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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.108.829" ID-PMC="PMC3119314" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-108-21" ID-Pensoft-UUID="07789D27FFE9230EFFEDFFBFFFD6FFA4" ID-PubMed="21852926" ID-Zenodo-Dep="577015" ID-ZooBank="CE362981651B4633A64F19CD1D128AB5" ModsDocID="1313-2970-108-21" checkinTime="1451250275469" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Paretas-Martinez, J., Restrepo-Ortiz, C., Buffington, M. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J." docDate="2011" docId="85D403B7CB8A51F4BF4AB3C308C04B66" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 108: 21-48" docOrigin="ZooKeys 108" docPubDate="2011-06-17" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.108.829" docTitle="Palmiriella Pujade-Villar &amp; Paretas-Martinez 2011, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="5F540007-4494-49BF-A619-F0A54F5CE41E" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="07789D27FFE9230EFFEDFFBFFFD6FFA4" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="07789D27FFE9230EFFEDFFBFFFD6FFA4" masterDocTitle="Systematics of Australian Thrasorinae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Figitidae) with descriptions of Mikeiinae, new subfamily, two new genera, and three new species" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="21" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1668151400894" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Systematics of Australian Thrasorinae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea, Figitidae) with descriptions of Mikeiinae, new subfamily, two new genera, and three new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Paretas-Martinez, J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Barcelona. Faculty of Biology. Department of Animal Biology. Avda. Diagonal 645 - 08028 - Barcelona. Spain</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Restrepo-Ortiz, C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Barcelona. Faculty of Biology. Department of Animal Biology. Avda. Diagonal 645 - 08028 - Barcelona. Spain</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Buffington, M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, c / o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10 th &amp; Constitution Ave NW. PO Box 37012 MRC- 168, Washington DC 20013, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Pujade-Villar, J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Barcelona. Faculty of Biology. Department of Animal Biology. Avda. Diagonal 645 - 08028 - Barcelona. Spain</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2011-06-17</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>108</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>21</mods:start>
<mods:end>48</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.108.829</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.108.829</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-108-21</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">CE362981651B4633A64F19CD1D128AB5</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">07789D27FFE9230EFFEDFFBFFFD6FFA4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">577015</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182236396" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5F540007-4494-49BF-A619-F0A54F5CE41E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/85D403B7CB8A51F4BF4AB3C308C04B66" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5F540007-4494-49BF-A619-F0A54F5CE41E" authority="Pujade-Villar &amp; Paretas-Martínez" authorityName="Pujade-Villar &amp; Paretas-Martinez" authorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Palmiriella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palmiriella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. n.">
Palmiriella Pujade-Villar &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paretas-Martínez">Paretas-Martinez</normalizedToken>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="10" pageNumber="31">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Diagnostic characters of Palmiriella neumanni (Thrasorinae), female A head, anterior view B mesosoma, dorsal view C mesosoma, lateral view D antenna, dorsal view E head and mesosoma, antero-dorsal view F metasoma, lateral view. CI, circumtorular impression." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15771" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="31" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Paretas-Martínez &amp; Restrepo-Ortiz &amp; Buffington &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2011" baseAuthorityName="Paretas-Martínez &amp; Restrepo-Ortiz &amp; Buffington &amp; Pujade-Villar" baseAuthorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Palmiriella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neumanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Palmiriella neumanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Buffington), comb. n., by present designation and monotypy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="31" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
(
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Diagnostic table for Mikeius (Mikeiinae, n. subf.) and genera of Thrasorinae." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/7BEE2B783F7D68E53867BB522A8CECC0" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" tableUuid="7BEE2B783F7D68E53867BB522A8CECC0">Table 2</tableCitation>
)
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pujade-Villar &amp; Paretas-Martinez" authorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Palmiriella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Palmiriella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, gen. n., can be distinguished from other thrasorines by having the face smooth, without any sculpturing (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Diagnostic characters of Palmiriella neumanni (Thrasorinae), female A head, anterior view B mesosoma, dorsal view C mesosoma, lateral view D antenna, dorsal view E head and mesosoma, antero-dorsal view F metasoma, lateral view. CI, circumtorular impression." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15771" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
); in
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Scutimica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Scutimica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1908" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Myrtopsen" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Myrtopsen</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the face is irregularly sculptured (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Characters of Scutimica and Myrtopsen A head, Scutimica transcarinata B head, Myrtopsen luedervaldti C metasoma, Myrtopsen sp. D mesosoma in dorsal view, Scutimica flava E mesosoma in dorsal view, Mikeius mimosae F mesosoma in lateral view, Scutimica transcarinata G mesosoma in lateral view, Mikeius punctuatus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15779" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 9A, B</figureCitation>
); in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Paretas-Martinez" authorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Cicatrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Cicatrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Weld" authorityYear="1944" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Thrasorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Thrasorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, strong transverse carinae are present crossing the entire face or on lateral areas (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Diagnostic characters of Palmiriella neumanni (Thrasorinae), female A head, anterior view B mesosoma, dorsal view C mesosoma, lateral view D antenna, dorsal view E head and mesosoma, antero-dorsal view F metasoma, lateral view. CI, circumtorular impression." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15771" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 3A, D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Characters of Thrasorus (A-G) and Scutimica (H) A head, anterior view B mesosoma, dorsal view, Thrasorus rieki C antenna, male, medial view D mesosoma, dorsal view, Thrasorus schmidtae E head and mesosoma, lateral view F metasoma, lateral view G antenna, female, medial view H mesosoma, dorsal view, Scutimica transcarinata." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15772" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">4A</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pujade-Villar &amp; Paretas-Martinez" authorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Palmiriella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Palmiriella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is further differentiated from other thrasorines by having metasomal T3 and T4 fused into a syntergum, but not covering the entire metasomal surface (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Diagnostic characters of Palmiriella neumanni (Thrasorinae), female A head, anterior view B mesosoma, dorsal view C mesosoma, lateral view D antenna, dorsal view E head and mesosoma, antero-dorsal view F metasoma, lateral view. CI, circumtorular impression." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15771" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
); in
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Scutimica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Scutimica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1908" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Myrtopsen" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Myrtopsen</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a syntergum covering the entire metasomal surface is present (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Characters of Scutimica and Myrtopsen A head, Scutimica transcarinata B head, Myrtopsen luedervaldti C metasoma, Myrtopsen sp. D mesosoma in dorsal view, Scutimica flava E mesosoma in dorsal view, Mikeius mimosae F mesosoma in lateral view, Scutimica transcarinata G mesosoma in lateral view, Mikeius punctuatus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15779" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
); in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Paretas-Martinez" authorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Cicatrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Cicatrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Weld" authorityYear="1944" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Thrasorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Thrasorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, T3 and T4 are separate sclerites (syntergum absent) (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Diagnostic characters of Cicatrix sp. (Thrasorinae): A Cicatrix pilosiscutum; B-D and F Cicatrix schauffi; E, Cicatrix neumannoides A head, anterior view B mesosoma, dorsal view C metasoma, lateral view D head, anterior view E mesosoma, dorsal view F female antenna, dorsal view. CI, circumtorular impression." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15770" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Characters of Thrasorus (A-G) and Scutimica (H) A head, anterior view B mesosoma, dorsal view, Thrasorus rieki C antenna, male, medial view D mesosoma, dorsal view, Thrasorus schmidtae E head and mesosoma, lateral view F metasoma, lateral view G antenna, female, medial view H mesosoma, dorsal view, Scutimica transcarinata." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15772" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">4F</figureCitation>
). Additionally,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pujade-Villar &amp; Paretas-Martinez" authorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Palmiriella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Palmiriella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Scutimica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Scutimica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1908" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Myrtopsen" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Myrtopsen</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having the scutellum posteriorly rounded (
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Scutimica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Scutimica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1908" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Myrtopsen" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Myrtopsen</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have an emarginate/truncate scutellum,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Characters of Scutimica and Myrtopsen A head, Scutimica transcarinata B head, Myrtopsen luedervaldti C metasoma, Myrtopsen sp. D mesosoma in dorsal view, Scutimica flava E mesosoma in dorsal view, Mikeius mimosae F mesosoma in lateral view, Scutimica transcarinata G mesosoma in lateral view, Mikeius punctuatus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15779" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 9D, E</figureCitation>
), and pronotum not sculptured nor projected (strongly carinate and projected in
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Scutimica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Scutimica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Characters of Scutimica and Myrtopsen A head, Scutimica transcarinata B head, Myrtopsen luedervaldti C metasoma, Myrtopsen sp. D mesosoma in dorsal view, Scutimica flava E mesosoma in dorsal view, Mikeius mimosae F mesosoma in lateral view, Scutimica transcarinata G mesosoma in lateral view, Mikeius punctuatus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15779" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
), with microsculpture or carinate in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rubsaamen" authorityYear="1908" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Myrtopsen" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Myrtopsen</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Characters of Scutimica and Myrtopsen A head, Scutimica transcarinata B head, Myrtopsen luedervaldti C metasoma, Myrtopsen sp. D mesosoma in dorsal view, Scutimica flava E mesosoma in dorsal view, Mikeius mimosae F mesosoma in lateral view, Scutimica transcarinata G mesosoma in lateral view, Mikeius punctuatus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15779" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 9G</figureCitation>
)); from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Weld" authorityYear="1944" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Thrasorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Thrasorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having horizontally striate microsculpture on the mesoscutum (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Diagnostic characters of Palmiriella neumanni (Thrasorinae), female A head, anterior view B mesosoma, dorsal view C mesosoma, lateral view D antenna, dorsal view E head and mesosoma, antero-dorsal view F metasoma, lateral view. CI, circumtorular impression." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15771" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
) (mesoscutum smooth in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Weld" authorityYear="1944" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Thrasorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Thrasorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Characters of Thrasorus (A-G) and Scutimica (H) A head, anterior view B mesosoma, dorsal view, Thrasorus rieki C antenna, male, medial view D mesosoma, dorsal view, Thrasorus schmidtae E head and mesosoma, lateral view F metasoma, lateral view G antenna, female, medial view H mesosoma, dorsal view, Scutimica transcarinata." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15772" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15771" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Diagnostic characters of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Paretas-Martínez &amp; Restrepo-Ortiz &amp; Buffington &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2011" baseAuthorityName="Paretas-Martínez &amp; Restrepo-Ortiz &amp; Buffington &amp; Pujade-Villar" baseAuthorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Palmiriella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neumanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Palmiriella neumanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1994" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thrasorinae">Thrasorinae</taxonomicName>
), female
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">A</emphasis>
head, anterior view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">B</emphasis>
mesosoma, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">C</emphasis>
mesosoma, lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">D</emphasis>
antenna, dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">E</emphasis>
head and mesosoma, antero-dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">F</emphasis>
metasoma, lateral view. CI, circumtorular impression.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="31" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="31">See description, biology and distribution of type species below.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="31" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
The new genus is dedicated to our colleague and good friend Palmira
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ros-Farré">Ros-Farre</normalizedToken>
, who has helped us for many years with our little wasps. Gender is feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="31" type="taxonomic comments">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Taxonomic comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="31">
The holotype of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Paretas-Martínez &amp; Restrepo-Ortiz &amp; Buffington &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2011" baseAuthorityName="Paretas-Martínez &amp; Restrepo-Ortiz &amp; Buffington &amp; Pujade-Villar" baseAuthorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Mikeius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neumanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Mikeius neumanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Buffington, unlike the other species included in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Paretas-Martínez &amp; Restrepo-Ortiz &amp; Buffington &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Mikeius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Mikeius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, does have the circumtorular impression diagnostic for
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kovalev" authorityYear="1994" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Thrasorinae">Thrasorinae</taxonomicName>
. For this reason, this species is transferred from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Paretas-Martínez &amp; Restrepo-Ortiz &amp; Buffington &amp; Pujade-Villar" authorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Mikeius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Mikeius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the new thrasorine genus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pujade-Villar &amp; Paretas-Martinez" authorityYear="2011" class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Palmiriella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Palmiriella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Characters summarized in the diagnosis below and phylogeny in
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Cladogram of Euceroptrinae, Mikeiinae, Plectocynipinae, and Thrasorinae. Numbers above branches indicate bootstap support. CI = 0.58; RI = 0.73; RC = 0.43. Strict consensus of 2 trees, L = 190." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/15773" pageId="10" pageNumber="31">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
justify the erection of the new genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.662.11454" ID-GBIF-Dataset="84ea0592-8898-448b-b743-e800c16f0f67" ID-PMC="PMC5539699" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-662-49" ID-PubMed="28769608" ID-ZBK="3D0FA793868F4069BDFE1E3E1DA0A13D" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-662-49" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 662" ModsDocTitle="Cyphastreasalae, a new species of hard coral from Lord Howe Island, Australia (Scleractinia, Merulinidae)" checkinTime="1490166127852" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Baird, Andrew H., Hoogenboom, Mia O. &amp; Huang, Danwei" docDate="2017" docId="85D43A8ACF14BEA2402F3CEEAE90711C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 662: 49-66" docOrigin="ZooKeys 662" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.662.11454" docTitle="Cyphastrea salae Baird, Hoogenboom &amp; Huang, 2017, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="E9B09DB8-0F21-4721-983C-42E5FE9DA607" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="E473FFFA524EFF8FFFDD003942176E4A" masterDocTitle="Cyphastreasalae, a new species of hard coral from Lord Howe Island, Australia (Scleractinia, Merulinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1668164311568" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Cyphastreasalae, a new species of hard coral from Lord Howe Island, Australia (Scleractinia, Merulinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Baird, Andrew H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Hoogenboom, Mia O.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Huang, Danwei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number>662</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.662.11454</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.662.11454</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127857711" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E9B09DB8-0F21-4721-983C-42E5FE9DA607" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/85D43A8ACF14BEA2402F3CEEAE90711C" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/E9B09DB8-0F21-4721-983C-42E5FE9DA607" class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea salae" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="salae">
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="51" start="start">Cyphastrea</pageBreakToken>
salae
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="51">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Holotype: Australian Museum AM 81_1530 South Flat, Lord Howe Island (LHI), Australia (-31.5611; 159.0741) 1 m depth. Paratypes: AM 81_1822 Malabar, LHI (-31.5115; 159.0575); AM 81_4749 Malabar West, LHI (-31.5118; 159.0508) and see Appendix 2.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea salae" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="salae">Cyphastrea salae</taxonomicName>
is found on Lord Howe Island and in the Solitary Islands, where it is the only
<taxonomicName genus="Cyphastrae" lsidName="Cyphastrae" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" rank="genus">Cyphastrae</taxonomicName>
species with 12 primary septa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Skeletal characteristics of the holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">The holotype is part of a hillocky colony approximately 50 cm width by 50 cm deep by 50 cm height of a tan colour (Fig. 1A). The most prominent feature of the species in the field are the exsert corallites (Figure 1B). The fragment of the holotype is 10 cm long by 5 cm wide and 4 cm thick (Fig. 1C). Most measured features were uniform: the maximum diameter of the corallites ranged from 2.5 to 2.8 mm, the maximum calyx diameter ranged from 2.0 to 2.4 mm and the maximum diameter of the columella ranged from 0.7 to 0.8 mm. All corallites had two septal cycles and 12 primary septa. In contrast, corallite height was more variable, ranging from 0.4 to 3.3 mm as was the density of corallites which ranged from 5 to 9 cm-2. The holotype has regular free septa and a compact columella (Figure 1D). Septal teeth with multiaxial tips are low (~0.2 mm in height) and narrowly spaced (0.1-0.2 mm), with 7-9 teeth per septum (Figure 1E). Strong pointed or club-shaped granules are scattered on the septal face (Figure 1E). The inter-area on the septa is smooth. Corallite walls are formed by dominant septotheca (Figure 1F). Thickening deposits are fibrous (Figure 1F). Costa and septum centre clusters are weak with approximately 0.3 mm between clusters in the costa and &lt;0.2 mm in the septum. Medial lines are also weak (Figure 1F). Perpendicular crosses absent (Figure 1F). Columella centres are clustered (Figure 1F).</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
Figure 1.
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea salae" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="salae">Cyphastrea salae</taxonomicName>
sp. n. A habit photo of the holotype (G.18222) in situ B close up of holotype in situ C holotype D SEM of corallite E SEM of septa F transverse thin section.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="instraspecific variation">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">Instraspecific variation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">The most common morphology of colonies in the lagoon at Lord Howe Island is hillocky like the holotype, however, some coralla are massive (e.g. 81_1414; Figure 2A, B) or submassive (e.g. 81_3953; Figure 2C, D); and at depth the corolla can be encrusting (e.g. 81_1822; Fig. 2E, F and 79_4749; Figure 4G, H). The colour of the colony ranges from tan to green to blue. Corallite diameter ranges from 1.7 to 3.2 mm; calyx diameter ranges from 1.4 to 2.7 mm; columella diameter ranges from 0.6 to 1.0 mm; corallite height ranges from 0.4 to 3.5 mm; number of corallites per cm ranges from 5.0 to 14.0 cm-2; and the number of primary septa ranges from 10 in very small corallites to 17 in the largest (Table 1). Corallite density was noticeably reduced in specimens from greater depths on Lord Howe Island (Appendix 2; Figure 2E, F).</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
Figure 2.
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea salae" order="Scleractinia" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="salae">Cyphastrea salae</taxonomicName>
in situ. A, B AM 81-1414 C, D AM 81_3953 E, F AM 81_1822 G, H AM 79_4749.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" type="comparisons">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
Comparison with
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. micropthalma" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="micropthalma">C. micropthalma</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="2" pageNumber="51">
In general, there were few differences in the measured features of the corallites of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. salae" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="salae">C. salae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. microphthalma" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="microphthalma">C. microphthalma</taxonomicName>
. In particular, corallite and calyx diameter were remarkably similar between the two species (Table 1). Corallites were significantly taller (t = 3.43, p = 0.001) and the columella was larger (t = 7.12, p &lt;0.001) in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. salae" pageId="2" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="salae">C. salae</taxonomicName>
(Table 1). In addition, corallites were significantly more
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="52" start="start">crowded</pageBreakToken>
in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. microphthalma" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="microphthalma">C. microphthalma</taxonomicName>
which had 11.4 corallites per cm2 compared with 9.6 per cm2, on average, for
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. salae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="salae">C. salae</taxonomicName>
(t = -3.86, p &lt;0.001; Table 1).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
Table 1. Summary statistics of morphological variables for
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea salae" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="salae">Cyphastrea salae</taxonomicName>
(n = 55) and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. microphthalma" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="microphthalma">C. microphthalma</taxonomicName>
(n = 40). Measurements in mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<table pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
<th colspan="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea salae" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="salae">Cyphastrea salae</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea microphthalma" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="microphthalma">Cyphastrea microphthalma</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rowspan="1">Mean (se)</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rowspan="1">Maximum</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rowspan="1">Minimum</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rowspan="1">Mean (se)</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rowspan="1">Maximum</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rowspan="1">Minimum</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rowspan="1">2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
The two species are difficult to distinguish in the field based on gross morphology.
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea microphthalma" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="microphthalma">Cyphastrea microphthalma</taxonomicName>
most frequently forms hillocky colonies (Figure 3 A, B), however, it can also occasionally form massive colonies (Figure 3C). Nonetheless, the species can readily be distinguished in the field and the lab on the basis of the number of primary septa which is generally 12 in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. salae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="salae">C. salae</taxonomicName>
(Figure 1C, D) vs. 10 in
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. microphthalama" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="microphthalama">C. microphthalama</taxonomicName>
(Figure 3
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
). Nonetheless, the modal number of septa in the five corallites counted correctly identified the molecular clade identity in 100% of colonies (Appendix 2).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
Figure 3.
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea microphthalma" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="microphthalma">Cyphastrea microphthalma</taxonomicName>
. A, B AM 81-1612 C AM 81_1681 D AM 81-1612 E AM 81-1660 F AM 81-1612.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" type="phylogenetic analysis">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="52">Phylogenetic analysis.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="52">
Molecular analyses revealed a monophyletic
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Cyphastrea</taxonomicName>
with two major clades (Figure 4). One clade contained new sequences from all the
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. microphthalma" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="microphthalma">C. microphthalma</taxonomicName>
specimens collected from Lord Howe Island, nested within GenBank sequences of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. microphthalma" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="microphthalma">C. microphthalma</taxonomicName>
from Singapore and the
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. chalcidicium" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="chalcidicium">C. chalcidicium</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea serailia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="serailia">serailia</taxonomicName>
complex. The second clade comprised all of the sequences from
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. salae" pageId="3" pageNumber="52" rank="species" species="salae">C. salae</taxonomicName>
from Lord Howe
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="53" start="start">Island</pageBreakToken>
and the Solitary Islands, as well as
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. decadia" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="decadia">C. cf. decadia</taxonomicName>
from Fiji. The first clade was generally unsupported under all optimality criteria for 28S rDNA, but descendent nodes grouping
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. microphthalma" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="microphthalma">C. microphthalma</taxonomicName>
from Lord Howe Island with other
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. chalcidicum" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="chalcidicum">C. chalcidicum</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea serailia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="serailia">serailia</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. microphthalma" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="microphthalma">C. microphthalma</taxonomicName>
sequences had moderate to high supports. The second clade containing
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. salae" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="salae">C. salae</taxonomicName>
was well-supported under all analyses, and is, although the sister relationship to the branching
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. decadia" pageId="4" pageNumber="53" rank="species" species="decadia">C. cf. decadia</taxonomicName>
is only strongly supported by IGR (Figure 4).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea salae" order="Scleractinia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="salae">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="54" start="start">Cyphastrea</pageBreakToken>
salae
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. microphthalma" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="microphthalma">C. microphthalma</taxonomicName>
originated from two distinct lineages.
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea salae" order="Scleractinia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="salae">Cyphastrea salae</taxonomicName>
formed a well-supported monophyletic group under all analyses, and is sister group to the branching
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. decadia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="decadia">C. cf. decadia</taxonomicName>
(Figure 4). All the IGR sequences of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. microphthalma" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="microphthalma">C. microphthalma</taxonomicName>
clustered strongly as a clade, including the representative from Singapore, but the group is split weakly into two with the 28S rDNA marker. The relationships between
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. microphthalma" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="microphthalma">C. microphthalma</taxonomicName>
and its closely related congeners remained unresolved due to low support by the less variable 28S rDNA (Figure 4).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
Figure 4. Maximum likelihood phylogenies based on the nuclear 28S rDNA (left) and mitochondrial noncoding intergenic region (right). Taxa in grey are outgroups.
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea salae" order="Scleractinia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="salae">Cyphastrea salae</taxonomicName>
sp. n. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. microphthalma" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="microphthalma">C. microphthalma</taxonomicName>
in red and blue respectively. Numbers adjacent to each branch represent support values (maximum likelihood bootstrap ≥ 50; Bayesian posterior probability ≥ 0.85; maximum parsimony bootstrap ≥ 50).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">The species is named after Dr Sally Keith and Ms Sallyann Gudge, who have both made significant contributions to understanding and protecting the coral reefs of Lord Howe Island.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="54" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">Distribution and frequency.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea salae" order="Scleractinia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="salae">Cyphastrea salae</taxonomicName>
is common in the lagoon at Lord Howe Island where it commonly co-occurs with
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. microphthalma" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="microphthalma">C. microphthalma</taxonomicName>
. It has been recorded to 18 m depth outside the lagoon. One colony has been positively identified using the molecular markers from Solitary Islands, where it is sympatric with
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. microphthalma" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="microphthalma">C. microphthalma</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Cyphastrea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyphastrea salae" order="Scleractinia" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="salae">Cyphastrea salae</taxonomicName>
has yet to be recorded in extensive sampling on the Great Barrier Reef and no sequences are present in GenBank.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>