebral fontanelle (pcf) is rounded in Heliotrygon the precerebral fontanelle is elliptical and narrow ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -3 +3 ). Posterior to the precerebral fontanelle there is an epiphysial process (epp), which delimits the two fontanelles of the neurocranium, except for Styracura @@ -462,7 +465,7 @@ the precerebral fontanelle is elliptical and narrow ( Heliotrygon the epiphysial process is the shortest among all genera analysed (with one-third the width of the supraorbital process) ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ), while Potamotrygon @@ -472,16 +475,16 @@ and Plesiotrygon have the longest epiphysial process, which is longer than the supraorbital process ( -Fig. 1A, B +Fig. 1A, B ). Paratrygon shows an intermediate state and its epiphysial process has nearly the same length of the supraorbital process ( -Fig. 3B +Fig. 3B ). - + Figure 3. Neurocrania of @@ -504,15 +507,15 @@ Thesupraorbitalcrest (soc) ispiercedbyaseriesofsmallforamina for the superficial Heliotrygon , in which the crest is a well-developed, shelf-like structure ( -Figs 4A +Figs 4A , -8 +8 ). The supraorbital process is triangular-shaped and laterally projected, except for Styracura , in which the supraorbital process is anteriorly oriented ( -Fig. 1C +Fig. 1C ). @@ -521,19 +524,19 @@ The postorbital process (pop) is posterior to the supraorbital process, being a Styracura the postorbital process is larger than the other four genera, with its base wider than the length of the otic region ( -Fig. 1C +Fig. 1C ). In Heliotrygon the distal margin of the postorbital process is concave, distinct from the other four genera, in which this margin is straight ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ). In relation to its base, the distal margin of the postorbital process is only narrower in Plesiotrygon ( -Fig 1B +Fig 1B ). In Styracura @@ -555,22 +558,22 @@ and Plesiotrygon it is horizontally aligned with the lateral tip of the supraorbital process ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -3 +3 ). Furthermore, the posterior margin of the postorbital process is straight in all genera, except for Styracura , which has a slight convex projection near its distal tip ( -Fig. 1C +Fig. 1C ). The frontoparietal fontanelle (fpf) is slender and elongated in all genera ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -3 +3 ). In Styracura @@ -584,13 +587,13 @@ The frontoparietal fontanelle (fpf) is slender and elongated in all genera ( Plesiotrygon the frontoparietal fontanelle is wider anteriorly, narrowing posteriorly, being somewhat triangular in shape ( -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 ). In Potamotrygon the frontoparietal fontanelle bears a slight constriction at its midportion, giving it an hourglass-shape ( -Fig. 1A +Fig. 1A ). In Heliotrygon @@ -600,7 +603,7 @@ and Paratrygon the frontoparietal fontanelle has the same width throughout ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ). In Styracura @@ -614,7 +617,7 @@ the frontoparietal fontanelle has the same width throughout ( Plesiotrygon the width of the anterior portion of the frontoparietal fontanelle occupies approximately one-third of the dorsal surface of the neurocranium ( -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 ), while in Paratrygon @@ -624,10 +627,10 @@ and Heliotrygon it occupies a quarter of the dorsal surface of the neurocranium ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ). - + Figure 4. Neurocrania of @@ -646,33 +649,33 @@ Neurocrania of The neurocranium is pierced laterally by several foramina. Ventrally at the base of the preorbital process all genera bear two foramina for the preorbital canal ( -Figs 5 +Figs 5 , -6B +6B ), except for Heliotrygon , which has only one ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ). In Styracura the position of the posterior foramen for preorbital canal is completely posterior to the preorbital process ( -Fig. 5C +Fig. 5C ), while in the other genera this posterior opening is located on the posterior margin of the preorbital process. Only in Plesiotrygon , both foramina for the preorbital canal are on the posterior margin of the preorbital process ( -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ). The anteriormost foramen on the orbital wall is the anterior cerebral vein foramen (acvf). In all genera its position is anterior to, and close to, the dorsal margin of the optic nerve foramen (II). Only Plesiotrygon presents a different placement of this foramen, which is anterodorsal and not at the same level of the dorsal margin of the optic nerve foramen ( -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ). The wide (at least the same size as the orbital fissure) and oval optic nerve foramen (II) is situated centrally on the orbital wall. The trochlear nerve foramen (IV) is located dorsally to the optic nerve foramen, and may vary in its position amongst genera of Potamotrygonidae . In @@ -692,15 +695,15 @@ presents a different placement of this foramen, which is anterodorsal and not at Heliotrygon it is dorsal to the midportion of the optic nerve foramen ( -Figs 5 +Figs 5 , -6A +6A ); in Paratrygon it is posterior to the midportion of the optic nerve foramen ( -Fig. 6B +Fig. 6B ). @@ -713,15 +716,15 @@ and Paratrygon the distance between the trochlear nerve foramen and the optic nerve foramen is less than half the height of the optic nerve foramen ( -Figs 5C +Figs 5C , -6B +6B ), while in Plesiotrygon this distance is equal to the height of the optic nerve foramen ( -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ). In Potamotrygon @@ -731,15 +734,15 @@ and Heliotrygon this distance is intermediate ( -Figs 5A +Figs 5A , -6A +6A ). Posterior to the optic nerve foramen is the eye stalk (es), which is rounded, except for Heliotrygon , in which the eye stalk is oval ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ). Immediately dorsal to the eye stalk is the oculomotor nerve foramen (III). In Potamotrygon @@ -749,9 +752,9 @@ and Heliotrygon the oculomotor nerve foramen is anterodorsal to the eye stalk ( -Figs 5A +Figs 5A , -6A +6A ). @@ -764,7 +767,7 @@ and Potamotrygon it is anteroventral and in-between the eye stalk and the optic nerve foramen ( -Fig. 5A, C +Fig. 5A, C ). The internal carotid foramen (icaf) is positioned anterior to the hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen (VII) and in Styracura @@ -778,9 +781,9 @@ it is anteroventral and in-between the eye stalk and the optic nerve foramen ( Heliotrygon it is ventrolaterally positioned, occupying the margin that divides the orbital wall and the basicranium ( -Figs 5B, C +Figs 5B, C , -6A +6A ). In contrast, Potamotrygon @@ -790,9 +793,9 @@ and Paratrygon present this foramen positioned ventrally on the basicranium ( -Figs 2A +Figs 2A , -3B +3B ). The orbital fissure (obf) is situated on the posteriormost portion of the orbital region. In Heliotrygon @@ -814,9 +817,9 @@ and Potamotrygon it is about half the size of the optic nerve foramen ( -Figs 5 +Figs 5 , -6 +6 ; Supporting Information, Files S1, S3, S4). In Potamotrygon @@ -826,12 +829,12 @@ and Heliotrygon the orbital fissure is covered laterally by the posterodorsal wall of the neurocranium, immediately ventral to the postorbital process ( -Figs 5A +Figs 5A , -6A +6A ), while in the other genera the fissure is completely visible laterally. - + Figure 5. Neurocrania of @@ -849,7 +852,7 @@ Neurocrania of (C) in left lateral views. Anatomical abbreviations: acvf, anterior cerebral vein foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preobirtal canal; cac, condyle for the antorbital cartilage; es, eye stalk; esaf, efferent spiracular artery foramen; hmdf, hyomandibular facet; icaf, internal carotid artery foramen; lc, lateral commissure; ncs, nasal capsules; obf, orbital fissure; pfpc, posterior foramen for preorbital canal; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; jla, jugal arch; sp, supraorbital process; II, optic nerve foramen; III, oculomotor nerve foramen; IV, trochlear nerve foramen; VII, hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen. - + Figure 6. Neurocrania of @@ -876,7 +879,7 @@ and Plesiotrygon the lateral commissure is septate (bears two openings) and connects medially with the lateral wall of the otic region ( -Fig. 5B, C +Fig. 5B, C ). The hyomandibular facet (hmdf), which is posterior to the lateral commissure, corresponds to a nearly elliptical and oblique depression. In Styracura @@ -886,22 +889,22 @@ and Plesiotrygon the hyomandibular facet is oval and not with its anterior portion wider than its posterior portion ( -Fig. 5B, C +Fig. 5B, C ). Moreover, Heliotrygon is the only genus in which the ventral margin of the hyomandibular facet is somewhat arched medially ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ). Plesiotrygon differs from all the other genera by the presence of a chondrified jugal arch (jla) that bridges laterally on the otic region, immediately posterior to the hyomandibular facet ( -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ; Supporting Information, File S2). - + Figure 7. Neurocranium of @@ -911,7 +914,7 @@ Neurocranium of in frontal view. Anatomical abbreviations: acf, antorbital cartilage foramen; anto, antorbital cartilage; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; prp, preorbital process. - + Figure 8. Neurocrania of @@ -933,7 +936,7 @@ on anterior and posterior regions. B1, anterior view of the cutting section divi on anterior and posterior regions. Anatomical abbreviations: acf, antorbital cartilage foramen; afpc, anterior foramen for preorbital canal; anto, antorbital cartilage; epp, epiphyseal process; fpc, foramen for preorbital canal; fpf, frontoparietal fontanelle; nco, nasal condyles; ncs, nasal capsules; oc, occipital condyle; pcf, precerebral fontanelle; pop, postorbital process; prp, preorbital process; soc, supraorbital crest; sor, supraotic ridge; sp, supraorbital process; spr, sphenopterotic ridge; II, optic nerve foramen; IX, glossopharyngeal nerve foramen. - + Figure 9. Neurocrania of @@ -961,9 +964,9 @@ and Paratrygon this foramen is visible laterally, on the posteroventral portion of the otic region ( -Fig. 6 +Fig. 6 ). In the other three genera the glossopharyngeal nerve foramen is dorsolateral to the occipital condyles and occupies the ventral lateral portion of the occipital region, being visible in posterior oblique view ( -Fig. 5 +Fig. 5 ). The sphenopterotic ridge (spr) projects dorsally on the lateral portions of the otic region, with the supraotic ridge (sor) extending laterally from the otic region walls above the hyomandibular facet. In Styracura @@ -977,7 +980,7 @@ this foramen is visible laterally, on the posteroventral portion of the otic reg Plesiotrygon the spr is as long as the lateral extension of the sor ( -Fig. 9 +Fig. 9 ). Dorsally, a pair of endolymphatic foramina (elf) is followed posteriorly by a pair of perilymphatic foramina (plf). In Heliotrygon @@ -987,9 +990,9 @@ and Potamotrygon the perilymphatic foramina are not immediately posterior, but posterolateral and posteromedial to the endolymphatic foramina, respectively ( -Figs 1A +Figs 1A , -3A +3A ). In Heliotrygon @@ -1003,7 +1006,7 @@ both pairs of foramina are clearly different in size, with the perilymphatic for Heliotrygon (three times the size of the endolymphatic foramina) ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ). @@ -1015,7 +1018,7 @@ The large and oval foramen magnum (fm) is located in-between a pair of vagus ner Styracura is the foramen magnum taller than wider, and the lateral limit of the vagus nerve foramen reaches the medial level of the sphenopterotic ridge ( -Fig. 9C +Fig. 9C ). The foramen magnum is the smallest (eight times the aperture of the vagus nerve foramen) in Heliotrygon @@ -1029,9 +1032,9 @@ and Potamotrygon (12 times the aperture of the vagus nerve foramen) ( -Figs 9A, C +Figs 9A, C , -10A +10A ). The vagus nerve foramen is positioned dorsal to the midportion of the foramen magnum, closer to its dorsal margin in Styraruca and @@ -1039,11 +1042,11 @@ and Potamotrygon ( -Fig. 9A, C +Fig. 9A, C ), while in the other genera it is situated level with the midportion of the foramen magnum ( -Figs 9B +Figs 9B , -10 +10 ). The foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve (flb) is juxtaposed to the vagus nerve foramen in Heliotrygon @@ -1057,9 +1060,9 @@ and Plesiotrygon ( -Figs 9A, B +Figs 9A, B , -10A +10A ), while in Styracura @@ -1069,9 +1072,9 @@ and Paratrygon this foramen is positioned far from the vagus nerve foramen ( -Figs 9C +Figs 9C , -10B +10B ). The articular surface (as) is located in-between a pair of occipital condyles (oc), which are horizontally arranged and immediately ventral to the foramen magnum. Plesiotrygon @@ -1081,9 +1084,9 @@ presents the narrowest articular surface (one-third of the occipital condyle’s Heliotrygon has the widest in relation to the occipital condyles (two-thirds of the occipital condyle’s width) ( -Figs 9B +Figs 9B , -10A +10A ). In Potamotrygon @@ -1093,7 +1096,7 @@ and Plesiotrygon the ventral margin of the occipital condyles is medially arched ( -Fig. 9A, B +Fig. 9A, B ), while in the other three genera the ventral margin is straight. Paratrygon @@ -1103,7 +1106,7 @@ and Heliotrygon have medially and laterally inclined occipital condyles, respectively ( -Fig. 10 +Fig. 10 ), instead of the usual horizontal orientation seen in Styracura @@ -1130,7 +1133,7 @@ The occipital condyles extend posteriorly from the basicranium and in Plesiotrygon this extension is shorter than half the length of the hyomandibular facet ( -Fig. 9 +Fig. 9 ), while in Heliotrygon @@ -1140,7 +1143,7 @@ and Paratrygon the posterior extension of the condyles is greater, around two-thirds the length of the hyomandibular facet ( -Fig. 10 +Fig. 10 ). In Heliotrygon @@ -1150,10 +1153,10 @@ and Paratrygon the occipital condyles reach the lateral limit of the occipital region, resulting in a straighter posterior outline of the neurocranium, while in the other genera they are shorter and the shape of the occipital region is irregular ( -Fig. 10 +Fig. 10 ). - + Figure 10. Neurocrania of @@ -1212,9 +1215,9 @@ the rostral projection is polymorphic, with the majority of the species lacking Paratrygon a small chondrified rostral projection is present in-between the anterior margin of the nasal capsules (1) ( -Figs 3B +Figs 3B , -4B +4B ). This character was previously explored by Rosa (1985) . @@ -1237,7 +1240,7 @@ In Plesiotrygon the nasal septum, which divides the two nasal capsules medially, is one-sixth the width of the nasal aperture (0) ( -Fig. 2 +Fig. 2 ). In Heliotrygon @@ -1247,7 +1250,7 @@ and Paratrygon the nasal septum is wider and about half the width of the nasal aperture (1) ( -Fig. 4 +Fig. 4 ). This character was previously explored by Carvalho and Lovejoy (2011) . @@ -1274,23 +1277,23 @@ In Paratrygon the nasal capsules do not bear condyles on their anterior margin (0) ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -2 +2 , -3B +3B , -4B +4B ). In Heliotrygon the anterior margin of the nasal capsules has two pairs of condyles for the articulation with the distal segment of the propterygium (1) ( -Figs 3A +Figs 3A , -4A +4A , -7 +7 ). @@ -1315,15 +1318,15 @@ In Heliotrygon the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage is anteroventral in relation to the preorbital process (0) ( -Figs 5 +Figs 5 , -6A +6A ). In Paratrygon the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage is ventral and vertically aligned to the preorbital process (1) ( -Fig. 6B +Fig. 6B ). @@ -1340,9 +1343,9 @@ In Paratrygon the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage is nearly bean-shaped (0) ( -Figs 5C +Figs 5C , -6B +6B ). In Potamotrygon @@ -1368,9 +1371,9 @@ and Heliotrygon the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage is rounded (1) ( -Figs 5B +Figs 5B , -6A +6A ). @@ -1383,7 +1386,7 @@ In Styracura (outgroup) the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage has a depression on its anterior region (0) ( -Fig. 5C +Fig. 5C ). In Potamotrygon @@ -1397,7 +1400,7 @@ bearing a dorsal depression on the condyle for the articulation with the antorbi Paratrygon the depression is dorsal on the condyle for the articulation with the antorbital cartilage (1) ( -Fig. 6B +Fig. 6B ). @@ -1414,9 +1417,9 @@ In Plesiotrygon the length of the antorbital cartilage is one-third the width of the pair of nasal capsules (0) ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -2 +2 ). In Potamotrygon @@ -1430,9 +1433,9 @@ and Paratrygon the antorbital length is a quarter the width of the pair of nasal capsules (2) ( -Figs 3 +Figs 3 , -4 +4 ). This character was previously explored by Carvalho and Lovejoy (2011) . @@ -1463,7 +1466,7 @@ the antorbital cartilage foramen is absent (0). In Heliotrygon the antorbital cartilage is pierced by a foramen (1) ( -Fig. 7 +Fig. 7 ). @@ -1476,7 +1479,7 @@ In Styracura (outgroup) the nasal capsules are curved ventrally and forming an angle of nearly 130° in relation to the basicranium (1) ( -Fig. 5A, C +Fig. 5A, C ). In Potamotrygon @@ -1490,7 +1493,7 @@ the nasal capsules form an angle of nearly 170°, while in the remaining species Plesiotrygon the nasal capsules are slightly curved ventrally and forming an angle of nearly 170° in relation to the basicranium (0) ( -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ). In Paratrygon @@ -1500,7 +1503,7 @@ and Heliotrygon the nasal capsules are considerably curved ventrally and forming an angle of nearly 100° in relation to the basicranium (2) ( -Fig. 6 +Fig. 6 ). @@ -1517,9 +1520,9 @@ In Potamotrygon the preorbital process is curved posteriorly (0) ( -Figs 1A, C +Figs 1A, C , -2A, C +2A, C ). In Plesiotrygon @@ -1533,13 +1536,13 @@ the preorbital process is curved posteriorly (0) ( Paratrygon the preorbital process extends laterally without curving posteriorly (1) ( -Figs 1B +Figs 1B , -2B +2B , -3 +3 , -4 +4 ). @@ -1556,9 +1559,9 @@ In Paratrygon the preorbital process extends laterally beyond the longitudinal line with the lateral margin of the nasal capsules (0) ( -Figs 1A, C +Figs 1A, C , -3B +3B ). In Potamotrygon @@ -1568,13 +1571,13 @@ this character is polymorphic, with the preorbital process extending laterally b Plesiotrygon the lateral extension of the preorbital process extends laterally and is longitudinally aligned with the lateral margin of the nasal capsules (1) ( -Fig. 1B +Fig. 1B ). In Heliotrygon the preorbital process fails to reach the longitudinal line with the lateral limit of the nasal capsules (2) ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ). This character was previously explored by Carvalho and Lovejoy (2011) . @@ -1601,15 +1604,15 @@ In Paratrygon , the precerebral component of the fontanelle is at least one-third wider than the frontoparietal component (0) ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -3B +3B ). In Heliotrygon both components of the fontanelle have the same width (1) ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ). @@ -1630,9 +1633,9 @@ In Paratrygon the precerebral fontanelle is as wide as it is long, being rounded in shape (0) ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -3B +3B ). In Potamotrygon @@ -1646,7 +1649,7 @@ has an elliptical precerebral fontanelle (0,1). In Heliotrygon the precerebral fontanelle is anteroposteriorly elongated, with its width about half its length (1) ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ). This character was previously explored by Carvalho and Lovejoy (2011) . @@ -1661,7 +1664,7 @@ In Styracura (outgroup) the epiphysial process is absent (0) ( -Fig. 1C +Fig. 1C ). In all members of Potmotrygoninae, namely Potamotrygon @@ -1679,9 +1682,9 @@ In Heliotrygon the chondrified epiphysial process is present (1) ( -Figs 1A, B +Figs 1A, B , -3 +3 ). @@ -1694,19 +1697,19 @@ In Heliotrygon the epiphysial bar is short, with about one-third the length of the supraorbital process (0) ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ). In Paratrygon the epiphysial bar extends medially having the same length of the supraorbital process (1) ( -Fig. 3B +Fig. 3B ). In Plesiotrygon the epiphyseal bar is one-third longer than the length of the supraorbital process (2) ( -Fig. 1B +Fig. 1B ). In Potamotrygon @@ -1716,7 +1719,7 @@ this character is polymorphic, with all three character states occurring among t Styracura ( -Fig. 1C +Fig. 1C ). @@ -1737,15 +1740,15 @@ In Paratrygon the epiphysial bar is oriented medially (0) ( -Fig. 1B +Fig. 1B , -3 +3 ). In Potamotrygon the epiphysial bar can be anteromedially or medially oriented (0,1) ( -Fig. 1A +Fig. 1A ; Supporting Information, Files S3, S4). This character is inapplicable for Styracura @@ -1769,7 +1772,7 @@ In Plesiotrygon the anterior portion of the frontoparietal fontanelle is one-third the width of the neurocranium (0) ( -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 ). In Paratrygon @@ -1779,7 +1782,7 @@ and Heliotrygon the width of the frontoparietal fontanelle is a quarter the width of the neurocranium (1) ( -Fig. 3B +Fig. 3B ). In Potamotrygon @@ -1802,7 +1805,7 @@ In Plesiotrygon the anterior region of the frontoparietal fontanelle is around 1.5 times wider than its posterior region (0) ( -Fig. 1B, C +Fig. 1B, C ). In Heliotrygon @@ -1812,7 +1815,7 @@ and Paratrygon the anterior and posterior portions of the frontoparietal fontanelle have the same width (1) ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ). In Potamotrygon @@ -1835,14 +1838,14 @@ In Plesiotrygon the frontoparietal fontanelle has no constriction on its midlength (0) ( -Figs 1B, C +Figs 1B, C ). In some Potamotrygon species the frontoparietal fontanelle has a midlength extension of the neurocranium ceiling forming a constriction, resulting in an hourglass-like outline of the fontanelle, while other species lack such constriction, making this character polymorphic (0,1) ( -Fig. 1A +Fig. 1A ). This character is coded as inapplicable for Heliotrygon @@ -1875,21 +1878,21 @@ In Paratrygon the lateral extension of the supraorbital crest is about one-fifth or less the width of the supraorbital process (0) ( -Figs 2 +Figs 2 , -4B +4B , -8 +8 ) (Supporting Information, Files S1–S4, S6). In Heliotrygon the supraorbital crest is clearly developed, being as wide as the supraorbital process (1) ( -Figs 3A +Figs 3A , -4A +4A , -8 +8 ; Supporting Information, File S5). @@ -1914,15 +1917,15 @@ In Paratrygon the distal margin of the postorbital process has a straight outline (0) ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -3B +3B ). In Heliotrygon the distal margin of the postorbital process is concave (1) ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ). @@ -1939,21 +1942,21 @@ In Paratrygon the distal margin of the postorbital process is nearly a quarter wider than its proximal region (1) ( -Figs 1C +Figs 1C , -3B +3B ). In Heliotrygon the distal margin of the postorbital process has twice the width of its proximal region (2) ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ). In Plesiotrygon the distal portion of the postorbital process is a quarter narrower in relation to its proximal region (0) ( -Fig. 1B +Fig. 1B ). This character is polymorphic in Potamotrygon @@ -1974,9 +1977,9 @@ In Paratrygon the anterolateral portion of the postorbital process extends anteriorly surpassing the lateral tip of the supraorbital process (0) ( -Figs 1C +Figs 1C , -3B +3B ). In Plesiotrygon @@ -1986,15 +1989,15 @@ and Heliotrygon the anterolateral portion of the postorbital process is horizontally aligned with the lateral tip of the supraorbital process (1) ( -Figs 1B +Figs 1B , -3A +3A ). In Potamotrygon this character is polymorphic. In some species the anterolateral portion of the postorbital process surpasses the lateral tip of the supraorbital process, while in others it is horizontally aligned with it (0,1) ( -Fig. 1A +Fig. 1A ). @@ -2011,25 +2014,25 @@ In Plesiotrygon the supraorbital process corresponds to one-third the length of the postorbital process (1) ( -Fig. 1B, C +Fig. 1B, C ). In Paratrygon the supraorbital process is shorter, corresponding to one-fifth the length of the postorbital process (0) ( -Fig. 3B +Fig. 3B ). In Heliotrygon the lateral projection of the supraorbital process is half the length of its postorbital process (2) ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ). In Potamotrygon the three character states can be found (0,1,2) ( -Fig. 1A +Fig. 1A ). @@ -2042,7 +2045,7 @@ In Styracura (outgroup) the supraorbital process is anterolaterally oriented (0) ( -Fig. 1C +Fig. 1C ). In Potamotrygon @@ -2060,9 +2063,9 @@ In Heliotrygon the supraorbital process is laterally oriented (1) ( -Figs 1A, B +Figs 1A, B , -3 +3 ). @@ -2079,15 +2082,15 @@ In Heliotrygon the anterolateral edge of the postorbital process is longitudinally aligned with the lateral tip of the preorbital process (1) ( -Figs 1C +Figs 1C , -3A +3A ). In Potamotrygon the anterolateral edge of the postorbital process may be longitudinally aligned with the lateral tip of the preorbital process or may fail to reach its lateral extension (0,1) ( -Fig. 1A +Fig. 1A ). In Plesiotrygon @@ -2097,9 +2100,9 @@ and Paratrygon the postorbital process extends laterally beyond the lateral edge of the preorbital process (2) ( -Fig. 1B +Fig. 1B , -3B +3B ). @@ -2112,7 +2115,7 @@ In Styracura (outgroup) the posterior margin of the postorbital process is slightly convex near its distal portion (0) ( -Fig. 1C +Fig. 1C ). In Plesiotrygon @@ -2126,15 +2129,15 @@ In Heliotrygon the posterior margin of the postorbital process is straight (1) ( -Figs 1B +Figs 1B , -3 +3 ). In Potamotrygon this character is polymorphic and can be slightly convex or, as in most of the species here observed, straight (0,1) ( -Fig. 1A +Fig. 1A ). @@ -2159,15 +2162,15 @@ In Paratrygon the angle of the postorbital process in relation to the otic wall is nearly 120° (0) ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -3B +3B ). In Heliotrygon the angle of the postorbital process in relation to the otic wall is close to 90° (1) ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ). @@ -2195,15 +2198,15 @@ In Paratrygon there are two foramina for the preorbital canal (0) ( -Figs 5 +Figs 5 , -6B +6B ). In Heliotrygon there is a single foramen for the preorbital canal(1) ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ; Supporting Information, File S6). @@ -2224,15 +2227,15 @@ In Paratrygon the anterior foramen for preorbital canal opens ventrally, anterior to the base of the preorbital process (0) ( -Figs 5A, C +Figs 5A, C , -6B +6B ). In Plesiotrygon the anterior foramen for preorbital canal opens ventrally, posterior to the base of the preorbital process (1) ( -Fig 5B +Fig 5B ; Supporting Information, File S3). Heliotrygon @@ -2249,7 +2252,7 @@ In Styracura (outgroup) the posterior foramen for preorbital canal is posterior to the preorbital process (0) ( -Fig. 5C +Fig. 5C ). In Potamotrygon @@ -2263,15 +2266,15 @@ In Paratrygon the posterior foramen for preorbital canal is posteroventral to the preorbital process (1) ( -Figs 5A, B +Figs 5A, B , -6B +6B ). Heliotrygon lacks this foramen and is coded as inapplicable ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ). @@ -2296,15 +2299,15 @@ In Potamotrygon , the anterior cerebral vein foramen is anterior and at level with the dorsal margin of the optic nerve foramen (0) ( -Figs 5A, C +Figs 5A, C , -6 +6 ). In Plesiotrygon the anterior cerebral vein foramen is anterodorsal in relation to the optic nerve foramen (1) ( -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ). @@ -2329,15 +2332,15 @@ In Heliotrygon the trochlear nerve foramen is dorsal to midportion of the optic nerve foramen (0) ( -Figs 5 +Figs 5 , -6A +6A ). In Paratrygon the oculomotor nerve foramen is dorsal and closer to the posterior margin of the optic nerve foramen (1) ( -Fig. 6B +Fig. 6B ). @@ -2354,27 +2357,27 @@ In Paratrygon the distance of the oculomotor nerve foramen in relation to the optic nerve foramen is less than half the height of the optic nerve foramen (0) ( -Figs 5C +Figs 5C , -6B +6B ). In Heliotrygon the distance of the oculomotor nerve foramen in relation to the optic nerve foramen is half the height of the optic nerve foramen (1) ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ). In Potamotrygon the distance of the oculomotor nerve foramen in relation to the optic nerve foramen can be less than or half the height of the optic nerve foramen (0,1) ( -Fig. 5A +Fig. 5A ). In Plesiotrygon the distance between the oculomotor nerve foramen and the optic nerve foramen is equal to the height of the optic nerve foramen (2) ( -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ). @@ -2391,7 +2394,7 @@ In Potamotrygon the efferent spiracular artery foramen is positioned anteroventrally to the eye stalk, in the space between it and the optic nerve foramen (0) ( -Figs 5A, C +Figs 5A, C ). In Plesiotrygon @@ -2405,9 +2408,9 @@ the efferent spiracular artery foramen is positioned anteroventrally to the eye Heliotrygon the efferent spiracular artery foramen is located ventral to the eye stalk (1) ( -Figs 5B +Figs 5B , -6 +6 ). @@ -2428,21 +2431,21 @@ In Paratrygon the eye stalk is rounded (0) ( -Figs 5B, C +Figs 5B, C , -6A +6A ). In Heliotrygon the eye stalk is oval (1) ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ). In Potamotrygon both states are present, with species bearing a rounded or oval eye stalk (0,1) ( -Fig. 5A +Fig. 5A ). @@ -2463,21 +2466,21 @@ In Heliotrygon the internal carotid foramina are positioned ventrolaterally on the neurocranium at the limit between the ventral face and the lateral face of the neurocranium (0) ( -Figs 5 +Figs 5 , -6A +6A ). In Paratrygon the internal carotid foramina are ventrally positioned, occupying only the basicranium (1) ( -Fig. 4B +Fig. 4B ). This character is polymorphic for Potamotrygon , with species presenting the internal carotid foramina positioned ventrally or ventrolaterally (0,1) ( -Fig. 5A +Fig. 5A ). @@ -2496,21 +2499,21 @@ In Paratrygon the oculomotor nerve foramen is immediately dorsal to the eye stalk (0) ( -Figs 5B, C +Figs 5B, C , -6B +6B ). In Heliotrygon the oculomotor nerve foramen is anterodorsal in relation to the eye stalk (1) ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ). In Potamotrygon this character is polymorphic and the oculomotor nerve foramen can be anterodorsal or dorsal in relation to the eye stalk (0,1) ( -Fig. 5A +Fig. 5A ). @@ -2531,15 +2534,15 @@ In Plesiotrygon , the postorbital wall of the neurocranium is not anterolaterally expanded, leaving the orbital fissure uncovered and completely visible laterally (0) ( -Figs 5B, C +Figs 5B, C , -6B +6B ). In Heliotrygon , the postorbital wall extends anterolaterally covering the orbital fissure completely (2) ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ). In Potamotrygon @@ -2549,7 +2552,7 @@ this character is polymorphic. The majority of the species have states 1 or 2, a Potamotrygon schroederi is the only species in which the orbital fissure is completely exposed, and coded as 0 (0,1,2) ( -Fig. 5A +Fig. 5A ). @@ -2562,7 +2565,7 @@ In Styracura (outgroup) the orbital fissure has half the size of the optic nerve foramen (1) ( -Fig. 5C +Fig. 5C ). In Heliotrygon @@ -2576,15 +2579,15 @@ In Plesiotrygon the orbital fissure has the same size of the optic nerve foramen (2) ( -Figs 5B +Figs 5B , -6 +6 ). In Potamotrygon this character is polymorphic and the orbital fissure may have one-third, half, or the same size of the optic nerve foramen (0,1,2) ( -Fig. 5A +Fig. 5A ). @@ -2600,7 +2603,7 @@ In Styracura (outgroup) the length of the otic region is shorter than the proximal portion of the postorbital process (0) ( -Fig. 1C +Fig. 1C ). In Potamotrygon @@ -2614,15 +2617,15 @@ In Paratrygon the length of the otic region is 1.5 times the proximal portion of the postorbital process (1) ( -Figs 1A, B +Figs 1A, B , -3B +3B ). In Heliotrygon the length of the optic region has 3 times the proximal portion of the postorbital process (2) ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ). @@ -2641,22 +2644,22 @@ In Paratrygon the perilymphatic foramina are posterior and longitudinally aligned with the endolymphatic foramina (0) ( -Figs 1B, C +Figs 1B, C , -3B +3B ). In Heliotrygon the perilymphatic foramina are posterolateral in relation to the endolymphatic foramina (1) ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ). In the majority of Potamotrygon species the perilymphatic foramina are posteromedial in relation to the endolymphatic foramina, and only in some of them the perilymphatic foramina are posterior (0,2) ( -Fig. 1A +Fig. 1A ). @@ -2673,27 +2676,27 @@ In Paratrygon the perilymphatic foramen has the same diameter as the endolymphatic foramen (0) ( -Figs 1C +Figs 1C , -3B +3B ). In Plesiotrygon the perilymphatic foramen’s diameter is twice the diameter of the endolymphatic foramen (1) ( -Fig. 1B +Fig. 1B ). In Potamotrygon this character is polymorphic and the perilymphatic foramen may have the same size or be twice the size of the endolymphatic foramen (0,1) ( -Fig. 1A +Fig. 1A ). In Heliotrygon the perylimphatic foramen’s diameter is three times that of the endolymphatic foramen (2) ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ). @@ -2710,7 +2713,7 @@ In Plesiotrygon the lateral commissure bears a chondrified median septum and two openings anteriorly (0) ( -Fig. 5B, C +Fig. 5B, C ). In Potamotrygon @@ -2724,9 +2727,9 @@ the lateral commissure bears a chondrified median septum and two openings anteri Heliotrygon the lateral commissure is not septate, forming a simple arch over the foramen for the hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve (1) ( -Figs 5A +Figs 5A , -6 +6 ). @@ -2743,7 +2746,7 @@ In Plesiotrygon the hyomandibular facet is wider at its anterior region, resulting in a nearly ovalshaped structure (0) ( -Figs 5B, C +Figs 5B, C ). In Paratrygon @@ -2753,13 +2756,13 @@ and Heliotrygon the hyomandibular facet has the same width anteroposteriorly (1) ( -Fig. 6 +Fig. 6 ). Both states can be found in species of Potamotrygon (0,1) ( -Fig. 5A +Fig. 5A ). @@ -2776,25 +2779,25 @@ In Plesiotrygon the ventral margin of the hyomandibular facet is convex (0) ( -Fig. 5B, C +Fig. 5B, C ). In Paratrygon the ventral margin of the hyomandibular facet is straight (1) ( -Fig. 6B +Fig. 6B ). In Heliotrygon the ventral margin of the hyomandibular facet is medially concave (2) ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ). In Potamotrygon this character is polymorphic and the ventral margin of the hyomandibular facet can be convex or straight (0,1) ( -Fig. 5A +Fig. 5A ). @@ -2819,15 +2822,15 @@ In Heliotrygon the neurocranium lacks a jugal arch (0) ( -Figs 5A, C +Figs 5A, C , -6 +6 ). In Plesiotrygon the jugal arch is present and posterior to the hyomandibular facet (1) ( -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ). However, it’s important to highlight that it is unclear if the jugal arch may be present in the other genera of Potamotrygoninae as an unchondrified arch considering that this fragile structure may be damaged during dissection. @@ -2849,7 +2852,7 @@ In Plesiotrygon the dorsal projection of the sphenopterotic ridge is as long as the lateral extension of the supraotic ridge (0) ( -Fig. 9B, C +Fig. 9B, C ). In Heliotrygon @@ -2859,13 +2862,13 @@ and Paratrygon the dorsal projection of the sphenopterotic ridge is shorter than the lateral extension of the supraotic ridge (1) ( -Fig. 10 +Fig. 10 ). In Potamotrygon the sphenopterotic ridge may be as long as or shorter than the lateral extension of the supraotic ridge (0,1) ( -Fig. 9A +Fig. 9A ). @@ -2878,7 +2881,7 @@ In Styracura (outgroup) the vagus nerve foramen diameter is one-third the width of the foramen magnum (0) ( -Fig. 9C +Fig. 9C ). In Paratrygon @@ -2888,21 +2891,21 @@ and Plesiotrygon the vagus nerve foramen diameter is one-fifth the width of the foramen magnum (1) ( -Figs 9B +Figs 9B , -10B +10B ). In Potamotrygon the vagus nerve foramen may have a diameter equal to one-third or one-fifth the width of the foramen magnum (0,1) ( -Fig. 9A +Fig. 9A ). In Heliotrygon the diameter of the vagus nerve foramen is one-fourteenth of the width of the foramen magnum (2) ( -Fig. 10A +Fig. 10A ). @@ -2915,7 +2918,7 @@ In Styracura (outgroup) the dorsal margin of the vagus nerve foramen is closer to the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum (0) ( -Fig. 9C +Fig. 9C ). In Paratrygon @@ -2929,15 +2932,15 @@ In Heliotrygon the dorsal margin of the vagus nerve foramen does not reach the same level as the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum (1) ( -Figs 9B +Figs 9B , -10 +10 ). In Potamotrygon this character is polymorphic (0,1) ( -Fig. 9A +Fig. 9A ). @@ -2954,9 +2957,9 @@ In Paratrygon the foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve is dorsolateral to the vagus nerve foramen (0) ( -Figs 9C +Figs 9C , -10B +10B ). In Heliotrygon @@ -2966,15 +2969,15 @@ and Plesiotrygon the foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve is immediately dorsal to the vagus nerve foramen (1) ( -Figs 9B +Figs 9B , -10A +10A ). In Potamotrygon most species have the foramen of the lateralis branch of the vagus nerve dorsal to the vagus nerve foramen and few species have it positioned dorsolateral and farther from the vagus nerve foramen (0,1) ( -Fig. 9A +Fig. 9A ). @@ -2991,27 +2994,27 @@ In Paratrygon the width of the articular surface is half the width of the occipital condyle (1) ( -Figs 9C +Figs 9C , -10B +10B ). In Plesiotrygon the articular surface has one-third the width of the occipital condyle (0) ( -Fig. 9B +Fig. 9B ). In Potamotrygon the articular surface may have half or one-third the width of the occipital condyle (0,1) ( -Fig. 9A +Fig. 9A ). In Heliotrygon the articular surface is wider, with two-thirds the width of the occipital condyle (2) ( -Fig. 10A +Fig. 10A ). @@ -3024,7 +3027,7 @@ In Styracura (outgroup) the opening of the foramen magnum is oval and taller than wider (0) ( -Fig. 9C +Fig. 9C ). In Plesiotrygon @@ -3038,15 +3041,15 @@ In Paratrygon the foramen magnum is also ovoid but is wider than taller (1) ( -Figs 9B +Figs 9B , -10 +10 ). In Potamotrygon this character is polymorphic, but in most of the species the foramen magnum is wider than taller (0,1) ( -Fig. 9A +Fig. 9A ). @@ -3067,21 +3070,21 @@ In Paratrygon the occipital condyles are straight and devoid of a concavity on their ventral margin (0) ( -Figs 9C +Figs 9C , -10 +10 ). In Plesiotrygon the occipital condyles are arched on their mid portion and have a clear concavity on their ventral margin (1) ( -Fig. 9B +Fig. 9B ). In Potamotrygon the occipital condyles may be straight or arched (0,1) ( -Fig. 10A +Fig. 10A ). @@ -3098,13 +3101,13 @@ In Potamotrygon the occipital condyles are horizontally oriented (0) ( -Fig. 9A, C +Fig. 9A, C ). In Paratrygon the occipital condyles are medially oblique, with their lateral portions dorsal to their medial portions (1) ( -Fig. 10B +Fig. 10B ). In Heliotrygon @@ -3114,7 +3117,7 @@ and Plesiotrygon the condyles are laterally obliquely, with their medial portions dorsal in relation to their lateral portions (2) ( -Fig. 10A +Fig. 10A ). @@ -3135,7 +3138,7 @@ In Plesiotrygon the posterior extension of the occipital condyle corresponds to one-third the length of hyomandibular facet (0) ( -Fig. 5 +Fig. 5 ). In Paratrygon @@ -3145,7 +3148,7 @@ and Heliotrygon the posterior extension of the occipital condyle corresponds to two-thirds the length of the hyomandibular facet (1) ( -Fig. 6 +Fig. 6 ). @@ -3166,9 +3169,9 @@ In Plesiotrygon the lateral extension of the occipital condyles does not reach the lateral surface of the otic capsules (0) ( -Figs 2 +Figs 2 , -9 +9 ). In Heliotrygon @@ -3178,9 +3181,9 @@ and Paratrygon the lateral extension of the occipital condyles is aligned with the lateral surface of the otic capsules (1) ( -Figs 4 +Figs 4 , -10 +10 ). @@ -3197,9 +3200,9 @@ In Plesiotrygon the glossopharyngeal nerve foramen is situated ventrolaterally on the occipital region, and visible on a posterior oblique view (0) ( -Fig. 5 +Fig. 5 , -9 +9 ). In Heliotrygon @@ -3209,13 +3212,13 @@ and Paratrygon the glossopharyngeal nerve foramen is placed posteroventrally on the otic region and is only visible in lateral view, being immediately posterior to the hyomandibular facet (1) ( -Fig. 6 +Fig. 6 ). In species of Potamotrygon the glossopharyngeal nerve foramen may be seen on posterior oblique view or only laterally (0, 1) ( -Fig. 9A +Fig. 9A ). @@ -3236,15 +3239,15 @@ In Paratrygon the lateral wall of the otic region is concave (0) ( -Fig. 9B, C +Fig. 9B, C , -10B +10B ). In Heliotrygon the lateral wall of the otic region is convex (1) ( -Fig. 10A +Fig. 10A ). In Potamotrygon @@ -3254,7 +3257,7 @@ the lateral wall of the otic region is concave in most of the species, except fo Potamotrygon limai (0, 1) ( -Fig. 9A +Fig. 9A ). @@ -3271,7 +3274,7 @@ In Plesiotrygon the lateral extension of the supraotic ridge is similar to the lateral extension of the hyomandibular facet (1) ( -Fig. 9B, C +Fig. 9B, C ). In Heliotrygon @@ -3281,13 +3284,13 @@ and Paratrygon the lateral extension of the supraotic ridge is shorter than that of the hyomandibular facet (2) ( -Fig. 10 +Fig. 10 ). In Potamotrygon this character is polymorphic and the lateral projection of the supraotic ridge may surpass, reach or fail to reach the lateral limit of the hyomandibular facet (0, 1, 2) ( -Fig. 9A +Fig. 9A ). @@ -3295,9 +3298,9 @@ this character is polymorphic and the lateral projection of the supraotic ridge A matrix with five terminal taxa and 60 characters from the neurocranium yielded a single most parsimonious tree with 79 steps, consistency index (CI) of 0.899, and retention index (RI) of 0.636 ( -Figs 11 +Figs 11 and -12 +12 ). The characters above correspond to those from the matrix (Supporting Information, File S8). The resulting tree supports the monophyly of the subfamily Potamotrygoninae , and indicates that @@ -3317,9 +3320,9 @@ and Paratrygon ( -Figs 11 +Figs 11 , -12 +12 ). diff --git a/data/98/1B/87/981B8798FFE039CF92DA92F237A8DD96.xml b/data/98/1B/87/981B8798FFE039CF92DA92F237A8DD96.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c5221bb1103 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/98/1B/87/981B8798FFE039CF92DA92F237A8DD96.xml @@ -0,0 +1,199 @@ + + + +The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 3 The Soft Scales (Coccidae) And Other Families + + + +Author + +Moghaddam, Masumeh +Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran. + + + +Author + +Watson, Gillian W. +0000-0001-9914-0094 +Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran. & Science: Research, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, U. K. gillian. watson @ nhm. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9914 - 0094 * Corresponding author. moghadam @ iripp. ir; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0908 - 838 X & Department of Insect Taxonomy Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation, Tehran, Iran. +gillian.watson@nhm.ac.uk + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-11-29 + + +5542 + + +1 + + +1 +202 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5542.1.1 +1175-5334 +14385386 +2DB3A5B7-4292-4CD9-B6D8-FA97EB48DD16 + + + + + + + +Neoacanthococcus tamaricicola +Borchsenius + + + + + + + +( +Fig. 58 +, distribution map +Fig. 91D +) + + + + + + + +Neoacanthococcus tamaricicola +Borchsenius, 1948: 502‒503 + + +. + + + + + +Field characteristics: +Live adult female body oval, about +2.5 mm +long. + + + + +Microscopic diagnosis: +Slide-mounted adult female body elongate oval. Antennae each with 7 segments. Frontal lobes well developed and sclerotized frontal tubercles also present. Legs well developed; all coxae with spinulae, and metathoracic coxae and femur with translucent pores; tibiae each with 4 setae, tarsi each with 5 setae; claw with a small denticle. Anal lobes strongly developed, each with 3 enlarged setae and 2 microtubular ducts on dorsal surface.Anal ring strongly sclerotized, bearing 8 (occasionally 9 or 10) setae and a single row of pores. Cauda present, not very visible. + + +Dorsum +with enlarged setae almost hair-like. Quinquelocular pores present on posterior abdominal segments. Macrotubular ducts scattered throughout, usually in segmental bands. Microtubular ducts scattered throughout. + + +Venter +with a sparse covering of scattered flagellate hair-like setae; enlarged setae present on submargin in 2 or 3 rows. Labium large, basal segment with 2 subequal pairs of long setae. Disc-pores each with 3–5 loculi in a single ring, distributed in sparse rows across all abdominal and thoracic segments, and on head. Macrotubular ducts all of 1 size, distributed on medial areas and submargins of abdominal segments and scattered medially on thorax and head. Microtubular ducts few, present on margins (not illustrated). Cruciform pores absent. + + + + +FIGURE 57. +Adult female of + +Neoacanthococcus pamiricus +(Bazarov) + +, reproduced from + +Kozár +et al. +(2013) + +, page 347, fig. 124, published by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. + + + + +FIGURE 58. +Adult female of + +Neoacanthococcus tamaricicola +Borchsenius. + + + + + +Distribution: + +Neoacanthococcus tamaricicola + +is only known from +Turkmenistan +and +Iran +( + +García Morales +et al +. 2016 + +), where it was found in Khouzestan province ( +Moghaddam 2009 +). + + + + +Host-plants: +The scale has been recorded feeding on host-pants in the families +Polygonaceae +and +Tamaricaceae +; in +Iran +, it was found on + +Tamarix sp. + +( +Tamaricaceae +) ( + +García Morales +et al +. 2016 + +; +Moghaddam 2013 +). + + + + +Economic importance: +Not known as a pest in +Iran +. + + +Natural enemies: +None recorded in +Iran +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/BB/67/5A/BB675A33FFF1CE3214B445852259FEF4.xml b/data/BB/67/5A/BB675A33FFF1CE3214B445852259FEF4.xml index 36c82383ead..79a270a7381 100644 --- a/data/BB/67/5A/BB675A33FFF1CE3214B445852259FEF4.xml +++ b/data/BB/67/5A/BB675A33FFF1CE3214B445852259FEF4.xml @@ -1,71 +1,71 @@ - - - -New insights into the phylogeny and relationships within the worldwide genus Riccardia (Aneuraceae, Marchantiophytina) + + + +New insights into the phylogeny and relationships within the worldwide genus Riccardia (Aneuraceae, Marchantiophytina) - - -Author + + +Author -Lucile Rabeau +Lucile Rabeau - - -Author + + +Author -S. Robbert Gradstein +S. Robbert Gradstein - - -Author + + +Author -Jean-Yves Dubuisson +Jean-Yves Dubuisson - - -Author + + +Author -Martin Nebel +Martin Nebel - - -Author + + +Author -Dietmar Quandt +Dietmar Quandt - - -Author + + +Author -Catherine Reeb +Catherine Reeb -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2017 - -2017-02-08 + +2017 + +2017-02-08 - -273 + +273 - -1 -26 + +1 +26 -journal article -32291 -10.5852/ejt.2017.273 -b1ea5894-cd8c-4f21-a68f-8bf108fde0ae -2118-9773 -851876 +journal article +32291 +10.5852/ejt.2017.273 +b1ea5894-cd8c-4f21-a68f-8bf108fde0ae +2118-9773 +851876 - + @@ -79,19 +79,19 @@ -Figs 3–4 +Figs 3–4 - - - + + + Aneura comosa Steph. , Botanical Gazette 15 (11): 281. ( -Stephani 1890 +Stephani 1890 ). – Riccardia comosa @@ -100,22 +100,38 @@ Steph. of the British Bryological Society 3: 74. ( -Jones 1956, nom. inval. -). – -Type -: -France -, - -La -Réunion - -, 1889, -Rodriguez s.n. -(holo-: G-00045027!; iso-: PC-0103522!). +Jones 1956 +, nom. inval.). – - + + +Type +: + +France +, +La Réunion +, 1889, + +Rodriguez +s.n. + +( +holo- +: +G-00045027 +! + +; + +iso- +: +PC-0103522 +! + +). + Material examined @@ -157,9 +173,9 @@ La , on rocks , -17°38′19″ S +17°38′19″ S , -48°36′46″ E +48°36′46″ E , 1156 m @@ -196,9 +212,9 @@ La , highest part of the river crossing the camp , -17°38′22″ S +17°38′22″ S , -48°38′45.3″ E +48°38′45.3″ E , 1294 m @@ -225,19 +241,19 @@ La . - + FRANCE , -LA RÉUNION +LA RÉUNION : “ Sur les mousses, source pétrifiante de Hell-Bourge ”, -G. de l’Isle +G. de l’Isle 220 ( -PC- 0716023 +PC-0716023 ); @@ -248,9 +264,9 @@ La , Réserve de Mare Longue ”, -21°20′30″ S +21°20′30″ S , -55°44′30″ E +55°44′30″ E , 175–300 m @@ -264,14 +280,13 @@ La EGR ); - + without details, - -De Lisle, +De Lisle +, De Lisle - 570bis ( -PC-0716024 +PC-0716024 - G 00264057 @@ -345,7 +360,7 @@ long, main axes 2.5–4.0 mm wide, creeping, ± regularly (bi-)pinnate, with 1 8 mm long, 0.8–2.0 mm wide, 4–5 cells thick, with a conspicuous, 3–4(–6) cells wide wing, branch margins parallel, crenulate, thallus surface cells becoming smaller towards the margin, not or slightly bulging; branch apex rounded to truncate and usually narrowly incised (to 130 µm deep). Mucilage papillae on branches ca 20, present below the apex and in four rows on the ventral branch surface. - + Fig. 3.