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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.79.e66978" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a9bfd01a-cc28-46f4-a9ef-d0a41e19eaa9" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181520738" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1864-8312-79-37" ID-Pensoft-UUID="CE28E31D8CC05ACD8DEEEA5E2094E9D2" ID-ZooBank="6E3AE6524AA549EFB44DC5B99C2AD0C6" ModsDocID="1864-8312-79-37" checkinTime="1618938705165" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ward, Philip S. &amp; Boudinot, Brendon E." docDate="2021" docId="8DDFC6B641905A09B731C75CA10BCCB0" docLanguage="en" docName="ArthropodSystPhyl 79: 37-46" docOrigin="Arthropod Systematics &amp; Phylogeny 79" docPubDate="2021-04-19" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.79.e66978" docTitle="Camponotus yogi Wheeler 1915" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="CE28E31D8CC05ACD8DEEEA5E2094E9D2" lastPageNumber="37" masterDocId="CE28E31D8CC05ACD8DEEEA5E2094E9D2" masterDocTitle="Grappling with homoplasy: taxonomic refinements and reassignments in the ant genera Camponotus and Colobopsis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="37" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1643430560271" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Grappling with homoplasy: taxonomic refinements and reassignments in the ant genera Camponotus and Colobopsis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ward, Philip S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology &amp; Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; P. S. Ward *</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">psward@ucdavis.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Boudinot, Brendon E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4588-0430</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology &amp; Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; P. S. Ward * &amp; Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena, Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Erberstrasse 1, Jena, Thuringia, 07743, Germany; B. E. Boudinot [boudinotb @ gmail. com]</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Arthropod Systematics &amp; Phylogeny</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2021-04-19</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>79</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>37</mods:start>
<mods:end>56</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.79.e66978</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.79.e66978</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1864-8312-79-37</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="181520738" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8DDFC6B641905A09B731C75CA10BCCB0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8DDFC6B641905A09B731C75CA10BCCB0" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
3.2.1.
<taxonomicName LSID="8DDFC6B6-4190-5A09-B731-C75CA10BCCB0" authority="Wheeler" authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">Camponotus yogi Wheeler</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Camponotus yogi, full-face dorsal views of head (A, B, D) and lateral view of body (C); scale bars = 0.5 mm. A: Minor worker (CASENT 0249398). B, C: Major worker (CASENT 0249399). D: Dealate queen (CASENT 0923092). Images from AntWeb (www. antweb. org); photographers Will Ericson (A-C), and Wade Lee (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e66978.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/533433" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Figs 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Plot of scape length (SL) against head width (HW) for workers of Camponotus clarithorax (n = 12) and Camponotus yogi (n = 27). Samples of Camponotus yogi from northern Baja California (BC) fall within the same cluster of points as those from California (CA)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e66978.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/533434" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">, 6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">Camponotus yogi</taxonomicName>
Wheeler, 1915: 420. Two syntype workers, Point Loma, California, USA (P. Leonard) (AMNH) [examined via image supplied by Christine Lebeau].
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr, 1861" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Colobopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Colobopsis apostemata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apostemata">Colobopsis apostemata</taxonomicName>
Mackay, in Mackay and Mackay, 2018: 100. Holotype major worker, Tecate, Baja California, Mexico (LACM) [not examined].
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr, 1861" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Colobopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Colobopsis cavibregma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavibregma">Colobopsis cavibregma</taxonomicName>
Mackay, in Mackay and Mackay, 2018: 107. Holotype dealate queen, Skinner Reservoir, Riverside
<taxonomicName family="Formicidae" genus="Co." higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Co." order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" rank="genus">Co.</taxonomicName>
, California, USA (T. Prentice) (LACM) [not examined].
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus (Colobopsis) yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi" subGenus="Colobopsis">Camponotus (Colobopsis) yogi</taxonomicName>
Wheeler; Wheeler, 1917: 562. Placement in
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus (Colobopsis)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Colobopsis">Camponotus (Colobopsis)</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus (Myrmaphaenus) yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi" subGenus="Myrmaphaenus">Camponotus (Myrmaphaenus) yogi</taxonomicName>
Wheeler; Emery, 1925: 156. Placement in
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus (Myrmaphaenus)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Myrmaphaenus">Camponotus (Myrmaphaenus)</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus (Myrmaphaenus) yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi" subGenus="Myrmaphaenus">Camponotus (Myrmaphaenus) yogi</taxonomicName>
Wheeler; Creighton and Snelling, 1967. Taxonomic and biological notes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr, 1861" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Colobopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Colobopsis yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">Colobopsis yogi</taxonomicName>
(Wheeler); Mackay and Mackay, 2018: 215. Combination in
<taxonomicName authority="Mayr, 1861" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Colobopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Colobopsis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Colobopsis</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">Camponotus yogi</taxonomicName>
Wheeler; present study. Combination in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Camponotus</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">comb. rev.</emphasis>
, see above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus apostemata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apostemata">Camponotus apostemata</taxonomicName>
(Mackay); present study. Combination in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Camponotus</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">comb. nov.</emphasis>
, see above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus cavibregma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavibregma">Camponotus cavibregma</taxonomicName>
(Mackay); present study. Combination in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Camponotus</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">comb. nov.</emphasis>
, see above).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="37" type="">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
Based on the original description and figures (
<bibRefCitation author="Mackay, WP" journalOrPublisher="Lambert Academic Publishing, Mauritius" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" refId="B31" refString="Mackay, WP, Mackay, EE, 2018. Revision of the New World cork-headed ants of the genus Colobopsis. Lambert Academic Publishing, Mauritius" title="Revision of the New World cork-headed ants of the genus Colobopsis." year="2018">Mackay and Mackay 2018</bibRefCitation>
: 111-113), the holotype of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus cavibregma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavibregma">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Camponotus cavibregma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be simply a queen of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ca." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ca. yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. yogi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Its supposedly distinctive feature-a concave genal area, free of the short spatulate hairs that are common on surrounding anterior regions of the head-is observed also in queens of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ca." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ca. yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. yogi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Camponotus yogi, full-face dorsal views of head (A, B, D) and lateral view of body (C); scale bars = 0.5 mm. A: Minor worker (CASENT 0249398). B, C: Major worker (CASENT 0249399). D: Dealate queen (CASENT 0923092). Images from AntWeb (www. antweb. org); photographers Will Ericson (A-C), and Wade Lee (D)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e66978.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/533433" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">5D</figureCitation>
). The description and illustrations of the paratype minor worker of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ca." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ca. cavibregma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavibregma">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. cavibregma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Mackay, WP" journalOrPublisher="Lambert Academic Publishing, Mauritius" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" refId="B31" refString="Mackay, WP, Mackay, EE, 2018. Revision of the New World cork-headed ants of the genus Colobopsis. Lambert Academic Publishing, Mauritius" title="Revision of the New World cork-headed ants of the genus Colobopsis." year="2018">Mackay and Mackay 2018</bibRefCitation>
: 109-111) similarly place it within the range of variation exhibited by minor workers of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ca." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ca. yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. yogi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus apostemata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apostemata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Camponotus apostemata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described from a series of workers collected in northern Baja California (specimens from this series examined in LACM), is scarcely distinguishable from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Camponotus yogi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and is here treated as part of the geographical variation of the latter species. The head of the major worker is a bit more strongly truncate than in populations farther north, but no consistent differences are seen in the minor workers. Johnson &amp; Ward (2002) referred to these and other samples of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ca." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ca. yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. yogi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Baja California as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">Camponotus sp. cf. yogi</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Camponotus yogi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is closely related to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ca." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ca. clarithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarithorax">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. clarithorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Creighton. The major worker of the latter species lacks a pitted, obliquely truncate head, but is otherwise structurally similar. The two species can be distinguished by differences in scape and leg length, with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ca." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ca. yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. yogi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having consistently shorter appendages than
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ca." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ca. clarithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarithorax">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. clarithorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Plot of scape length (SL) against head width (HW) for workers of Camponotus clarithorax (n = 12) and Camponotus yogi (n = 27). Samples of Camponotus yogi from northern Baja California (BC) fall within the same cluster of points as those from California (CA)." figureDoi="10.3897/asp.79.e66978.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/533434" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">6</figureCitation>
), although very small workers may be difficult to distinguish. The median clypeal notch or concavity is better developed, on average, in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ca." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ca. clarithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarithorax">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. clarithorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers than in those of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ca." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ca. yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. yogi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a feature which led to the placement of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ca." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ca. clarithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarithorax">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. clarithorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the subgenus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus (Myrmentoma)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Myrmentoma">Camponotus Myrmentoma</taxonomicName>
, but neither species belongs in that subgenus. They are here treated as
<taxonomicName authority="(Camponotus)" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus (Camponotus)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Camponotus">Camponotus (Camponotus)</taxonomicName>
since genetic data indicate a fairly close relationship to other species in that subgenus (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-292" author="Wernegreen, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" refId="B54" refString="Wernegreen, JJ, Kauppinen, SN, Brady, SG, Ward, PS, 2009. One nutritional symbiosis begat another: Phylogenetic evidence that the ant tribe Camponotini acquired Blochmannia by tending sap-feeding insects. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: 292. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-292" title="One nutritional symbiosis begat another: Phylogenetic evidence that the ant tribe Camponotini acquired Blochmannia by tending sap-feeding insects. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: 292." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-292" year="2009">Wernegreen et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
; Ward, unpublished). In addition to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ca." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ca. clarithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarithorax">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. clarithorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ca." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ca. yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. yogi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there are two other species in the
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ca." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ca. yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. yogi</emphasis>
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group:
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ca. keiferi</emphasis>
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Wheeler, endemic to Isla Guadalupe, Mexico (and already placed in the nominate subgenus), and an undescribed species from the California Channel Islands (Ward, unpublished).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/asp.79.e66978.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/533434" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Plot of scape length (SL) against head width (HW) for workers of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Creighton" authorityYear="1950" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus clarithorax" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarithorax">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Camponotus clarithorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 12) and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Camponotus yogi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(n = 27). Samples of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Camponotus yogi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from northern Baja California (BC) fall within the same cluster of points as those from California (CA).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wheeler" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camponotus yogi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yogi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Camponotus yogi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to California and northern Baja California, where it occurs in coastal sage scrub, chaparral, oak woodland, and oak-juniper woodland. Nests are located in dead branches or stumps of various plants, always near the ground and often extending into live plant tissue. Creighton &amp; Snelling (1967) reported this species nesting in live beetle-bored stems of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Ericameria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ericameria pinifolia" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ericameria pinifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and tending pseudococcids in the stems.
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Tribe
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Fauvel, 1900: 123 [stem: Digramm-]. Type genus:
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Impatiens liupanshuiensis A habit B population C, D flower in face view E, F flower in lateral view G flower in dorsal view H flower dissected I lateral sepals (remotely denticulate on one or both sides) J leaves K stamens and pistils L different phases of the recurvature of the dorsal sepal M capsules N seeds. Photographs by X. X. Bai." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.192.77269.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/657022" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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.
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:
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,
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</quantity>
alt.,
<geoCoordinate degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="51" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="8.76" value="26.852434">26°51'8.76&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="104" direction="east" minutes="41" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="33.67" value="104.69269">104°41'33.67&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectingDate value="2021-08-24">24 Aug 2021</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Xin Xiang Bai et al. BXX368</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
: GZAC!; isotype: PE!)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="37" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
This species is similar to
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Balsaminaceae" genus="Impatiens" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Impatiens xanthocephala" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthocephala">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Impatiens xanthocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
W.W. Sm. in its yellow flowers, funnelform lower sepal, broadly-dolabriform distal lobes of lateral united petals and extremely small basal lobes, but it can be distinguished by having 2 (vs. 4) lateral sepals with ciliate (vs. entire) margin, dorsal petal recurved (vs. patent), lateral veins 8-10 pairs [vs. 2-3(4) pairs], apex of the distal lobes of the united petals retuse (vs. rounded), margin serrulate (vs. remotely crenate or shallowly undulate), lamina ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate (vs. ovate or ovate-oblong), 5-10.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.7-2.8 cm (vs. 1-2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.8-1 cm) and lamina margin serrulate (vs. remotely crenate or shallowly undulate).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.192.77269.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/657022" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="X. X. Bai &amp; T. H. Yuan" authorityYear="2022" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Balsaminaceae" genus="Impatiens" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Impatiens liupanshuiensis" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="liupanshuiensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Impatiens liupanshuiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">A</emphasis>
habit
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">B</emphasis>
population
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">C, D</emphasis>
flower in face view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">E, F</emphasis>
flower in lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">G</emphasis>
flower in dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">H</emphasis>
flower dissected
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">I</emphasis>
lateral sepals (remotely denticulate on one or both sides)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">J</emphasis>
leaves
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">K</emphasis>
stamens and pistils
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">L</emphasis>
different phases of the recurvature of the dorsal sepal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">M</emphasis>
capsules
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">N</emphasis>
seeds. Photographs by X. X. Bai.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="37" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
Perennial herb, 30-70 cm tall. Stem erect or procumbent basally, branched, upper part brown pubescent. Leaves alternate, petiolate, petioles 0.3-1 cm long. Lamina 5-10.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.7-2.8 cm, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, apex acuminate, base cuneate, with 1-3 pairs of basal glands, margin serrulate, teeth ending in setae, adaxial surface remotely puberulous on veins, abaxial surface glabrous, lateral veins 8-10 pairs. Inflorescences axillary, 2-flowered; peduncles 2-4 cm long, pedicels 1.5-2 cm long, bracteate above middle; bracts persistent, lanceolate, 2-4 mm long, margin denticulate. Flowers yellow, ca. 2 cm deep. Lateral sepals 2, obliquely ovate or ovate, inequilateral, 3-5 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, remotely denticulate on one or both sides, abaxial mid-vein slightly thickened, green, hyaline both sides, apex acuminate, aristate. Lower sepal funnelform, 0.5 cm deep excluding spur, mouth vertical, 0.5-0.9 cm wide, base abruptly contracted into an incurved spur, spur 1-1.5 cm long. Dorsal petal orbicular, 8-10 mm in diam., recurved at anthesis, abaxial mid-vein carinate, with a curved rostrum towards apex, base truncate, apex retuse. Lateral united petals 2-lobed, sessile, 13-18 mm long, basal lobes oblong, extremely small, 1-2 mm wide, distal lobes broadly-dolabriform, 1-1.3 cm long, 0.9-1 cm wide, apex retuse, base with reddish patches; auricle inflexed, small. Stamens 5, filaments linear, anthers obtuse. Ovary erect, fusiform, 5-carpellate. Capsule cylindrical, 1.5-2 cm long, seeds ellipsoid or ovoid, surface with warty protrusions.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.192.77269.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/657023" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="X. X. Bai &amp; T. H. Yuan" authorityYear="2022" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Balsaminaceae" genus="Impatiens" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Impatiens liupanshuiensis" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="liupanshuiensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Impatiens liupanshuiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">A</emphasis>
plant
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">B</emphasis>
flower in face view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">C</emphasis>
flower in lateral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">D</emphasis>
lateral sepals
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">E</emphasis>
bract
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">F</emphasis>
dorsal sepal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">G</emphasis>
lateral united petal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">H</emphasis>
lower sepal
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">I</emphasis>
capsule
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">J</emphasis>
stamens and pistils. (Drawn by Y. Chen from holotype and corresponding colour photographs).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="37" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">This species was observed flowering from July to October and fruiting from September to November.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="37" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">This species is currently known from only one population in Xiaojiucaiping Mountain, Zhongshan District, Liupanshui City, Guizhou, China. The population is large, with about 3000-3500 individuals.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="37" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
This species was collected growing in
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Fargesia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fargesia spathacea" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spathacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Fargesia spathacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shrubs on the side of the plank road at an elevation of 2730-2887 m in Xiaojiucaiping Mountain, which is the highest mountain in Guizhou. The main associated species were
<taxonomicName lsidName="F. spathacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" rank="species" species="spathacea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">F. spathacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Balsaminaceae" genus="Impatiens" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Impatiens lecomtei" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lecomtei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Impatiens lecomtei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbaria" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sorbaria arborea" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arborea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Sorbaria arborea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
C.K. Schneid. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dennstaedtiaceae" genus="Pteridium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pteridium revolutum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="revolutum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Pteridium revolutum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Blume) Nakai (
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dennstaedtiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Dennstaedtiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" genus="Hypericum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hypericum patulum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patulum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Hypericum patulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Thunb. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Hypericaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Eupatorium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eupatorium lindleyanum" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lindleyanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Eupatorium lindleyanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DC. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senecio scandens" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scandens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Senecio scandens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="37" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
The specific epithet '
<taxonomicName authorityName="X. X. Bai &amp; T. H. Yuan" authorityYear="2022" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Balsaminaceae" genus="Impatiens" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Impatiens liupanshuiensis" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="liupanshuiensis">Impatiens liupanshuiensis</taxonomicName>
' refers to the type locality, Liupanshui City, Guizhou, China. The Chinese name is given as
<normalizedToken originalValue="“六盘水凤仙花”">&quot;六盘水凤仙花&quot;</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="37" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authorityName="X. X. Bai &amp; T. H. Yuan" authorityYear="2022" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Balsaminaceae" genus="Impatiens" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Impatiens liupanshuiensis" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="liupanshuiensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="37">Impatiens liupanshuiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently known only from its type locality, Zhongshan District, Guizhou, China, where it is distributed in several places with about 3000-3500 individuals known in the population. As Xiaojiucaiping Mountain is a part of the Axilixi Landscape and Famous Scenery, it is an area exposed to significant human disturbance. The conservation status can be evaluated as Vulnerable (VU) C2a(ii), based on the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Annales Botanici Fennici" pageId="0" pageNumber="37" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B7" refString="IUCN, 2019. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>