Add updates up until 2024-07-22 18:37:47
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<emphasis id="FFD16124FF84FFD3FC2F98A064ADFE2A" box="[978,1227,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Mammut americanum</emphasis>
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Kerr, 1792
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.
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“
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<emphasis id="FFD16124FF84FFD3FCB198C063D5FE0A" box="[844,947,461,484]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Mammut</emphasis>
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” cf.
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<emphasis id="FFD16124FF84FFD3FC1E98C1641CFE0A" box="[995,1146,460,484]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">obliquelophus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF84FFD3FB7A98C16573FE0B" author="Mucha, B." box="[1159,1301,460,485]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="19 - 26" refId="ref10340" refString="Mucha, B. B (1980) A new species of yoke-toothed mastodont from the Pliocene of Southwest USSR. In: Quaternary and Neogene faunas and floras of Moldavskaya SSR, Shtiintsa, Kishinev 19 - 26. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1980">Mucha, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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||||
)
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||||
</taxonomicName>
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||||
.
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||||
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|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF84FFD3FCBF98E1652CFDEA" blockId="2.[813,1437,238,900]" box="[834,1354,492,516]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
Synonyms:
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF84FFD3FC4298E0652CFDEA" authority="Kubiak, 1972" authorityName="Kubiak" authorityYear="1972" box="[959,1354,492,516]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praetypicum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF84FFD3FC4298E064D3FDEA" box="[959,1205,493,516]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Mammut praetypicum</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF84FFD3FB4698E1652CFDEA" author="Kubiak, H." box="[1211,1354,492,516]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="305 - 324" refId="ref9460" refString="Kubiak, H. (1972). The skull of Mammut praetypicum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Collection of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 13, 305 - 324." type="journal article" year="1972">Kubiak, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF84FFD3FCBF9B0163D9FDAA" blockId="2.[813,1437,238,900]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF84FFD3FCBF9B016450FDCA" box="[834,1078,524,548]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Mastodon americanus</emphasis>
|
||||
Kerr, 1792;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF84FFD3FB439B01650AFDCA" author="Hopwood, A. T." box="[1214,1388,524,548]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref8862" refString="Hopwood, A. T. (1935). Fossil Proboscidea from China. Palaeontologia Sinica, Serie C, 9 (3), 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1935">Hopwood, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pp. 43–46, Pl. 6.5
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF84FFD3FCBF9B40656DFD6A" blockId="2.[813,1437,238,900]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF84FFD3FCBF9B4064FCFD8A" authority="(Hays, 1834)" baseAuthorityName="Hays" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[834,1178,588,612]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF84FFD3FCBF9B406465FD8A" box="[834,1027,588,612]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Mammut borsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF84FFD3FBE99B4164E9FD8A" author="Hays, I." box="[1044,1167,588,612]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="317 - 339" refId="ref8810" refString="Hays, I. (1834). Description of the specimens of interior maxillary bones of mastodons in the cabinet of the American Philosophy Society, with remarks on the genus Tetracaulodon (Godman), etc. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 4, 317 - 339." type="journal article" year="1834">Hays, 1834</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
:
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF84FFD3FB559B41651EFD8A" author="Tobien, H. & Cheng, G. & Li, Y." box="[1192,1400,588,612]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref11562" refString="Tobien, H., Cheng, G., and Li, Y. (1988). Mastodonts (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Neogene and Early Pleistocene of the People's Republic" type="book" year="1988">Tobien et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 165–168, Figs. 57, 58 (see Wang et.al. 2017).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="85BFEEBDFF84FFD3FCBF9B816555FCCA" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF84FFD3FCBF9B8164B1FD2A" blockId="2.[813,1437,238,900]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
Stratigraphic occurrence: Turolian; MN 11(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF84FFD3FAB99B816307FD2A" author="Koufos, G. D." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="596 - 621" refId="ref9387" refString="Koufos, G. D. (2013). Neogene mammal biostratigraphy and chronology of Greece. In X. Wang, L. J. Flynn, & M. Fortelius (Eds.), Fossil mammals of Asia. Neogene biostratigraphy and chronology (pp. 596 - 621). Columbia University Press. https: // doi. org / 10.7312 / columbia / 9780231150125.003. 0028" type="book chapter" year="2013">Koufos, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) to MN 13 (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF84FFD3FC1B9BA164AEFD2A" author="Van Dam, J. A. & Alcala, L. & Zarza, A. A. & Calvo, J. P. & Garces, M. & Krijgsman, W." box="[998,1224,684,708]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="367 - 385" refId="ref11818" refString="Van Dam, J. A., Alcala, L., Zarza, A. A., Calvo, J. P., Garces, M., & Krijgsman, W. (2001). The Upper Miocene mammal record from the Teruel-Alfambra region (Spain). The MN system and continen-tal stage / age concepts discussed. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21, 367 - 385." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="0F6173D4FF84FFD3FC1B9BA16475FD2A" box="[998,1043,684,708]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||||
Dam et al., 2001
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF84FFD3FCBF9BC16555FCCA" blockId="2.[813,1437,238,900]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
Geographic distribution:
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF84FFD3FBAB9BC164FEFD0A" box="[1110,1176,716,740]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(Baode Region), Southern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF84FFD3FCA09BE163C3FCEA" box="[861,933,748,772]" name="Russia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF84FFD3FC489BE16469FCEA" box="[949,1039,748,772]" name="Ukraine" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF84FFD3FBE39BE1641AFCEA" box="[1054,1148,748,772]" name="Slovenia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, North Macedonia,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF84FFD3FA9B9BE16302FCCA" name="Moldova" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Moldova</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF84FFD3FC909A0063DAFCCB" box="[877,956,781,805]" name="Greece" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF84FFD3FC3A9A016442FCCA" box="[967,1060,780,804]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF84FFD3FBD39A0064E8FCCB" box="[1070,1166,781,805]" name="Hungary" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF84FFD3FB649A0164BEFCCA" box="[1177,1240,780,804]" name="Spain" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF84FFD3FB1F9A016556FCCA" box="[1250,1328,780,804]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="85BFEEBDFF84FFD3FCBF9A216402FC6A" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF84FFD3FCBF9A216402FC6A" blockId="2.[813,1437,238,900]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
Referred materials:
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="7DCDB76BFF84FFD3FBE09A2165FAFCAB" box="[1053,1436,808,837]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
Right M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF84FFD3FB849A2564E8FCD7" attach="right" box="[1145,1166,808,825]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3 (</superScript>
|
||||
MMTT11 [PRCI/V001])
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<materialsCitation id="7DCDB76BFF84FFD3FC9F9A406406FC6A" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
a pair of adult upper tusks (MMTT1 a, b) from Abkhareh (Varzeghan),
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF84FFD3FBCD9A606406FC6A" box="[1072,1120,877,900]" name="Iran" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||||
</materialsCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="85BFEEBDFF84FFD5FCD09AA663D4FD0D" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF84FFD3FCD09AA663DDFC2A" blockId="2.[813,1437,939,1893]" box="[813,955,939,964]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF84FFD3FCD09AA663DDFC2A" bold="true" box="[813,955,939,964]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF84FFD3FCD09AC363D6FC36" blockId="2.[813,1437,939,1893]" box="[813,944,969,997]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF84FFD3FCD09AC363D6FC36" bold="true" box="[813,944,969,997]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
The right M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF84FFD3FC5B9AC463D6FC36" attach="left" box="[934,944,969,984]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</superScript>
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF84FFD3FCD09AE06453FB6A" blockId="2.[813,1437,939,1893]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">The specimen preserves three roots, and molar crown is adequately preserved in exhibiting zygodont characters. The tooth has three major lophs plus a reduced 4th loph at the posterior end. A median sulcus separates the pretrite and posttrite lophs.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF84FFD3FCBF9D806467F88A" blockId="2.[813,1437,939,1893]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||||
The anterior cingulum is moderately developed. The protocone (abaxial pretrite conelet of the first loph) is strongly worn down and is connected to the anterior cingulum. The paracone (main posttrite conelet of the first loph) is slightly worn, and the number of mesoconelets seems to be two or three. Hypocone and metacone are worn to some extent, with one and two mesoconelets, respectively. Crescentoids are weak on the first and second pretrite lophs, but the third pretrite loph bears crescentoids on its anterior wall. The posttrite lophs possess zygodont crests on the posterior wall of the first posttrite cusp and on the anterior wall of the second posttrite cusp, which are hardly developed. The pretrite lateral enamel is well-developed. The pretrite third half loph consists of a cone and one mesoconelet, which are almost worn and carry crescentoids on their anterior slope. The posttrite third loph is worn so that the number of mesoconelets is unclear. The fourth loph is strong but shorter than the first three and consists of two pretrite and posttrite conelets. The posterior cingulum is moderately weak. The transverse valleys are completely open and broad (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="559EA1B3FF84FFD3FAAD9E0165F0F8CB" box="[1360,1430,1804,1829]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[167,198,1821,1841]" captionTargetBox="[286,1299,1198,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-500@3.[283,1303,1194,1808]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2 Third upper right molar tooth of“Mammut” cf. obliquelophus from Abkhareh village,Varzeghan, Iran. A, Occlusal view; Key (Tobien, 1996): a.cr.1, anterior crescentoid of the first loph; a.cr.2, anterior crescentoid of the second loph; cg, cingulum; clts.po, conelets on the posttrite (secondary or adaxial conelets); clts.pr, conelets on the pretrite (secondary or adaxial conelets); pa, paracone; p.cr.1, posterior crescentoid of the first loph; p.cr.2, posterior crescentoid of the second loph; pr, protocone; zc, zygodont crest; p.cr.3, posterior crescentoid of the third loph; me, metacone; hy, hypocone" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12005306" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12005306/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="559EA1B3FF84FFD3FCD09E20635CF8AB" box="[813,826,1837,1861]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[167,198,1902,1922]" captionTargetBox="[287,1298,850,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-274@4.[283,1303,844,1889]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3 RightM3 of“Mammut” cf. obliquelophus, Abkhareh,Varzeghan, Iran; lateral view" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12005308" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12005308/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="559EA1B3FF84FFD3FCBB9E206335F8AB" box="[838,851,1837,1861]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[167,198,1096,1116]" captionTargetBox="[288,1297,243,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-406@5.[283,1303,236,1083]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4 M3 of “Mammut”cf. obliquelophus, Abkhareh,Varzeghan,Iran; medial view" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12005318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12005318/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). The measurements of the third upper molar teeth is available in
|
||||
<tableCitation id="8027888DFF84FFD3FC519E41639DF88B" box="[940,1019,1868,1893]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[151,209,238,260]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1 Measurements of M3, “Mammut” cf. obliquelophus (MMTT11),Abkhareh,Varzeghan, Iran" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="99DAEDBEFF85FFD2FF6A99E3619FFECF" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[151,209,238,260]" targetBox="[151,773,312,565]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF85FFD2FF6A99E3619FFECF" blockId="3.[151,775,233,289]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FF6A99E36085FEEA" bold="true" box="[151,227,238,260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 1</emphasis>
|
||||
Measurements of M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF85FFD2FE3799E461B4FF16" attach="left" box="[458,466,233,248]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3</superScript>
|
||||
, “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF85FFD2FE1299E36220FEEA" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[495,582,238,260]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FE1299E36220FEEA" box="[495,582,238,260]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF85FFD2FDA299E36361FEEA" baseAuthorityName="Mucha" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[607,775,238,260]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FD7899E36361FEEA" box="[645,775,238,260]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(MMTT11), Abkhareh, Varzeghan, Iran
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF85FFD2FF6A983562D4FDEB" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<table id="BFA54F96FF85002EFF6A98356363FDDB" box="[151,773,312,565]" gridcols="5" gridrows="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<tr id="7395BF74FF85002EFF6A98356363FE7A" box="[151,773,312,404]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<th id="3044D608FF85002EFF6A98356171FE7A" box="[151,279,312,404]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FF6A983560A6FE8A" bold="true" box="[151,279,312,356]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Measurement ofM</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FF3D984160AEFEB4" bold="true" box="[192,200,332,346]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FF6A98656094FE7A" bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">(MMTT11), Abkhareh</emphasis>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th id="3044D608FF85002EFECA983561E4FE7A" box="[311,386,312,404]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FECA98356102FEA2" bold="true" box="[311,356,312,332]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Total</emphasis>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th id="3044D608FF85002EFE5D98356190FE7A" box="[416,502,312,404]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FE5D98356190FEA2" bold="true" box="[416,502,312,332]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">First loph</emphasis>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th id="3044D608FF85002EFDE8983562EEFE7A" box="[533,648,312,404]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FDE8983562EEFEA2" bold="true" box="[533,648,312,332]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Second loph</emphasis>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
<th id="3044D608FF85002EFD5B98356363FE7A" box="[678,773,312,404]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FD5B98356363FEA2" bold="true" box="[678,773,312,332]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Third loph</emphasis>
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7395BF74FF85002EFF6A98BD6363FE2A" box="[151,773,432,452]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<th id="3044D608FF85002EFF6A98BD6171FE2A" box="[151,279,432,452]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Length</th>
|
||||
<td id="3044D608FF85002EFECA98BD61E4FE2A" box="[311,386,432,452]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">194 mm</td>
|
||||
<td id="3044D608FF85002EFE5D98BD6190FE2A" box="[416,502,432,452]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</td>
|
||||
<td id="3044D608FF85002EFDE898BD62EEFE2A" box="[533,648,432,452]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</td>
|
||||
<td id="3044D608FF85002EFD5B98BD6363FE2A" box="[678,773,432,452]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7395BF74FF85002EFF6A98DD6363FE0A" box="[151,773,464,484]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<th id="3044D608FF85002EFF6A98DD6171FE0A" box="[151,279,464,484]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Width</th>
|
||||
<td id="3044D608FF85002EFECA98DD61E4FE0A" box="[311,386,464,484]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">91.5 mm</td>
|
||||
<td id="3044D608FF85002EFE5D98DD6190FE0A" box="[416,502,464,484]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">85.5 mm</td>
|
||||
<td id="3044D608FF85002EFDE898DD62EEFE0A" box="[533,648,464,484]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">91.5 mm</td>
|
||||
<td id="3044D608FF85002EFD5B98DD6363FE0A" box="[678,773,464,484]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">85 mm</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr id="7395BF74FF85002EFF6A98FC6363FDDB" box="[151,773,497,565]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<th id="3044D608FF85002EFF6A98FC6171FDDB" box="[151,279,497,565]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Height of second posttrite main cusp</th>
|
||||
<td id="3044D608FF85002EFECA98FC61E4FDDB" box="[311,386,497,565]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">58 mm</td>
|
||||
<td id="3044D608FF85002EFE5D98FC6190FDDB" box="[416,502,497,565]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</td>
|
||||
<td id="3044D608FF85002EFDE898FC62EEFDDB" box="[533,648,497,565]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</td>
|
||||
<td id="3044D608FF85002EFD5B98FC6363FDDB" box="[678,773,497,565]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF85FFD2FF509B7162C2FBBD" blockId="3.[151,776,635,1107]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
The cranium
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF85FFD2FEBA9B766182FD7D" author="Kubiak, H." box="[327,484,635,659]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="305 - 324" refId="ref9460" refString="Kubiak, H. (1972). The skull of Mammut praetypicum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Collection of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 13, 305 - 324." type="journal article" year="1972">Kubiak (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
described has two upper molar teeth: M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF85FFD2FEBC9B9B612CFD49" attach="left" box="[321,330,662,679]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</superScript>
|
||||
and M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF85FFD2FE629B9B61CEFD49" attach="left" box="[415,424,662,679]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3</superScript>
|
||||
. The M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF85FFD2FDF99B9B626BFD49" attach="left" box="[516,525,662,679]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</superScript>
|
||||
is trilophodont, complete, but deeply worn down. The third molar is broken, and only 1st and 2nd lophs are preserved. The anterior lophs are relatively worn. There are no conules between ridges in Kubiak’s M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF85FFD2FE849A1B61E4FCC9" attach="left" box="[377,386,790,807]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3</superScript>
|
||||
material, and half lophs are almost symmetrical in width but not in morphology. It seems that the first pretrite loph and the first posttrite loph consist of two or three mesoconelets, which are relatively worn. However, the morphology of the first and the second lophs of M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF85FFD2FEED9ABB617FFC29" attach="left" box="[272,281,950,967]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3</superScript>
|
||||
from Balta Sands (Podolia,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF85FFD2FDB39AB662C1FC3D" box="[590,679,955,979]" name="Ukraine" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF85FFD2FD4E9AB660ADFC1D" author="Kubiak, H." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="305 - 324" refId="ref9460" refString="Kubiak, H. (1972). The skull of Mammut praetypicum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Collection of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 13, 305 - 324." type="journal article" year="1972">Kubiak, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. XII, Fig. 7) are almost similar to the Abkhareh M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF85FFD2FF529AFB60DEFBE9" attach="left" box="[175,184,1014,1031]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3</superScript>
|
||||
. So, the assignments of Abkhareh tooth to “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF85FFD2FD6A9AF16298FBFD" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[663,766,1020,1043]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FD6A9AF16298FBFD" box="[663,766,1020,1043]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” cf. “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF85FFD2FF3C9D1161E3FBDD" baseAuthorityName="Mucha" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[193,389,1051,1075]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FF3C9D116086FBDD" box="[193,224,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M.</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FF0D9D1661E3FBDD" box="[240,389,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be based on its zygodont morphology and its similarity to the Kubiak material.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF85FFD2FCD099E163CAFEED" blockId="3.[813,1437,236,1091]" box="[813,940,236,259]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FCD099E163CAFEED" bold="true" box="[813,940,236,259]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Upper tusks</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF85FFD2FCD09806645BFC4D" blockId="3.[813,1437,236,1091]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
A pair of I
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF85FFD2FC5E980B63CAFEF9" attach="left" box="[931,940,262,279]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</superScript>
|
||||
(MMTT 1 a, b) was found in Abkhareh village near the Varzeghan area proximate to the zygodont molar tooth (previously described in the current study). They were prepared especially in their proximal part and were covered by protective material. The left tusk is broken into two parts, but the right one is almost complete and preserved well. In situ, and in lateral view, the upper tusk is curved dorsally and seems to be directed straight or slightly downwards and then bends strongly outwards after the secondary medial of its length. So, the tip is turned upwards. Tusks are not helicoidal, without torsion, and diverged in anterodorsal view. The tusks are characterized by a polished surface on their distal ends on the medial sides of both of them. Distal tips are almost abraded, forming a partly distinct elliptical shape on each tusk. Dorsal and ventral wear facets are absent (
|
||||
<figureCitation id="559EA1B3FF85FFD2FAB99BE765F6FCED" box="[1348,1424,746,771]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[167,198,945,965]" captionTargetBox="[286,1300,239,929]" captionTargetId="figure-512@6.[283,1303,236,932]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 5 Dextral upper tusk of“Mammut” cf. obliquelophus, Abkhareh,Varzeghan, Iran; A Medial view (polished wear facet on distal end, shown by an arrow); B lateral view; C cross-section of sinistral I2, “Mammut” cf. obliquelophus, Abkhareh,Varzeghan, Iran" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12005324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12005324/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 5a</figureCitation>
|
||||
). No enamel band was recognized.
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="0F6173D4FF85FFD2FB669A0664BCFCCC" box="[1179,1242,779,802]" country="Slovenia" name="Celje" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">There</collectingRegion>
|
||||
is a clear longitudinal furrow on their lateral (labial) side. Unfortunately, the pulpa of both the right and left tusks was covered with some glue during the reconstruction. So, it is not possible to see the pulpa.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF85FFD5FCBF9AA6616AFECD" blockId="3.[813,1437,236,1091]" lastBlockId="4.[151,776,235,739]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
The maximum lengths of MMTT1a and b (taken dorsally tangentially from the proximal end to the distal end (tip) of the tusk) are
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF85FFD2FBE79AE664E5FBEC" box="[1050,1155,1003,1027]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.31" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="1310.0">1310 mm</quantity>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF85FFD2FB439AE7654CFBEC" box="[1214,1322,1002,1026]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3599999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="1360.0">1360 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, and their lengths are
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF85FFD2FC4B9D066444FBCC" box="[950,1058,1035,1059]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="1080.0">1080 mm</quantity>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF85FFD2FB9E9D0664B7FBCC" box="[1123,1233,1035,1059]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="1000.0">1000 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, respectively. The maximum diameter of MMTT1a (taken at the middle of the tusk) is
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF82FFD5FEC899E661F4FEED" box="[309,402,235,259]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="480.0">480 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, and that of MMTT1b is
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF82FFD5FD5199E66361FEED" box="[684,775,235,259]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="440.0">440 mm</quantity>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<figureCitation id="559EA1B3FF82FFD5FF6298066083FECD" box="[159,229,267,291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[167,198,945,965]" captionTargetBox="[286,1300,239,929]" captionTargetId="figure-512@6.[283,1303,236,932]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 5 Dextral upper tusk of“Mammut” cf. obliquelophus, Abkhareh,Varzeghan, Iran; A Medial view (polished wear facet on distal end, shown by an arrow); B lateral view; C cross-section of sinistral I2, “Mammut” cf. obliquelophus, Abkhareh,Varzeghan, Iran" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12005324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12005324/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="559EA1B3FF82FFD5FF0C98066098FECD" box="[241,254,267,291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[167,198,673,693]" captionTargetBox="[277,649,239,657]" captionTargetId="figure-746@7.[274,652,236,660]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 6 A Lateral view of sinistral I2,“Mammut” cf. obliquelophus, Abkhareh; B ventro-lateral view of dextral I2,“Mammut” cf. obliquelophus, Abkhareh,Varzeghan,Iran (arrows show the longitudinal notch on the ventro-lateral surface of the tusk)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12005328" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12005328/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">6</figureCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="99DAEDBEFF85FFD2FF5A9E10609BF875" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12005306" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12005306" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12005306/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[167,198,1821,1841]" targetBox="[286,1299,1198,1805]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF85FFD2FF5A9E10609BF875" blockId="3.[167,1415,1821,1947]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FF5A9E1060BCF8DF" bold="true" box="[167,218,1821,1841]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</emphasis>
|
||||
Third upper right molar tooth of“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF85FFD2FE039E10622AF8DF" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[510,588,1821,1841]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FE039E10622AF8DF" box="[510,588,1821,1841]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF85FFD2FDA99E1062B9F8DF" baseAuthorityName="Mucha" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[596,735,1821,1841]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF85FFD2FD969E1062B9F8DF" box="[619,735,1821,1841]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Abkhareh village,Varzeghan, Iran. A, Occlusal view; Key (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF85FFD2FB169E10653FF8DF" author="Tobien, H." box="[1259,1369,1821,1841]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="76 - 85" refId="ref11635" refString="Tobien, H. (1996). Evolution of Zygodons with Emphasis on dentition. In J. Shoshani & P. Tassy (Eds.), The Proboscidea Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives (2 nd edition, 1997) (pp. 76 - 85). Oxford University." type="journal article" year="1996">Tobien, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
): a.cr.1, anterior crescentoid of the first loph; a.cr.2, anterior crescentoid of the second loph; cg, cingulum; clts.po, conelets on the posttrite (secondary or adaxial conelets); clts.pr, conelets on the pretrite (secondary or adaxial conelets); pa, paracone; p.cr.1, posterior crescentoid of the first loph; p.cr.2, posterior crescentoid of the second loph; pr, protocone; zc, zygodont crest; p.cr.3, posterior crescentoid of the third loph; me, metacone; hy, hypocone
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF82FFD5FF50982162A8FD8D" blockId="4.[151,776,235,739]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
No sign of crossing Schreger lines was seen on the ivory’s cross-section and broken surfaces. Still, their absence cannot be interpreted as definite since we could not observe the fresh sectional surface of the tusk ivory. Although the best trait to distinguish Elephantimorpha from more basal proboscideans, such as deinotheres, is the presence of Schreger lines, we relied on the tusk morphology. So, Abkhareh materials’ assignment to the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF82FFD5FF209B21610CFDAD" box="[221,362,556,579]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF82FFD5FF209B216122FDAD" box="[221,324,556,579]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is based on their slight curvature and untwisted morphology and absence of enamel band.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF82FFD5FF509B6663AFFECD" blockId="4.[151,776,235,739]" lastBlockId="4.[813,1437,235,739]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
According to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF82FFD5FEB09B6662DBFD6D" author="Jafarzadeh, R. & Konidaris, G." box="[333,701,619,643]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="269 - 280" refId="ref8983" refString="Jafarzadeh, R., & Konidaris, G. (2020). Choerolophodon (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from a new Upper Miocene locality: Kivi- 1 (Iran). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments., 100, 269 - 280. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 019 - 00398 - z" type="journal article" year="2020">Jafarzadeh and Konidaris (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Neogene elephantimorphs from Eurasia generally have straight or less curved and untwisted upper tusks (except
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF82FFD5FF0D9BC661C5FD0D" authorityName="Schlesinger" authorityYear="1917" box="[240,419,715,739]" class="Mammalia" family="Gomphotheriidae" genus="Choerolophodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF82FFD5FF0D9BC661C5FD0D" box="[240,419,715,739]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Choerolophodon</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
), this is particularly true about mammutids from the Miocene, including
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF82FFD5FAF999E665FAFEED" baseAuthorityName="Huttunen & Gohlich" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1284,1436,235,259]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Zygolophodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF82FFD5FAF999E665FAFEED" box="[1284,1436,235,259]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Zygolophodon</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF82FFD5FCA6980163A4FECD" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[859,962,268,291]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF82FFD5FCA6980163A4FECD" box="[859,962,268,291]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF82FFD5FCBF9821643AFD8D" blockId="4.[813,1437,235,739]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
The few scattered fossil bones were found on the surface sediments in Abkhareh. The close spatial accumulation of the tusks with the isolated tooth from Abkhareh may indicate that those do indeed belong to a single mammutid individual. This may also be the case with the deinothere postcranial materials and maxilla with some teeth, which were attributed to an adult individual of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF82FFD5FCB09B0664EDFDCD" authorityName="Stefanescu" authorityYear="1892" box="[845,1163,523,547]" class="Mammalia" family="Deinotheriidae" genus="Deinotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigantissimum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF82FFD5FCB09B0664EDFDCD" box="[845,1163,523,547]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Deinotherium gigantissimum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
due to their immediate proximity and consistent size (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF82FFD5FB859B266307FD8D" author="Pickford, M. & Pourabrishami, Z." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="121 - 150" refId="ref10418" refString="Pickford, M., & Pourabrishami, Z. (2013). Deciphering Dinotheriensande deinotheriid diversity. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93, 121 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 013 - 0115 - y" type="journal article" year="2013">Pickford & Pourabrishami, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF82FFD5FC909B46642BFD8D" author="Pourabrishami, Z" box="[877,1101,587,611]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10464" refString="Pourabrishami, Z (2004) Studying, exploration and restoring vertebrate fossils" type="book" year="2004">Pourabrishami, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF82FFD5FCBF9B6663D4FD0D" blockId="4.[813,1437,235,739]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Therefore, it is supposed that this fossiliferous layer on the surface was a burial ground for several contemporary taxa that were washed away by seasonal rivers and buried individually.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<caption id="99DAEDBEFF82FFD5FF5A9E63631DF86C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12005308" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12005308" box="[167,891,1897,1922]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12005308/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[167,198,1902,1922]" targetBox="[287,1298,850,1884]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF82FFD5FF5A9E63631DF86C" blockId="4.[167,891,1897,1922]" box="[167,891,1897,1922]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF82FFD5FF5A9E6360BCF86C" bold="true" box="[167,218,1902,1922]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</emphasis>
|
||||
RightM
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF82FFD5FEDA9E646148F899" attach="left" box="[295,302,1897,1911]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3</superScript>
|
||||
of“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF82FFD5FEB09E6361FDF86C" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[333,411,1902,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF82FFD5FEB09E6361FDF86C" box="[333,411,1902,1922]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF82FFD5FE5E9E63628DF86C" authority=", Abkhareh, Varzeghan" authorityName="Abkhareh, Varzeghan" box="[419,747,1902,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF82FFD5FE479E636248F86C" box="[442,558,1902,1922]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
, Abkhareh,Varzeghan
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Iran; lateral view
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption id="99DAEDBEFF83FFD4FF5A9D456336FBB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12005318" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12005318" box="[167,848,1092,1116]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12005318/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[167,198,1096,1116]" targetBox="[288,1297,243,1080]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF83FFD4FF5A9D456336FBB2" blockId="5.[167,848,1092,1116]" box="[167,848,1092,1116]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF83FFD4FF5A9D4560BCFBB2" bold="true" box="[167,218,1096,1116]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</emphasis>
|
||||
M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF83FFD4FF089D49609AFBBC" attach="left" box="[245,252,1092,1106]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</superScript>
|
||||
of “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF83FFD4FEE69D45610FFBB2" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[283,361,1096,1116]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF83FFD4FEE69D45610FFBB2" box="[283,361,1096,1116]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF83FFD4FE8C9D4562DCFBB2" authority=", Abkhareh, Varzeghan" authorityName="Abkhareh, Varzeghan" box="[369,698,1096,1116]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF83FFD4FE759D45619AFBB2" box="[392,508,1096,1116]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
, Abkhareh,Varzeghan
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,Iran; medial view
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="85BFEEBDFF83FFD9FF6A9DBE611BFBAD" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF83FFD4FF6A9DBE614DFB22" blockId="5.[151,299,1203,1228]" box="[151,299,1203,1228]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||||
<heading id="96520A5AFF83FFD4FF6A9DBE614DFB22" bold="true" box="[151,299,1203,1228]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF83FFD4FF6A9DBE614DFB22" bold="true" box="[151,299,1203,1228]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Comparison</emphasis>
|
||||
</heading>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF83FFD4FF6A9DDE6084FA85" blockId="5.[151,776,1235,1899]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="0F6173D4FF83FFD4FF6A9DDE60B0FB04" box="[151,214,1235,1258]" country="Slovenia" name="Celje" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">There</collectingRegion>
|
||||
are not many reports of “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF83FFD4FE0F9DD96367FB05" box="[498,769,1235,1259]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF83FFD4FE0F9DD9623FFB05" box="[498,601,1236,1259]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF83FFD4FD979DDE6367FB05" box="[618,769,1235,1259]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. However,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF83FFD4FEF99DFE61C3FAE5" author="Markov, G." box="[260,421,1267,1291]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="153 - 178" refId="ref9737" refString="Markov, G. (2008). The Turolian proboscideans (Mammalia) of Europe: preliminary observations. The fossil proboscideans of Bulgaria. Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 19, 153 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Markov (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
argued that
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF83FFD4FDD09DFE60A8FAC4" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF83FFD4FDC99DFE60A1FAC4" authorityName="Kubiak" authorityYear="1972" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praetypicum">Mammut praetypicum</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
(if it is taxonomically valid name) might be a senior synonym of “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF83FFD4FEA99C39627FFAA5" box="[340,537,1331,1355]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF83FFD4FEA99C39610AFAA5" box="[340,364,1332,1355]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M</emphasis>
|
||||
.”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF83FFD4FE7F9C3E627FFAA5" box="[386,537,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
presented by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF83FFD4FD479C3E60B8FA85" author="Kubiak, H." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="305 - 324" refId="ref9460" refString="Kubiak, H. (1972). The skull of Mammut praetypicum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Collection of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 13, 305 - 324." type="journal article" year="1972">Kubiak (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF83FFD4FF509C7E63C5FB04" blockId="5.[151,776,1235,1899]" lastBlockId="5.[813,1437,1202,1898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||||
Among the Balta Sands materials in Podolia,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF83FFD4FD529C7E6361FA65" box="[687,775,1395,1419]" name="Ukraine" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF83FFD4FF639C9E6149FA45" author="Kubiak, H." box="[158,303,1427,1451]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="305 - 324" refId="ref9460" refString="Kubiak, H. (1972). The skull of Mammut praetypicum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Collection of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 13, 305 - 324." type="journal article" year="1972">Kubiak, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 311), there is a partial skull with associated dextral I
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF83FFD4FEDB9CA36149FA51" attach="left" box="[294,303,1454,1471]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</superScript>
|
||||
. The tusk is relatively large (
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF83FFD4FD9C9CBE62AFFA24" box="[609,713,1459,1483]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1000.0">1000 mm</quantity>
|
||||
long) and almost straight. According to his notes, the tusk projects a cranium along an almost horizontally forward trajectory. However, “it is directed slightly downwards and markedly outwards and slightly turned upwards at the end”. Abkhareh tusks MMTT1a, b seem to be directed almost downward, and do not leave the skull horizontally. They are outwards and exhibit upward turns at their tips and much stronger dorsal up-curve. The cross-section in Kubiak’s I
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF83FFD4FEF89FC36168F931" attach="left" box="[261,270,1742,1759]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</superScript>
|
||||
is circular, and MMTT1 of Abkhareh shows a circular cross-section at its proximal pulp. It is almost circular in the middle of the tusk. Some “regular longitudinal streaks in the outer and inner layers of the dentine” were observed by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF83FFD4FE559E5E625AF885" author="Kubiak, H." box="[424,572,1875,1899]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="305 - 324" refId="ref9460" refString="Kubiak, H. (1972). The skull of Mammut praetypicum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Collection of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 13, 305 - 324." type="journal article" year="1972">Kubiak (1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, p. 311, PL. XIII: F.9). However, the same feature on Abkhareh tusks is not noticeable.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF83FFD4FCBF9DFF63E7FA04" blockId="5.[813,1437,1202,1898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||||
Another notable upper tusk specimen from a Late Miocene Eurasian mammutid is a Turolian right tusk numbered NKP-1 from Neokaisareia in Pieria, Northern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF83FFD4FC9F9C5F63D7FA84" box="[866,945,1362,1386]" name="Greece" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, referred to as “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF83FFD4FB799C5F64E7FA64" authority="(Konidaris & Tsoukala, 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Konidaris & Tsoukala" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF83FFD4FB799C5F648DFA87" box="[1156,1259,1362,1385]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF83FFD4FAF89C5F65FAFA84" box="[1285,1436,1362,1386]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF83FFD4FCC99C7F6411FA64" author="Konidaris, G. E. & Tsoukala, E." box="[820,1143,1394,1418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref9270" refString="Konidaris, G. E., & Tsoukala, E. (2020). Proboscideans from the Upper Miocene localities of Thermopigi, Neokaisareia and Platania (Northern Greece). Annales De PaleontologieVolume, 106 (2), 102380. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2019.102380" type="journal volume" year="2020">Konidaris & Tsoukala, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Its maximum length is
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF83FFD4FCD09C9F63ECFA47" box="[813,906,1426,1450]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="930.0">930 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, and its maximum diameter is
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF83FFD4FB1D9C9F6525FA47" box="[1248,1347,1426,1450]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.73" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="87.3">87.3 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, slightly shorter and slender than Abkhareh tusks (
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF83FFD4FAED9CBF651AFA27" box="[1296,1404,1458,1482]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1080.0">1080 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in length).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF83FFD4FCBF9CFF6455F884" blockId="5.[813,1437,1202,1898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||||
NKP-1 tusk is almost straight with slight upward (dorsal) curvature in lateral view. It is twisted and slender (according to the author, the NKP-1 tusks belong to an ontogenetically young and/or female, which can explain why its diameter is less than the diameter of the Abkhareh one). Several longitudinal furrows run along the tusk of NKP-1, and the enamel band is absent (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF83FFD4FB559FBF6306F904" author="Konidaris, G. E. & Tsoukala, E." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref9270" refString="Konidaris, G. E., & Tsoukala, E. (2020). Proboscideans from the Upper Miocene localities of Thermopigi, Neokaisareia and Platania (Northern Greece). Annales De PaleontologieVolume, 106 (2), 102380. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2019.102380" type="journal volume" year="2020">Konidaris & Tsoukala, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). Both the Balta Sands (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF83FFD4FB9B9FDF6492F904" author="Kubiak, H." box="[1126,1268,1746,1770]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="305 - 324" refId="ref9460" refString="Kubiak, H. (1972). The skull of Mammut praetypicum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Collection of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 13, 305 - 324." type="journal article" year="1972">Kubiak, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF83FFD4FAFC9FDF65F5F904" author="Markov, G." box="[1281,1427,1746,1770]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="153 - 178" refId="ref9737" refString="Markov, G. (2008). The Turolian proboscideans (Mammalia) of Europe: preliminary observations. The fossil proboscideans of Bulgaria. Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 19, 153 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Markov, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and the Neokaisaria (NKP-1) right upper tusks (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF83FFD4FACE9FFF638CF8C4" author="Konidaris, G. E. & Tsoukala, E." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref9270" refString="Konidaris, G. E., & Tsoukala, E. (2020). Proboscideans from the Upper Miocene localities of Thermopigi, Neokaisareia and Platania (Northern Greece). Annales De PaleontologieVolume, 106 (2), 102380. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2019.102380" type="journal volume" year="2020">Konidaris & Tsoukala, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) have similarities in some degrees with Abkhareh tusks. All are almost straight with slight dorsal curvature in lateral view.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="99DAEDBEFF80FFD7FF5A9ABC6437FC31" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12005324" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12005324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12005324/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[167,198,945,965]" targetBox="[286,1300,239,929]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF80FFD7FF5A9ABC6437FC31" blockId="6.[167,1355,945,991]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FF5A9ABC60BCFC2B" bold="true" box="[167,218,945,965]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 5</emphasis>
|
||||
Dextral upper tusk of“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FE5D9ABC6188FC2B" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[416,494,945,965]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FE5D9ABC6188FC2B" box="[416,494,945,965]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FE0B9ABC6358FC2B" authority=", Abkhareh, Varzeghan" authorityName="Abkhareh, Varzeghan" box="[502,830,945,965]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FDF09ABC62E7FC2B" box="[525,641,945,965]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
, Abkhareh,Varzeghan
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Iran;
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FC939ABC631AFC2B" bold="true" box="[878,892,945,965]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A</emphasis>
|
||||
Medial view (polished wear facet on distal end, shown by an arrow);
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FEE79AC66140FC31" bold="true" box="[282,294,971,991]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B</emphasis>
|
||||
lateral view;
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FE699AC661C7FC31" bold="true" box="[404,417,971,991]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C</emphasis>
|
||||
cross-section of sinistral I
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF80FFD7FD8A9ACA6218FC3B" attach="right" box="[631,638,967,981]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</superScript>
|
||||
, “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FD769AC662BFFC31" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[651,729,971,991]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FD769AC662BFFC31" box="[651,729,971,991]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FD1C9AC6644CFC31" authority=", Abkhareh, Varzeghan" authorityName="Abkhareh, Varzeghan" box="[737,1066,971,991]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FD059AC6630AFC31" box="[760,876,971,991]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
, Abkhareh,Varzeghan
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, Iran
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF80FFD7FF509D206242F9AA" blockId="6.[151,776,1063,1924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
As mentioned, only a few I
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF80FFD7FE2B9D2A61B9FBD6" attach="left" box="[470,479,1063,1080]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</superScript>
|
||||
materials are called
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FD3F9D20610AFB8A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FD3F9D20610FFB8A" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">Mammut obliquelophus</taxonomicName>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
The material from the Hualinsanhe locality in Gasu Province, Northwest
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF80FFD7FDD39D616216FB6A" box="[558,624,1132,1156]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">China</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(almost complete cranium), belongs to a juvenile individual
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF80FFD7FD3A9D806145FB2A" author="Wang, S. Q. & Li, Y. & Duangkrayom, J. & Shao-Kun, C. & Wen, H. & Shan-Qin, C." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref11961" refString="Wang, S. Q., Li, Y., Duangkrayom, J., Shao-Kun, C., Wen, H., & Shan-Qin, C. (2017). Early Mammut from the Upper Miocene of Northern China, and its implications for the evolution and differentiation of Mammutidae. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 55, 233 - 256." type="journal article" year="2017">Wang et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. It has a pair of in situ upper tusks. The tusks are short and slender. The cross-section is round. As expected in juveniles, the apical part is covered by enamel. The skull from Hualinsanshe was attributed to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FF6A9C206098FAAA" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[151,254,1325,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FF6A9C206098FAAA" box="[151,254,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FECF9C206192FAAA" box="[306,500,1324,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FECF9C20612CFAAA" box="[306,330,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FEA09C216192FAAA" box="[349,500,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF80FFD7FDD59C206364FAAA" author="Wang, S. Q. & Li, Y. & Duangkrayom, J. & Shao-Kun, C. & Wen, H. & Shan-Qin, C." box="[552,770,1324,1349]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref11961" refString="Wang, S. Q., Li, Y., Duangkrayom, J., Shao-Kun, C., Wen, H., & Shan-Qin, C. (2017). Early Mammut from the Upper Miocene of Northern China, and its implications for the evolution and differentiation of Mammutidae. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 55, 233 - 256." type="journal article" year="2017">Wang et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Although some characteristics of the tusks from Hualinsanhe, like bending ventrally in lateral view, lacking enamel band on the lateral side and slight torsion, being divergent in anterior view, and becoming slender apically are almost similar to Abkhareh ones, it does not seem feasible to compare such a specimen belonging to a very young individual with the tusk of Abkhareh belonging to a completely grown adult individual.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF80FFD7FF509F4164DEFACA" blockId="6.[151,776,1063,1924]" lastBlockId="6.[813,1441,1068,1925]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FF4B9F406245F98A" authority="(Hays, 1834)" baseAuthorityName="Hays" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[182,547,1612,1636]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FF4B9F40617BF98A" box="[182,285,1613,1636]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FEC89F4161E3F98A" box="[309,389,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">borsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF80FFD7FE679F41627FF98A" author="Hays, I." box="[410,537,1612,1636]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="317 - 339" refId="ref8810" refString="Hays, I. (1834). Description of the specimens of interior maxillary bones of mastodons in the cabinet of the American Philosophy Society, with remarks on the genus Tetracaulodon (Godman), etc. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 4, 317 - 339." type="journal article" year="1834">Hays, 1834</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is the classic Pliocene–earliest Pleistocene mammutid recorded wide across Northern Eurasia (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF80FFD7FE499F816222F94A" author="Tobien, H." box="[436,580,1676,1700]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="76 - 85" refId="ref11635" refString="Tobien, H. (1996). Evolution of Zygodons with Emphasis on dentition. In J. Shoshani & P. Tassy (Eds.), The Proboscidea Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives (2 nd edition, 1997) (pp. 76 - 85). Oxford University." type="journal article" year="1996">Tobien, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), yet it has never been reported from
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF80FFD7FE7F9FA061D4F92A" box="[386,434,1709,1732]" name="Iran" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. Besides, it is likely that “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FD229FA06081F90A" baseAuthorityName="Hays" baseAuthorityYear="1834" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FD229FA06298F92A" box="[735,766,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M.</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FF6A9FC16081F90A" box="[151,231,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">borsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has longer upper tusks than “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FDC49FC06362F90A" box="[569,772,1740,1764]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FDC49FC0623EF90A" box="[569,600,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M.</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FD979FC16362F90A" box="[618,772,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FCF99FC1636EF90A" box="[772,776,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">.</emphasis>
|
||||
However, the symphysis is longer than the tooth row, and lower tusks are well-developed in “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FDC89E006367F8CA" box="[565,769,1804,1828]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FDC89E006235F8CA" box="[565,595,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M.</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FD979E016367F8CA" box="[618,769,1804,1828]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. As in a specimen of “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FE7B9E206264F8AA" baseAuthorityName="Hays" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[390,514,1836,1860]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FE7B9E2061F8F8AA" box="[390,414,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M</emphasis>
|
||||
.”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FE4F9E216264F8AA" box="[434,514,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">borsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
reported from Milia in Grevena,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF80FFD7FEFD9E41612BF88A" box="[256,333,1868,1892]" name="Greece" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF80FFD7FEA79E416198F88A" author="Tsoukala, E." box="[346,510,1868,1892]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="165 - 191" refId="ref11692" refString="Tsoukala, E. (2000). Remains of a Pliocene Mammut borsoni (Hays, 1834) (Proboscidea, Mammalia), from Milia (Grevena, W. Macedonia, Greece). Annales De Paleontologie., 86 (3), 165 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0753 - 3969 (00) 80007 - 5" type="journal article" year="2000">Tsoukala, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF80FFD7FDF79E41629EF88A" author="Tsoukala, E. & Mol, D." box="[522,760,1868,1892]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="4 - 24" refId="ref11762" refString="Tsoukala, E., & Mol, D. (2016). The Proboscidea of the Early Villafranchian site of Milia (Grevena, Macedonia, Greece). Quaternary International, 406, 4 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2014.10. 026" type="journal article" year="2016">Tsoukala & Mol, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), the length of its upper tusks reaches
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF80FFD7FDC49E6162E1F86A" box="[569,647,1900,1924]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.39" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="4.39">4.39 m</quantity>
|
||||
. The upper tusks of “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FC5F9D20644EFBAA" baseAuthorityName="Hays" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[930,1064,1068,1092]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FC5F9D2063A7FBAA" box="[930,961,1069,1092]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M.</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FC259D21644EFBAA" box="[984,1064,1068,1092]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">borsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are approximately straight and slightly up-curved (dorsally), slender, torsioned, without any enamel band. Longitudinal furrows are present on the proximal part, which is expected for the genus
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FAA59D80633FFB2A" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FAA59D80633FFB2A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. These characteristics are morphologically comparable with the NKP-1 upper tusk and the Abkhareh one, but the dimensions of the Milia upper tusks are larger than the NKP-1 and Abkhareh ones.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF80FFD7FCBF9C2064EDFA2A" blockId="6.[813,1441,1068,1925]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
Upper tusks of “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FBF69C2064BDFAAA" baseAuthorityName="Hays" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1035,1243,1324,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FBF69C206414FAAA" box="[1035,1138,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FB769C2164BDFAAA" box="[1163,1243,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">borsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FAD69C2063A2FA8A" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FAD69C2065F4FAAA" box="[1323,1426,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FCD09C4163A2FA8A" box="[813,964,1356,1380]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
differ from those of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FB5A9C416321FA6A" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Zygolophodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turicensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FB5A9C416321FA6A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Zygolophodon turicensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by lacking of enamel band. Upper tusks of the genus “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FCCB9C8063FBFA4A" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[822,925,1421,1444]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FCCB9C8063FBFA4A" box="[822,925,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” are straight or upturned, and lower tusks are relatively small or even vestigial.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF80FFD7FCBF9CC06396F9AA" blockId="6.[813,1441,1068,1925]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
The tusks of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FC259CC16487FA0A" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[984,1249,1484,1508]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Zygolophodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turicensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FC259CC16487FA0A" box="[984,1249,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Zygolophodon turicensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are not twisted. They are characterized by ellipsoid cross sections and straight or anteroventral located enamel bands (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF80FFD7FAA29F016307F9AA" author="Tassy, P." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="655 - 669" refId="ref10925" refString="Tassy, P. (1977). Decouverte de Zygolophodon turicensis (Schinz) (Proboscidea, Mammalia) au lieu-dit Malartic a Simorre, Gers (Vindobonien moyen); Implications paleoecologiques et biostratigraphiques. Geobios. 10 (5): 655 - 669. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (77) 80045 - 4." type="journal article" year="1977">Tassy 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF80FFD7FC909F2163C7F9AA" author="Tassy" box="[877,929,1580,1604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="377 - 445" refId="ref11081" refString="Tassy P (2013) L'anatomie cranio-mandibulaire de Gomphotherium angustidens (Cuvier, 1817) (Proboscidea, Mammalia): donnees issues du gisement d'En). Pejouan (Miocene moyen du Gers, France). Geodiversitas. 35 (2): 377 - 445. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / g 2013 n 2 a 6" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF80FFD7FC539F216384F9AA" author="Tassy, P." box="[942,994,1580,1604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="35 - 115" refId="ref11223" refString="Tassy, P. (2014). L'odontologie de Gomphotherium angustidens (Cuvier, 1817 Proboscidea, Mammalia): Donnees issues du gisement d'En Pejouan) Miocene moyen du Gers, France). Geodiversitas., 36 (1), 35 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10. 5252 / g 2014 n 1 a 2" type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF80FFD6FCBF9F4160BCFAD2" blockId="6.[813,1441,1068,1925]" lastBlockId="7.[151,775,868,1564]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
Proboscideans known from the Late Miocene of the Northwest of
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF80FFD7FC2F9F606399F96A" box="[978,1023,1645,1668]" name="Iran" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||||
include the deinotheriid
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FACC9F616305F94A" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Deinotheriidae" genus="Deinotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FACC9F616305F94A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Deinotherium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, the choerolophodontid C
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FB779F816557F94A" box="[1162,1329,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">hoerolophodon,</emphasis>
|
||||
the amebelodontid
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FC569FA16458F92A" box="[939,1086,1708,1732]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FC569FA1645CF92A" authorityName="Lambert" authorityYear="1990" box="[939,1082,1708,1732]" class="Mammalia" family="Gomphotheriidae" genus="Konobelodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Konobelodon</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
and the mammutid “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FAD79FA065F7F92A" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[1322,1425,1709,1732]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FAD79FA065F7F92A" box="[1322,1425,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”. The morphology of the tusks of Abkhareh, Varzeghan is obviously dissimilar from the strongly curved and robust lower tusks of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FBD19E0164A5F8CA" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[1068,1219,1804,1828]" class="Mammalia" family="Deinotheriidae" genus="Deinotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FBD19E0164A5F8CA" box="[1068,1219,1804,1828]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Deinotherium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
(e.g.,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF80FFD7FAF09E0065EBF8CA" author="Tassy, P." box="[1293,1421,1804,1829]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="261 - 271" refId="ref11288" refString="Tassy, P., (2016). Proboscidea. Geoviversitas, 38 (2): 261 - 271. https: // doi. org / 10. 5252 / g 2016 n 2 a 7" type="journal article" year="2016">Tassy, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). According to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF80FFD7FC3F9E216433F8AA" author="Harris, J." box="[962,1109,1836,1860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref8756" refString="Harris, J. M (1978) Deinotherioidea and Barytherioidea. In: Evolution of African Mammals. Harvard University Press." type="book" year="1978">Harris (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, the mandibular tusks of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FA909E2063F9F88A" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Deinotheriidae" genus="Deinotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FA909E2063F9F88A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Deinotherium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
are relatively short (e.g., the mandibular tusk belonging to a very large individual of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF80FFD7FB209E6065FAF86A" authorityName="Stefanescu" authorityYear="1892" box="[1245,1436,1901,1924]" class="Mammalia" family="Deinotheriidae" genus="Deinotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigantissimum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FB209E606496F86A" box="[1245,1264,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
|
||||
.
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF80FFD7FB029E6065FAF86A" box="[1279,1436,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">gigantissimum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from Pripiceni,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF81FFD6FEB39A6961D4FC92" box="[334,434,868,892]" name="Moldova" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Moldova</collectingCountry>
|
||||
, with
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF81FFD6FDFD9A696204FC92" box="[512,610,868,892]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.78" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="978.0">978 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, which is still short in comparison with Abkhareh tusks; see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FD469A8960ADFC52" author="Harris, J." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref8756" refString="Harris, J. M (1978) Deinotherioidea and Barytherioidea. In: Evolution of African Mammals. Harvard University Press." type="book" year="1978">Harris, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and recurved below symphysis and are almost vertically aligned. Normally, adult deinotheres tusks terminate in rounded conical points. Also, lower tusks of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF81FFD6FF4A9D096128FBF2" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[183,334,1028,1052]" class="Mammalia" family="Deinotheriidae" genus="Deinotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FF4A9D096128FBF2" box="[183,334,1028,1052]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Deinotherium</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
often show no signs of wear (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FD4D9D0960ADFBD2" author="Delmer, C" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref8436" refString="Delmer, C (2005) Les premieres phases de differenciation des proboscidiens (Tethytheria, Mammalia): le role du Barytherium grave de Libye. These du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 413 pp. (inedit)." type="book" year="2005">Delmer, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), which contrasts with the Abkhareh tusks. However, wear facets have been observed in a few deinotheriid individuals. They are found on the anteromedial tip, suggesting wear by abrasion against one object in front of and between the tusks (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FE5F9DA9624DFB52" author="Harris, J." box="[418,555,1188,1212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref8756" refString="Harris, J. M (1978) Deinotherioidea and Barytherioidea. In: Evolution of African Mammals. Harvard University Press." type="book" year="1978">Harris, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). So, it is supposed that the tusks of Abkhareh can be allocated to an upper tusk of an elephantoid sensu (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FE149DE9620FFB12" author="Tassy, P. & Shoshani, J." box="[489,617,1252,1276]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11327" refString="Tassy, P., & Shoshani, J. (1988). The Tethytheria: elephants and their relatives. In: The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, Volume 2, mammals (Benton, M. J. ed.). Systematics Association Special Volume 35 B, Oxford University Press" type="journal volume" year="1988">Tassy, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), clade Mammutida (Elephantida, proboscideans) (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FDB49C096367FAF2" author="Shoshani, J." box="[585,769,1284,1308]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="9 - 20" refId="ref10730" refString="Shoshani, J. (1996 a). Skeletal and other basic anatomical features of elephants. In J. Shoshani & P. Tassy (Eds.), The Proboscidea: Evolution and palaeoecology of elephants and their relatives (pp. 9 - 20). Oxford University Press." type="book chapter" year="1996">Shoshani, 1996a</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FF6A9C2960ADFAD2" author="Shoshani, J" box="[151,203,1316,1340]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref10694" refString="Shoshani, J (2002) Proboscidea (Elephants), eLS. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Chichester, https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / npg. els. 0001575" type="book" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption id="99DAEDBEFF81FFD6FF5A9BAC62D8FCEB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12005328" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12005328" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12005328/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[167,198,673,693]" targetBox="[277,649,239,657]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF81FFD6FF5A9BAC62D8FCEB" blockId="7.[167,702,669,773]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FF5A9BAC6094FD5B" bold="true" box="[167,242,673,693]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 6 A</emphasis>
|
||||
Lateral view of sinistral I
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF81FFD6FE429B9061A0FD45" attach="right" box="[447,454,669,683]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2</superScript>
|
||||
,“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF81FFD6FE2E9BAC6247FD5B" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[467,545,673,693]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FE2E9BAC6247FD5B" box="[467,545,673,693]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF81FFD6FDD49BAC609DFD3E" authority=", Abkhareh" authorityName="Abkhareh" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FDBD9BAC62D2FD5B" box="[576,692,673,693]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
, Abkhareh
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
;
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FEFF9BB16168FD3E" bold="true" box="[258,270,700,720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B</emphasis>
|
||||
ventro-lateral view of dextral I
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF81FFD6FDF29BB56270FD28" attach="left" box="[527,534,696,710]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2</superScript>
|
||||
,“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF81FFD6FDDE9BB16217FD3E" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[547,625,700,720]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FDDE9BB16217FD3E" box="[547,625,700,720]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF81FFD6FD879BB161BFFD04" authority=", Abkhareh, Varzeghan" authorityName="Abkhareh, Varzeghan" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FF5A9BDB617DFD04" box="[167,283,726,746]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
, Abkhareh,Varzeghan
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,Iran (arrows show the longitudinal notch on the ventro-lateral surface of the tusk)
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF81FFD6FF509C4861FDF9F2" blockId="7.[151,775,868,1564]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
Moreover,
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FECC9C49618CFAB2" box="[305,490,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF81FFD6FECC9C496180FAB2" authorityName="Schlesinger" authorityYear="1917" box="[305,486,1348,1372]" class="Mammalia" family="Gomphotheriidae" genus="Choerolophodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Choerolophodon</taxonomicName>
|
||||
,
|
||||
</emphasis>
|
||||
which is recognizable based on its strong curvature and double twisted (outwards and upwards) upper tusks, is markedly different from Abkhareh tusks.
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF81FFD6FE779CA96271FA52" authorityName="Lambert" authorityYear="1990" box="[394,535,1444,1468]" class="Mammalia" family="Gomphotheriidae" genus="Konobelodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FE779CA96271FA52" box="[394,535,1444,1468]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Konobelodon</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has less curved upper tusks than the Abkhareh one and no torsion (Pestszentlörinc, Hungry, HNHM-V.79.34;
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FDE99CE960ADF9F2" author="Konidaris, G. E. & Tsoukala, E." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref9270" refString="Konidaris, G. E., & Tsoukala, E. (2020). Proboscideans from the Upper Miocene localities of Thermopigi, Neokaisareia and Platania (Northern Greece). Annales De PaleontologieVolume, 106 (2), 102380. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. annpal. 2019.102380" type="journal volume" year="2020">Konidaris & Tsoukala, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FF2F9F0961EBF9F2" author="Schlesinger, G." box="[210,397,1540,1564]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 284" refId="ref10671" refString="Schlesinger, G. (1922). Die Mastodonten der Budapester Sammlungen. Geologica Hungarica, 2, 1 - 284." type="journal article" year="1922">Schlesinger, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF81FFD6FF6A9F4B6106F9B3" blockId="7.[151,775,1606,1916]" box="[151,352,1606,1629]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FF6A9F4B6106F9B3" bold="true" box="[151,352,1606,1629]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dental comparison</emphasis>
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF81FFD6FF6A9F686508FE4D" blockId="7.[151,775,1606,1916]" lastBlockId="7.[813,1437,235,1891]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
The cranium
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FECA9F6961BEF992" author="Kubiak, H." box="[311,472,1636,1660]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="305 - 324" refId="ref9460" refString="Kubiak, H. (1972). The skull of Mammut praetypicum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Collection of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 13, 305 - 324." type="journal article" year="1972">Kubiak (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
described has two upper molar teeth: M2, M3. The M2 is trilophodont, complete, but deeply worn down. The third molar is broken, and only the 1st and 2nd lophs are preserved. The anterior lophs are relatively worn. There are no conules between ridges in Kubiak’s M3 material, and half lophs are almost symmetrical in width but not in morphology. It seems that the first pretrite loph and the first posttrite loph consist of two or three mesoconelets, which are relatively worn. However, the morphology of the first and second lophs of M3 from Balta Sands (Podolia,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF81FFD6FB1E9806655BFECD" box="[1251,1341,267,291]" name="Ukraine" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FAB598066307FEAD" author="Kubiak, H." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="305 - 324" refId="ref9460" refString="Kubiak, H. (1972). The skull of Mammut praetypicum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Collection of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 13, 305 - 324." type="journal article" year="1972">Kubiak, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, pl. XII, Fig. 7) is almost similar to the Abkhareh M3. So, the assignments of the Abkhareh tooth to “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF81FFD6FAA59841633FFE6D" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FAA59841633FFE6D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” cf. “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF81FFD6FC6898616431FE6D" box="[917,1111,363,387]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FC68986163CBFE6D" box="[917,941,364,387]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M</emphasis>
|
||||
.”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FC3D98666431FE6D" box="[960,1111,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be based on its zygodont morphology and its similarity to the Kubiak material.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF81FFD6FCBF98A6648EFCED" blockId="7.[813,1437,235,1891]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
According to Titov and Tesakov’s study (2013), "
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF81FFD6FA8B98A163A2FE0D" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FA8B98A165F2FE2D" box="[1398,1428,428,451]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M.</emphasis>
|
||||
"
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FCD098C663A2FE0D" box="[813,964,459,483]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
was reported in several Turolian (Late Miocene) vertebrate faunas in Southwestern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF81FFD6FAAD98E665FFFDED" box="[1360,1433,491,515]" name="Russia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
. These materials were discovered in Morskaya 2 (middle Turolian, MN12–MN13?), and include an incomplete mandible with m
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF81FFD6FC0F9B4B639DFDB9" attach="left" box="[1010,1019,582,599]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1</superScript>
|
||||
-m
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF81FFD6FBE69B4B6442FDB9" attach="left" box="[1051,1060,582,599]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3</superScript>
|
||||
tooth rows and small, relatively straight lower tusks. The materials were attributed to "
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF81FFD6FCC89B8163FAFD4D" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[821,924,652,675]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FCC89B8163FAFD4D" box="[821,924,652,675]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
"
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF81FFD6FC529B866563FD4D" authority="Mucha, 1980" authorityName="Mucha" authorityYear="1980" box="[943,1285,651,675]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
cf.
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FC2E9B86640CFD4D" box="[979,1130,651,675]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FB899B866563FD4D" author="Mucha, B." box="[1140,1285,651,675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="19 - 26" refId="ref10340" refString="Mucha, B. B (1980) A new species of yoke-toothed mastodont from the Pliocene of Southwest USSR. In: Quaternary and Neogene faunas and floras of Moldavskaya SSR, Shtiintsa, Kishinev 19 - 26. [in Russian]" type="book chapter" year="1980">Mucha, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, due to their morphology resembling that of mastodon molars, relatively straight lower tusks, and medium-sized symphysis (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FCC99BE6645CFCED" author="Titov, V. V & Tesakov, A. S." box="[820,1082,747,771]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11421" refString="Titov, V. V, Tesakov, A. S. (2013). Late Miocene (Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas from Southern European Russia, In Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology, Chapter: 24, Columbia University Press, New York. https: // doi. org / 10.7312 / columbia / 9780231150125.003. 0024" type="book" year="2013">Titov and Tesakov, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Fig. 24.3, b–d).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF81FFD6FCBF9A066474F98D" blockId="7.[813,1437,235,1891]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
Also, a left third upper molar of Yanovka-Obokhovka Sand pits deposits dated to Lower Pontian (MN12) in
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF81FFD6FCD09A466314FC8D" box="[813,882,843,867]" name="Russia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||||
(specimen NMIDK KP-10589/P-89, collection Novocherkassk housed in History Museum of Don Cossacks) has close similarity with European Turolian zygodont mastodons attributed by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FB6F9AA6655DFC2D" author="Markov, G." box="[1170,1339,939,963]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="153 - 178" refId="ref9737" refString="Markov, G. (2008). The Turolian proboscideans (Mammalia) of Europe: preliminary observations. The fossil proboscideans of Bulgaria. Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 19, 153 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Markov (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
to “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF81FFD6FA889AA163A2FC0D" authorityName="Mucha" authorityYear="1980" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FA889AA165F5FC2D" box="[1397,1427,940,963]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">M.</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FCD09AC663A2FC0D" box="[813,964,971,995]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. The tooth shows close morphological correspondence with upper third molar from Abkhareh,
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF81FFD6FCD09D01633CFBCD" box="[813,858,1036,1059]" name="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||||
submitted in this study (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FB6C9D0665F0FBCD" author="Titov, V. V & Tesakov, A. S." box="[1169,1430,1035,1059]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref11421" refString="Titov, V. V, Tesakov, A. S. (2013). Late Miocene (Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas from Southern European Russia, In Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology, Chapter: 24, Columbia University Press, New York. https: // doi. org / 10.7312 / columbia / 9780231150125.003. 0024" type="book" year="2013">Titov and Tesakov, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, Fig. 24.3, e). The first loph of M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF81FFD6FB609D2B64C0FBD9" attach="left" box="[1181,1190,1062,1079]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3</superScript>
|
||||
from Yanovka-Obukhovka is missing, and the antero-labial part of the second one is damaged. The third and fourth lophs are preserved enough, revealing clear zygodont characters. The length of the remaining fragments is more than
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF81FFD6FAFB9DA66500FB2D" box="[1286,1382,1195,1219]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, and the width of the second loph is about
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF81FFD6FB1D9DC66554FB0D" box="[1248,1330,1227,1251]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="88.0">88 mm</quantity>
|
||||
, which is almost comparable with that of the Abkhareh one, with
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF81FFD6FCD09C0663EBFACD" box="[813,909,1291,1315]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.94" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="194.0">194 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in length and
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF81FFD6FBB99C0664CCFACD" box="[1092,1194,1291,1315]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.15" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="91.5">91.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in width. The lophs are sharp-crested especially it is obvious in the third and fourth lophs, which are slightly worn. All the synclines separating the lophs are open and not blocked by conules. Pretrite conules (crescentoids) are almost completely reduced, and posterior cingulum is crenelated but low. All of these characteristics are almost similar to M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF81FFD6FA6E9CCB65FAFA39" attach="left" box="[1427,1436,1478,1495]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3</superScript>
|
||||
from Abkhareh. Both molars of Abkhareh and Yanovka-Obukhovka reveal crested lophs, reduced crescentoids, and zygolophodon crests especially on posterior slops of posttrite main cusps.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF81FFD6FCBF9F6163B4F88D" blockId="7.[813,1437,235,1891]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||||
The two M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF81FFD6FC309F6B63B0F999" attach="left" box="[973,982,1638,1655]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3</superScript>
|
||||
distal fragments (TCM 19355/C and 19255/D) from P
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FC129F81639DF948" bold="true" box="[1007,1019,1676,1702]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ǎ</emphasis>
|
||||
gaia,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="0F6173D4FF81FFD6FBC59F8664B2F94D" box="[1080,1236,1675,1699]" country="Romania" name="Bihor" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bihor District</collectingRegion>
|
||||
in NW
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF81FFD6FAC69F8665FAF94D" box="[1339,1436,1675,1699]" name="Romania" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||||
are assigned to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF81FFD6FC299FA165FBF92D" authority="(Schlesinger, 1919)" baseAuthorityName="Schlesinger" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[980,1437,1707,1731]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="praetypicum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF81FFD6FC299FA164ACF92D" box="[980,1226,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mammut praetypicum</emphasis>
|
||||
(
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FB2A9FA665F5F92D" author="Schlesinger, G." box="[1239,1427,1707,1731]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="129 - 166" refId="ref10640" refString="Schlesinger, G. (1919). Die stratigraphische Bedeutung der europaischen Mastodonten. Mitteilungen der Geologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 11 (1918): 129 - 166." type="journal article" year="1919">Schlesinger, 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF81FFD6FCB39FC66478F90D" author="Codrea, V. & Venczel, M. & Popa, E." box="[846,1054,1739,1763]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="67 - 71" refId="ref8320" refString="Codrea, V., Venczel, M., & Popa, E. (2005). New finding of Mammut praetypicum (Proboscidea, Mammalia), a zygodont mastodon from Pagaia (NW Romania). Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae, 5 (2005), 67 - 71." type="journal article" year="2005">Codrea et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
(Pl. I,
|
||||
<figureCitation id="559EA1B3FF81FFD6FB949FC664C0F90D" box="[1129,1190,1739,1763]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[167,198,1096,1116]" captionTargetBox="[288,1297,243,1080]" captionTargetId="figure-406@5.[283,1303,236,1083]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4 M3 of “Mammut”cf. obliquelophus, Abkhareh,Varzeghan,Iran; medial view" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12005318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12005318/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||||
). They show morphological similarity with Abkhareh cheek teeth. Although both are broken, and some parts of the anterior lophs are missing, they are preserved enough to reveal zygodont characteristics.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF8EFFD9FF5099E66219FDAD" blockId="8.[151,776,235,1091]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
“
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF8EFFD9FF4B99E16118FEED" baseAuthorityName="Hays" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[182,382,235,259]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FF4B99E1617BFEED" box="[182,285,236,259]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FED399E66118FEED" box="[302,382,235,259]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">borsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF8EFFD9FE4299E162A8FEED" authorityName="Mucha" authorityYear="1980" box="[447,718,235,259]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliquelophus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FE4299E16240FEED" box="[447,550,236,259]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FDCA99E662A8FEED" box="[567,718,235,259]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">obliquelophus</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
have molars with larger width in comparison with
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF8EFFD9FD7298066150FEAD" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Zygolophodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turicensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FD7298066150FEAD" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Zygolophodon turicensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
. Cheek teeth of the genus “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF8EFFD9FD6B9821629BFEAD" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[662,765,300,323]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FD6B9821629BFEAD" box="[662,765,300,323]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
” express open valleys without additional conules, a distinguishing trait seen in more derived
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF8EFFD9FDC7986162C5FE6D" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[570,675,364,387]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mammut</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, whereas the molars of
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF8EFFD9FED0988661A3FE4D" baseAuthorityName="Huttunen & Gohlich" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[301,453,395,419]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Zygolophodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FED0988661A3FE4D" box="[301,453,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Zygolophodon</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
show a more bunodont character (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF8EFFD9FF2198A6610DFE2D" author="Tobien, H." box="[220,363,427,451]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="76 - 85" refId="ref11635" refString="Tobien, H. (1996). Evolution of Zygodons with Emphasis on dentition. In J. Shoshani & P. Tassy (Eds.), The Proboscidea Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives (2 nd edition, 1997) (pp. 76 - 85). Oxford University." type="journal article" year="1996">Tobien, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). According to
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF8EFFD9FDE598A66367FE2D" author="Garevski, R. & Garevska, B. & Markov, G. N." box="[536,769,427,451]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="157 - 162" refId="ref8622" refString="Garevski, R., Garevska, B., & Markov, G. N. (2012). Remains of Zygolophodon turicensis (Proboscidea, Mammutidae) from the coal mines near Bitola, Republic of Macedonia. Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 20, 157 - 162." type="journal article" year="2012">Garevski et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, “Height of the lophids about their anteroposterior length and the lingual cingulum height is a character distinguishing
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF8EFFD9FF069B066266FDCD" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[251,512,523,547]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Zygolophodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turicensis">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FF069B066266FDCD" box="[251,512,523,547]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Zygolophodon turicensis</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
from the derived mammutid “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF8EFFD9FF149B2161D6FDAD" baseAuthorityName="Hays" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[233,432,555,579]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FF149B216136FDAD" box="[233,336,556,579]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FE9D9B2661D6FDAD" box="[352,432,555,579]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">borsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and related forms”
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="CD1ABD36FF8EFFD9FF509B46611BFBAD" blockId="8.[151,776,235,1091]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||||
According to Duangkrayom et al. (2016), the upper third left molar PRY200 from the Late Miocene Tha Chang sand pits,
|
||||
<collectingRegion id="0F6173D4FF8EFFD9FE909B866233FD4D" box="[365,597,651,675]" country="Thailand" name="Nakhon Ratchasima" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nakhon Ratchasima</collectingRegion>
|
||||
, North-Eastern
|
||||
<collectingCountry id="B5B2FDA6FF8EFFD9FF6A9BA66091FD2D" box="[151,247,683,707]" name="Thailand" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||||
is attributed to
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF8EFFD9FE3D9BA662E5FD2D" box="[448,643,683,707]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Zygolophodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FE3D9BA6623EFD2D" box="[448,600,683,707]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Zygolophodon</emphasis>
|
||||
sp.
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
The molar teeth has four lophs plus an anterior cingulum and a posterior cingulum. It is clearly smaller than M3 of Abkhareh. The Tha Chang molar is
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF8EFFD9FDD69A0662FCFCCD" box="[555,666,779,803]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.525" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="152.5">152.5 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in length and
|
||||
<quantity id="0A5D10D3FF8EFFD9FF319A266154FCAD" box="[204,306,811,835]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.08" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="80.8">80.8 mm</quantity>
|
||||
in width and is seemingly smaller than “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF8EFFD9FF5C9A416109FC8D" baseAuthorityName="Hays" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[161,367,843,867]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borsoni">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FF5C9A41616EFC8D" box="[161,264,844,867]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
”
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FEE29A466109FC8D" box="[287,367,843,867]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">borsoni</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
molars measured by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="A934C0C7FF8EFFD9FD8E9A4660B8FC6D" author="Tobien, H. & Cheng, G. & Li, Y." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref11562" refString="Tobien, H., Cheng, G., and Li, Y. (1988). Mastodonts (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Neogene and Early Pleistocene of the People's Republic" type="book" year="1988">Tobien et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
. Although crescentoids are present in both
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF8EFFD9FF6A9A866149FC4D" baseAuthorityName="Huttunen & Gohlich" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[151,303,907,931]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Zygolophodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FF6A9A866149FC4D" box="[151,303,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Zygolophodon</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
and “
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0AA5C6B5FF8EFFD9FE829A816180FC4D" authority="Te Abkhareh M" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1799" box="[383,486,908,931]" class="Mammalia" family="Mammutidae" genus="Mammut" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||||
<emphasis id="FFD16124FF8EFFD9FE829A816180FC4D" box="[383,486,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mammut</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
”, The Abkhareh M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF8EFFD9FD379A8B62B5FC79" attach="left" box="[714,723,902,919]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3</superScript>
|
||||
has stronger zygodont crests and pretrite adaxial conelets. The fourth loph in both specimens from Abkhareh and Tha Chang is well-developed, but the anterior and posterior cingulum in Tha Chang M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF8EFFD9FDFB9D0B6269FBF9" attach="left" box="[518,527,1030,1047]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3</superScript>
|
||||
is more reduced than that of Abkhareh M
|
||||
<superScript id="3AD0107EFF8EFFD9FE939D2B6111FBD9" attach="left" box="[366,375,1062,1079]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3</superScript>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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Reference in a new issue