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A. & DeVries, P. J. & Penz, C. M. & Callaghan, C. J. & Wahlberg, N. & Silva-Brandao, K. L. & Freitas, A. V. L." box="[672,938,1347,1373]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="407 - 425" refId="ref8894" refString="Seraphim, N., Kaminski, L. A., DeVries, P. J., Penz, C. M., Callaghan, C. J., Wahlberg, N., Silva-Brandao, K. L. & Freitas, A. V. L. (2018) Molecular phylogeny and higher systematics of the metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Systematic Entomology, 43 (2), 407 - 425. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12282" type="journal article" year="2018"> +Seraphim +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FC88FAA4304A4172" box="[790,850,1347,1373]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis> +(2018) +</bibRefCitation> +, all species now included in +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FA9AFAA436844172" box="[1284,1436,1347,1373]" pageId="7" pageNumber="35" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Pachythonina">Pachythonina</taxonomicName> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FF09FA80312F41AE" author="Seraphim, N. & Kaminski, L. A. & DeVries, P. J. & Penz, C. M. & Callaghan, C. J. & Wahlberg, N. & Silva-Brandao, K. L. & Freitas, A. V. L." box="[151,567,1383,1409]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="407 - 425" refId="ref8894" refString="Seraphim, N., Kaminski, L. A., DeVries, P. J., Penz, C. M., Callaghan, C. J., Wahlberg, N., Silva-Brandao, K. L. & Freitas, A. V. L. (2018) Molecular phylogeny and higher systematics of the metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Systematic Entomology, 43 (2), 407 - 425. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12282" type="journal article" year="2018">Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018</bibRefCitation> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FDD8FA8031C141AE" baseAuthorityName="Hall" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[582,729,1383,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName> +) were previously included in the +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FBCAFA8037E841AE" box="[1108,1264,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">incertae sedis</emphasis> +section of four forewing radial-veined +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FE3CFA6C3105418A" authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="1895" box="[418,541,1419,1445]" class="Insecta" family="Riodininae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Riodininae</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FDB0FA6C31DE418A" author="Harvey, D. J." box="[558,710,1419,1445]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref8139" refString="Harvey, D. J. (1987) The higher classification of the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera). Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 216 pp." type="book" year="1987">Harvey 1987</bibRefCitation> +; +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FD4AFA6C30E6418A" author="Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G." box="[724,1022,1419,1445]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="141 - 170" refId="ref7157" refString="Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 141 - 170." type="book chapter" year="2004">Callaghan & Lamas 2004</bibRefCitation> +). However, due to incomplete taxon sampling, only the genera +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FE5CFA48315E41E6" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[450,582,1455,1481]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FE5CFA48315E41E6" box="[450,582,1455,1481]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pachythone</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FDCBFA48300641E6" box="[597,798,1455,1481]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pseudonymphidia</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FCBBFA4830F941E6" author="Callaghan, C. J." box="[805,993,1454,1481]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref7065" refString="Callaghan, C. J. (1985) A preliminary revision of the genus Nymphidium (Rhopalocera, Riodinidae). Part I. Introduction. Mantus - Baoetia [sic] complex. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 98, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1985">Callaghan, 1985</bibRefCitation> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FC72FA4837F341E6" authority="Callaghan, 1985" authorityName="Callaghan" authorityYear="1985" box="[1004,1259,1454,1481]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pixus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FC72FA48373241E7" box="[1004,1066,1455,1480]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pixus</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FBACFA4837F341E6" author="Callaghan, C. J." box="[1074,1259,1454,1481]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref7065" refString="Callaghan, C. J. (1985) A preliminary revision of the genus Nymphidium (Rhopalocera, Riodinidae). Part I. Introduction. Mantus - Baoetia [sic] complex. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 98, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1985">Callaghan, 1985</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FABCFA48323D41C2" authority="Strand, 1932" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1932" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Roeberella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FABCFA48368441E6" box="[1314,1436,1455,1481]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Roeberella</emphasis> +Strand, 1932 +</taxonomicName> +were originally included in the subtribe ( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FD75FA3430CF41C2" author="Seraphim, N. & Kaminski, L. A. & DeVries, P. J. & Penz, C. M. & Callaghan, C. J. & Wahlberg, N. & Silva-Brandao, K. L. & Freitas, A. V. L." box="[747,983,1491,1517]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="407 - 425" refId="ref8894" refString="Seraphim, N., Kaminski, L. A., DeVries, P. J., Penz, C. M., Callaghan, C. J., Wahlberg, N., Silva-Brandao, K. L. & Freitas, A. V. L. (2018) Molecular phylogeny and higher systematics of the metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Systematic Entomology, 43 (2), 407 - 425. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12282" type="journal article" year="2018"> +Seraphim +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FCC0FA34308D41C2" box="[862,917,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +). Of these, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FBCCFA34378841C3" authorityName="Callaghan" authorityYear="1985" box="[1106,1168,1491,1516]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pixus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FBCCFA34378841C3" box="[1106,1168,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pixus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FB5AFA34362641C2" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1932" box="[1220,1342,1491,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Roeberella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FB5AFA34362641C2" box="[1220,1342,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Roeberella</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +are now regarded as junior subjective synonyms of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FDECFA103066423E" authority="(Hall 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Hall" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[626,894,1527,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FDECFA1031EE423E" box="[626,758,1527,1553]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pachythone</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FC9AFA10306E423E" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[772,886,1527,1553]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref8091" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2018) A monograph of the Nymphidiina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini). Phylogeny, taxonomy, biology and biogeography. The Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D. C., 990 pp." type="book" year="2018">Hall 2018</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and as a subgenus of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FBF0FA1033D7421A" authority="Felder & Felder, 1865" authorityName="Felder & Felder" authorityYear="1865" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Apodemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FBF0FA1037F8423E" box="[1134,1248,1527,1553]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Apodemia</emphasis> +Felder & Felder, 1865 +</taxonomicName> +(Emesidini) ( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FEF7F9FC312D421A" author="Zhang, J. & Cong, Q. & Shen, J. & Opler, P. A. & Grishin, N. V." box="[361,565,1563,1589]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref9154" refString="Zhang, J., Cong, Q., Shen, J., Opler, P. A. & Grishin, N. V. (2020) Genomic evidence suggests further changes of butterfly names. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey, 8 (7), 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="2020"> +Zhang +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FE24F9FC32EA421A" box="[442,498,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis> +2020 +</bibRefCitation> +), respectively. All but two species previously combined with +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FB7BF9FC3647421A" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1932" box="[1253,1375,1563,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Roeberella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FB7BF9FC3647421A" box="[1253,1375,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Roeberella</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +were combined with +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FED2F9D831A74276" authority="(Zhang et al. 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Zhang" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[332,703,1599,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FED2F9D832C84276" box="[332,464,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pachythone</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FE7FF9D831AF4276" author="Zhang, J. & Cong, Q. & Shen, J. & Opler, P. A. & Grishin, N. V." box="[481,695,1599,1625]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref9154" refString="Zhang, J., Cong, Q., Shen, J., Opler, P. A. & Grishin, N. V. (2020) Genomic evidence suggests further changes of butterfly names. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey, 8 (7), 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="2020"> +Zhang +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FDABF9D831684276" box="[565,624,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis> +2020 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. The genera +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FCC8F9D837854276" authority="Callaghan, 1982" authorityName="Callaghan" authorityYear="1982" box="[854,1181,1599,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lamphiotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FCC8F9D830C14276" box="[854,985,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Lamphiotes</emphasis> +Callaghan, 1982 +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FB44F9D832584252" authority="Hall & Willmott, 1995" authorityName="Hall & Willmott" authorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Machaya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FB44F9D8365A4276" box="[1242,1346,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Machaya</emphasis> +Hall & Willmott, 1995 +</taxonomicName> +were regarded as junior subjective synonyms of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FCC0F98430FA4252" box="[862,994,1635,1661]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FCC0F98430FA4252" box="[862,994,1635,1661]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pachythone</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FB94F98437934252" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[1034,1163,1635,1661]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref8091" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2018) A monograph of the Nymphidiina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini). Phylogeny, taxonomy, biology and biogeography. The Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D. C., 990 pp." type="book" year="2018">Hall (2018)</bibRefCitation> +and +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FB5EF984368F4252" author="Zhang, J. & Cong, Q. & Shen, J. & Opler, P. A. & Grishin, N. V." box="[1216,1431,1635,1661]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref9212" refString="Zhang, J., Cong, Q., Shen, J., Opler, P. A. & Grishin, N. V. (2021) Genomics-guided refinement of butterfly taxonomy. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey, 9 (3), 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="2021"> +Zhang +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FA93F984365D4252" box="[1293,1349,1635,1661]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis> +(2021) +</bibRefCitation> +, respectively, and are logically also included in +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FD3AF9603058428E" box="[676,832,1671,1697]" pageId="7" pageNumber="35" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Pachythonina">Pachythonina</taxonomicName> +. The genus +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FC5BF96037DB428E" authority="Hall, 2007" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="2007" box="[965,1219,1671,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minstrellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FC5BF960375C428E" box="[965,1092,1671,1697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Minstrellus</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FBD4F96037DB428E" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[1098,1219,1671,1697]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="773 - 786" refId="ref8022" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2007) Phylogenetic revision of the new Neotropical riodinid genus Minstrellus (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Annals of the entomological Society of America, 100 (6), 773 - 786. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2007) 100 [773: PROTNN] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Hall, 2007</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +, widely recognized as morphologically related to +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FE6CF94C316E42EA" box="[498,630,1707,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FE6CF94C316E42EA" box="[498,630,1707,1733]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pachythone</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +in the “ +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FD44F94C304642EA" box="[730,862,1707,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FD44F94C304642EA" box="[730,862,1707,1733]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pachythone</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +cluster of genera” ( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FBD9F94C37A542EA" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[1095,1213,1707,1733]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="773 - 786" refId="ref8022" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2007) Phylogenetic revision of the new Neotropical riodinid genus Minstrellus (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Annals of the entomological Society of America, 100 (6), 773 - 786. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2007) 100 [773: PROTNN] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Hall 2007</bibRefCitation> +) or even implicitly included in +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FE83F92832AD42C6" box="[285,437,1743,1769]" pageId="7" pageNumber="35" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Pachythonina">Pachythonina</taxonomicName> +by some authors ( +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FD19F92831B742C7" box="[647,687,1743,1768]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">e.g.</emphasis> +, +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FD20F92830B042C6" author="Espeland, M. & Hall, J. P. W. & DeVries, P. J. & Lees, D. C. & Cornwall, M. & Hsu, Y. - F. & Wu, L. - W. & Campbell, D. L. & Talavera, G. M. & Vila, R. U. & Salzman, S. M. & Ruehr, S. & Lohman, D. J. Jr. & Pierce, N. E." box="[702,936,1742,1769]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="296 - 306" refId="ref7420" refString="Espeland, M., Hall, J. P. W., DeVries, P. J., Lees, D. C., Cornwall, M., Hsu, Y. - F., Wu, L. - W., Campbell, D. L., Talavera, G. M., Vila, R. U., Salzman, S. M., Ruehr, S., Lohman, D. J. Jr. & Pierce, N. E. (2015) Ancient Neotropical origin and recent recolonisation: Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification of the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 93, 296 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2015.08.006" type="journal article" year="2015"> +Espeland +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FCB3F928307E42C6" box="[813,870,1743,1769]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis> +2015 +</bibRefCitation> +; +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FC2BF92837BB42C6" author="Seraphim, N. & Kaminski, L. A. & DeVries, P. J. & Penz, C. M. & Callaghan, C. J. & Wahlberg, N. & Silva-Brandao, K. L. & Freitas, A. V. L." box="[949,1187,1743,1769]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="407 - 425" refId="ref8894" refString="Seraphim, N., Kaminski, L. A., DeVries, P. J., Penz, C. M., Callaghan, C. J., Wahlberg, N., Silva-Brandao, K. L. & Freitas, A. V. L. (2018) Molecular phylogeny and higher systematics of the metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Systematic Entomology, 43 (2), 407 - 425. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12282" type="journal article" year="2018"> +Seraphim +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FBB6F928377942C6" box="[1064,1121,1743,1769]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +; +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FB2EF928363B42C6" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[1200,1315,1743,1769]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref8091" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2018) A monograph of the Nymphidiina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini). Phylogeny, taxonomy, biology and biogeography. The Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D. C., 990 pp." type="book" year="2018">Hall 2018</bibRefCitation> +; +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FAB1F928320C4322" author="Kaminski, L. A. & Carneiro, E. & Dolibaina, D. R. & Casagrande, M. M. & Mielke, O. H. H." pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="256 - 259" refId="ref8264" refString="Kaminski, L. A., Carneiro, E., Dolibaina, D. R., Casagrande, M. M. & Mielke, O. H. H. (2020) Oviposition of Minstrellus grandis (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) in a harmful ant-plant symbiosis. Acta Amazonica, 50 (3), 256 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 4392202001801" type="journal article" year="2020"> +Kaminski +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FF09F91433C94322" box="[151,209,1779,1805]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis> +2020 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FEBFF91432FB4322" author="Mota, L. L. & Kaminski, L. A. & Freitas, A. V. L." box="[289,483,1779,1805]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="309 - 319" refId="ref8649" refString="Mota, L. L., Kaminski, L. A. & Freitas, A. V. L. (2020) The tortoise caterpillar: carnivory and armoured larval morphology of the metalmark butterfly Pachythone xanthe (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Journal of Natural History, 54 (5 - 6), 309 - 319. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2020.1759720" type="journal article" year="2020"> +Mota +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FEFBF91432874322" box="[357,415,1779,1805]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis> +2020 +</bibRefCitation> +), is here formally included in +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FCA3F91430C14322" box="[829,985,1779,1805]" pageId="7" pageNumber="35" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Pachythonina">Pachythonina</taxonomicName> +. +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FC7BF91437B64322" box="[997,1198,1779,1805]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pseudonymphidia</emphasis> +was down-ranked to a subgenus of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FEA3F8F031B2431E" authority="(Zhang et al. 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Zhang" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[317,682,1815,1841]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FEA3F8F032D9431E" box="[317,449,1815,1841]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pachythone</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FE4FF8F031BA431E" author="Zhang, J. & Cong, Q. & Shen, J. & Opler, P. A. & Grishin, N. V." box="[465,674,1815,1841]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref9154" refString="Zhang, J., Cong, Q., Shen, J., Opler, P. A. & Grishin, N. V. (2020) Genomic evidence suggests further changes of butterfly names. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey, 8 (7), 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="2020"> +Zhang +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FDBDF8F03145431E" box="[547,605,1815,1841]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis> +2020 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, a result questioned by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FC27F8F037E1431E" author="Perez-Lachaud, G. & Rocha, F. H. & Pozo, C. & Kaminski, L. A. & Seraphim, N. & Lachaud, J. - P." box="[953,1273,1815,1841]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref8721" refString="Perez-Lachaud, G., Rocha, F. H., Pozo, C., Kaminski, L. A., Seraphim, N. & Lachaud, J. - P. (2021) A new ant-butterfy symbiosis in the forest canopy fills an evolutionary gap. Scientific Reports, 11 (20770), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 021 - 00274 - x" type="journal article" year="2021"> +Pérez-Lachaud +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FBF4F8F037BB431E" box="[1130,1187,1815,1841]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis> +(2021) +</bibRefCitation> +, who returned it to its original genus rank. +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FE44F8DC31BB437A" box="[474,675,1851,1877]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pseudonymphidia</emphasis> +is a replacement name proposed by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FBDAF8DC3610437A" author="Callaghan, C. J." box="[1092,1288,1850,1877]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref7065" refString="Callaghan, C. J. (1985) A preliminary revision of the genus Nymphidium (Rhopalocera, Riodinidae). Part I. Introduction. Mantus - Baoetia [sic] complex. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 98, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1985">Callaghan (1985)</bibRefCitation> +to the junior homonym +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FE8DF8B8319A4356" authority="Callaghan, 1982" authorityName="Callaghan" authorityYear="1982" box="[275,642,1887,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pseudonympha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FE8DF8B832A64356" box="[275,446,1887,1913]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pseudonympha</emphasis> +Callaghan, 1982 +</taxonomicName> +(not +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FD5CF8B837584356" authority="Wallengren, 1857" authorityName="Wallengren" authorityYear="1857" box="[706,1088,1886,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pseudonympha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FD5CF8B830754356" box="[706,877,1887,1913]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pseudonympha</emphasis> +Wallengren, 1857 +</taxonomicName> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FBCFF8B837C74356" box="[1105,1247,1887,1913]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName> +: +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FB72F8B836904356" box="[1260,1416,1887,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName> +)). The subtribe was erected based only on molecular data, but the few species in this group with known immature stages present “armored” carnivorous larvae ( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FD04F840309343EE" author="Seraphim, N. & Kaminski, L. A. & DeVries, P. J. & Penz, C. M. & Callaghan, C. J. & Wahlberg, N. & Silva-Brandao, K. L. & Freitas, A. V. L." box="[666,907,1959,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="407 - 425" refId="ref8894" refString="Seraphim, N., Kaminski, L. A., DeVries, P. J., Penz, C. M., Callaghan, C. J., Wahlberg, N., Silva-Brandao, K. L. & Freitas, A. V. L. (2018) Molecular phylogeny and higher systematics of the metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Systematic Entomology, 43 (2), 407 - 425. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12282" type="journal article" year="2018"> +Seraphim +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FC91F840305043EE" box="[783,840,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +; +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FC06F840374043EE" author="Mota, L. L. & Kaminski, L. A. & Freitas, A. V. L." box="[920,1112,1959,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="309 - 319" refId="ref8649" refString="Mota, L. L., Kaminski, L. A. & Freitas, A. V. L. (2020) The tortoise caterpillar: carnivory and armoured larval morphology of the metalmark butterfly Pachythone xanthe (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Journal of Natural History, 54 (5 - 6), 309 - 319. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2020.1759720" type="journal article" year="2020"> +Mota +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FC45F840370C43EE" box="[987,1044,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis> +2020 +</bibRefCitation> +; +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FBFDF840368843EE" author="Perez-Lachaud, G. & Rocha, F. H. & Pozo, C. & Kaminski, L. A. & Seraphim, N. & Lachaud, J. - P." box="[1123,1424,1959,1985]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref8721" refString="Perez-Lachaud, G., Rocha, F. H., Pozo, C., Kaminski, L. A., Seraphim, N. & Lachaud, J. - P. (2021) A new ant-butterfy symbiosis in the forest canopy fills an evolutionary gap. Scientific Reports, 11 (20770), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 021 - 00274 - x" type="journal article" year="2021"> +Pérez-Lachaud +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FA8DF840365443EE" box="[1299,1356,1959,1985]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis> +2021 +</bibRefCitation> +). Additionally, +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFADFFE2FEAFF82C32AB43CA" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[305,435,1995,2021]" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="ref8091" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2018) A monograph of the Nymphidiina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini). Phylogeny, taxonomy, biology and biogeography. The Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D. C., 990 pp." type="book" year="2018">Hall (2018)</bibRefCitation> +comprehensively examined morphologic characters of species of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFADFFE2FB08F82C360243CA" box="[1174,1306,1995,2021]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFADFFE2FB08F82C360243CA" box="[1174,1306,1995,2021]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Pachythone</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and related genera and confirmed that these species almost certainly did not belong in any of the previously established subtribes of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFF28FF5C325144FA" baseAuthorityName="Hall" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[182,329,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA2FFEDFF59FF3837024686" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFF59FF3832FD44D7" box="[199,485,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Species-group taxonomy:</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFE73FF38316644D6" author="Bates, H. W." box="[493,638,223,249]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="373 - 436" refId="ref6973" refString="Bates, H. W. (1868) A catalogue of Erycinidae, a family of diurnal Lepidoptera. Journal of the Linnean Society, London, Zoology, 9 (39), 373 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1868. tb 01224. x" type="journal article" year="1868">Bates (1868)</bibRefCitation> +described +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFD64FF38306644D6" box="[762,894,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFD64FF38306644D6" box="[762,894,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Pachythone</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +to include five species newly described by him ( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFF3FFEE432824532" authority="Bates, 1868" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[161,410,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erebia"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFF3FFEE4321E4532" box="[161,262,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. erebia</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFE8EFEE432824532" author="Bates, H. W." box="[272,410,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="373 - 436" refId="ref6973" refString="Bates, H. W. (1868) A catalogue of Erycinidae, a family of diurnal Lepidoptera. Journal of the Linnean Society, London, Zoology, 9 (39), 373 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1868. tb 01224. x" type="journal article" year="1868">Bates, 1868</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFE36FEE431B74532" authority="Bates, 1868" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[424,687,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimula"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFE36FEE431034532" box="[424,539,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. mimula</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFDBBFEE431B74532" author="Bates, H. W." box="[549,687,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="373 - 436" refId="ref6973" refString="Bates, H. W. (1868) A catalogue of Erycinidae, a family of diurnal Lepidoptera. Journal of the Linnean Society, London, Zoology, 9 (39), 373 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1868. tb 01224. x" type="journal article" year="1868">Bates, 1868</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFD23FEE430CF4532" authority=", Bates, 1868" authorityName=", Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[701,983,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="distigma"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFD23FEE430234532" box="[701,827,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. distigma</emphasis> +, +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFCD3FEE430CF4532" author="Bates, H. W." box="[845,983,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="373 - 436" refId="ref6973" refString="Bates, H. W. (1868) A catalogue of Erycinidae, a family of diurnal Lepidoptera. Journal of the Linnean Society, London, Zoology, 9 (39), 373 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1868. tb 01224. x" type="journal article" year="1868">Bates, 1868</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFC7BFEE437EA4532" authority="Bates, 1868" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[997,1266,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateritia"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFC7BFEE437464532" box="[997,1118,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. lateritia</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFBF6FEE437EA4532" author="Bates, H. W." box="[1128,1266,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="373 - 436" refId="ref6973" refString="Bates, H. W. (1868) A catalogue of Erycinidae, a family of diurnal Lepidoptera. Journal of the Linnean Society, London, Zoology, 9 (39), 373 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1868. tb 01224. x" type="journal article" year="1868">Bates, 1868</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFAADFEE4323B456E" authority="Bates, 1868" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthe"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFAADFEE436854532" box="[1331,1437,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. xanthe</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFF09FEC0323B456E" author="Bates, H. W." box="[151,291,295,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="373 - 436" refId="ref6973" refString="Bates, H. W. (1868) A catalogue of Erycinidae, a family of diurnal Lepidoptera. Journal of the Linnean Society, London, Zoology, 9 (39), 373 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1868. tb 01224. x" type="journal article" year="1868">Bates, 1868</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +); +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFEA4FEC032B8456E" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[314,416,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erebia"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFEA4FEC032B8456E" box="[314,416,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. erebia</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +was subsequently designated as the +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA2FFEDFCD3FEC03065456E" box="[845,893,295,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">type</typeStatus> +species by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFB97FEC037A6456E" author="Scudder, S. H." box="[1033,1214,294,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="91 - 293" refId="ref8846" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1875) Historical sketch of the generic names proposed for butterflies. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 10 (2), 91 - 293. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20021416" type="journal article" year="1875">Scudder (1875)</bibRefCitation> +. Four species were added to the genus in the late XIX century, by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFD39FEAC307C454A" author="Hewitson, W. C." box="[679,868,331,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refId="ref8175" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1873) Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies. By William C. Hewitson. Selected Chiefly from his own Collection. 5 (85). John Van Voorst, London, pp. [69] - [70], pl. [37]." type="journal volume" year="1873">Hewitson (1873)</bibRefCitation> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFCEBFEAC30F3454A" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[885,1003,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFCEBFEAC30F3454A" box="[885,1003,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFC64FEAC3775454A" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[1018,1133,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFC64FEAC3775454A" box="[1018,1133,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFB32FEAC33C845A6" authority="Hewitson, 1873" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="philonis"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFB32FEAC363A454A" box="[1196,1314,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. philonis</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFAB4FEAC33C845A6" author="Hewitson, W. C." pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refId="ref8175" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1873) Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies. By William C. Hewitson. Selected Chiefly from his own Collection. 5 (85). John Van Voorst, London, pp. [69] - [70], pl. [37]." type="journal volume" year="1873">Hewitson, 1873</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +) and +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFE8FFE88312B45A6" author="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O." box="[273,563,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="360 - 369" refId="ref7960" refString="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (1878) Descriptions of new species of Central-American butterflies of the family Erycinidae. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London, 1878 (2), 360 - 369. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 07968. x" type="journal article" year="1878">Godman & Salvin (1878)</bibRefCitation> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFDDAFE8830A745A6" authority="Godman & Salvin, 1878" authorityName="Godman & Salvin" authorityYear="1878" box="[580,959,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFDDAFE88318645A7" box="[580,670,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. gigas</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFD38FE8830A745A6" author="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O." box="[678,959,367,393]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="360 - 369" refId="ref7960" refString="Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (1878) Descriptions of new species of Central-American butterflies of the family Erycinidae. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London, 1878 (2), 360 - 369. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 07968. x" type="journal article" year="1878">Godman & Salvin, 1878</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +); and further five species or subspecies in early XX century, by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFE16FE74310D4582" author="Kaye, W. J." box="[392,533,403,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="159 - 224" refId="ref8340" refString="Kaye, W. J. (1904) A catalogue of the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1904 (2), 159 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1904. tb 02744. x" type="journal article" year="1904">Kaye (1904)</bibRefCitation> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFDBBFE74371D4582" authority="Kaye, 1904" authorityName="Kaye" authorityYear="1904" box="[549,1029,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Cricosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="latertia" subSpecies="coccineata"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFDBBFE7430614583" box="[549,889,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Cricosoma latertia coccineata</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFC1EFE74371D4582" author="Kaye, W. J." box="[896,1029,403,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="159 - 224" refId="ref8340" refString="Kaye, W. J. (1904) A catalogue of the Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Trinidad. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1904 (2), 159 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1904. tb 02744. x" type="journal article" year="1904">Kaye, 1904</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +), Stichel (1911, 1926) ( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFA92FE74322845FE" authority="Stichel, 1911" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thaumaria"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFA92FE7436854582" box="[1292,1437,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. thaumaria</emphasis> +Stichel, 1911 +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFEDEFE50315645FE" authority="Stichel, 1911" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1911" box="[320,590,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignifer"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFEDEFE5032B345FE" box="[320,427,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. ignifer</emphasis> +Stichel, 1911 +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFDC0FE5031E845FF" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1926" box="[606,752,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conspersa"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFDC0FE5031E845FF" box="[606,752,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. conspersa</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +) and +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFCA9FE5030C445FE" author="Schaus, W." box="[823,988,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="298 - 303" refId="ref8802" refString="Schaus, W. (1913) New species of Erycinidae from Costa Rica. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 11 (63), 298 - 303. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931308693326" type="journal article" year="1913">Schaus (1913)</bibRefCitation> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFC6FFE50362F45FE" authority="Schaus, 1913" authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1913" box="[1009,1335,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigriciliata"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFC6FFE50379745FE" box="[1009,1167,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. nigriciliata</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFB04FE50362F45FE" author="Schaus, W." box="[1178,1335,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="298 - 303" refId="ref8802" refString="Schaus, W. (1913) New species of Erycinidae from Costa Rica. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 11 (63), 298 - 303. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931308693326" type="journal article" year="1913">Schaus, 1913</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +). Stichel (1911, 1930) provided an overview of the genus and divided +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFCA3FE3C30D945DA" box="[829,961,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFCA3FE3C30D945DA" box="[829,961,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Pachythone</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +into three “cohorts”: the Erebiiformes, the Distigmiformes, and the Lateritiformes, based on characters of wing color and pattern. In the next fifty years, only a few species were described in the genus ( +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFDE9FDC431814613" box="[631,665,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">i.e.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFD01FDC430854612" authority="Lathy, 1932" authorityName="Lathy" authorityYear="1932" box="[671,925,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFD01FDC430174612" box="[671,783,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. robusta</emphasis> +Lathy, 1932 +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFC36FDC437AF4612" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[936,1207,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pachytone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateritia"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFC36FDC437064612" box="[936,1054,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Pachytone</emphasis> +[ +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFBB0FDC437554613" box="[1070,1101,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">sic</emphasis> +] +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFBC3FDC437AF4612" box="[1117,1207,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">lateritia</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +f. +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFB4AFDC4363E4612" box="[1236,1318,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">radiata</emphasis> +Rebillard, 1958, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFF42FDA032C0464E" authority="Trite, 1968" authorityName="Trite" authorityYear="1968" box="[220,472,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pachytone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barcanti"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFF42FDA0324D464E" box="[220,341,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. barcanti</emphasis> +Trite, 1968 +</taxonomicName> +). Only in the late XX and early XXI centuries, further species or subspecies were again described in +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFEB8FD8C32B246AA" box="[294,426,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFEB8FD8C32B246AA" box="[294,426,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Pachythone</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +: +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFE27FD8C303246AA" authority="Gallard, 1998" authorityName="Gallard" authorityYear="1998" box="[441,810,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pachytone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="lateritia" subSpecies="gourda"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFE27FD8C319E46AA" box="[441,646,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. lateritia gourda</emphasis> +Gallard, 1998 +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFCABFD8C363C46AA" authority="Hall, Furtado & DeVries, 1999" authorityName="Hall, Furtado & DeVries" authorityYear="1999" box="[821,1316,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="analuciae"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFCABFD8C30A746AA" box="[821,959,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. analuciae</emphasis> +Hall, Furtado & DeVries, 1999 +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFAB1FD8C324A4686" authority="Callaghan, 1999" authorityName="Callaghan" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sumare"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFAB1FD8C368446AB" box="[1327,1436,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. sumare</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFF09FD68324A4686" author="Callaghan, C. J." box="[151,338,655,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="1045 - 1064" refId="ref7112" refString="Callaghan, C. J. (1999) New taxa of Neotropical Riodinidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 16 (4), 1045 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751999000400014" type="journal article" year="1999">Callaghan, 1999</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFEC3FD6832F44686" authorityName="Gallard & Fernandez" authorityYear="2017" box="[349,492,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crepusculi"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFEC3FD6832F44686" box="[349,492,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. crepusculi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFDB7FD68370F4686" authority="Vargas & Salazar, 2018" authorityName="Vargas & Salazar" authorityYear="2018" box="[553,1047,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erebia" subSpecies="thalassina"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFDB7FD68301D4686" box="[553,773,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. erebia thalassina</emphasis> +Vargas & Salazar, 2018 +</taxonomicName> +. +</paragraph> +<caption id="A8CACFCCFFA2FFEDFF09F975308442DD" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" startId="8.[151,232,1682,1706]" targetBox="[154,1435,708,1655]" targetPageId="8"> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA2FFEDFF09F975308442DD" blockId="8.[151,1437,1682,1778]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFF09F975322D4285" bold="true" box="[151,309,1682,1706]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Figures 18–22.</emphasis> +Male and female genitalia of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFDF8F97430804285" authority="Dolibaina & Dias" authorityName=", Dolibaina & Dias" authorityYear="2024" box="[614,920,1682,1706]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini" status="sp. nov."> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFDF8F97431CE4285" box="[614,726,1683,1706]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. gagarini</emphasis> +, Dolibaina & Dias +</taxonomicName> +, +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFC3DF97530EB4285" bold="true" box="[931,1011,1682,1706]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43"> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFA2FFEDFC3DF97530EB4285" box="[931,1011,1682,1706]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +</emphasis> +18: lateral view of the male genitalia. 19: dorsal view of tegumen and uncus. 20: ventral view of valvae and pedicel. 21: female genitalia in ventral view and front view of the signum (indicated by the arrow). 22: lateral view of the papilla analis. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA2FFECFF59F8A33282454A" blockId="8.[151,1437,1860,2030]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="8" pageNumber="43"> +Recently, several taxonomic acts greatly modified and increased the number of species in +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFB6EF8A3366C4371" box="[1264,1396,1860,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFB6EF8A3366C4371" box="[1264,1396,1860,1886]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Pachythone</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +: +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFA16F8A2313D43AD" authority="(Godman & Salvin, 1886)" baseAuthorityName="Godman & Salvin" baseAuthorityYear="1886" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFA16F8A233F043AD" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. bicolor</emphasis> +(Godman & Salvin, 1886) +</taxonomicName> +, transferred from +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFD65F88F377143AC" authority="Herrich-Schaffer, [1853]" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1853" box="[763,1129,1896,1923]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFD65F88F305E43AD" box="[763,838,1896,1922]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Pheles</emphasis> +Herrich-Schäffer, [1853] +</taxonomicName> +(Riodinini) by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFABCF88F33FD4388" author="Dias, F. M. S. & Dolibaina, D. R. & Mielke, C. G. C. & Mielke, O. H. H. & Casagrande, M. M." pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="275 - 283" refId="ref7322" refString="Dias, F. M. S., Dolibaina, D. R., Mielke, C. G. C., Mielke, O. H. H. & Casagrande, M. M. (2015) Description of two new species of Pheles Herrich-Schaffer, [1853] and notes on the taxonomic position of two species hitherto included in the genus (Riodinidae: Riodininae). Zootaxa, 3981 (2), 275 - 283. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3981.2.8" type="journal article" year="2015"> +Dias +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFAFEF88E368543AD" box="[1376,1437,1896,1922]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis> +(2015) +</bibRefCitation> +; +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFF6CF86A32E54389" authority="(Bates, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Bates" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[242,509,1932,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubigo"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFF6CF86A32424389" box="[242,346,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. rubigo</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFEF4F86B32ED4389" author="Bates, H. W." box="[362,501,1932,1958]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="373 - 436" refId="ref6973" refString="Bates, H. W. (1868) A catalogue of Erycinidae, a family of diurnal Lepidoptera. Journal of the Linnean Society, London, Zoology, 9 (39), 373 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1868. tb 01224. x" type="journal article" year="1868">Bates, 1868</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, transferred from +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFD54F86B30414389" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[714,857,1932,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Nymphidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFD54F86B30414389" box="[714,857,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Nymphidium</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +(Nymphiidini: Nymphidiina) ( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFB26F86B33CC43E5" author="Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G." pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="141 - 170" refId="ref7157" refString="Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 141 - 170." type="book chapter" year="2004">Callaghan & Lamas 2004</bibRefCitation> +); +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFF78F85632CB43E4" authority="(Kaye, 1925)" baseAuthorityName="Kaye" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[230,467,1968,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strati"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFF78F856322343E5" box="[230,315,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. strati</emphasis> +(Kaye, 1925) +</taxonomicName> +and its junior subjective synonym +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFCCAF85737F143E5" authority="Stichel, 1929" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1929" box="[852,1257,1968,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Nymphidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="corculum"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFCCAF857374943E5" box="[852,1105,1968,1994]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Nymphidium corculum</emphasis> +Stichel, 1929 +</taxonomicName> +( +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA2FFEDFB69F857363143E5" box="[1271,1321,1968,1994]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">type</typeStatus> +species of +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFF09F83233C443C1" box="[151,220,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43"> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFF09F83233C043C1" authorityName="Callaghan" authorityYear="1985" box="[151,216,2005,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pixus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pixus</taxonomicName> +, +</emphasis> +by original designation), transferred from +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFD24F833305143C1" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[698,841,2004,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Nymphidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFD24F833305143C1" box="[698,841,2004,2030]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Nymphidium</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFEDFCE1F83230A543C1" authorityName="Callaghan" authorityYear="1985" box="[895,957,2005,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pixus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFCE1F83230A543C1" box="[895,957,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Pixus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA2FFEDFC79F833377343C1" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[999,1131,2004,2030]" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refId="ref8091" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2018) A monograph of the Nymphidiina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini). Phylogeny, taxonomy, biology and biogeography. The Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D. C., 990 pp." type="book" year="2018">Hall (2018)</bibRefCitation> +, respectively; +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA2FFECFA92F832328B449E" authority="(Beutelspacher, 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Beutelspacher" baseAuthorityYear="1976" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pixus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="44" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="velazquezi"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA2FFEDFA92F832368543C1" box="[1292,1437,2004,2030]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="43">P. velazquezi</emphasis> +(Beutelspacher, 1976) +</taxonomicName> +( +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA3FFECFE39FF7032C1449E" box="[423,473,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus> +species of +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFDF9FF7031E9449E" box="[615,753,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44"> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFDF9FF7031F5449E" authorityName="Callaghan" authorityYear="1982" box="[615,749,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lamphiotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lamphiotes</taxonomicName> +, +</emphasis> +by original designation), transferred from +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFB6FFF70366C449E" authorityName="Callaghan" authorityYear="1982" box="[1265,1396,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Lamphiotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFB6FFF70366C449E" box="[1265,1396,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Lamphiotes</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA3FFECFF09FF5C320544FA" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[151,285,187,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" refId="ref8091" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2018) A monograph of the Nymphidiina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini). Phylogeny, taxonomy, biology and biogeography. The Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D. C., 990 pp." type="book" year="2018">Hall (2018)</bibRefCitation> +; +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFEB4FF5C31D344FA" authority="(Hall & Willmott, 1995)" baseAuthorityName="Hall & Willmott" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[298,715,186,213]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pixus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obstinata"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFEB4FF5C32B744FA" box="[298,431,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. obstinata</emphasis> +(Hall & Willmott, 1995) +</taxonomicName> +( +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA3FFECFD45FF5C301544FA" box="[731,781,187,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus> +species of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFC10FF5C30EE44FA" authorityName="Hall & Willmott" authorityYear="1995" box="[910,1014,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Machaya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFC10FF5C30EE44FA" box="[910,1014,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Machaya</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, by original designation), +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFABCFF5C324544D6" authority="(D'Abrera, 1994)" baseAuthorityName="D'Abrera" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pixus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="watkinsi"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFABCFF5C368444FA" box="[1314,1436,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. watkinsi</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA3FFECFF01FF38324D44D6" author="D'Abrera, B. L." box="[159,341,223,249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="879 - 1096" refId="ref7278" refString="D'Abrera, B. L. (1994) Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part VI. Riodinidae. Black Rock, Hill House, Victoria, viii + 218 pp. [pp. i - viii + 879 - 1096]" type="book chapter" year="1994">D’Abrera, 1994</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFEF6FF3830F544D6" authority="(Rodriguez, Salazar & Constantino, 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Rodriguez, Salazar & Constantino" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[360,1005,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pixus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenigmatica"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFEF6FF38311544D7" box="[360,525,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. aenigmatica</emphasis> +(Rodríguez, Salazar & Constantino, 2011) +</taxonomicName> +, directly or implicitly transferred from +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFF09FEE433E74532" authorityName="Hall & Willmott" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,255,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Machaya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFF09FEE433E74532" box="[151,255,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Machaya</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA3FFECFEB4FEE4311E4532" author="Zhang, J. & Cong, Q. & Shen, J. & Opler, P. A. & Grishin, N. V." box="[298,518,259,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref9154" refString="Zhang, J., Cong, Q., Shen, J., Opler, P. A. & Grishin, N. V. (2020) Genomic evidence suggests further changes of butterfly names. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey, 8 (7), 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="2020"> +Zhang +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFEE6FEE432A94532" box="[376,433,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis> +(2020) +</bibRefCitation> +; and +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFDDFFEE431A74532" box="[577,703,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44"> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFDDFFEE431A34532" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[577,699,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lencates">P. lencates</taxonomicName> +, +</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFD58FEE4378D4532" authority="(Brevignon & Gallard, 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Brevignon & Gallard" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[710,1173,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pixus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flocculus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFD58FEE4305F4532" box="[710,839,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. flocculus</emphasis> +(Brévignon & Gallard, 1993) +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFB3AFEE433C1456E" authority="(Brevignon, 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Brevignon" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pixus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floccus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFB3AFEE436164532" box="[1188,1294,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. floccus</emphasis> +(Brévignon, 2013) +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFF7BFEC0316B456E" authority="(Jauffret & Jauffret, 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Jauffret & Jauffret" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[229,627,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pixus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heberti"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFF7BFEC03255456E" box="[229,333,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. heberti</emphasis> +(Jauffret & Jauffret, 2007) +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFD38FEC03747456E" authority="(Jauffret & Jauffret, 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Jauffret & Jauffret" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[678,1119,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pixus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marajoara"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFD38FEC0302F456F" box="[678,823,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. marajoara</emphasis> +(Jauffret & Jauffret, 2007) +</taxonomicName> +, transferred from +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFABCFEC03684456E" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1932" box="[1314,1436,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Roeberella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFABCFEC03684456E" box="[1314,1436,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Roeberella</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA3FFECFF24FEAC328D454A" author="Zhang, J. & Cong, Q. & Shen, J. & Opler, P. A. & Grishin, N. V." box="[186,405,331,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref9212" refString="Zhang, J., Cong, Q., Shen, J., Opler, P. A. & Grishin, N. V. (2021) Genomics-guided refinement of butterfly taxonomy. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey, 9 (3), 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="2021"> +Zhang +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFE97FEAC3259454A" box="[265,321,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis> +(2021) +</bibRefCitation> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA3FFECFF59FE88361D46AA" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44"> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFF59FE8832AB45A6" ID-CoL="99RG5" authorityName="Tite" authorityYear="1968" box="[199,435,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barcanti"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFF59FE8832AB45A6" box="[199,435,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Pachythone barcanti</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +was recognized as junior subjective synonym of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFC70FE8837B945A6" ID-CoL="4BVPF" box="[1006,1185,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erebia" subSpecies="erebia"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFC70FE8837B945A6" box="[1006,1185,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. erebia erebia</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFB7AFE88365545A6" ID-CoL="4BVPH" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1911" box="[1252,1357,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ignifer"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFB7AFE88365545A6" box="[1252,1357,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. ignifer</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFA16FE88320D4582" ID-CoL="9BCSD" authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigriciliata"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFA16FE88320D4582" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. nigriciliata</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +as subspecies of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFE76FE74315D4583" ID-CoL="4BVPG" authorityName="Godman & Salvin" authorityYear="1878" box="[488,581,403,428]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFE76FE74315D4583" box="[488,581,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. gigas</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA3FFECFDE9FE7430A04582" author="Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G." box="[631,952,403,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="141 - 170" refId="ref7157" refString="Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 141 - 170." type="book chapter" year="2004">Callaghan & Lamas (2004)</bibRefCitation> +; +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFC59FE7437C34582" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[967,1243,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pachitone" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lateritia"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFC59FE7437214582" box="[967,1081,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Pachitone</emphasis> +[ +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFBD3FE7437744583" box="[1101,1132,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">sic</emphasis> +] +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFB1FFE7437C34582" box="[1153,1243,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">lateritia</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFB78FE74362E4582" box="[1254,1334,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">bourda</emphasis> +Gallard, 1998, was recognized as junior subjective synonym of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFC97FE5030FA45FE" box="[777,994,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pachitone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="lateritia" subSpecies="lateritia"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFC97FE5030FA45FE" box="[777,994,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. lateritia lateritia</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFBBCFE50378B45FE" ID-CoL="4BVPK" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[1058,1171,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimula"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFBBCFE50378B45FE" box="[1058,1171,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. mimula</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFB52FE50364645FE" ID-CoL="4BVPR" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1911" box="[1228,1374,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thaumaria"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFB52FE50364645FE" box="[1228,1374,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. thaumaria</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +were recognized as synonyms (although he confused junior and senior synonyms) and as a subspecies of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFA8EFE3C366045DA" ID-CoL="4BVPS" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[1296,1400,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthe"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFA8EFE3C366045DA" box="[1296,1400,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. xanthe</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +by Gallard (2017); +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFED7FE1831B24636" ID-CoL="9BNDT" authority="Lathy, 1932" authorityName="Lathy" authorityYear="1932" box="[329,682,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ochracea"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFED7FE1831054636" box="[329,541,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Echenais ochracea</emphasis> +Lathy, 1932 +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFD2AFE1830BD4636" ID-CoL="9BF9C" authority="Lathy, 1932" authorityName="Lathy" authorityYear="1932" box="[692,933,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striata"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFD2AFE1830034637" box="[692,795,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">E. striata</emphasis> +Lathy, 1932 +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFC47FE1837F94636" ID-CoL="6DV3N" authority="Lathy, 1932" authorityName="Lathy" authorityYear="1932" box="[985,1249,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Echenais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinitatis"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFC47FE18374F4637" box="[985,1111,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">E. trinitatis</emphasis> +Lathy, 1932 +</taxonomicName> +were transferred from +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFF47FDC432E94612" ID-CoL="93N7K" authority="Warren, 1895" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1895" box="[217,497,546,573]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Adelotypa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFF47FDC432534612" box="[217,331,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Adelotypa</emphasis> +Warren, 1895 +</taxonomicName> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFD9AFDC431814612" ID-CoL="93N4V" baseAuthorityName="Hall" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[516,665,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName> +: Nymphidiina) to +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFCEFFDC430ED4612" ID-CoL="92HN7" box="[881,1013,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFCEFFDC430ED4612" box="[881,1013,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Pachythone</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and recognized as junior subjective synonym of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFEB9FDA032AF464F" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1926" box="[295,439,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conspersa"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFEB9FDA032AF464F" box="[295,439,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. conspersa</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA3FFECFE7BFDA03174464E" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[485,620,583,609]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" refId="ref8091" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2018) A monograph of the Nymphidiina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini). Phylogeny, taxonomy, biology and biogeography. The Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D. C., 990 pp." type="book" year="2018">Hall (2018)</bibRefCitation> +. Here, one new species is added to the genus ( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFB16FDA033D546AA" authority="Dolibaina & Dias" authorityName="Dolibaina & Dias & Mielke & Casagrande" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini" status="sp. nov."> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFB16FDA0361D464F" box="[1160,1285,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. gagarini</emphasis> +Dolibaina & Dias +</taxonomicName> +, +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFF47FD8C322A46AA" bold="true" box="[217,306,619,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44"> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFA3FFECFF47FD8C322A46AA" box="[217,306,619,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel> +</emphasis> +) and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFEECFD8C32FC46AA" ID-CoL="4BVPL" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[370,484,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFEECFD8C32FC46AA" box="[370,484,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFE6BFD8C314446AA" bold="true" box="[501,604,619,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">syn. nov.</emphasis> +) is recognized as a junior subjective synonym of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFB16FD8C37E646AA" ID-CoL="4BVPM" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[1160,1278,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFB16FD8C37E646AA" box="[1160,1278,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. +</paragraph> +<caption id="A8CACFCCFFA3FFECFF06F8C737BC4317" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13933824" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13933824" box="[152,1188,1824,1849]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13933824/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" startId="9.[152,255,1824,1848]" targetBox="[151,1435,669,1801]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA3FFECFF06F8C737BC4317" blockId="9.[152,1188,1824,1849]" box="[152,1188,1824,1849]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFF06F8C7323D4317" bold="true" box="[152,293,1824,1848]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 23.</emphasis> +Distribution map of the species of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFD14F8C6301A4316" box="[650,770,1825,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFD14F8C6301A4316" box="[650,770,1825,1849]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Pachythone</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA3FFEFFF59F86B31A044D6" blockId="9.[151,1436,1931,2029]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,537]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="9" pageNumber="44"> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFF59F86B3133438A" ID-CoL="93Z55" authority="Butler, 1871" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1871" box="[199,555,1931,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Emesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clearista"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFF59F86B3290438A" box="[199,392,1931,1957]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Emesis clearista</emphasis> +Butler, 1871 +</taxonomicName> +( +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA3FFECFDDCF86C316C438A" box="[578,628,1931,1957]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus> +species of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFC95F86C379D438A" ID-CoL="92L69" authority="Callaghan, 1982" authorityName="Callaghan" authorityYear="1982" box="[779,1157,1931,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pseudonympha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFC95F86C30AE438A" box="[779,950,1931,1957]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Pseudonympha</emphasis> +Callaghan, 1982 +</taxonomicName> +and +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFB53F86C368E438A" box="[1229,1430,1931,1957]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Pseudonymphidia</emphasis> +, by original designation), +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFE22F857308643E6" ID-CoL="3T4WC" authority="Godman & Salvin, 1886" authorityName="Godman & Salvin" authorityYear="1886" box="[444,926,1967,1993]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Lemonias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agave"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFE22F857316E43E6" box="[444,630,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Lemonias agave</emphasis> +Godman & Salvin, 1886 +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFC42F848364343E6" ID-CoL="DJ9L" authority="Stichel, 1911" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1911" box="[988,1371,1967,1993]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Anatole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucogonia"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFC42F84837A243E6" box="[988,1210,1967,1993]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Anatole leucogonia</emphasis> +Stichel, 1911 +</taxonomicName> +were transferred from +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFEC8F834310743C2" box="[342,543,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Pseudonymphidia</emphasis> +to +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFECFDDAF83430B343C2" box="[580,939,2003,2029]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pseudonymphidia"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFDDAF83431D043C2" box="[580,712,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Pachythone</emphasis> +( +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFD44F83430BB43C2" box="[730,931,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Pseudonymphidia</emphasis> +) +</taxonomicName> +by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA3FFECFC49F83437AC43C2" author="Zhang, J. & Cong, Q. & Shen, J. & Opler, P. A. & Grishin, N. V." box="[983,1204,2003,2029]" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref9212" refString="Zhang, J., Cong, Q., Shen, J., Opler, P. A. & Grishin, N. V. (2021) Genomics-guided refinement of butterfly taxonomy. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey, 9 (3), 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="2021"> +Zhang +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFBB8F833374743C2" box="[1062,1119,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis> +(2021) +</bibRefCitation> +; +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA3FFEFFB5FF8343231449E" ID-CoL="DJ9L" authority="Stichel, 1911" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Anatole" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="45" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucogonia"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA3FFECFB5FF834368443C2" box="[1217,1436,2003,2029]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Anatole leucogonia</emphasis> +Stichel, 1911 +</taxonomicName> +is long recognized as subspecies of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFD2BFF703681449E" authority="(Callaghan & Lamas 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Callaghan & Lamas" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[693,1433,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agave" subGenus="Pseudonymphidia"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFD2BFF703021449E" box="[693,825,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pachythone</emphasis> +( +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFCD6FF703709449E" box="[840,1041,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pseudonymphidia</emphasis> +) +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFBBEFF70377B449F" box="[1056,1123,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">agave</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA0FFEFFBEEFF703689449E" author="Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G." box="[1136,1425,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="141 - 170" refId="ref7157" refString="Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 141 - 170." type="book chapter" year="2004">Callaghan & Lamas 2004</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. However, +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA0FFEFFE94FF5C315A44FA" author="Perez-Lachaud, G. & Rocha, F. H. & Pozo, C. & Kaminski, L. A. & Seraphim, N. & Lachaud, J. - P." box="[266,578,187,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref8721" refString="Perez-Lachaud, G., Rocha, F. H., Pozo, C., Kaminski, L. A., Seraphim, N. & Lachaud, J. - P. (2021) A new ant-butterfy symbiosis in the forest canopy fills an evolutionary gap. Scientific Reports, 11 (20770), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 021 - 00274 - x" type="journal article" year="2021"> +Pérez-Lachaud +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFE27FF5C32E944FA" box="[441,497,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis> +(2021) +</bibRefCitation> +returned +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFD33FF5C306E44FA" box="[685,886,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pseudonymphidia</emphasis> +to the genus rank until further studies addressing the taxonomic status of the group are conducted. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA0FFEFFF59FEE432DD4582" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45"> +All four species included in +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFD97FEE431904532" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="2007" box="[521,648,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minstrellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFD97FEE431904532" box="[521,648,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Minstrellus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFD07FEE430F24532" authority="(Callaghan, 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Callaghan" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[665,1002,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minstrellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFD07FEE4300D4532" box="[665,789,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">M. grandis</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA0FFEFFCBAFEE430FA4532" author="Callaghan, C. J." box="[804,994,259,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="1045 - 1064" refId="ref7112" refString="Callaghan, C. J. (1999) New taxa of Neotropical Riodinidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 16 (4), 1045 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751999000400014" type="journal article" year="1999">Callaghan, 1999</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA0FFEFFC69FEE4373F4532" box="[1015,1063,259,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus> +species by original designation), +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFF09FEC032AC456E" authority="(Stichel, 1929)" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[151,436,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nivosa"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFF09FEC033E7456F" box="[151,255,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">P. nivosa</emphasis> +(Stichel, 1929) +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFE5DFEC0300A456E" authority="(Stichel, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[451,786,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minstrellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emphatica"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFE5DFEC03178456E" box="[451,608,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">M. emphatica</emphasis> +(Stichel, 1911) +</taxonomicName> +and its junior subjective synonym +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFB32FEC03231454A" ID-CoL="99JQ8" authority="Stichel, 1929" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1929" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Ematurgina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albovata"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFB32FEC03684456E" box="[1196,1436,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Ematurgina albovata</emphasis> +Stichel, 1929 +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA0FFEFFEA8FEAC314D454A" author="Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G." box="[310,597,331,357]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="141 - 170" refId="ref7157" refString="Callaghan, C. J. & Lamas, G. (2004) Riodinidae. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 5 A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 141 - 170." type="book chapter" year="2004">Callaghan & Lamas 2004</bibRefCitation> +), and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFD0AFEAC30C1454A" authority="(Stichel, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[660,985,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minstrellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucotopus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFD0AFEAC3028454A" box="[660,816,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">M. leucotopus</emphasis> +(Stichel, 1911) +</taxonomicName> +were originally described in +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFA89FEAC323845A6" ID-CoL="927XC" authority="Rober, 1903" authorityName="Rober" authorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Ematurgina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFA89FEAC3684454B" box="[1303,1436,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Ematurgina</emphasis> +Röber, 1903 +</taxonomicName> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFEB0FE8832DB45A6" ID-CoL="93N4V" baseAuthorityName="Hall" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[302,451,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName> +: Lemoniadina), but were previously combined with +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFB97FE8837ED45A6" ID-CoL="92QRM" authority="Bates, 1868" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[1033,1269,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Zelotaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFB97FE88377345A6" box="[1033,1131,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Zelotaea</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA0FFEFFBECFE8837ED45A6" author="Bates, H. W." box="[1138,1269,367,393]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="373 - 436" refId="ref6973" refString="Bates, H. W. (1868) A catalogue of Erycinidae, a family of diurnal Lepidoptera. Journal of the Linnean Society, London, Zoology, 9 (39), 373 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1868. tb 01224. x" type="journal article" year="1868">Bates, 1868</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFA9AFE88368145A6" ID-CoL="93N4V" baseAuthorityName="Hall" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[1284,1433,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">Nymphidiini</taxonomicName> +: Nymphidiina) ( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA0FFEFFEDDFE7432A14582" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[323,441,403,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="773 - 786" refId="ref8022" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2007) Phylogenetic revision of the new Neotropical riodinid genus Minstrellus (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Annals of the entomological Society of America, 100 (6), 773 - 786. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2007) 100 [773: PROTNN] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Hall 2007</bibRefCitation> +). +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="B4AFCCCFFFA0FFEFFF59FE50372846E3" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="multiple"> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA0FFEFFF59FE5033E84636" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45"> +Therefore, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFED8FE5032C645FE" box="[326,478,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Pachythonina">Pachythonina</taxonomicName> +now comprises 31 species and six subspecies in three genera: +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFB2FFE50362D45FE" box="[1201,1333,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFB2FFE50362D45FE" box="[1201,1333,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pachythone</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, with 25 species and five subspecies, +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFE7FFE3C31B245DA" box="[481,682,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Pseudonymphidia</emphasis> +, with two species and one subspecies, and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFB3DFE3C363A45DA" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="2007" box="[1187,1314,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minstrellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFB3DFE3C363A45DA" box="[1187,1314,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">Minstrellus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, with four species. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA0FFEFFF09FD8D32F946AB" blockId="10.[151,481,618,644]" box="[151,481,618,644]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45"> +<heading id="A7422828FFA0FFEFFF09FD8D32F946AB" bold="true" box="[151,481,618,644]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" reason="1"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFF09FD8D32F946AB" bold="true" box="[151,481,618,644]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45"> +Checklist of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFEAAFD8D32F946AB" box="[308,481,618,644]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Pachythonina">Pachythonina</taxonomicName> +</emphasis> +</heading> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA0FFEFFF09FD55372846E3" blockId="10.[151,1072,690,717]" box="[151,1072,690,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45"> +<heading id="A7422828FFA0FFEFFF09FD55372846E3" bold="true" box="[151,1072,690,717]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" reason="1"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFF09FD55372846E3" bold="true" box="[151,1072,690,717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45"> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFF09FD55304346E3" authority="Seraphim & Freitas & Kaminski, 2018" authorityName="Seraphim & Freitas & Kaminski" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,859,690,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Pachythonina"> +PACHYTHONINA +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA0FFEFFE11FD55304346E3" author="Seraphim, N. & Kaminski, L. A. & DeVries, P. J. & Penz, C. M. & Callaghan, C. J. & Wahlberg, N. & Silva-Brandao, K. L. & Freitas, A. V. L." box="[399,859,690,716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="407 - 425" refId="ref8894" refString="Seraphim, N., Kaminski, L. A., DeVries, P. J., Penz, C. M., Callaghan, C. J., Wahlberg, N., Silva-Brandao, K. L. & Freitas, A. V. L. (2018) Molecular phylogeny and higher systematics of the metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Systematic Entomology, 43 (2), 407 - 425. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12282" type="journal article" year="2018">Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +(31 spp., 6 sspp.) +</emphasis> +</heading> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="B4AFCCCFFFA0FFEEFF09FD1C31B44076" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" type="taxon_list"> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA0FFEFFF09FD1C31BE473A" blockId="10.[151,993,762,2013]" box="[151,678,762,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45"> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA0FFEFFF09FD1C32F8473A" ID-CoL="92HN7" authority="Bates, 1868" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,480,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA0FFEFFF09FD1C324C473A" bold="true" box="[151,340,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="45">PACHYTHONE</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA0FFEFFEC5FD1C32F8473A" author="Bates, H. W." box="[347,480,763,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" pagination="373 - 436" refId="ref6973" refString="Bates, H. W. (1868) A catalogue of Erycinidae, a family of diurnal Lepidoptera. 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J." box="[432,619,654,681]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref7065" refString="Callaghan, C. J. (1985) A preliminary revision of the genus Nymphidium (Rhopalocera, Riodinidae). Part I. Introduction. Mantus - Baoetia [sic] complex. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 98, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1985">Callaghan, 1985</bibRefCitation> +, repl. name (2 spp., 1 ssp.) +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA1FFEEFF59FD54372946E2" blockId="11.[151,1073,654,861]" box="[199,1073,690,717]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46"> += +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA1FFEEFF49FD54315C46E2" authority="Callaghan, 1982" authorityName="Callaghan" authorityYear="1982" box="[215,580,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pseudonympha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFF49FD54329A46E2" box="[215,386,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Pseudonympha</emphasis> +Callaghan, 1982 +</taxonomicName> +, preocc. (Wallengren, 1857 ( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA1FFEEFC1BFD54370746E2" box="[901,1055,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName> +)) +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA1FFEEFF59FD3031C246DE" blockId="11.[151,1073,654,861]" box="[199,730,727,753]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46"> +1) +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA1FFEEFF78FD30314C46DE" authority="(Godman & Salvin, 1886)" baseAuthorityName="Godman & Salvin" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[230,596,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agave"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFF78FD30323146DE" bold="true" box="[230,297,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">agave</emphasis> +(Godman & Salvin, 1886) +</taxonomicName> +( +<taxonomicName 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kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clearista"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFF78FCA532504772" bold="true" box="[230,328,834,861]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">clearista</emphasis> +(Butler, 1871) +</taxonomicName> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA1FFEEFE62FCA431534773" box="[508,587,835,860]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Emesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFE62FCA431534773" box="[508,587,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Emesis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +) +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA1FFEEFF09FC6C312D478A" blockId="11.[151,684,907,1113]" box="[151,565,907,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46"> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA1FFEEFF09FC6C32C0478A" authority="Hall, 2007" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="2007" box="[151,472,907,933]" 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CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Hall, 2007</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +(4 spp.) +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA1FFEEFF59FC4831B447E6" blockId="11.[151,684,907,1113]" box="[199,684,942,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46"> +1) +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA1FFEEFF78FC49311647E6" authority="(Callaghan, 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Callaghan" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[230,526,942,969]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minstrellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFF78FC49322547E6" bold="true" box="[230,317,942,969]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">grandis</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA1FFEEFED5FC48311E47E6" author="Callaghan, C. J." box="[331,518,943,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" pagination="1045 - 1064" refId="ref7112" refString="Callaghan, C. J. (1999) New taxa of Neotropical Riodinidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 16 (4), 1045 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751999000400014" type="journal article" year="1999">Callaghan, 1999</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA1FFEEFD80FC4831BB47E7" ID-CoL="927XC" authorityName="Rober" authorityYear="1903" box="[542,675,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Ematurgina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFD80FC4831BB47E7" box="[542,675,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Ematurgina</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +) +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA1FFEEFF59FC3431BF47C2" blockId="11.[151,684,907,1113]" box="[199,679,979,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46"> +2) +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA1FFEEFF78FC3432C647C2" authority="(Stichel, 1929)" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[230,478,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nivosa"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFF78FC34322947C2" bold="true" box="[230,305,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">nivosa</emphasis> +(Stichel, 1929) +</taxonomicName> +( +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFE70FC34317D47C3" box="[494,613,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Ematurgia</emphasis> +[ +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFDEBFC34318C47C3" box="[629,660,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">sic</emphasis> +]) +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA1FFEEFF59FC1031B0403E" blockId="11.[151,684,907,1113]" box="[199,680,1014,1041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46"> +3) +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA1FFEEFF78FC113112403E" authority="(Stichel, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[230,522,1014,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minstrellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emphatica"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFF78FC113246403E" bold="true" box="[230,350,1014,1041]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">emphatica</emphasis> +(Stichel, 1911) +</taxonomicName> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA1FFEEFD84FC103187403F" authorityName="Rober" authorityYear="1903" box="[538,671,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Ematurgina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFD84FC103187403F" box="[538,671,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Ematurgina</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +) +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA1FFEEFF59FBFC316A401A" blockId="11.[151,684,907,1113]" box="[199,626,1051,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46"> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA1FFEEFF59FBFC32CC401A" authority="Stichel, 1929" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1929" box="[199,468,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Ematurgina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albovata"> += +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFF49FBFC3221401A" box="[215,313,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">albovata</emphasis> +Stichel, 1929 +</taxonomicName> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA1FFEEFE7AFBFC3171401B" authorityName="Rober" authorityYear="1903" box="[484,617,1051,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Ematurgina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFE7AFBFC3171401B" box="[484,617,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Ematurgina</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +) +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA1FFEEFF59FBD831B44076" blockId="11.[151,684,907,1113]" box="[199,684,1086,1113]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46"> +4) +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA1FFEEFF78FBD931164076" authority="(Stichel, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Stichel" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[230,526,1086,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Minstrellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucotopus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFF78FBD9327A4076" bold="true" box="[230,354,1086,1113]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">leucotopus</emphasis> +(Stichel, 1911) +</taxonomicName> +( +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA1FFEEFD81FBD831BC4077" authorityName="Rober" authorityYear="1903" box="[543,676,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Ematurgina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA1FFEEFD81FBD831BC4077" box="[543,676,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="11" 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blockId="4.[151,702,438,501]" box="[151,702,438,465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39"> +<heading id="A7422828FFAEFFE1FF09FE5131A645FE" bold="true" box="[151,702,438,465]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" reason="1"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FF09FE5131A645FE" bold="true" box="[151,702,438,465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39"> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FF09FE51314845FF" ID-CoL="4BVPL" authority="Hewitson, 1873" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,592,438,465]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades" status="syn. nov."> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FF09FE51329145FE" bold="true" box="[151,393,438,465]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Pachythone palades</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FE0FFE51314845FF" author="Hewitson, W. C." box="[401,592,438,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref8175" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1873) Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies. By William C. Hewitson. Selected Chiefly from his own Collection. 5 (85). John Van Voorst, London, pp. [69] - [70], pl. [37]." type="journal volume" year="1873">Hewitson, 1873</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFAEFFE1FDC9FE5031A645FE" box="[599,702,439,465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">syn. nov</taxonomicNameLabel> +</emphasis> +</heading> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="B4AFCCCFFFAEFFE1FF09FE3C325B45DA" box="[151,323,475,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="description"> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFAEFFE1FF09FE3C325B45DA" blockId="4.[151,702,438,501]" box="[151,323,475,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39"> +( +<figureCitation id="648E83C1FFAEFFE1FF01FE3C320A45DA" box="[159,274,475,501]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 7–12" captionStart-1="FIGURES 13–16" captionStart-2="FIGURE 17" captionStartId-0="5.[151,264,1374,1398]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,264,1182,1206]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1132,1156]" captionTargetBox-0="[166,1422,189,1343]" captionTargetBox-1="[154,1435,249,1151]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,181,1108]" captionTargetId-0="figure-20@5.[158,1430,181,1350]" captionTargetId-1="figure-62@6.[151,1435,237,1159]" captionTargetId-2="figure-20@7.[151,1435,181,1108]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURES 7–12. Pachythone species endemics from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. 7–12. P. palades: 7–8, female lectotype; 9–10, female paralectotype. P. pasicles: 11–12, male lectotype.All specimens are from Espírito Santo and are deposited at the NHMUK. Scale bar: 1 cm." captionText-1="FIGURES 13–16. Original illustration of Pachythone palades (Figs 13–14) and P. pasicles (Figs 15–16) (adapted). 13–14. P. palades: female, dorsal view of the variety and dorsal view of the usual form. 15–16. P. pasicles: male, ventral view and dorsal view of the male (regarded as a female)." captionText-2="FIGURE 17. Pachythone pasicles, female recorded from Reserva Vale, Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil at July 31, 2022 (Agustinho 2024)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13933808" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13933814" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13933820" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13933808/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13933814/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13933820/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Figs 7–17</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="648E83C1FFAEFFE1FE80FE3C322345DA" box="[286,315,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1824,1848]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,669,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-253@9.[151,1435,669,1801]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 23. Distribution map of the species of Pachythone endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13933824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13933824/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">23</figureCitation> +) +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="B4AFCCCFFFAEFFE1FF09FDC5322243F2" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="discussion"> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFAEFFE1FF09FDC53162478A" blockId="4.[151,1437,546,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FF09FDC532074613" bold="true" box="[151,287,546,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Comments.</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FEBAFDC432F84612" author="Hewitson, W. C." box="[292,480,547,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref8175" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1873) Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies. By William C. Hewitson. Selected Chiefly from his own Collection. 5 (85). John Van Voorst, London, pp. [69] - [70], pl. [37]." type="journal volume" year="1873">Hewitson (1873)</bibRefCitation> +described both +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FD12FDC431E54612" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[652,765,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FD12FDC431E54612" box="[652,765,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FCAEFDC430BC4612" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[816,932,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FCAEFDC430BC4612" box="[816,932,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +from +<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFAEFFE1FC7BFDC437A64612" box="[997,1214,547,573]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Espírito Santo state</collectingRegion> +, +<collectingCountry id="84A2DFD4FFAEFFE1FB59FDC436174612" box="[1223,1295,547,573]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry> +. +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FA86FDC433F6464E" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FA86FDC433F6464E" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Pachythone palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is described in page [69], based on an unknown number of female specimens, even though +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FA96FDA03684464E" author="Kirby, W. F." box="[1288,1436,583,609]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref8394" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1879) Catalogue of the collection of diurnal Lepidoptera formed by the late William Chapman Hewitson of Oatlands, Walton-on-Thames; and bequeathed by him to the British Museum. John Van Voorst, London, iv + 246 pp." type="book" year="1879">Kirby (1879)</bibRefCitation> +mentioned +<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFAEFFE1FE8CFD8C32A046AA" box="[274,440,619,645]" count="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="generic">five specimens</specimenCount> +in Hewitson’s collection. Two different females were illustrated in the original description, one representing the assumed “usual color” ( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FDE0FD6830254686" author="Hewitson, W. C." box="[638,829,655,681]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref8175" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1873) Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies. By William C. Hewitson. Selected Chiefly from his own Collection. 5 (85). John Van Voorst, London, pp. [69] - [70], pl. [37]." type="journal volume" year="1873">Hewitson (1873)</bibRefCitation> +, pl. [37], fig. 2) and other a “variety” ( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FB47FD68368F4686" author="Hewitson, W. C." box="[1241,1431,655,681]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref8175" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1873) Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies. By William C. Hewitson. Selected Chiefly from his own Collection. 5 (85). John Van Voorst, London, pp. [69] - [70], pl. [37]." type="journal volume" year="1873">Hewitson (1873)</bibRefCitation> +, pl. [37], fig. 1). +<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFAEFFE1FED4FD5432D646E2" box="[330,462,691,717]" count="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="female">Two female</specimenCount> +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAEFFE1FE4BFD54312246E2" box="[469,570,691,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus> +, deposited at the NHMUK, match the original description and illustrations of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FF09FD30321246DE" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,266,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FF09FD30321246DE" box="[151,266,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FE86FD3032CD46DE" author="D'Abrera, B. L." box="[280,469,727,753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="879 - 1096" refId="ref7278" refString="D'Abrera, B. L. (1994) Butterflies of the Neotropical Region. Part VI. Riodinidae. Black Rock, Hill House, Victoria, viii + 218 pp. [pp. i - viii + 879 - 1096]" type="book chapter" year="1994">D’Abrera (1994)</bibRefCitation> +wrongly assumed that the +<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFAEFFE1FC9AFD30306746DE" box="[772,895,727,753]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="female">one female</specimenCount> +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAEFFE1FC19FD3030C646DE" box="[903,990,727,753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus> +representing the “variety” was the only type specimen of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FEFEFD1C32CC473A" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[352,468,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FEFEFD1C32CC473A" box="[352,468,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +deposited at the NHMUK. He overlooked the label that explicitly identifies the other female +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAEFFE1FF72FCF8325B4716" box="[236,323,799,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus> +of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FEF3FCF832F94716" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[365,481,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FEF3FCF832F94716" box="[365,481,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, wrongly recognizing it as a female type of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FC7FFCF837414716" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[993,1113,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FC7FFCF837414716" box="[993,1113,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. The marked pattern of fine lines of orange scales on both wings surfaces of the “variety” of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FCECFCA430FD4772" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[882,997,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FCECFCA430FD4772" box="[882,997,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is the only character that distinguishes it from its “usual color”. Similar intraspecific variation is also observed in other species of the genus, as in females of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FF28FC6C32F8478A" authority="Stichel, 1926" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1926" box="[182,480,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conspersa"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FF28FC6C325B478B" box="[182,323,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. conspersa</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FED4FC6C32F8478A" author="Stichel, H. F. E. J." box="[330,480,907,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="81 - 101" refId="ref9056" refString="Stichel, H. F. E. J. (1926) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Riodinidenfauna Sudamerikas (Lep.). IX. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, 1926 (2), 81 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48019260202" type="journal article" year="1926">Stichel, 1926</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +, for example. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFAEFFE1FF59FC4832724076" blockId="4.[151,1437,546,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39"> +On page [70], +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FEF2FC48313147E6" author="Hewitson, W. C." box="[364,553,943,969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref8175" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1873) Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies. By William C. Hewitson. Selected Chiefly from his own Collection. 5 (85). John Van Voorst, London, pp. [69] - [70], pl. [37]." type="journal volume" year="1873">Hewitson (1873)</bibRefCitation> +described a second species, +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FCF1FC4830F447E6" box="[879,1004,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39"> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FCF1FC4830F047E6" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[879,1000,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles">P. pasicles</taxonomicName> +, +</emphasis> +also based on an unknown number of male and female specimens; +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FE7FFC34316E47C2" author="Kirby, W. F." box="[481,630,979,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref8394" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1879) Catalogue of the collection of diurnal Lepidoptera formed by the late William Chapman Hewitson of Oatlands, Walton-on-Thames; and bequeathed by him to the British Museum. John Van Voorst, London, iv + 246 pp." type="book" year="1879">Kirby (1879)</bibRefCitation> +mentioned +<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFAEFFE1FD60FC3430BD47C2" box="[766,933,979,1005]" count="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount> +in Hewitson’s collection. The description is said to be based on the female specimen, and the male is only mentioned briefly, indicating that it differs from the female only in its smaller size. However, apparently all specimens used by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FC6DFBFC37A9401A" author="Hewitson, W. C." box="[1011,1201,1051,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref8175" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1873) Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies. By William C. Hewitson. Selected Chiefly from his own Collection. 5 (85). John Van Voorst, London, pp. [69] - [70], pl. [37]." type="journal volume" year="1873">Hewitson (1873)</bibRefCitation> +in the description +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FA16FBFC33E94076" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FA16FBFC33E94076" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +are males. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFAEFFE1FF59FB8436224202" blockId="4.[151,1437,546,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39"> +The study of the +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAEFFE1FE1EFB8432A84052" box="[384,432,1123,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus> +series of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FD87FB8431934052" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[537,651,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FD87FB8431934052" box="[537,651,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FD21FB84302B4052" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[703,819,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FD21FB84302B4052" box="[703,819,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +reveals that the dark brown dots and spots on the dorsal and ventral fore and hind wings are virtually identical in both species. It is likely that +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FBE8FB6037F2408E" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[1142,1258,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FBE8FB6037F2408E" box="[1142,1258,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FABBFB603684408E" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[1317,1436,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FABBFB603684408E" box="[1317,1436,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +are sympatric, based on the known distribution of the species. Additionally, +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FC6EFB4C377B40EA" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[1008,1123,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FC6EFB4C377B40EA" box="[1008,1123,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is only known from female specimens and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FEDDFB2832A140C6" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[323,441,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FEDDFB2832A140C6" box="[323,441,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +from male specimens. Considering this evidence, these names most possibly represent a single species. Even though +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FE48FB1431514122" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[470,585,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FE48FB1431514122" box="[470,585,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +was described on page [69] and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FC25FB1437294122" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[955,1073,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FC25FB1437294122" box="[955,1073,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +on page [70], both species were illustrated together earlier, in plate [37]. These pages and plates are assumed to have been published in the same volume and number, on +<date id="880BB984FFAEFFE1FE2CFADC3174417A" box="[434,620,1339,1365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" value="1873-01-01"> +January 1 +<superScript id="0BC0320CFFAEFFE1FDBFFADC31344166" attach="left" box="[545,556,1339,1353]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">st</superScript> +1873 +</date> +, however, +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FD74FADC3091417A" author="Lamas, G." box="[746,905,1339,1365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref8509" refString="Lamas, G. (2023) Bibliography of Butterflies. An Annotated Bibliography of the Neotropical Butterflies and Skippers (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Revised Electronic Edition. Available from: https: // www. butterfliesofamerica. com / L / Neotropical. htm (accessed 22 December 2023)" type="url" year="2023">Lamas (2023)</bibRefCitation> +assumes it had been published on +<date id="880BB984FFAEFFE1FABFFADC33CA4156" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" value="1873-01-08"> +January 8 +<superScript id="0BC0320CFFAEFFE1FA0EFADD36854167" attach="none" box="[1424,1437,1338,1352]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">th</superScript> +1873 +</date> +. As pages and plates within a publication are considered to have been published on the same date, the Principle of the First Reviser ( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FE14FA64310B41B2" author="ICZN & International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" box="[394,531,1411,1437]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref8232" refString="ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4 th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation> +, Art. 24.2.1) is invoked to select +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FC05FA64379B41B2" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[923,1155,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FC05FA64379B41B2" box="[923,1155,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Pachythone pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +as the senior subjective synonym and +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FEA7FA4032B641EE" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[313,430,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FEA7FA4032B641EE" box="[313,430,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +as its junior subjective synonym ( +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FCA3FA4030B041EE" bold="true" box="[829,936,1447,1473]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">syn. nov.</emphasis> +). +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FC5FFA4037B141EE" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[961,1193,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FC5FFA4037B141EE" box="[961,1193,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Pachythone pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +was described based on male specimens, and since males tend to have more informative characters than females and females tend to be similar and more easily confused between species of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FD7DFA08307F4226" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[739,871,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FD7DFA08307F4226" box="[739,871,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Pachythone</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, the selection of a species described based on male specimens will best serve stability and universality of nomenclature ( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FC03F9F4373A4202" author="ICZN & International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" box="[925,1058,1555,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref8232" refString="ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4 th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation> +, Recommendation 24A). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFAEFFE1FF59F9D0374F42CE" blockId="4.[151,1437,546,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39"> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FF59F9D032B6427E" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[199,430,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FF59F9D032B6427E" box="[199,430,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Pachythone pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is rare and, as far as known, not represented in any major Brazilian collections. Several collecting trips conducted in various habitats in +<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFAEFFE1FD20F9BC3086425A" box="[702,926,1627,1653]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Espírito Santo state</collectingRegion> +, including low-elevation hilltops, yielded no specimens of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FEACF99832B042B6" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[306,424,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FEACF99832B042B6" box="[306,424,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. However, a female identified as +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FCBAF998308242B6" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[804,922,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FCBAF998308242B6" box="[804,922,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +was recently recorded at the Reserva Vale, in Linhares, north of +<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFAEFFE1FEF2F94431084292" box="[364,528,1699,1725]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Espírito Santo</collectingRegion> +, +<collectingCountry id="84A2DFD4FFAEFFE1FD82F94431784292" box="[540,608,1699,1725]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry> +on +<date id="880BB984FFAEFFE1FD10F94430334292" box="[654,811,1699,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" value="2022-07-31">July 31, 2022</date> +, by Ítalo dos Santos Agustinho ( +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FB00F944364F4292" author="Agustinho, S. I." box="[1182,1367,1699,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" refId="ref6940" refString="Agustinho, S. I. (2024) Pachythone pasicles. Available from: https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 134320460 (accessed 9 March 2024)" type="url" year="2024">Agustinho 2024</bibRefCitation> +) ( +<figureCitation id="648E83C1FFAEFFE1FAF1F94433AD42CE" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1132,1156]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1108]" captionTargetId="figure-20@7.[151,1435,181,1108]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 17. Pachythone pasicles, female recorded from Reserva Vale, Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil at July 31, 2022 (Agustinho 2024)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13933820" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13933820/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Fig. 17</figureCitation> +), suggesting the tableland forests north of Doce river as the species typical habitat. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFAEFFE1FF59F90C322243F2" blockId="4.[151,1437,546,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39"> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FF59F90C32D1432A" authorityName="Gallard & Fernandez" authorityYear="2017" box="[199,457,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crepusculi"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FF59F90C32D1432A" box="[199,457,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Pachythone crepusculi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, recently described by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FD4BF90C3702432A" author="Gallard, J. - Y. & Fernandez, S." box="[725,1050,1771,1797]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="429 - 436" refId="ref7897" refString="Gallard, J. - Y. & Fernandez, S. (2017) Des postes territoriaux des Riodinides en Guyane: decouverte de deux nouvelles especes (Lepidoptera; Riodinidae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 122 (4), 429 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.32475 / bsef _ 1992" type="journal article" year="2017">Gallard & Fernandez (2017)</bibRefCitation> +based on specimens from French +<collectingCountry id="84A2DFD4FFAEFFE1FF09F8E833E94306" box="[151,241,1807,1833]" name="Guyana" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Guyana</collectingCountry> +, is remarkably similar to the Atlantic Forest endemic +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FCC5F8E830CB4306" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[859,979,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FCC5F8E830CB4306" box="[859,979,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. However, +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FBC6F8E836844306" author="Gallard, J. - Y. & Fernandez, S." box="[1112,1436,1807,1833]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="429 - 436" refId="ref7897" refString="Gallard, J. - Y. & Fernandez, S. (2017) Des postes territoriaux des Riodinides en Guyane: decouverte de deux nouvelles especes (Lepidoptera; Riodinidae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 122 (4), 429 - 436. https: // doi. org / 10.32475 / bsef _ 1992" type="journal article" year="2017">Gallard & Fernandez (2017)</bibRefCitation> +note that +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FF61F8D432964362" authorityName="Gallard & Fernandez" authorityYear="2017" box="[255,398,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crepusculi"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FF61F8D432964362" box="[255,398,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. crepusculi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is smaller than +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FDA0F8D431AB4362" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[574,691,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FDA0F8D431AB4362" box="[574,691,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, with more rounded wings (margins straighter and apex somewhat pointed in +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FE88F8B03288435E" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[278,400,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FE88F8B03288435E" box="[278,400,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +), more marked spots, and wider submarginal bands in the underside of the wings (spots duller and bands narrower in +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FE7FF89C314E43BA" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[481,598,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FE7FF89C314E43BA" box="[481,598,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +), the postdiscal band along the outer margin on the hind wing underside is somewhat angled (band smoothly curved in +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FD10F878301D4396" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[654,773,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FD10F878301D4396" box="[654,773,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +), and the fringes have three white spots (uniformly brown in +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FF2AF824323143F2" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[180,297,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FF2AF824323143F2" box="[180,297,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +). +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<caption id="A8CACFCCFFAFFFE0FF09FAB9302C4191" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13933808" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13933808" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13933808/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" startId="5.[151,264,1374,1398]" targetBox="[166,1422,189,1343]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFAFFFE0FF09FAB9302C4191" blockId="5.[151,1437,1374,1470]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAFFFE0FF09FAB932524159" bold="true" box="[151,330,1374,1398]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">FIGURES 7–12.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAFFFE0FECCFAB931034159" box="[338,539,1374,1398]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAFFFE0FECCFAB932D24159" box="[338,458,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Pachythone</emphasis> +species +</taxonomicName> +endemics from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. 7–12. +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAFFFE0FF48FA64322641B5" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[214,318,1410,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAFFFE0FF48FA64322641B5" box="[214,318,1410,1434]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">P. palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +: 7–8, female lectotype; 9–10, female paralectotype. +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAFFFE0FCCEFA6430A241B5" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[848,954,1410,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAFFFE0FCCEFA6430A241B5" box="[848,954,1410,1434]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">P. pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +: 11–12, male lectotype. All specimens are from Espírito Santo and are deposited at the NHMUK. Scale bar: 1 cm. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<subSubSection id="B4AFCCCFFFAFFFE0FF59F9E1369B43DC" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="materials_examined"> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFAFFFE0FF59F9E1369542D8" blockId="5.[151,1437,1541,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAFFFE0FF59F9E1326C4230" bold="true" box="[199,372,1541,1568]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Type material.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAFFFE0FEE5F9E231444230" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[379,604,1541,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAFFFE0FEE5F9E231444230" box="[379,604,1541,1567]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Pachythone palades</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +was described based on at least +<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFAFFFE0FC5DF9E137274230" box="[963,1087,1541,1568]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="female">two female</specimenCount> +specimens from +<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFAFFFE0FB63F9E233D5426B" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Espírito Santo state</collectingRegion> +, +<collectingCountry id="84A2DFD4FFAFFFE0FF49F9CE3207426C" box="[215,287,1577,1603]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Brazil</collectingCountry> +. +<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFAFFFE0FEB9F9CD32B2426C" box="[295,426,1577,1604]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="female">Two female</specimenCount> +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAFFFE0FE2EF9CD310A426B" box="[432,530,1578,1604]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus> +are deposited at the +<collectionCode id="9AA40781FFAFFFE0FD6FF9CD3047426B" box="[753,863,1578,1604]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode> +. The female specimen regarded by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAFFFE0FB7FF9CE3684426B" author="Hewitson, W. C." box="[1249,1436,1577,1604]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refId="ref8175" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1873) Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies. By William C. Hewitson. Selected Chiefly from his own Collection. 5 (85). John Van Voorst, London, pp. [69] - [70], pl. [37]." type="journal volume" year="1873">Hewitson (1873)</bibRefCitation> +as of the “usual color” ( +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAFFFE0FE3CF9A932DD4248" box="[418,453,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">i.e.</emphasis> +typical) is here designated +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAFFFE0FD66F9AA307A4248" box="[760,866,1613,1639]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus> +, to ensure stability and the correct identification of the name, bearing the following labels: / Type/ +<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFAFFFE0FD34F996305242A3" box="[682,842,1649,1676]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Espirito Santo</collectingRegion> +[, +<collectingCountry id="84A2DFD4FFAFFFE0FCF7F99630A842A4" box="[873,944,1649,1675]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Brazil</collectingCountry> +] Hewitson Coll. 79-69. +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAFFFE0FB20F996368442A4" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[1214,1436,1649,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades">Pachythone palades</taxonomicName> +2/ +<collectionCode id="9AA40781FFAFFFE0FF26F971323A429F" box="[184,290,1686,1712]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode> +010247232/. The following labels will be added to the specimen: / +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAFFFE0FBDBF97137EF429F" box="[1093,1271,1686,1712]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="lectotype">LECTOTYPUS</typeStatus> +/ +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAFFFE0FA94F9713662429F" box="[1290,1402,1686,1712]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus> +of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAFFFE0FF09F95E373C42FC" authority="Hewitson, (1873) Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,1060,1721,1748]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palades"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAFFFE0FF09F95E326242FC" box="[151,378,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Pachythone palades</emphasis> +Hewitson, (1873) Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande +</taxonomicName> +des. 2024/. The female specimen regarded by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAFFFE0FEBDF93A32F842D7" author="Hewitson, W. C." box="[291,480,1757,1784]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refId="ref8175" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1873) Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies. By William C. Hewitson. Selected Chiefly from his own Collection. 5 (85). John Van Voorst, London, pp. [69] - [70], pl. [37]." type="journal volume" year="1873">Hewitson (1873)</bibRefCitation> +as the “variety” is here designated as +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAFFFE0FC14F93A373942D8" box="[906,1057,1757,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus> +and will be labeled accordingly. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFAFFFE0FF59F8E6369B43DC" blockId="5.[151,1437,1541,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40"> +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAFFFE0FF59F8E632B44334" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[199,428,1793,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAFFFE0FF59F8E632B44334" box="[199,428,1793,1819]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Pachythone pasicles</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +was described by +<location id="F96AC99FFFAFFFE0FDE7F8E631FF4334" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:741C2E52FFAEFFE3FF09FE51374444FA:F96AC99FFFAFFFE0FDE7F8E631FF4334" box="[633,743,1793,1819]" country="Brazil" name="Hewitson" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" stateProvince="Espirito Santo">Hewitson</location> +, (1873) from at least +<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFAFFFE0FC4AF8E537614334" box="[980,1145,1793,1820]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount> +from +<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFAFFFE0FB22F8E636804333" box="[1212,1432,1793,1820]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Espírito Santo state</collectingRegion> +, +<collectingCountry id="84A2DFD4FFAFFFE0FF09F8C233C74310" box="[151,223,1829,1855]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Brazil</collectingCountry> +. +<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFAFFFE0FF77F8C132404310" box="[233,344,1829,1856]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="male">Two male</specimenCount> +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAFFFE0FEC1F8C132DC436F" box="[351,452,1830,1856]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus> +, one of them erroneously regarded as a female by +<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAFFFE0FC66F8C237AF436F" author="Hewitson, W. C." box="[1016,1207,1829,1856]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refId="ref8175" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1873) Illustrations of New Species of Exotic Butterflies. By William C. Hewitson. Selected Chiefly from his own Collection. 5 (85). John Van Voorst, London, pp. [69] - [70], pl. [37]." type="journal volume" year="1873">Hewitson (1873)</bibRefCitation> +, are deposited at the +<collectionCode id="9AA40781FFAFFFE0FF09F8AD321D434B" box="[151,261,1866,1892]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode> +. +<collectorName id="5140FA92FFAFFFE0FE8EF8AD3227434B" box="[272,319,1866,1892]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">One</collectorName> +of the +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAFFFE0FE0EF8AD32EA434B" box="[400,498,1866,1892]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus> +is here designated +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAFFFE0FD53F8AE302C434C" box="[717,820,1865,1891]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus> +to ensure stability and the correct identification of the name and has the following labels: / +<collectorName id="5140FA92FFAFFFE0FDDAF889316343A7" box="[580,635,1902,1928]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Type</collectorName> +/ +<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFAFFFE0FD12F88A303743A7" box="[652,815,1901,1928]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Espirito Santo</collectingRegion> +[, +<collectingCountry id="84A2DFD4FFAFFFE0FCCCF88A308143A8" box="[850,921,1901,1927]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Brazil</collectingCountry> +] +<collectorName id="5140FA92FFAFFFE0FC37F88A374E43A8" box="[937,1110,1901,1927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Hewitson Coll.</collectorName> +79-69. +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAFFFE0FB2EF88A368143A8" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" box="[1200,1433,1901,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles">Pachythone pasicles</taxonomicName> +. 2./ B.M.(N.H.) +<collectorName id="5140FA92FFAFFFE0FED5F87631484383" box="[331,592,1937,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Rhopalocera Slide No.</collectorName> +29882/ +<specimenCode id="AC13373FFFAFFFE0FD2FF87530BE4383" box="[689,934,1938,1964]" collectionCode="NHMUK" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="Museum">NHMUK 010247231</specimenCode> +/. +<collectorName id="5140FA92FFAFFFE0FC25F87630FF4384" box="[955,999,1937,1963]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">The</collectorName> +following labels will be added to the specimen: / +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAFFFE0FEBAF85132CE43FF" box="[292,470,1974,2000]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="lectotype">LECTOTYPUS</typeStatus> +/ +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAFFFE0FE76F851314043FF" box="[488,600,1974,2000]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus> +of +<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAFFFE0FD1DF852320243DC" authority="Hewitson, (1873) Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1873" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pasicles"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAFFFE0FD1DF852307343E0" box="[643,875,1973,1999]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Pachythone pasicles</emphasis> +Hewitson, (1873) Dolibaina, Dias, O. Mielke & Casagrande +</taxonomicName> +des. 2024/. +<collectorName id="5140FA92FFAFFFE0FE3FF83E32D543DC" box="[417,461,2009,2035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">The</collectorName> +other male +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAFFFE0FDCCF83D31B143DB" box="[594,681,2010,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus> +is here designated +<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAFFFE0FC1EF83E370F43DC" box="[896,1047,2009,2035]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus> +and will be labeled accordingly. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="B4AFCCCFFFACFFE3FF59FF71374444FA" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" type="distribution"> +<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFACFFE3FF59FF71374444FA" blockId="6.[151,1436,150,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41"> +<emphasis id="CEC14356FFACFFE3FF59FF713279449F" bold="true" box="[199,353,150,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Distribution.</emphasis> +This species is only known to occur in lowland forests in the north of the +<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFACFFE3FB26FF703680449E" box="[1208,1432,151,177]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Espírito Santo state</collectingRegion> +, +<collectingCountry id="84A2DFD4FFACFFE3FF09FF5C33C644FA" box="[151,222,187,213]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Brazil</collectingCountry> +, although it is expected to live in similar, continuous habitats in the +<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFACFFE3FC46FF5C374044FA" box="[984,1112,187,213]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Bahia state</collectingRegion> +. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +</treatment> +</document> \ No newline at end of file