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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.89.80163" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0177c1fd-eb14-43e2-b8f7-4b45ef4316cc" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-89-19" ID-Pensoft-UUID="E7C0AB37B92C5EAF9DE5F0CED4F15BF3" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6336552" ID-ZooBank="AACD3DB78F694230B12F5E811CA88A15" ModsDocID="1314-2607-89-19" checkinTime="1646131449304" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Viertler, Alexandra, Klopfstein, Seraina, Jouault, Corentin &amp; Spasojevic, Tamara" docDate="2022" docId="A3DC51D39D8E54E8BD8D2064A33B4DAE" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 89: 19-45" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 89" docPubDate="2022-02-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.89.80163" docTitle="Pappous gen. nov. (masculine)" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="E7C0AB37B92C5EAF9DE5F0CED4F15BF3" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="E7C0AB37B92C5EAF9DE5F0CED4F15BF3" masterDocTitle="Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in Lower Eocene amber from the Paris basin" masterLastPageNumber="45" masterPageNumber="19" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1678757445716" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in Lower Eocene amber from the Paris basin</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Viertler, Alexandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9729-5439</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, CH- 4001 Basel, Switzerland &amp; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH- 3012 Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Klopfstein, Seraina</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4025-975X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH- 3012 Bern, Switzerland &amp; Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, CH- 4001 Basel, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jouault, Corentin</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3680-5172</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Institut de Syste ́ matique, E ́ volution, Biodiversite ́ (ISYEB), Muse ́ um national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universite ́, EPHE, Universite ́ des Antilles, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France &amp; Institut des Sciences de l'E ́ volution de Montpellier, CNRS, Place Euge ̀ ne Bataillon, UMR 5554, 34095 Montpellier, France &amp; Univ. Rennes, CNRS, Ge ́ osciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 35000 Rennes, France</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Spasojevic, Tamara</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5301-5722</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, CH- 4001 Basel, Switzerland &amp; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH- 3012 Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">spasojevic.ta@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-02-28</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>89</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>19</mods:start>
<mods:end>45</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.89.80163</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.89.80163</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-89-19</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">AACD3DB78F694230B12F5E811CA88A15</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">E7C0AB37B92C5EAF9DE5F0CED4F15BF3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6336552</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="193849814" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:ED549916-A111-4353-A55D-3DEAD7A0A980" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A3DC51D39D8E54E8BD8D2064A33B4DAE" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/ED549916-A111-4353-A55D-3DEAD7A0A980" authority="gen. nov. (masculine)" authorityName="gen. nov. (masculine)" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pappous" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pappous" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pappous gen. nov. (masculine)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
Derived from the Greek word (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
<normalizedToken originalValue="pappoús">pappous</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
) for grandfather, which highlights the age of the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Viertler &amp; Klopfstein &amp; Jouault &amp; Spasojevic" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pappous" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pappous trichomatius" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trichomatius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Pappous trichomatius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="systematic placement">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Systematic placement.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
The most conspicuous character of this fossil is probably the dense pilosity on the compound eyes, which is rather rare in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ichneumonidae</taxonomicName>
. However, there are a few genera or species with setose eyes in a large portion of the subfamilies (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Schizopyga" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schizopyga" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Schizopyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gravenhorst, 1829 and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1962" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dreisbachia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dreisbachia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Dreisbachia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Townes, 1962 in
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pimplinae">Pimplinae</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wesmael" authorityYear="1849" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Trichomma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichomma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Trichomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wesmael, 1849 and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1874" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ophionellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophionellus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Ophionellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Westwood, 1874 in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Viereck" authorityYear="1918" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anomaloninae">Anomaloninae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Cymodusa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cymodusa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Cymodusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Holmgren, 1859 in
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Campopleginae">Campopleginae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Collyria" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Collyria trichophthalma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trichophthalma">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Collyria trichophthalma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Thomson, 1877 in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cushman" authorityYear="1924" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Collyriinae">Collyriinae</taxonomicName>
, etc.) (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02027741" author="Townes, HK" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 300" refId="B57" refString="Townes, HK, 1969. The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 1. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 11: 1 - 300, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02027741" title="The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 1." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02027741" volume="11" year="1969">Townes 1969</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Townes, HK" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 310" refId="B59" refString="Townes, HK, 1970b. The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 3. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 13: 1 - 310" title="The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 3." volume="13" year="1970 b">1970b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Townes, HK" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 372" refId="B60" refString="Townes, HK, 1971. The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 4. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 17: 1 - 372" title="The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 4." volume="17" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
The fossil shares some similarities with taxa in the subfamily
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Orthocentrinae">Orthocentrinae</taxonomicName>
. First, the face of the fossil reminds of taxa in the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Helictes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helictes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Helictes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus-group, with a strongly convex clypeus both in front and profile view, a rather long malar space and tentorial pits that are placed much behind the clypeal plane (
<bibRefCitation author="Townes, HK" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 372" refId="B60" refString="Townes, HK, 1971. The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 4. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 17: 1 - 372" title="The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 4." volume="17" year="1971">Townes 1971</bibRefCitation>
). Second, the converging but almost box-like first tergite with the spiracle around the middle, and strong and parallel latero-median carinae also occur in
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Orthocentrinae">Orthocentrinae</taxonomicName>
. Third, there are also some
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Eusterinx" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusterinx" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Eusterinx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in the subgenus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Eusterinx" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusterinx (Trestis)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Trestis">Eusterinx Trestis</taxonomicName>
, that share the setose eyes. All
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Orthocentrinae">Orthocentrinae</taxonomicName>
possess a conspicuous fringe of setae along the inner side of the hind tibia, but this body part is unfortunately not visible. However, the relatively short and fully carinated propodeum speak against most
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Orthocentrinae">Orthocentrinae</taxonomicName>
, except
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Eusterinx" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusterinx" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Eusterinx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the mentioned characteristics also appear in some
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tryphoninae">Tryphoninae</taxonomicName>
taxa, and since many characters in
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Orthocentrinae">Orthocentrinae</taxonomicName>
are very variable and seem plesiomorphic in the fossil, a placement in
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Orthocentrinae">Orthocentrinae</taxonomicName>
seems ill-advised.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
Altough the setose eyes are a highly homoplastic character, it might give an important hint, as eyes with conspicuous setae occur rather often in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tryphoninae">Tryphoninae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Thymaris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thymaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Thymaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förtster">Foertster</normalizedToken>
, 1869,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Oedemopsis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oedemopsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Oedemopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Tscheck, 1869,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cushman" authorityYear="1919" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Zagryphus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zagryphus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Zagryphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cushman, 1919), in the tribe
<taxonomicName authorityName="Woldstedt" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="tribe" tribe="Oedemopsini">Oedemopsini</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Bennet, AMR" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 387" refId="B3" refString="Bennet, AMR, 2015. Revision of the world genera of Tryphoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 86: 1 - 387" title="Revision of the world genera of Tryphoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)." volume="86" year="2015">Bennet 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Indeed, the combination of characteristics in this fossil are all consistent with a placement in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tryphoninae">Tryphoninae</taxonomicName>
. The setose eyes and strongly tapered mandibles, the deeply impressed notauli, together with the full carination on the propodeum, lead to some genera in the tryphonine tribe
<taxonomicName authorityName="Woldstedt" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="tribe" tribe="Oedemopsini">Oedemopsini</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Bennet, AMR" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 387" refId="B3" refString="Bennet, AMR, 2015. Revision of the world genera of Tryphoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 86: 1 - 387" title="Revision of the world genera of Tryphoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)." volume="86" year="2015">Bennet 2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Broad, GR" journalOrPublisher="Handbooks for the identification of British insects" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 418" refId="B5" refString="Broad, GR, Shaw, MR, Fitton, MG, 2018. Ichneumonid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): their classification and biology. Handbooks for the identification of British insects 7: 1 - 418" title="Ichneumonid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): their classification and biology." volume="7" year="2018">Broad et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). The mesosoma, the very strong juxtacoxal carina, the posterior transverse carina of the mesosternum, which forms a lobe with the lateral part and is medially expanded into two lobes, as well as the shape of the first tergite are rather similar to
<taxonomicName authorityName="Morley" authorityYear="1913" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Acaenitellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acaenitellus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Acaenitellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Morley, 1913. The setose eyes and mandible shape on the other hand would point to a close resemblance to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Thymaris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thymaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Thymaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1883" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Neliopisthus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neliopisthus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Neliopisthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Thomson, 1883. The latter also shares similarities in the first tergite, which is in some species tapered gradually with more or less parallel latero-median carina. But although the fossil shares many characteristics that are consistent within
<taxonomicName authorityName="Woldstedt" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="tribe" tribe="Oedemopsini">Oedemopsini</taxonomicName>
, it also features differences, which are rare in this tribe: a strongly bowed 2m-cu, a rather stout and box-like first tergite, and a closed areolet. The latter is only present in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Townes" authorityYear="1969" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Leptixys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptixys" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Leptixys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Townes, 1969 from Chile and Argentina,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gauld" authorityYear="1984" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Debophanes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Debophanes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Debophanes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gauld, 1984 from Australia and the fossil species
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kasparyan" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Thymariodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thymariodes areolaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="areolaris">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Thymariodes areolaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kasparyan, 1988 from Baltic amber (
<bibRefCitation author="Bennet, AMR" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 387" refId="B3" refString="Bennet, AMR, 2015. Revision of the world genera of Tryphoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 86: 1 - 387" title="Revision of the world genera of Tryphoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)." volume="86" year="2015">Bennet 2015</bibRefCitation>
). Although we have good arguments forplacing
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. trichomatius" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="species" species="trichomatius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">P. trichomatius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Woldstedt" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="tribe" tribe="Oedemopsini">Oedemopsini</taxonomicName>
, important characteristics, like an antenna with a median light-coloured band, simple tarsal claws and an ovipositor with a weakly sclerotized ventral valve (
<bibRefCitation author="Bennet, AMR" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 387" refId="B3" refString="Bennet, AMR, 2015. Revision of the world genera of Tryphoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 86: 1 - 387" title="Revision of the world genera of Tryphoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)." volume="86" year="2015">Bennet 2015</bibRefCitation>
), which would distinguish this tribe from other
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tryphoninae">Tryphoninae</taxonomicName>
, are not visible. Therefore, we do not place the fossil in this tribe or any
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tryphoninae">Tryphoninae</taxonomicName>
tribe.Since the previously mentioned apomorphic characters in extant
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tryphoninae">Tryphoninae</taxonomicName>
, the stalked egg and the fringe of setae on the clypeus, are not visible in this fossil, we also label our placement of this fossil in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tryphoninae">Tryphoninae</taxonomicName>
as tentative.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="19" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Pappous</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. differs from the only known fossil genus of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Woldstedt" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="tribe" tribe="Oedemopsini">Oedemopsini</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kasparyan" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Thymariodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thymariodes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Thymariodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kasparyan, 1988, described from Baltic amber, in having unidentate or strongly twisted mandibles, a convex clypeus in profile, a longer malar space, as well as a long and slender pterostigma, an outwards bowed 2m-cu and with vein 1Rs + M present. It also differs from
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Palaeometopius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaeometopius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Palaeometopius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the shape and dimension of the mandibles, the presence of conspicuous setae on the eyes, and a quadrate-oblique areolet shape. In addition,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pappous" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pappous" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Pappous</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. differs from extant genera in
<taxonomicName authorityName="Woldstedt" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="tribe" tribe="Oedemopsini">Oedemopsini</taxonomicName>
by its closed quadrate-oblique areolet, a strongly carinated propodeum, and subquadrate and non-petiolate T1. Since
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pappous" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pappous" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="19">Pappous</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does have a different character combination than extant
<taxonomicName authorityName="Woldstedt" authorityYear="1877" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="tribe" tribe="Oedemopsini">Oedemopsini</taxonomicName>
or other
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tryphoninae">Tryphoninae</taxonomicName>
genera, we propose a new genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="19">The genus combines dense and conspicuous setae on the eyes, a convex clypeus with simple margin, the malar space about as long as base width of mandibles or a little longer, a weak oblique truncation of the scape, a strongly areolated propodeum with rather simple surface sculpture and complete juxtacoxal carinae, fore wing with closed quadrate-oblique areolet and a box-like first tergite.</paragraph>
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2 specimens; ZMB 4674; &quot;Rifle Range, Simonstown&quot; [Simons Town, South Africa]; leg. Deutsche
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The &quot;Deutsche
<normalizedToken id="BB3D6FC5C5B397639DC390E72B52BAEE" originalValue="Südpolar-Expedition”">Suedpolar-Expedition&quot;</normalizedToken>
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- ran from 1901-1903 under the leadership of Erich von Drygalski. The Simons Town material was evidently collected during a stopover in South Africa on the return leg of the expedition.
<bibRefCitation id="96A4FD050F16231CB2D9796418BFC090" pageId="7" pageNumber="288">Silvestri (1904)</bibRefCitation>
described the species shortly afterwards, but the Berlin material does not belong to the type species which is cited as having come from
<normalizedToken id="103AD77FE7DC36665136A9D66FB2444C" originalValue="“Zwarsberg”">&quot;Zwarsberg&quot;</normalizedToken>
in South Africa with Max C. Weber as the collector. The BIOTA material stems from a major project on the southern African fauna and was collected by MfN staff members
<normalizedToken id="01211774EE937B5A3D59065A730FB693" originalValue="Jürgen">Juergen</normalizedToken>
Deckert, Manfred Uhlig and Peter Giere; with identification by Katrin Vohland.
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<taxonomicName authority="Chapuis" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dryotomicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dryotomicus puberulus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puberulus">Dryotomicus puberulus (Chapuis)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="9" pageNumber="58">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dryotomicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dryotomicus puberulus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puberulus">Dryotomicus puberulus</taxonomicName>
(Chapuis) 1869: 46 (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dryotomus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dryotomus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dryotomus</taxonomicName>
). Holotype: female, Cayenne; IRSNB, Brussels. (References in
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" title="A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index, Volumes A and B." volume="13" year="1992">Wood and Bright 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 227)
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
This species differs from other
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Dryotomicus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dryotomicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dryotomicus</taxonomicName>
spp. by the absence of tubercules from the third, fifth and seventh interstriae and the raised first and second interstriae of elytral declivity.
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">Redescription.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="58">
See
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: 125.
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Graham, 1969
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24.
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="34" pageNumber="79">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 3D, 9G, H, 15
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, 20
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, 22F, 23, Table 3
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<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="79">Type material.</paragraph>
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Holotype CUMZ 6252 (Fig. 9G). Measurement: shell height 6.3 mm, shell width 9.2 mm, and with 6 whorls. Paratypes: CUMZ 4220 (27 shells), 6230 (15 specimens in ethanol; Figs 3D, 15
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<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="79">Type locality.</paragraph>
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Ko Tan, Samui, Suratthani, Thailand,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.371917">9°22'18.9&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.94825">99°56'53.7&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
.
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<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="79">Other material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="79">Nam Tok Tone Nga Chang, Had Yai, Songkhla: CUMZ 6231 (4 specimens in ethanol). Ban Chang Lang, Si-kao, Trang: CUMZ 6232 (2 specimens in ethanol).</paragraph>
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<pageBreakToken pageId="35" pageNumber="80" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
.
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Conchologically this new species superficially resembles
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and
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sp. n. It differs from
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Discartemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discartemon roebeleni" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="roebeleni">Discartemon roebeleni</taxonomicName>
in having a higher spire, a very long penis, a penial sheath extending fourth-fifths of the penis length, a smooth atrium wall with atrial pores, and a short seminal vesicle. It differs from
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Discartemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discartemon megalostraka" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="megalostraka">Discartemon megalostraka</taxonomicName>
sp. n. in having a smaller shell and apertural dentition of four lamellae, and a shorter free oviduct, vas deferens and seminal vesicle.
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Discartemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discartemon kotanensis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kotanensis">Discartemon kotanensis</taxonomicName>
sp. n. differs from
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Discartemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discartemon stenostomus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="35" pageNumber="80" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stenostomus">Discartemon stenostomus</taxonomicName>
and
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in having a higher spire, transverse ridges reaching the periphery, the last whorl rounded and regularly coiled, and apertural dentition of one straight parietal, one basal and one columellar lamella. Also,
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is slightly axially deflected.
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<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="80">Description.</paragraph>
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Shell. Shell globose-heliciform, white and translucent; whorls 6
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, spire elevated conical, with distinct suture. Shell surface glossy, with trans
<pageBreakToken pageId="36" pageNumber="81" start="start">verse</pageBreakToken>
ridges that diminish below periphery; varices present. Embryonic shell large, about
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whorls, with a smooth surface; following whorls regularly coiled. Last whorl rounded and regularly expanded; umbilicus widely open and deep. Aperture sub-quadrangular; peristome discontinuous, thickened, expanded and reflected. Apertural dentition of one strong parietal, one palatal, one basal and one columellar lamella (Fig. 9G).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="81">Radula. Each row consists of 27-31 teeth with formula (13-15)-1-(13-15). The central tooth is very small and triangular with a pointed cusp. Lateral and marginal teeth are undifferentiated, unicuspid and lanceolate. Latero-marginal teeth gradually reduce in size, with outermost teeth much smaller and shorter than inner teeth (Fig. 22F).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="81">Genital organs. Atrium (at) short. Penis (p) very long and slender. Penial sheath (ps) thin and extending about fourth-fifths of penis length, and penial sheath retractor muscle (psr) very thin, originating at genital orifice wall and inserting distally on penial sheath (Fig. 15D). Vas deferens (vd) passes a very short distance through penial sheath before entering into penis distally (Fig. 15E). Penial retractor muscle (pr) thin and very long, inserting at penis and vas deferens junction.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="81">
Internal wall of atrium generally smooth with atrial pores (Fig. 20F). Penial wall with dense and transparent penial hooks, about 20 hooks/200
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
2 (Fig. 20H). Hooks located on short penial papillae (pp). Penial hooks small (&lt;0.03 mm in length), expanded at base, tips pointed and curved towards genital orifice (Fig. 20I).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="81">Vagina (v) short, about one-fifth of penis length. Gametolytic duct (gd) a long tube extending as far as albumin gland; gametolytic sac (gs) ovate. Free oviduct (fo) short, of about same length as vagina. Oviduct (ov) slender and folded; prostate gland inconspicuous. Talon (ta) small, very short and club shaped. Hermaphroditic duct (hd) bearing long seminal vesicle (sv) about twice as long as the length from talon to branching point of seminal vesicle (Fig. 15F).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="81">Vaginal wall generally with longitudinal vaginal folds (Fig. 20J).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="81">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="81">The specific epithet is derived from the type locality of this new species, the Ko Tan, Ko Samui, Suratthani Province.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="81" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="81">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="81">This species is known from the type locality and few limestone outcrops on the southern mainland.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="81" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="81">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="81">
Shells of this species from Samui, Suratthani were originally thought to belong to
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. After the genital system of
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sp. n. was examined and critically investigated, it was considered distinct enough to be a separate species.
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<mods:title>Additions to the knowledge of the land snails of Sabah (Malaysia, Borneo), including 48 new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Vermeulen, Jaap J.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Liew, Thor-Seng</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Schilthuizen, Menno</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>531</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>139</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.531.6097</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.531.6097</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-531-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">C845838EC9124BD8AB4E07980F91959E</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">C845838EC9124BD8AB4E07980F91959E</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="144057469" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8D19118B-5CE0-469A-8AAA-30945C0611FB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A3DCD96FC6ED017815F49C504B5AACFA" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Taxon classification Animalia Littorinimorpha Assimineidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/8D19118B-5CE0-469A-8AAA-30945C0611FB" authority="Vermeulen, Liew &amp; Schilthuizen" class="Gastropoda" family="Assimineidae" genus="Acmella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acmella cyrtoglyphe" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cyrtoglyphe">Acmella cyrtoglyphe Vermeulen, Liew &amp; Schilthuizen</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figure 1
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Assimineidae" genus="Acmella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acmella cyrtoglyphe" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cyrtoglyphe">Acmella cyrtoglyphe</taxonomicName>
nomen nudum:
<bibRefCitation author="Clements, R" journalOrPublisher="Biological Conservation" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="2751 - 2764" title="Using biogeographical patterns of endemic land snails to improve conservation planning for limestone karsts." url="10.1016/j.biocon.2008.08.011" volume="141" year="2008">Clements et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 2761-2762.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2015-01-01" collectingDateMax="2015-12-31" collectingDateMin="2015-01-01" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="J. J. Vermeulen, &amp; M. Schilthuizen" country="Malaysia" httpUri="http://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.5003948" location="Interior Province" municipality="Sabah" specimenCode="RMNH. 5003948" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
.
<collectingCountry>Malaysia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingMunicipality>Sabah</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A3DCD96FC6ED017815F49C504B5AACFA:6E343607111AEC416B42DB8FD01E925E" country="Malaysia" municipality="Sabah" name="Interior Province">Interior Province</location>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A3DCD96FC6ED017815F49C504B5AACFA:D946632982BB71EA52431AE08D124BC4" country="Malaysia" municipality="Sabah" name="Sepulut valley">Sepulut valley</location>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A3DCD96FC6ED017815F49C504B5AACFA:79FE1F96495F99D68C302BF3B8927597" country="Malaysia" municipality="Sabah" name="Gua Sanaron">Gua Sanaron</location>
(leg.
<collectorName>J.J. Vermeulen</collectorName>
<collectorName>&amp; M. Schilthuizen</collectorName>
,
<specimenCode>RMNH.5003948</specimenCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Examined material from Sabah.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Interior Province. Pinangah valley, Batu Urun (= Bukit Sinobang) (leg. J.J. Vermeulen, V 7977; leg. R. Haegens, V 5635). Pun Batu c. 30 km West of Sepulut (leg. J.J. Vermeulen, V 1271). Sepulut valley, Batu Punggul (leg. J.J. Vermeulen, V 1915); Batu Temurung (leg. J.J. Vermeulen, V 8061); Gua Pungiton (leg. J.J. Vermeulen &amp; M. Schilthuizen, V 7527; leg. M. Schilthuizen, BOR/MOL 609); Gua Sanaron (leg. J.J. Vermeulen &amp; M. Schilthuizen, V 7647; leg. M. Schilthuizen, V 13514, BOR/MOL 601); Gua Sanaron, inside cave (leg. M. Schilthuizen, V 13558). Sandakan Province. Kinabatangan valley, Batu Keruak (leg. M. Salverda, H. van Oosten, BOR/MOL 1775; leg. T.S. Liew &amp; B. Elahan, BOR/MOL 1867); Batu Mawas (leg. T.S. Liew &amp; M. Schilthuizen, BOR/MOL 2013, BOR/MOL 3592); Batu Tomanggong Kecil (leg. T.S. Liew &amp; B. Elahan, BOR/MOL 2045); Batu Pangi (leg. J.J. Vermeulen &amp; M. Schilthuizen, V 9644). Pinangah valley, Batu Melikop (leg. R. Kiew, V 7718). Segama valley, North end of limestone ridge on East bank Tabin River (leg. J.J. Vermeulen &amp; M. Schilthuizen, V 7754; leg. J.J. Vermeulen &amp; M. Schilthuizen, V 7757). Tawau Province. Batu Baturong c. 50 km W.S.W. of Lahad Datu (leg. J.J. Vermeulen &amp; H. Duistermaat, V 1844); Batu Baturong, North slope (leg. J.J. Vermeulen, V 7571); Gua Madai c. 40 km S.S.W. of Lahad Datu (leg. J.J. Vermeulen &amp; H. Duistermaat, V 1735); Gua Madai c. 40 km S.S.W. of Lahad Datu, N.E.-end (leg. J.J. Vermeulen, V 7677). Segama valley,
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Kirk’s" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">'Kirk's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cave’" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cave'</normalizedToken>
8 km North of Lahad Datu (leg. J.J. Vermeulen, V 1230). Semporna area, Segarong Hills, Batu Tengar, 25 km E.S.E. Of Kunak (leg. J.J. Vermeulen &amp; H. Duistermaat, V 1811); Bukit Pababola, 25 km E.S.E. of Kunak (leg. J.J. Vermeulen &amp; H. Duistermaat, V 1783).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Shell minute, thin, somewhat translucent, white. Surface shiny. Spire conical with approx. flat sides, apex obtuse, whorls convex, sometimes slightly shouldered. Sculpture. Radial sculpture predominant: densely placed and regularly spaced, prosocline riblets which are distinctly sinuous around the periphery, and which below the periphery are about as strong as above or weaker, some bifurcating from the periphery downwards. Spiral threads usually present, visible in between the radial riblets, inconspicuous to rather distinct, (rather) densely placed at regular intervals. Aperture approx. obliquely elliptic in outline, with a straight parietal side, transition from parietal to basal side rounded to obtusely angular. Umbilicus open, (rather) wide. Dimensions. Height 1.00-1.50 mm; width 0.85-1.10 mm; h/w 1.10-1.36; number of whorls 4 1/8-5 7/8; height aperture 0.35-0.50 mm; width aperture 0.37-0.50 mm.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Figure 1-2. 1
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Assimineidae" genus="Acmella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acmella cyrtoglyphe" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cyrtoglyphe">Acmella cyrtoglyphe</taxonomicName>
sp. n. Frontal view, shell 1.4 mm high 1B Same shell, umbilical view 1C Frontal view, shell 1.1 mm high 1D Same shell, umbilical view (1A, 1B Malaysia, Sabah, Interior Province, Sepulut valley, Gua Sanaron, RMNH.5003948, holotype 1C, 1D Malaysia, Sabah, Sandakan Province, Kinabatangan valley, Batu Pangi, V 9644) 2
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Assimineidae" genus="Acmella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acmella umbilicata" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="umbilicata">Acmella umbilicata</taxonomicName>
sp. n. 2A Frontal view, shell 1.3 mm high 2B Same shell, umbilical view 2C Frontal view, shell 1.3 mm high (Malaysia, Sabah, Interior Province, Pinangah valley, Batu Urun (= Bukit Sinobang) 2A, 2B RMNH.5003946, holotype; 2CV 9644).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="habitat in sabah and distribution">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Habitat in Sabah and distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Primary and secondary forest on limestone bedrock, at 0-700 m alt. Sabah: Interior Province, South part; East coast: from Kinabatangan River valley and further South. Also in Sarawak, Kalimantan. Endemic to Borneo.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="cross diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cross diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Shares the prominent, prosocline radial sculpture with
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Assimineidae" genus="Acmella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acmella roepstoffiana" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="roepstoffiana">Acmella roepstoffiana</taxonomicName>
Godwin Austen &amp; Nevill, 1879, from the Nicobar Islands.
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Assimineidae" genus="Acmella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acmella cyrtoglyphe" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cyrtoglyphe">Acmella cyrtoglyphe</taxonomicName>
differs by the more convex whorls and the wider umbilicus, which is not at all covered by the peristome.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">The material of this species displays variability in two characters but we are not able to divide it into discrete units. The ratio height/width varies, and with it the width of the umbilicus. The spacing of the radial ribs above the periphery also varies; specimens with moderately spaced radial ribs above the periphery have the radial ribs bifurcating more frequently below the periphery. Next to this, the whorls are more depressed in some specimens than in others.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">The name refers to the shape of the riblets [kurtos (Gr.) = bent; glupho (Gr.) = to engrave].</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>