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<document id="18AB7395BA0AF8A2BFB65F55E3AF481D" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13774717" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1726226006789" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Püschel, Hans P., Shelley, Sarah L., Williamson, Thomas E., Perini, Fernando A., Wible, John R. & Brusatte, Stephen L." docDate="2024" docId="03E487FEFFC3FF82CF82999BA9FC2368" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae095.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.10:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="10" docTitle="Amilnedwardsiidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="FFDDFF86FFCCFF8DCF619963A8122554" masterDocTitle="A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and ‘ archaic’ South American ungulates" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1741372301823" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:titleInfo id="199DC4277275CBF9781EA6DD57AB7022">
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<mods:title id="4F621897EE9B5F4A2E14280A9F984791">A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and ‘ archaic’ South American ungulates</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="B8EAE482E0617B94E6A28474670E3F8E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A38562E0B38BEDE745CEEEC6F93A4196">Püschel, Hans P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="626D3E2D909B7BCE81D2AFE706410991">Millenium Nucleus Early Evolutionary Transitions of Mammals (EVOTEM), Red Palentológica U-Chile, Santiago, 7800003, Chile & School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3C72281653A8FA7122517FF2F639E25F" type="email">hpuschelr@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="05484326D9BD53261246F22330F54B2A">Shelley, Sarah L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1DB0DB092F343A2FF1680910BB302536">School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="50E698A9E58FE94E0A63A826FB1C0408">Williamson, Thomas E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="65B27033A19F7CA07F00AE25EBA14939">New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM 87104, United States</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C12481D50CBBDA42C9D263BAA987197F">Perini, Fernando A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AAEE5E7498B49683828B1E0641500781">Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, UFMG, BH 31270 - 901, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8AD7D1FFC8957C12A3D5AE45C5345927">Wible, John R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="45AFFC1FF60A81706A3E7CA928F7177A">Section of Mammals, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 5800 Baum Boulevard, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, United States</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="032B03A9CFD31AD9268F30D49E7523B3">Brusatte, Stephen L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DEDF4FC04F9989099A944B0A110CF68D">School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="1E331266989E5FF9A4A095D3E1785E6E">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6F312CC623D7E41D4B78B8E23088B585">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="591FB0B760166BB0E7AB3B67D5E07AEB">2024-09-07</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="10E3AFF6AD6B9A466D4A4A56C314C8DE">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="E9BA3563A242D184329BD39AA50FFAA8">journal article</mods:classification>
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<subSubSection id="C3576563FFC3FF82CF82999BAA9A2446" box="[227,648,248,274]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF236E8FFC3FF82CF82999BAA9A2446" blockId="15.[227,648,248,274]" box="[227,648,248,274]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="B939EAFAFFC3FF82CF82999BAA9A2446" box="[227,648,248,274]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CF82999BA98A2446" box="[227,408,248,274]" class="Mammalia" family="Amilnedwardsiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amilnedwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
|
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and the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CD7A999AAA9A2446" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[539,648,249,274]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna</taxonomicName>
|
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3576563FFC3FF82CF10987CA9FC2368" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BF236E8FFC3FF82CF10987CA9812112" blockId="15.[112,764,287,1596]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CF10987CA9252463" box="[113,311,287,311]" class="Mammalia" family="Amilnedwardsiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amilnedwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was proposed preliminarily by Soria (1984b) and better justified in a later article (Soria 1989a). It is based on two genera (i.e.,
|
||||
<emphasis id="B939EAFAFFC3FF82CEE4983DAA052422" box="[389,535,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Amilnedwarsia</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B19FFC3FF82CD41983DAADE2422" author="Ameghino F" box="[544,716,350,374]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CF10981DA9B024C1" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[113,418,381,405]" class="Mammalia" family="Amilnedwardsiidae" genus="Rutimeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B939EAFAFFC3FF82CF10981DA8FA24C1" box="[113,232,382,405]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rutimeyeria</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B19FFC3FF82CF92981EA9B024C1" author="Ameghino F" box="[243,418,381,405]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and three species named after small bunodont isolated upper molars whose positions were assigned tentatively by Soria (1989a) by comparing them with the indaleciid
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CE6598B8A9DA24A7" authorityName="Bond & Vucetich" authorityYear="1983" box="[260,456,475,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Adianthidae" genus="Indalecia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandensis">
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||||
<emphasis id="B939EAFAFFC3FF82CE6598B8A9DA24A7" box="[260,456,475,499]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Indalecia grandensis</emphasis>
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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||||
.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CEB598B8AA8824A7" box="[468,666,475,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Amilnedwardsiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amilnedwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was considered to be the most basal family of the order
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CDE39898A8F92766" authority="Soria, 1989" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna Soria, 1989</taxonomicName>
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, which also includes the families
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||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CD2E9B79AAD92766" baseAuthorityName="Bond & Vucetich" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[591,715,538,562]" class="Mammalia" family="Indaleciidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Indaleciidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
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||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CF109B5AA9AB2705" authority="(Soria 1989 b)" baseAuthorityName="Soria" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[113,441,569,593]" class="Mammalia" family="Notonychopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Notonychopidae (Soria 1989b)</taxonomicName>
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||||
.
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||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CEA79B5AAA2C2704" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[454,574,569,592]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna</taxonomicName>
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||||
is diagnosed by a well-developed and buccally projected parastyle and the absence of a mesostyle in the upper molars, bicrescentic and selenodont lower molars, and anteriorly acuminate petrosals, among other anatomical features that distinguish them from other SANUs (Soria 1989a). Soria (1989a, b) argued that, considering their dental similarities, ‘amilnedwarsids’ could be the structural ancestor of both indaleciids and notonychopids. However, a phylogenetic analysis failed to recover the members of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CD3B9A57AAC0261F" authorityName="Soria" authorityYear="1989" box="[602,722,820,843]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Notopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
as a monophyletic group (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B19FFC3FF82CE359A30AA6F263F" author="Bonaparte JF & Morales J" box="[340,637,851,875]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), which has led to some authors to include its members tentatively within
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CF109AF1A8CC26FE" box="[113,222,914,938]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B19FFC3FF82CE419AF1A9D826FE" author="Gelfo JN & Lopez GM & Lorente M" box="[288,458,914,938]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="285 - 91" refId="ref42550" refString="Gelfo JN, Lopez GM, Lorente M. Los ungulados arcaicos de America del Sur: ' Condylarthra' y Litopterna. Contribuciones Cientificas Del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ' Bernardino Rivadavia' 2016; 6: 285 - 91." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||||
Gelfo
|
||||
<emphasis id="B939EAFAFFC3FF82CE3E9AF1A98226FE" box="[351,400,914,938]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2016
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Croft
|
||||
<emphasis id="B939EAFAFFC3FF82CD779AF1AA5526FE" box="[534,583,914,938]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2020,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B19FFC3FF82CDEF9AF1A8B7269D" author="Goin FJ & Gelfo JN & Ortiz-Jaureguizar E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1029 - 53" refId="ref42920" refString="Goin FJ, Gelfo JN, Ortiz-Jaureguizar E, et al. Mamiferos del Banco Negro Inferior, Formacion Salamanca, Cuenca del Golfo de San Jorge. In: Giacosa RE (ed.), Geologia y Recursos Naturales de la Provincia de Chubut. Puerto Madryn, Relatorio del XXI Congreso Geologico Argentino, 2022, 1029 - 53." type="book chapter" year="2022">
|
||||
Goin
|
||||
<emphasis id="B939EAFAFFC3FF82CDAB9AF1AAE926FE" box="[714,763,914,938]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2022
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). However, this is a problematic assumption as
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B19FFC3FF82CDF09AD2A95326BC" author="Bonaparte JF & Morales J" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="263 - 74" refId="ref40092" refString="Bonaparte JF, Morales J. Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geologicos 1997; 53: 263 - 74." type="journal article" year="1997">Bonaparte and Morales (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
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used a matrix that includes only litopterns, so the broader relationships of notopterns have not yet been tested in an analysis that includes other SANUs such as notoungulates and astrapotheres.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF236E8FFC3FF82CFEC9D2DAA6620CB" blockId="15.[112,764,287,1596]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B939EAFAFFC3FF82CFEC9D2DA9312132" box="[141,291,1102,1126]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Amilnedwardia</emphasis>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CE369D2DA9DC2131" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[343,462,1102,1125]" class="Mammalia" family="Amilnedwardsiidae" genus="Rutimeyeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B939EAFAFFC3FF82CE369D2DA9DC2131" box="[343,462,1102,1125]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rutimeyeria</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
were previously referred tentatively to the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CE2D9D0EA9EE21D1" box="[332,508,1133,1157]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Macraucheniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and regarded as close to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CF129DEFA91721F0" box="[115,261,1164,1188]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B939EAFAFFC3FF82CF129DEFA91721F0" box="[115,261,1164,1188]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Victorlemoinea</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(Simpson 1945, 1948), although the latter now is now considered to be part of the family
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CD729DCFAAE52190" box="[531,759,1196,1220]" class="Mammalia" family="Sparnotheriodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sparnotheriodontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Cifelli (1983a)considered referred specimens of these taxa to be too fragmentary to determine a clear affinity,but suggested the referred specimens represent deciduous teeth of a henricosborniid notoungulate based on the presence of a metaconule-derived crest connecting with the ectoloph wall. Indeed, probably due to their limited fossil record, thus far no members of this family have ever been included in a phylogenetic analysis.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8BF236E8FFC3FF82CFEC9CC5A9FC2368" blockId="15.[112,764,287,1596]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||||
If we consider
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D6BFFC3FF82CE509CC5A9E520EA" box="[305,503,1446,1470]" class="Mammalia" family="Amilnedwardsiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Amilnedwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||||
to be a valid family, as its three species all come from Patagonian fossil localities of a similar age that correlate with the Vacan SALMA, the temporal interval of this family is ~45–42 Mya (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="13762A6DFFC3FF82CE959F67AA292348" box="[500,571,1540,1564]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of ‘amilnedwarsids’ were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13774721" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13774721/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||||
; Supporting information,
|
||||
<tableCitation id="C6CF0353FFC3FF82CFA49F47A90D2368" box="[197,287,1572,1596]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (‘condylarths’), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF326660FFCEFF8FCF0F9897AE472759" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" tableUuid="DF326660FFCEFF8FCF0F9897AE472759">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B19FFC3FF82CE4B9F47A9CF2368" author="Krause JM & Clyde WC & Ibanez-Mejia M" box="[298,477,1572,1596]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="886 - 903" refId="ref43716" refString="Krause JM, Clyde WC, Ibanez-Mejia M et al. New age constraints for Early Paleogene strata of central Patagonia, Argentina: implications for the timing of South American Land Mammal Ages. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2017; 129: 886 - 903. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / b 31561.1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||||
Krause
|
||||
<emphasis id="B939EAFAFFC3FF82CE179F47A9B72368" box="[374,421,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
|
||||
2017
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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