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<document id="9D48894FED96B72890442B6E13AF9460" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac103" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14243521" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="julia" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1732838967447" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Aureliano, Tito, Ghilardi, Aline M., Fernandes, Marcelo A. &amp; Ricardi-Branco, Fresia S." docDate="2024" docId="03A587F7EF7CD65CFE147BBB8CC6F86D" docLanguage="en" docName="zlac103.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac103" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.9:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Saurischia" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="FF9CFF8FEF7ED65FFD2D785F8D58FFC2" masterDocTitle="Air sac attachments or tendon scars: the distinction between soft tissue traces in archosaur bone" masterLastPageNumber="8" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1733950423264" updateUser="julia">
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<mods:title id="C6E3D9E21AD8DB89B3254C039D9D20F5">Air sac attachments or tendon scars: the distinction between soft tissue traces in archosaur bone</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="647138279B76C5EE1EB9E4F2D719331B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6BD1AABC4EE6881EB38B01D75D4BDAF9">Aureliano, Tito</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BB58E3365EEC156BB9141A014BFE6A3F">Institute of Geosciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083 - 855, Brazil &amp; Diversity, Ichnology and Osteohistology Laboratory (DINOlab), Department of Geology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078 - 970, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1BFEAD2BD323433A36D3F0870076485A" type="email">aureliano.tito@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="187456FD0C6B59F16EC76FC148DFBFB1">Ghilardi, Aline M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C7B11901C5B266E0A0F58767B7D38491">Diversity, Ichnology and Osteohistology Laboratory (DINOlab), Department of Geology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078 - 970, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2F52423D2172B96E71DB3CE6231AE057">Fernandes, Marcelo A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4CB6A39479830FE66E162C60C9C96467">Laboratory of Paleoecology and Paleoichnology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565 - 905, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1847FD93687CFAF78A68E4D597E90A16">Ricardi-Branco, Fresia S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="DA2E90418C43872498996A8CF5A14229">Institute of Geosciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083 - 855, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="A4443ECC0A285883C846AA00E24F5612">2024</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="8BB336E1EF7CD65DFE147BBB89B1FC3E" blockId="2.[824,1477,996,1960]" box="[825,1257,996,1020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D62EF7CD65DFE147BBB8EF7FC3E" box="[825,943,996,1020]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Saurischia</taxonomicName>
: Sauropoda: Titanosauria:
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D62EF7CD65DF9D77BBB889AFBF8" authority="Santucci &amp; Arruda-Campos, 2008" authorityName="Santucci &amp; Arruda-Campos" authorityYear="2008" class="Reptilia" genus="Arrudatitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
<emphasis id="B978EAF3EF7CD65DF9D77BBB8E33FBD9" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Arrudatitan maximus</emphasis>
Santucci &amp; Arruda-Campos, 2008 (Silva Junior, Martinelli, Iori, Marinho, Hechenleitner &amp; Langer, 2022).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336E1EF7CD65DFE147C1D8960FB5A" blockId="2.[824,1477,996,1960]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
MPMA 12-0001-97-1024, dorsal vertebra (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B10EF7CD65DF8337C1D8947FBBB" author="Santucci RM &amp; de Arruda-Campos AC" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref6206" refString="Santucci RM, de Arruda-Campos AC. A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini. Zootaxa 2011; 3085: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2011">Santucci &amp; de Arruda-Campos, 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B10EF7CD65DF9067C3E8848FBBB" author="Silva Junior JCG &amp; Martinelli AG &amp; Iori FV" box="[1067,1296,1121,1145]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="403 - 11" refId="ref6292" refString="Silva Junior JCG, Martinelli AG, Iori FV et al. Reassessment of Aeolosaurus maximus, a titanosaur dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southeastern Brazil. Hist Biol 2022; 34: 403 - 11." type="journal article" year="2022">
Silva Junior
<emphasis id="B978EAF3EF7CD65DF9897C3D898AFBBB" box="[1188,1234,1121,1145]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
, 2022
</bibRefCitation>
). See Supporting Information,
<figureCitation id="13372A64EF7CD65DFEEC7CDE897EFB5B" box="[961,1062,1153,1177]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[147,1425,153,1382]" captionTargetId="figure-233@3.[146,1426,152,1383]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Lamellar bone fibres in an anhanguerid pterosaur ulna (DGEO-CTG-UFPE 7516; A-F) and in a spinosaurine theropod tibia (LPP-PV-0042; G-L). Note that these fibres are only visible at high magnifications (100×; arrowheads). Silhouettes in A and G indicate sampled elements (not to scale; art by Felipe A. Elias). All polarized light. Crossed nicols in A-E and G-L. Parallel nicols in F. Compensator in A-D, G-I and L. The relative angle to the cortical surface is approximately 80° in A, B; 340° in C; 290° in D-F; 120° in G-L.Scale bar in A, H = 250 µm; in B, I = 50 µm; G = 500 µm; in C-F, J-L = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14243523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14243523/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs S1–S</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13372A64EF7CD65DF90B7CDE896BFB5B" box="[1062,1075,1153,1177]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1098,1122]" captionTargetBox="[148,1424,150,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[146,1426,148,1069]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Pneumosteum in saurischian dinosaurs. A-C, a megaraptoran theropod caudal vertebra (MPMA 08-003-94).D-F, a cervical vertebra of the lithostrotian titanosaur Uberabatitan (CPPLIP-1024). G-I, a dorsal vertebra of the saltasaurid titanosaur Ibirania (LPP-PV-0200). Pneumosteum is distinguished from regular lamellar bone due to the presence of an array of tiny asbestiform densely packed fibres (usually shorter than 60 µm; arrowheads).These feature low optical relief and undulose extinction. Silhouettes in A, D and G indicate sampled elements (not to scale; art by Felipe A. Elias). All polarized light. Crossed nicols in A-E and G-I. Parallel nicols in F. Compensator in A-D, G-I, and L. The relative angle to the bone surface is approximately 320° in A-B; 220° in C-D; 105° in E-F; 290° in G; 80° in H-I.Scale bar in A, D = 250 μm; in C, E = 100 μm; in B, F, H, I = 50 μm; in G = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14243527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14243527/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336E1EF7CD65DFE787CFF8963FAF7" blockId="2.[824,1477,996,1960]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">The vertebra is considerably fragmented. Several parts are badly preserved and have collapsed during early burial or diagenesis, probably due to the highly pneumatized nature of the bone. There are some anatomical observations missing in the literature worth mentioning below.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336E1EF7CD65CFE787D628CA2F931" blockId="2.[824,1477,996,1960]" lastBlockId="3.[112,763,1598,1967]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The anterior-most portion of the neural arch is slightly eroded in lateral view and compromised in proximal view (&gt; 50% loss of material). Only the left lateral portion has been preserved. Foramina are absent throughout the preserved volume but the sedimentary matrix still covers most fossae. The diapophysis has collapsed but can be identified. Part of the vertebral centrum is preserved but has been mistakenly identified as the prezygapophysis by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B10EF7CD65DF92B7E4788C8F9F2" author="Santucci RM &amp; de Arruda-Campos AC" box="[1030,1424,1560,1584]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref6206" refString="Santucci RM, de Arruda-Campos AC. A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini. Zootaxa 2011; 3085: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2011">Santucci &amp; de Arruda-Campos (2011)</bibRefCitation>
. The prezygapophysis has been deformed by a smooth proximal twist. The prezygapophysis has a subcircular articulation, sizeable and convex. The parapophysis is dislocated anteriorly towards the centrum and bears a thick and flat articular facet that connects to the latter. It is surrounded by two deep fossae (cpaf and prpadf) and is connected to three laminae (cprl, prpl and acdl). A further two laminae (pcpl and pcdl) connect to the mid-posterior portion of the centrum. The fossae prpadf, cpaf and pocdf are deep, but pacdf is subtle and partially covered by collapsed bone. The neural spine is more abraded than the region between the diapophysis and the centrum. However, traces of collapsed laminae (spdl and sprl) and two fossae (prsdf and spof) can be detected. The dorsal vertebra MPMA 12-0001-97-1024 shows an advanced degree of complexity and leads us to conclude it was placed more posteriorly than originally proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B10EF7DD65CFFA77E228CD3F976" author="Santucci RM &amp; de Arruda-Campos AC" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref6206" refString="Santucci RM, de Arruda-Campos AC. A new sauropod (Macronaria, Titanosauria) from the Adamantina Formation, Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous of Brazil and the phylogenetic relationships of Aeolosaurini. Zootaxa 2011; 3085: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="2011">Santucci &amp; de Arruda-Campos (2011)</bibRefCitation>
. The CT scan did not reveal much about the internal structures due to diagenetic artefacts (see Supporting Information,
<figureCitation id="13372A64EF7DD65CFC5F7E848C85F931" box="[370,477,1755,1779]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[147,1425,153,1382]" captionTargetId="figure-233@3.[146,1426,152,1383]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Lamellar bone fibres in an anhanguerid pterosaur ulna (DGEO-CTG-UFPE 7516; A-F) and in a spinosaurine theropod tibia (LPP-PV-0042; G-L). Note that these fibres are only visible at high magnifications (100×; arrowheads). Silhouettes in A and G indicate sampled elements (not to scale; art by Felipe A. Elias). All polarized light. Crossed nicols in A-E and G-L. Parallel nicols in F. Compensator in A-D, G-I and L. The relative angle to the cortical surface is approximately 80° in A, B; 340° in C; 290° in D-F; 120° in G-L.Scale bar in A, H = 250 µm; in B, I = 50 µm; G = 500 µm; in C-F, J-L = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14243523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14243523/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. S1–S</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="13372A64EF7DD65CFCF17E848CB1F931" box="[476,489,1755,1779]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1098,1122]" captionTargetBox="[148,1424,150,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[146,1426,148,1069]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Pneumosteum in saurischian dinosaurs. A-C, a megaraptoran theropod caudal vertebra (MPMA 08-003-94).D-F, a cervical vertebra of the lithostrotian titanosaur Uberabatitan (CPPLIP-1024). G-I, a dorsal vertebra of the saltasaurid titanosaur Ibirania (LPP-PV-0200). Pneumosteum is distinguished from regular lamellar bone due to the presence of an array of tiny asbestiform densely packed fibres (usually shorter than 60 µm; arrowheads).These feature low optical relief and undulose extinction. Silhouettes in A, D and G indicate sampled elements (not to scale; art by Felipe A. Elias). All polarized light. Crossed nicols in A-E and G-I. Parallel nicols in F. Compensator in A-D, G-I, and L. The relative angle to the bone surface is approximately 320° in A-B; 220° in C-D; 105° in E-F; 290° in G; 80° in H-I.Scale bar in A, D = 250 μm; in C, E = 100 μm; in B, F, H, I = 50 μm; in G = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14243527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14243527/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB336E1EF7DD65CFD5C7DDC8F91F9CE" blockId="3.[113,1424,1411,1548]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B978EAF3EF7DD65CFD5C7DDC8D91FA59" bold="true" box="[113,201,1411,1435]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Lamellar bone fibres in an anhanguerid pterosaur ulna (DGEO-CTG-UFPE 7516; A-F) and in a spinosaurine theropod tibia (LPP-PV-0042; G-L). Note that these fibres are only visible at high magnifications (100×; arrowheads). Silhouettes in A and G indicate sampled elements (not to scale; art by Felipe A. Elias). All polarized light. Crossed nicols in A-E and G-L. Parallel nicols in F. Compensator in A-D, G-I and L. The relative angle to the cortical surface is approximately 80° in A, B; 340° in C; 290° in D-F; 120° in G-L. Scale bar in A, H = 250 µm; in B, I = 50 µm; G = 500 µm; in C-F, J-L = 10 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB336E1EF7DD65CFDA07EA58CC6F86D" blockId="3.[112,763,1598,1967]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Finally, cross-sections of the laminae (pcdl and acdl) and the core section of the prezygapophysis reveal lamellar bone throughout the cortex. There are neither trabeculae nor pneumosteum. There are many traces of Sharpey’s fibres, which are expected in an area of complex morphology with many muscles and tendons (
<figureCitation id="13372A64EF7DD65CFC7B7FC88CD6F86D" box="[342,398,1943,1967]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1092,1116]" captionTargetBox="[163,1439,145,1062]" captionTargetId="figure-422@4.[161,1441,143,1064]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Sharpey’s fibres in a dorsal vertebra of Arrudatitan (MPMA 12-0001-97-1024; A-F) and in a spinosaurine theropod tibia (LPP-PV-0042; G-I). Note that these fibres are visible at low magnifications (5×; arrowheads).G, H show a cross pattern of Sharpey’s fibres. Silhouettes in A and G indicate sampled elements (not to scale; art by Felipe A.Elias). All polarized light. Crossed nicols in A-F. Parallel nicols in. Compensator in G, H. The relative angle to the bone surface is approximately 150° in A-C; 90° in D; 70° in E; 120° in F; 90° in G-I. Scale bar in A = 300 µm; in D, I = 250 µm; in B, C, E, F = 100 µm; in G, H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14243525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14243525/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</emphasis>
</treatment>
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LPP-PV-0042, tibia (
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Aureliano
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The fragmentary tibia of a large Spinosaurinae presents a pachyosteosclerotic condition. The cross-section at the distal-most slice of the metaphysis indicates a growing subadult. This is supported by the absence of an EFS, prevalence of plexiform vascularization and limited presence of secondary osteons in the outer cortex. Lamellar bone populates the cortex and secondary osteons are present in the periosteum (
<figureCitation id="13372A64EF7CD65DFC877F798C83F8FC" box="[426,475,1830,1854]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[147,1425,153,1382]" captionTargetId="figure-233@3.[146,1426,152,1383]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Lamellar bone fibres in an anhanguerid pterosaur ulna (DGEO-CTG-UFPE 7516; A-F) and in a spinosaurine theropod tibia (LPP-PV-0042; G-L). Note that these fibres are only visible at high magnifications (100×; arrowheads). Silhouettes in A and G indicate sampled elements (not to scale; art by Felipe A. Elias). All polarized light. Crossed nicols in A-E and G-L. Parallel nicols in F. Compensator in A-D, G-I and L. The relative angle to the cortical surface is approximately 80° in A, B; 340° in C; 290° in D-F; 120° in G-L.Scale bar in A, H = 250 µm; in B, I = 50 µm; G = 500 µm; in C-F, J-L = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14243523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14243523/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
G-L). There are long Sharpey’s fibres medially and ‘cross pattern’ ones posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="13372A64EF7CD65DFF597F1A8FF1F89F" box="[628,681,1861,1885]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1092,1116]" captionTargetBox="[163,1439,145,1062]" captionTargetId="figure-422@4.[161,1441,143,1064]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Sharpey’s fibres in a dorsal vertebra of Arrudatitan (MPMA 12-0001-97-1024; A-F) and in a spinosaurine theropod tibia (LPP-PV-0042; G-I). Note that these fibres are visible at low magnifications (5×; arrowheads).G, H show a cross pattern of Sharpey’s fibres. Silhouettes in A and G indicate sampled elements (not to scale; art by Felipe A.Elias). All polarized light. Crossed nicols in A-F. Parallel nicols in. Compensator in G, H. The relative angle to the bone surface is approximately 150° in A-C; 90° in D; 70° in E; 120° in F; 90° in G-I. Scale bar in A = 300 µm; in D, I = 250 µm; in B, C, E, F = 100 µm; in G, H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14243525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14243525/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
G-I).
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MPMA 08-003- 94, anterior caudal vertebra (
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Mendéz
<emphasis id="B978EAF3EF7CD65DFF2D7FCD8F77F86B" box="[512,559,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
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The caudal vertebra is fragmented and only preserves the centrum. Large pneumatic cavities (pneumatopores) carve each surface of the centrum laterally and present a rugose texture. A thin section extracted dorsally above this pneumatic structure shows thin trabecular walls and camellate tissue is composed of pneumosteum (
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A-C).
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LPP-PV-0200, dorsal vertebra (
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Aureliano
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The vertebra of this adult nanoid sauropod is nearly complete. It shows many features of invasive pneumatization, including deep fossae and well-defined laminae. The cross-section of the centrum reveals an arrangement of tiny trabeculae structuring the internal pneumatic camellae (pneumosteum;
<figureCitation id="13372A64EF7CD65DF9EE7A0B89A7FDAE" box="[1219,1279,596,620]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1098,1122]" captionTargetBox="[148,1424,150,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[146,1426,148,1069]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Pneumosteum in saurischian dinosaurs. A-C, a megaraptoran theropod caudal vertebra (MPMA 08-003-94).D-F, a cervical vertebra of the lithostrotian titanosaur Uberabatitan (CPPLIP-1024). G-I, a dorsal vertebra of the saltasaurid titanosaur Ibirania (LPP-PV-0200). Pneumosteum is distinguished from regular lamellar bone due to the presence of an array of tiny asbestiform densely packed fibres (usually shorter than 60 µm; arrowheads).These feature low optical relief and undulose extinction. Silhouettes in A, D and G indicate sampled elements (not to scale; art by Felipe A. Elias). All polarized light. Crossed nicols in A-E and G-I. Parallel nicols in F. Compensator in A-D, G-I, and L. The relative angle to the bone surface is approximately 320° in A-B; 220° in C-D; 105° in E-F; 290° in G; 80° in H-I.Scale bar in A, D = 250 μm; in C, E = 100 μm; in B, F, H, I = 50 μm; in G = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14243527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14243527/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
G-I). Pneumosteal bone fibres appear at higher magnification (40×;
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<paragraph id="8BB336E1EF7CD65DF95E7AE28E99FCD1" blockId="2.[825,1474,669,975]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
CPPLIP-1024, cervical vertebra (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B10EF7CD65DFE697A83890BFD36" author="Salgado L &amp; Carvalho IS" box="[836,1107,732,756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="881 - 901" refId="ref6096" refString="Salgado L, Carvalho IS. Uberabatitan ribeiroi, a new titanosaur from the Marilia Formation (Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous), Minas Gerais, Brazil. Palaeontology 2008; 51: 881 - 901." type="journal article" year="2008">Salgado &amp; Carvalho, 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B10EF7CD65DF94C7A838817FD36" author="Silva Junior JCG &amp; Marinho TS &amp; Martinelli AG" box="[1121,1359,732,756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="401 - 38" refId="ref6249" refString="Silva Junior JCG, Marinho TS, Martinelli AG et al. Osteology and systematics of Uberabatitan ribeiroi (Dinosauria; Sauropoda): a Late Cretaceous titanosaur from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Zootaxa 2019; 4577: 401 - 38." type="journal article" year="2019">
Silva Junior
<emphasis id="B978EAF3EF7CD65DF9CC7A828848FD36" box="[1249,1296,732,756]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
, 2019
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B10EF7CD65DF8707A838EE8FCD1" author="Aureliano T &amp; Ghilardi AM &amp; Silva-Junior JCG" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref5066" refString="Aureliano T, Ghilardi AM, Silva-Junior JCG et al. Influence of taphonomy on histological evidence for vertebral pneumaticity in an Upper Cretaceous titanosaur from South America. Cretac Res 2020 a; 108: 104337." type="journal volume" year="2020">
Aureliano
<emphasis id="B978EAF3EF7CD65DFE147AA38E30FCD1" box="[825,872,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
, 2020a
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336E1EF7CD65DFE787B4488C9FC0D" blockId="2.[825,1474,669,975]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The posterior portion of the neural arch is fragmented but the anterior part is well preserved. There are deep fossae and well-defined laminae. CT scan slices demonstrate a complex architecture of thin camellate tissue. A cross-section of the prezygapophysis reveals that camellae consist of pneumosteal bone tissue (
<figureCitation id="13372A64EF7CD65DFE907BE88EABFC0D" box="[957,1011,951,975]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1098,1122]" captionTargetBox="[148,1424,150,1067]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[146,1426,148,1069]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Pneumosteum in saurischian dinosaurs. A-C, a megaraptoran theropod caudal vertebra (MPMA 08-003-94).D-F, a cervical vertebra of the lithostrotian titanosaur Uberabatitan (CPPLIP-1024). G-I, a dorsal vertebra of the saltasaurid titanosaur Ibirania (LPP-PV-0200). Pneumosteum is distinguished from regular lamellar bone due to the presence of an array of tiny asbestiform densely packed fibres (usually shorter than 60 µm; arrowheads).These feature low optical relief and undulose extinction. Silhouettes in A, D and G indicate sampled elements (not to scale; art by Felipe A. Elias). All polarized light. Crossed nicols in A-E and G-I. Parallel nicols in F. Compensator in A-D, G-I, and L. The relative angle to the bone surface is approximately 320° in A-B; 220° in C-D; 105° in E-F; 290° in G; 80° in H-I.Scale bar in A, D = 250 μm; in C, E = 100 μm; in B, F, H, I = 50 μm; in G = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14243527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14243527/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
D-F). No Sharpey’s fibres were detected.
</paragraph>
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</emphasis>
</treatment>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0C4D62EF7CD65DFF247D5B8FEAFADE" box="[521,690,1284,1308]" class="Reptilia" family="Anhangueridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Anhangueridae</taxonomicName>
indet.
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DGEO-CTG-UFPE 7516, ulna (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D4B10EF7CD65DFCFC7D7C8FFFFAF9" author="Aureliano T &amp; Ghilardi AM &amp; Duque RRC" box="[465,679,1315,1339]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="15 - 27" refId="ref4989" refString="Aureliano T, Ghilardi AM, Duque RRC et al. On the occurrence of Pterosauria in Exu, Pernambuco (Lower Cretaceous Romualdo Formation, Araripe Basin), northeastern Brazil. Estud Geol 2014; 24: 15 - 27." type="journal article" year="2014">
Aureliano
<emphasis id="B978EAF3EF7CD65DFF167D7B8F32FAF9" box="[571,618,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB336E1EF7CD65DFDB17D1C8C09F9D5" blockId="2.[127,778,1284,1559]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The ulna of a large pterodactyloid pterosaur is nearly complete and only misses the proximal epiphysis. The midshaft cross-section histological profile indicates an adult individual as evidenced by the presence of an External Fundamental System (EFS). There is a broad medullary cavity and foramina were absent. Primary lamellar bone dominates (
<figureCitation id="13372A64EF7CD65DFF3F7D808F1CFA35" box="[530,580,1503,1527]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[147,1425,153,1382]" captionTargetId="figure-233@3.[146,1426,152,1383]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Lamellar bone fibres in an anhanguerid pterosaur ulna (DGEO-CTG-UFPE 7516; A-F) and in a spinosaurine theropod tibia (LPP-PV-0042; G-L). Note that these fibres are only visible at high magnifications (100×; arrowheads). Silhouettes in A and G indicate sampled elements (not to scale; art by Felipe A. Elias). All polarized light. Crossed nicols in A-E and G-L. Parallel nicols in F. Compensator in A-D, G-I and L. The relative angle to the cortical surface is approximately 80° in A, B; 340° in C; 290° in D-F; 120° in G-L.Scale bar in A, H = 250 µm; in B, I = 50 µm; G = 500 µm; in C-F, J-L = 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14243523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14243523/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A-F). No Sharpey’s fibres were detected.
</paragraph>
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