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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.238.3970" ID-GBIF-Dataset="eb2d8fac-be3f-47f8-a9e0-3feb179092b4" ID-PMC="PMC3496944" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-238-45" ID-PubMed="23226707" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-238-45" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 238" ModsDocTitle="First record in the Tropical Eastern Pacific of the exotic species Ficopomatus uschakovi (Polychaeta, Serpulidae)" checkinTime="1451248586152" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bastida-Zavala, Rolando &amp; Garcia-Madrigal, Socorro" docDate="2012" docId="ABB407AC84C22EB2784296A0CB3961DD" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 238: 45-55" docOrigin="ZooKeys 238" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.238.3970" docTitle="Ficopomatus uschakovi Pillai 1960" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="B61E7E1EFFAF973FFFFFFFD3FFD04553" masterDocTitle="First record in the Tropical Eastern Pacific of the exotic species Ficopomatus uschakovi (Polychaeta, Serpulidae)" masterLastPageNumber="55" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1668154671679" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>First record in the Tropical Eastern Pacific of the exotic species Ficopomatus uschakovi (Polychaeta, Serpulidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bastida-Zavala, Rolando</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Garcia-Madrigal, Socorro</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>238</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
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<mods:start>45</mods:start>
<mods:end>55</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.238.3970</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.238.3970</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-238-45</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037736" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:ABB407AC84C22EB2784296A0CB3961DD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ABB407AC84C22EB2784296A0CB3961DD" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Ficopomatus_uschakovi" authority="Pillai, 1960" authorityName="Pillai" authorityYear="1960" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficopomatus uschakovi" order="Sabellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="uschakovi">Ficopomatus uschakovi Pillai, 1960</taxonomicName>
Figs 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
, 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–I">A-I</normalizedToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Neopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopomatus uschakovi" order="Sabellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="uschakovi">Neopomatus uschakovi</taxonomicName>
Pillai, 1960: 28-32, text-figs 10H, 11
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–H">A-H</normalizedToken>
, 12
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–H">A-H</normalizedToken>
, plate I, figs 1-2;
<bibRefCitation author="Pillai, TG" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" pagination="36 - 52" title="Ficopomatus talehsapensis, a new brackish-water species (Polychaeta: Serpulidae: Ficopomatinae) from Thailand, with discussions on the relationships of taxa constituting the subfamily, opercular insertion as a taxonomic character and their taxonomy, a key to its taxa, and zoogeography." volume="1967" year="2008">Pillai 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 43-49, Fig 5-6, reinstated the genus
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Neopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopomatus" order="Sabellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Neopomatus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Neopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopomatus uschakovi" order="Sabellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="uschakovi">Neopomatus uschakovi</taxonomicName>
var. lingayanensis Pillai, 1965: 170-172, Fig. 23
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–I">A-I</normalizedToken>
. Type locality: Lingayan Gulf, Luzon Island, Philippines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Neopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopomatus similis" order="Sabellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="similis">Neopomatus similis</taxonomicName>
Pillai, 1960: 32-33, text-figs 12
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–M">I-M</normalizedToken>
, plate II, fig. 1. Type locality: Negombo Lagoon, Sri Lanka.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Neopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neopomatus similis" order="Sabellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="similis">Neopomatus similis</taxonomicName>
var. rugosus Pillai, 1960: 33-35, plate II, fig. 2. Type locality: Negombo Lagoon, Sri Lanka.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Mercierella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mercierella enigmatica" order="Sabellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="enigmatica">Mercierella enigmatica</taxonomicName>
(not Fauvel, 1923): Several examples of incorrect use of this name have been studied by
<bibRefCitation author="Hove, HA ten" journalOrPublisher="Biological Bulletin" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" pagination="96 - 120" title="A generic revision of the brackish-water serpulid Ficopomatus Southern 1921 (Polychaeta: Serpulinae), including Mercierella Fauvel 1923, Sphaeropomatus Treadwell 1934, Mercierellopsis Rioja 1945 and Neopomatus Pillai 1960." url="10.2307/1540777" volume="154" year="1978">ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978</bibRefCitation>
: 109-110.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficopomatus uschakovi" order="Sabellida" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="uschakovi">Ficopomatus uschakovi</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation author="Hove, HA ten" journalOrPublisher="Biological Bulletin" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" pagination="96 - 120" title="A generic revision of the brackish-water serpulid Ficopomatus Southern 1921 (Polychaeta: Serpulinae), including Mercierella Fauvel 1923, Sphaeropomatus Treadwell 1934, Mercierellopsis Rioja 1945 and Neopomatus Pillai 1960." url="10.2307/1540777" volume="154" year="1978">ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978</bibRefCitation>
: 109-112, figs 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="a–d">a-d</normalizedToken>
, 3a,
<normalizedToken originalValue="f–k">f-k</normalizedToken>
, 4
<normalizedToken originalValue="j–n">j-n</normalizedToken>
, r,
<normalizedToken originalValue="x–z">x-z</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="jj–mm">jj-mm</normalizedToken>
, yy, 5d, revision;
<bibRefCitation author="Assis, JE de" journalOrPublisher="Revista Nordestina de Biologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" pagination="51 - 58" title="First record of Ficopomatus uschakovi (Pillai, 1960) Serpulidae (Polychaeta: Annelida) for the Western Atlantic." volume="19" year="2008">de Assis et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 51-58, Fig. 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–G">A-G</normalizedToken>
, Brazil;
<bibRefCitation author="Linero-Arana, I" journalOrPublisher="Interciencia" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" pagination="234 - 237" title="Presencia del poliqueto exotico Ficopomatus uschakovi (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) en Venezuela: descripcion y comentarios sobre su distribucion." volume="37" year="2012">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Liñero-Arana">Linero-Arana</normalizedToken>
and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Díaz-Díaz">Diaz-Diaz</normalizedToken>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
: 234-237, fig. 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="a–j">a-j</normalizedToken>
, Venezuela.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="46" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Panadura River estuary, Madu Ganga estuary at Balapitiya and Ratgama Lake at Dodanduwa, Sri Lanka.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="46" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
Chiapas, South Pacific of Mexico. Five specimens (ECOSUR), three specimens (UANL), more than 100 specimens (UMAR-Poly 112), La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve, Barra San Juan,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="15.166111">15°09'58&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-92.85333">92°51'12&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 0.5-1 m, submerged mangrove root (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhizophora mangle" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mangle">Rhizophora mangle</taxonomicName>
), September 21, 2011, Rolando Bastida-Zavala et al. leg. Five specimens (ECOSUR), 20 specimens (UMAR-Poly 113), La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve, Zacapulco,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="15.193611">15°11'37&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-92.88944">92°53'22&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, on rotting mangrove root and gastropod shell, 0-0.5 m, September 21, 2011, Rolando Bastida-Zavala et al. leg.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="46" type="topotypical material">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Topotypical material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Two specimens (LACM-AHF N10947), Panadura River estuary, Sri Lanka, brackish water (donated by T.G. Pillai), October 9, 1961.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="1" pageNumber="46" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="46">
Mass occurrence is present (Fig. 2A, D); however, some specimens were solitary (Fig. 2E). The tube colour varies from pink to red in live material, changing to white, brown or orange in preserved material (Fig. 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
). They possess several prominent to shallow peristomes (Fig. 2D) or only low growth rings (annulations, Fig. 2E), but lack longitudinal ridges and alveoli.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="47" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
body is yellow; with 6-7 dark bands on the radioles (preserved material, Figs 1A, 2F). The thorax has five dark bands on the lateral side, between the notopodial bundles, although sometimes these bands are blurred. TL=6.7 mm (n=10, r:4-6.7,
<normalizedToken originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=5.2
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
1); THL=2 mm (n=10, r:1.4-2,
<normalizedToken originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=1.7
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.2); THW=0.7 mm (n=10, r:0.5-0.7,
<normalizedToken originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=0.6
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.1). The branchial crown has nine radioles (n=10, r:6-9,
<normalizedToken originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=7.4
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.8) on the left, and eight on the right (n=10, r:7-9,
<normalizedToken originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=8
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.7). Interradiolar membrane absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
The peduncle is smooth, inserted in the left branchial lobe; lacks a constriction (Fig. 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
); OL=1.8 mm (n=9, r:1-1.9,
<normalizedToken originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=1.6
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.4). The operculum is spherical to oval in shape, with a slightly convex, flat or slightly concave horny plate (Fig. 1
<normalizedToken originalValue="B–E">B-E</normalizedToken>
). OD=0.6 mm (n=9, r:0.5-0.8,
<normalizedToken originalValue="µ">µ</normalizedToken>
=0.6
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.1). The end plate bears 1-5 concentric rows of spines (Fig. 2H); the rows are sometimes incomplete or converge with the other rows. The spines are transparent (Fig. 2I).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
Figure 1.
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficopomatus uschakovi" order="Sabellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="uschakovi">Ficopomatus uschakovi</taxonomicName>
, from La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve, UMAR-Poly 112-113. A, C complete body in lateral and dorsal views; B,
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
opercula, lateral views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
Figure 2.
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–I">A-I</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficopomatus uschakovi" order="Sabellida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="uschakovi">Ficopomatus uschakovi</taxonomicName>
, from La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve, UMAR-Poly 112-113. A tubes on mangrove roots B tubes on the shell of the gastropod
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Thaisella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thaisella kiosquiformis" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kiosquiformis">Thaisella kiosquiformis</taxonomicName>
C mangroves in the collecting site D tubes forming small aggregations E large, single tube F complete specimen in dorsal view G complete specimen with mass of sperm attached to the abdomen H operculum in dorsal view I operculum in aboral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="47">The collar is entire, with well-developed lobes. The collar chaetae include coarsely serrated chaetae and hooded (capillary) chaetae. The thoracic membranes are fused dorsally, ventrally forming a small apron. The thorax has six chaetigers with hooded (limbate) chaetae, and saw-shaped uncini. A short achaetous region is present between the thorax and abdomen. Most of the abdominal segments possess geniculate chaetae and rasp-shaped uncini.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
Originally limited to Indo-West Pacific and Gulf of Guinea (
<bibRefCitation author="Hove, HA ten" journalOrPublisher="Biological Bulletin" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" pagination="96 - 120" title="A generic revision of the brackish-water serpulid Ficopomatus Southern 1921 (Polychaeta: Serpulinae), including Mercierella Fauvel 1923, Sphaeropomatus Treadwell 1934, Mercierellopsis Rioja 1945 and Neopomatus Pillai 1960." url="10.2307/1540777" volume="154" year="1978">ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978</bibRefCitation>
), the species was also recorded in some isolated areas of the tropical and subtropical Western Atlantic: Sossego Creek, Brazil (
<bibRefCitation author="Assis, JE de" journalOrPublisher="Revista Nordestina de Biologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" pagination="51 - 58" title="First record of Ficopomatus uschakovi (Pillai, 1960) Serpulidae (Polychaeta: Annelida) for the Western Atlantic." volume="19" year="2008">de Assis et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
), Morocoto Creek, Venezuela (
<bibRefCitation author="Linero-Arana, I" journalOrPublisher="Interciencia" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" pagination="234 - 237" title="Presencia del poliqueto exotico Ficopomatus uschakovi (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) en Venezuela: descripcion y comentarios sobre su distribucion." volume="37" year="2012">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Liñero-Arana">Linero-Arana</normalizedToken>
and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Díaz-Díaz">Diaz-Diaz</normalizedToken>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
) (Fig. 3A) and
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="48" start="start">several</pageBreakToken>
sites in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (Bastida-Zavala et al. in prep.). There have been new records in Chiapas coast, Southern Pacific of Mexico (Fig. 3B).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
Figure 3. A World-wide distribution of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficopomatus uschakovi" order="Sabellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="uschakovi">Ficopomatus uschakovi</taxonomicName>
. Triangles denote examined material, circles literature records (data from
<bibRefCitation author="Hove, HA ten" journalOrPublisher="Biological Bulletin" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" pagination="96 - 120" title="A generic revision of the brackish-water serpulid Ficopomatus Southern 1921 (Polychaeta: Serpulinae), including Mercierella Fauvel 1923, Sphaeropomatus Treadwell 1934, Mercierellopsis Rioja 1945 and Neopomatus Pillai 1960." url="10.2307/1540777" volume="154" year="1978">ten Hove and Weerdenburg 1978</bibRefCitation>
) B Study area and the localities where specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficopomatus uschakovi" order="Sabellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="uschakovi">Ficopomatus uschakovi</taxonomicName>
were recollected. 1: Zacapulco; 2: Barra San Juan; 3: Las Garzas boat pier (observed by S.I. Salazar-Vallejo et al., pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="48" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
Depth: Intertidal to 1 m. On mangrove roots (Fig. 2A, C) and on the shell of the gastropod
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Thaisella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thaisella kiosquiformis" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kiosquiformis">Thaisella kiosquiformis</taxonomicName>
(Duclos, 1832) (Fig. 2B); coastal lagoon with salinity ranges approximately 20-35 o/oo. On shells, stones and petiole bases of coconut leaves in the topotypical area (
<bibRefCitation author="Pillai, TG" journalOrPublisher="Biological Sciences" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 40" title="Some marine and brackish-water serpulid polychaeta from Ceylon, including new genera and species. Journal of Science." volume="3" year="1960">Pillai 1960</bibRefCitation>
); on submerged piece of bamboo, with salinity ranges approximately 4-11 o/oo in Brazil records (
<bibRefCitation author="Assis, JE de" journalOrPublisher="Revista Nordestina de Biologia" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" pagination="51 - 58" title="First record of Ficopomatus uschakovi (Pillai, 1960) Serpulidae (Polychaeta: Annelida) for the Western Atlantic." volume="19" year="2008">de Assis et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="48" type="reproductive characters">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Reproductive characters.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Two specimens (TL=4 mm and 4.2 mm) have masses of sperm glued to the abdomen (Fig. 2G); however, eggs have not been found in the specimens studied in detail (n=10).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="48" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
The specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficopomatus uschakovi" order="Sabellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="uschakovi">Ficopomatus uschakovi</taxonomicName>
from Chiapas are slightly bigger than the topotypical specimens (TL=4-4.2 mm, THL=1.1-1.4 mm, THW=0.7-0.8 mm, OL=1.1-1.2, OD=0.3-0.5 mm); however, the rest of the morphological characteristics are very similar.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
Apart from the spines of the operculum, the main character that separates
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficopomatus uschakovi" order="Sabellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="uschakovi">Ficopomatus uschakovi</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficopomatus enigmaticus" order="Sabellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="enigmaticus">Ficopomatus enigmaticus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficopomatus miamiensis" order="Sabellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="miamiensis">Ficopomatus miamiensis</taxonomicName>
is the dorsally fused thoracic membranes. This autapomorphy of
<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficopomatus uschakovi" order="Sabellida" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="uschakovi">Ficopomatus uschakovi</taxonomicName>
is regarded to be of generic level by
<bibRefCitation author="Pillai, TG" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" pagination="36 - 52" title="Ficopomatus talehsapensis, a new brackish-water species (Polychaeta: Serpulidae: Ficopomatinae) from Thailand, with discussions on the relationships of taxa constituting the subfamily, opercular insertion as a taxonomic character and their taxonomy, a key to its taxa, and zoogeography." volume="1967" year="2008">Pillai (2008)</bibRefCitation>
, but is not followed by us.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
In the local community the serpulid tubes on the mangroves are called
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘broca’">'broca'</normalizedToken>
(more or less
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘drill’">'drill'</normalizedToken>
), just like all other sessile invertebrates with calcareous covers, such as barnacles and oysters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.241.3802" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5ef2e002-5b7e-44b8-a18e-dd5458da7186" ID-PMC="PMC3559108" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-241-33" ID-PubMed="23372412" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-241-33" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 241" ModsDocTitle="Synopsis of the Argentinian scarab genus Pseudogeniates Ohaus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae)" checkinTime="1451248563233" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Jameson, Mary Liz &amp; Ocampo, Federico" docDate="2012" docId="ABB4CD92DA3529DB25250283D26CE7F9" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 241: 33-53" docOrigin="ZooKeys 241" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.241.3802" docTitle="Pseudogeniates Ohaus 1910" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="B070FFBFFFB1FFA2FFD1D153D71DFF83" masterDocTitle="Synopsis of the Argentinian scarab genus Pseudogeniates Ohaus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae)" masterLastPageNumber="53" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1668154706406" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Pseudogeniates" authority="Ohaus, 1910" authorityName="Ohaus" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="37" start="start">Pseudogeniates</pageBreakToken>
Ohaus, 1910
</taxonomicName>
Figs 1-22
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Ohaus, F" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" pagination="173 - 186" title="Neue Coleoptera lamellicornia aus Argentinien." volume="1910" year="1910">Ohaus 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 179-180
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates richterianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richterianus">Pseudogeniates richterianus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Ohaus, F" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" pagination="173 - 186" title="Neue Coleoptera lamellicornia aus Argentinien." volume="1910" year="1910">Ohaus 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 180. By monotypy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="tribal classification">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Tribal classification.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
The genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
is a member of the tribe
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Rutelini">Rutelini</taxonomicName>
. In overall appearance, however, species in the genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
are similar to species in the genera
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Geniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Geniates</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Geniatini">Geniatini</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Anomala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomala" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anomala</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Anomalini">Anomalini</taxonomicName>
). Species in the genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
can be separated from both of these tribes based on the margin of the elytra that lacks an obvious membranous border (membranous border present at the elytral apex in both
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Geniatini">Geniatini</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Anomalini">Anomalini</taxonomicName>
). Additional characters that separate the
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Rutelini">Rutelini</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Geniatini">Geniatini</taxonomicName>
include: the labrum that is horizontally produced with respect to the clypeus in the
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Rutelini">Rutelini</taxonomicName>
(vertically produced in the
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Geniatini">Geniatini</taxonomicName>
) and protarsomeres that are subcylindrical and lacking ventral setose pads (dorsoventrally flattened and densely setose ventrally in the
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Geniatini">Geniatini</taxonomicName>
). Additional characters that separate the
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Rutelini">Rutelini</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Anomalini">Anomalini</taxonomicName>
include: protibia with inner, protibial spur apical in the
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Rutelini">Rutelini</taxonomicName>
(inner, apical spur subapical in
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Anomalini">Anomalini</taxonomicName>
) and terminal spiracle positioned in pleural suture in the
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Rutelini">Rutelini</taxonomicName>
(terminal spiracle not positioned in pleural suture in
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Anomalini">Anomalini</taxonomicName>
). For a key to tribes of
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rutelinae">Rutelinae</taxonomicName>
, see
<bibRefCitation author="Jameson, ML" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" pagination="377 - 422" title="Revision, phylogeny and biogeography of the genera Parabyrsopolis Ohaus and Viridimicus (new genus) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae)." volume="44" year="1990">Jameson (1990</bibRefCitation>
, 2005).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="subtribal classification">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Subtribal classification.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
<bibRefCitation author="Ohaus, F" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" pagination="256 - 260" title="XVI. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden. (Col. Lamell.)." url="10.1002/mmnd.191519150308" volume="1915" year="1915">Ohaus (1915</bibRefCitation>
, 1934) placed the genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
in the tribe
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Rutelini">Rutelini</taxonomicName>
and subtribe
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pelidnotina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pelidnotina" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pelidnotina</taxonomicName>
. Based on morphological data, this subtribe was demonstratively paraphyletic and it was eliminated (
<bibRefCitation author="Jameson, ML" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 184" title="[1997] Phylogenetic analysis of the subtribe Rutelina and revision of the Rutela generic groups (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini)." volume="14" year="1998">Jameson 1998</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation author="Soula, M" journalOrPublisher="Photos de toutes le especes de Lagochile. Une revision des genres Pelidnota, Ectinoplectron, Pseudogeniates, Xenopelidnota (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini: Pelidnotina). Besoiro: Supplement au Bulletin de liaison de l'Association Entomologique pour la Connaissance de la Faune Tropicale. AECFT; Saintry, France" pageId="14" pageNumber="47" title="Les coleopteres du nouveau monde. Volume 3: Rutelini 3. Revision des Pelidnotina 3." year="2009">Soula (2009)</bibRefCitation>
, without justification or discussion, continued use of this higher-level taxon for the genus. We consider the genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
to be a member of the tribe
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Rutelini">Rutelini</taxonomicName>
(without subtribal designation).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="phylogeny">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Phylogeny.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Sister group relationships have not been examined for the genus or for species within the genus.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="diagnosis of adults">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Diagnosis of adults.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
Members of the genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
differ from other genera in the tribe
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="tribe" tribe="Rutelini">Rutelini</taxonomicName>
by the following combination of characters: feathery fringe of setae on the ventral edge of the elytra present; elytra obviously striate (Figs 1-3); mesosternal peg lacking; claws simple on all legs (not toothed) (Figs 11-13); frontoclypeal suture incomplete (Figs 16-18); clypeal apex broadly reflexed (Figs 16-18); apex of labrum extending beyond clypeal apex, visible from dorsal view (Fig. 18); apex of mandible with one, apical, recurved tooth (Figs 4, 18); maxillary teeth lacking (Fig. 5).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" type="similar taxa">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Similar taxa.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
Species in the genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
share several characters with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Parhomonyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parhomonyx fuscoaeneus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoaeneus">Parhomonyx fuscoaeneus</taxonomicName>
Ohaus, a monotypic taxon that is also endemic to southern South America. The following characters are shared: fringe of setae at apex of elytra, mesosternal process lacking, mandible with one external tooth, elytra striate, and claws simple. However,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Parhomonyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parhomonyx" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parhomonyx</taxonomicName>
based on the external margin of the mandible that is straight (external margin lobe-like in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Parhomonyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parhomonyx" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parhomonyx</taxonomicName>
), maxillary teeth lacking (maxilla with well developed teeth in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Parhomonyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parhomonyx" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parhomonyx</taxonomicName>
), maxillary palp rod-shaped
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="38" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
broadly elliptical in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Parhomonyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parhomonyx" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parhomonyx</taxonomicName>
), and fifth tarsomere on all legs of males and females lacking an internal tooth (with two well developed internal teeth on the fifth meso- and metatarsomeres of males and females of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Parhomonyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parhomonyx" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parhomonyx</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Description of adults.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
Length from apex of clypeus to apex of pygidium 12.0-19.0 mm; width at mid-elytra 6.0-11.0 mm. Color: Dorsal and ventral surfaces testaceous to castaneous. Form (Figs 1-3): Elongate oval, sides subparallel, pygidium exposed beyond apices of elytra, apex of elytra broadly rounded. Head (Figs 16-18): Disc of frons and clypeus in lateral view nearly flat, clypeus with margins and apex reflexed. Frons and clypeus variably sculptured, punctate and/or rugose. Frontoclypeal suture weakly indicated, incomplete at middle. Eye canthus weakly cariniform. Interocular width 2.9-4.8 transverse eye diameters. Clypeal apex rounded or quadrate, with or without basolateral constriction, lacking bead; frontal view flat, length (at middle) about 1/3 length of frons, disc variably punctate and setose. Mandible (Fig. 4) with 1 apical, acute, recurved tooth; scissorial region with 1 poorly developed tooth; molar region narrow. Labrum projecting beyond clypeus, trapezoidal, apex emarginate or quadrate; apex moderately emarginate medially, surface moderately densely punctate, punctures moderate in size, some setose (setae moderately long and short, rufous). Maxilla (Fig. 5) lacking teeth; galea fused or not, with moderately dense, moderately long setae and with 1 to 2 long, bristle-like seta on disc; terminal segment of palpus with dorsal, longitudinal sulcus from based to sub-apex. Mentum (Figs 8-10) rectangular, trapezoidal, or pentagonal, inner apex produced anteriorly or not, with or without inner shelf. Antenna 9 or 10-segmented with 3-segmented club; club subequal in length to segments 1-7 combined or slightly longer than segments 1-7 combined. Pronotum:
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="39" start="start">Widest</pageBreakToken>
at middle, apical angles obtuse, basal angles obtuse. Dorsal surface punctate, rugopunctate, or imbricate, with or without median line. Bead complete anteriorly, laterally, and basally. Margin sparsely setose (setae short, rufous). Scutellum: Parabolic, wider than long; base declivous at elytral base. Wing: Dense, thick setae present anterior to RA3+4 to apex; ScA with dense, thick setae near fold, lacking precostal pegs; AA1+2 shorter than AA3+4 (Fig. 7). Mesepimeron: Apex entirely hidden by base of elytra in dorsal and lateral views. Elytra: Variably sculptured with longitudinal, punctate striae; punctures variable. Sutural stria sulcate, impressed from base of scutellum to apex. Epipleuron from base to mid-metacoxa with shelf and associated setae; epipleuron from mid-metacoxa to apex beaded and with associated setae. Apex of elytra weakly rounded; sutural apex spiniform, rounded, or square. Elytral sutural length about 6.5 times length of scutellum. Propygidium: Hidden beneath elytra. Pygidium: Semitriangular, about twice as wide as long at middle; variably sculptured, punctate, shagreened, or weakly rugose. Margins beaded. Apex rounded. Apical bead with moderately long to long setae; setae tawny to rufous or testaceous. Venter: Prosternal keel triangular; apex projecting anteroventrally at about 35° with respect to ventral plane; apex produced to level of protrochanter, blunt; surface flat (lacking protuberance). Mesometasternal keel lacking. Sternites 1-4 subequal in length in male and female, sternites 5-6 about twice length of sternite 4. In lateral view, male sternites flat, female sternites weakly convex. Last sternite with apex quadrate in male, posteriorly rounded in female. Legs: Protibia (male and female) with width at base 1/3rd to 1/4th greater than width at apex (Figs 11-13), inner base with weak Protibial notch, with 3 external teeth in apical half (2 apical teeth removed from basal tooth external teeth or not); spur present, subapical. Modified foreclaw of male (Fig. 11) about 3 times width of unmodified claw, not toothed, inner apical tooth present at apex, small. Foreclaws of female simple, internal claw slightly wider than outer claw. Unguitractor plate laterally flattened, exposed beyond tarsomere 5; apex with 0-1 moderately long setae. Mesotibia with sides subparallel, apex weakly divergent; external edge with 2 carinae; inner apex with 2 spurs; apex with 10-20 spinulae. Meso- and metatarsomere 4 apicomedially with 4 medial spinulae (male) or 2 medial spinulae and 1 seta-like long spinule laterad of each medial spinula (female). Meso- and metatarsal claws of male and female simple, internal claw slightly wider than outer claw. Metarsomere 1 moderately divergent at middle and apex (male and female). Metatrochanter with apex weakly produced beyond posterior border of femur. Metacoxal corner (female) rounded or square. Metatibia (Figs 14-15) with sides subparallel, divergent towards apex; external edge with 1-2 carinae; inner apex with 2 spurs; inner apex with 25-40 short, stout spinulae. Spiculum gastrale: Y-shaped, lacking associated sclerites (Fig. 6). Parameres and phallobase: Plates fused dorsally/ventrally (not laterally). Dorsal plate symmetrical, apex rounded and with or without two apical, rounded teeth (Figs 19-21); not diagnostic for species. Ventral plate elongate (as long as dorsal plate or
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
length of dorsal plate), apex acute, quadrate, or rounded; diagnostic, species specific (Figs 19-21). Parameres slightly longer than phallobase. Female Genitalia: Gonocoxites subquadrate with sparse setae; not diagnostic for species.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
Figures 1-3. Dorsal habitus of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
species 1
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates cordobaensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordobaensis">Pseudogeniates cordobaensis</taxonomicName>
2
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates intermedius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedius">Pseudogeniates intermedius</taxonomicName>
3
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates richterianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richterianus">Pseudogeniates richterianus</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
Figures 4-10. Characters for species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
4 Left mandible of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates richterianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richterianus">Pseudogeniates richterianus</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view (with one apical, acute, recurved tooth; poorly developed scissorial region, and narrow molar region) 5 Maxilla of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates cordobaensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordobaensis">Pseudogeniates cordobaensis</taxonomicName>
, ventral view (lacking teeth, terminal segment of palpus with dorsal, longitudinal sulcus) 6 Spiculum gastrale of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates cordobaensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordobaensis">Pseudogeniates cordobaensis</taxonomicName>
7 Wing of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates richterianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richterianus">Pseudogeniates richterianus</taxonomicName>
showing form and inset showing dense, thick setae associated with ScA and region anterior to RA3+4 8 Mentum, ventral view, of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates cordobaensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordobaensis">Pseudogeniates cordobaensis</taxonomicName>
(shape pentagonal, inner apex projecting anteriorly and with inner shelf) 9 Mentum, ventral view, of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates intermedius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedius">Pseudogeniates intermedius</taxonomicName>
(shape broadly trapezoidal, apex not projecting anteriorly and without inner shelf) 10 Mentum, ventral view, of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates richterianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richterianus">Pseudogeniates richterianus</taxonomicName>
(shape rectangular, inner apex projecting anteriorly and without inner shelf)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
Figures 11-15. Form of protibia (11-13) and metatibia (14-15) in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
species 11 Protibia of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates cordobaensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordobaensis">Pseudogeniates cordobaensis</taxonomicName>
(male) 12 Protibia of unworn specimen of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates richterianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richterianus">Pseudogeniates richterianus</taxonomicName>
(female) showing 13 Protibia of worn specimen of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates richterianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richterianus">Pseudogeniates richterianus</taxonomicName>
(female) 14 Metatibia of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates cordobaensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordobaensis">Pseudogeniates cordobaensis</taxonomicName>
(male) 15 Metatibia of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates richterianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richterianus">Pseudogeniates richterianus</taxonomicName>
(female)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
Figures 16-18. Form of the head (dorsal view) in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
species 16
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates cordoboaensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordoboaensis">Pseudogeniates cordoboaensis</taxonomicName>
showing form of clypeal apex 17
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates intermedius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedius">Pseudogeniates intermedius</taxonomicName>
showing form of clypeal apex 18
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates richterianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richterianus">Pseudogeniates richterianus</taxonomicName>
showing form of clypeal apex, labrum, and mandible
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
Figures 19-21. Form of male parameres (dorsal and ventral views) in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
species 19
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates cordobaensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordobaensis">Pseudogeniates cordobaensis</taxonomicName>
(ventral plate nearly as long as dorsal plate, apex quadrate) 20
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates intermedius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedius">Pseudogeniates intermedius</taxonomicName>
(ventral plate nearly as long as dorsal plate, apex rounded) 21
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates richterianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richterianus">Pseudogeniates richterianus</taxonomicName>
(ventral plate about half length of dorsal plate, apex acute)
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="39" type="composition and distribution">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Composition and distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
The genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
is composed of three species that are distributed entirely in
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Argentinidae" genus="Argentina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Argentina" order="Osmeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Argentina</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 22). Species are associated with arid areas of the Pampa, Espinal, Chaco, and Monte eco-regions in
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Argentinidae" genus="Argentina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Argentina" order="Osmeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Argentina</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
Figure 22. Distribution of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
species in Argentina
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="39" type="biology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Very little is known of the biology of the species in the genus. Males and females are attracted to lights at night. Based on the extreme wear on the protibia of some specimens, individuals probably are associated with soil and use their front appendages for digging.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="39" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
The name
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
(&quot;the false
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Geniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Geniates</taxonomicName>
&quot;) refers to the similarity in form to some species in the ruteline genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Geniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Geniates</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="39" type="key to species of pseudogeniates">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
Key to species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudogeniates</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">(Males: Protarsus with inner claw enlarged [Fig. 11]; abdomen ventrally flat or concave. Females: Protarsus with inner claw not enlarged, similar in size to outer claw [Figs 12-13]; abdomen ventrally swollen or weakly convex.)</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<table pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">Figs 9-10</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">Fig. 8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates cordobaensis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordobaensis">Pseudogeniates cordobaensis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">Fig. 9Fig. 20</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates intermedius" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedius">Pseudogeniates intermedius</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="39">
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">Fig. 10Fig. 21</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Rutelidae" genus="Pseudogeniates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeniates richterianus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="richterianus">Pseudogeniates richterianus</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>