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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1112.85902" ID-GBIF-Dataset="864fe338-2d31-411e-a039-3ec475afaf1a" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1112-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="4C3092707DDF5964A1D3AE5B95AA2ACF" ID-ZooBank="3F7DDC243BE34798841C3622FF3C5F0F" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1112-1" checkinTime="1657650152414" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Dang, Lihong, Zhao, Linpeng, Li, Yanqiao &amp; Qiao, Gexia" docDate="2022" docId="8D6E198CCD0F5E9DB49967DA7ABCFA1E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1112: 1-9" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1112" docPubDate="2022-07-12" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1112.85902" docTitle="Apterygothrips haloxyli Priesner 1933" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="4C3092707DDF5964A1D3AE5B95AA2ACF" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="4C3092707DDF5964A1D3AE5B95AA2ACF" masterDocTitle="The genus Apterygothrips Priesner (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae, Haplothripini) from China, with one new species" masterLastPageNumber="9" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1657650958025" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>The genus Apterygothrips Priesner (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae, Haplothripini) from China, with one new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Dang, Lihong</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7571-8426</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723000, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zhao, Linpeng</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Shaanxi Changqing National Nature Reserve, Changqing Jiayuan, No. 176 Dongyi Huan Road, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Li, Yanqiao</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1468-9219</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723000, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Qiao, Gexia</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China &amp; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">qiaogx@ioz.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-07-12</mods:number>
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<taxonomicName LSID="8D6E198C-CD0F-5E9D-B499-67DA7ABCFA1E" authority="Priesner" authorityName="Priesner" authorityYear="1933" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Apterygothrips" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apterygothrips haloxyli" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haloxyli">Apterygothrips haloxyli Priesner</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Priesner" authorityYear="1933" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Apterygothrips" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apterygothrips haloxyli" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haloxyli">Apterygothrips haloxyli</taxonomicName>
Priesner, 1933: 1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
This species was described by
<bibRefCitation author="Priesner, H" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 7" refId="B11" refString="Priesner, H, 1933. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Thysanoptera of Egypt, VIII. Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte 17: 1 - 7" title="Contributions towards a knowledge of the Thysanoptera of Egypt, VIII." volume="17" year="1933">Priesner (1933)</bibRefCitation>
from Egypt, based on specimens collected on fallen petals of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Haloxylon" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Haloxylon schweinfurthi" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schweinfurthi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Haloxylon schweinfurthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It was first recorded from China (Ningxia Autonomous Region) by
<bibRefCitation author="Han, YF" journalOrPublisher="Editorial Committee of Fauna Sinica, Science Press, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B4" refString="Han, YF, 1997. Economic Insect Fauna of China. 55 Thysanoptera. Editorial Committee of Fauna Sinica, Science Press, Beijing" title="Economic Insect Fauna of China. 55 Thysanoptera." year="1997">Han (1997)</bibRefCitation>
. Here, one female and one male identified by Han and four females and one male from Inner Mongolia were studied.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Priesner" authorityYear="1933" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Apterygothrips" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apterygothrips haloxyli" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haloxyli">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Apterygothrips haloxyli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from the other Chinese species by having major setae capitate at apex.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
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<paragraph id="0578368DFFB0113B04A1CC99FDBACEEF" blockId="7.[151,581,1192,1251]" box="[151,581,1192,1218]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="5E3081E1FFB0113B04A1CC99FDBACEEF" bold="true" box="[151,581,1192,1218]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB0113B04A1CC99FDBACEEF" ID-CoL="WJLR" authority="Vanhoffen, 1911" authorityName="Vanhoffen" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,581,1192,1218]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Cnidostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fallax">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB0113B04A1CC99FDBACEEF" bold="true" box="[151,581,1192,1218]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB0113B04A1CC99FE8ACEEF" bold="true" box="[151,373,1192,1218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cnidostoma fallax</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B054ACC99FDBACEEF" author="Vanhoffen" box="[380,581,1192,1218]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1911) Die Anthomedusen und Leptomedusen der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898 - 1899. Wissenschftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition Valdivia, 19 (5), 193 - 233." type="journal article" year="1911">Vanhöffen, 1911</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFB0113B04A1CCFAFED1CECE" blockId="7.[151,581,1192,1251]" box="[151,302,1227,1251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">(Figs. 21–24)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFB0113B04A1CD23FE55CF62" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFB0113B04A1CD23FE55CF62" blockId="7.[151,1436,1298,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB0113B04A1CD23FE77CF06" bold="true" box="[151,392,1298,1323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Material examined:</emphasis>
<date id="7179104DFFB0113B05A2CD22FDECCF06" box="[404,531,1299,1323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2008-01-24">01/24/2008</date>
—two medusae (
<collectionCode id="63D6AE48FFB0113B06EACD22FCC4CF06" box="[732,827,1299,1323]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1628);
<date id="7179104DFFB0113B07A8CD22FBE2CF06" box="[926,1053,1299,1323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2008-04-25">04/25/2008</date>
—one medusa;
<date id="7179104DFFB0113B00EECD22FAA8CF06" box="[1240,1367,1299,1323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2008-05-26">05/26/2008</date>
—one medusa (
<collectionCode id="63D6AE48FFB0113B04CDCD06FEA5CF62" box="[251,346,1335,1359]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1627).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFB0113B04FFCD6BFA7DCC2E" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFB0113B04FFCD6BFA7DCC2E" blockId="7.[151,1436,1298,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB0113B04FFCD6BFEA4CF5E" bold="true" box="[201,347,1370,1395]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Description.</emphasis>
Umbrella transparent, conical, measuring
<quantity id="C23F9B68FFB0113B077ACD6AFC28CF5E" box="[844,983,1371,1395]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="0.7" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.6">0.6–0.8 mm</quantity>
high and
<quantity id="C23F9B68FFB0113B0065CD6AFB21CF5E" box="[1107,1246,1371,1395]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="0.65" valueMax="0.8" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.8 mm</quantity>
wide; mesoglea thick in the apex, representing up to ~35% of bell height, and thinner laterally. Four well-developed bulbs, each with an adaxial ocellus (missing in some bulbs). Each bulb with a single tentacle. Manubrium tubular, of variable extension, up to ½ of sub-umbrelar cavity. Medusoid buds on different developmental stages on manubrium walls without well-defined position. Mouth rim with four evident clusters of stalked cnidophores in perradial position.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFB0113B04FFCE3EFC5FCD0E" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFB0113B04FFCE3EFBFBCC9A" blockId="7.[151,1436,1298,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB0113B04FFCE3EFEC2CC0A" bold="true" box="[201,317,1551,1575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Remarks.</emphasis>
The four sampled medusae assigned to this species completely match the descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB0113B010CCE21FA63CC0A" box="[1338,1436,1551,1575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Cnidostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fallax">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB0113B010CCE21FA63CC0A" box="[1338,1436,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C. fallax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B04A8CE02FEA9CC66" author="Vanhoffen" box="[158,342,1587,1611]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1911) Die Anthomedusen und Leptomedusen der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898 - 1899. Wissenschftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition Valdivia, 19 (5), 193 - 233." type="journal article" year="1911">Vanhöffen 1911</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B0557CE02FDB0CC66" author="Picard" box="[353,591,1587,1611]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Picard, J. &amp; Rahm, U. (1954) Archaeoceania n. g. tournieri n. sp. Une nouvelle Anthomeduse de la famille des Oceaniidae, provenant de la lagune Ebrie (Cote d'Ivoire). Acta Tropica, 11 (3), 303 - 307." type="journal article" year="1954">Picard &amp; Rahm 1954</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB0113B0643CE02FC85CC66" box="[629,890,1587,1611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Archeoceania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tournieri">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB0113B0643CE02FC85CC66" box="[629,890,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Archeoceania tournieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B07BFCE05FBDACC66" author="Kramp" box="[905,1061,1587,1611]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1959 a) The hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and Adjacent waters. Dana-Report, 46, 1 - 283." type="journal article" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Kramp 1959a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B0006CE02FBBECC66" author="Kramp" box="[1072,1089,1587,1611]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1959 b) Medusae mainly from the west coast of Africa. Memoirs Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 3 (6), 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1959" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B007BCE02FB11CC66" author="Bouillon" box="[1101,1262,1587,1611]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Bouillon, J. (1999) Hydromedusae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed) South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 424 - 512." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bouillon 1999</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB0113B0122CE02FF04CC42" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tournieri">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB0113B0122CE02FF04CC42" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hydractinia tournieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The main characters of this species are the mouth with perradial clusters of stalked cnidophores, stomach with medusa buds, four large tentacle bulbs each with one tentacle and an adaxial ocellus. The gonads of this species were undescribed to date and were also absent in the studied medusae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFB0113B04FFCEF2FC5FCD0E" blockId="7.[151,1436,1298,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The systematic position of this quite unique medusa is controversial being already placed in
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB0113B0128CEF2FE5ECCD2" authority="Picard &amp; Rahm 1954" authorityName="Picard &amp; Rahm" authorityYear="1954" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Oceaniidae (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B04A8CED6FE65CCD2" author="Picard" box="[158,410,1767,1791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Picard, J. &amp; Rahm, U. (1954) Archaeoceania n. g. tournieri n. sp. Une nouvelle Anthomeduse de la famille des Oceaniidae, provenant de la lagune Ebrie (Cote d'Ivoire). Acta Tropica, 11 (3), 303 - 307." type="journal article" year="1954">Picard &amp; Rahm 1954</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB0113B0586CED6FD1ACCD2" authority="Kramp 1961" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1961" box="[432,741,1767,1791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cytaeididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Cytaeididae (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B0671CED6FD23CCD2" author="Kramp" box="[583,732,1767,1791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the Medusae of the World. Journal of Marine Biological Associated of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp 1961</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB0113B06C5CED6FBE8CCD2" authority="Bouillon 1985" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="1985" box="[755,1047,1767,1791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Clavidae (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B075ECED6FBF1CCD2" author="Bouillon" box="[872,1038,1767,1791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Bouillon, J. (1985) Essai de classification des hydropolypes-hydromeduses (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 22, 223 - 238." type="journal article" year="1985">Bouillon 1985</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB0113B0065CED6FB06CCD2" box="[1107,1273,1767,1791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hydractiniidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B013CCED6FA63CCD2" author="Kramp" box="[1290,1436,1767,1791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the Medusae of the World. Journal of Marine Biological Associated of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp 1961</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B04F0CF3AFE98CD0E" author="Bouillon" box="[198,359,1803,1827]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Bouillon, J. (1999) Hydromedusae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed) South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 424 - 512." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bouillon 1999</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB0113B05BACF3AFD80CD0E" box="[396,639,1803,1827]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tournieri">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB0113B05BACF3AFD80CD0E" box="[396,639,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Hydractinia tournieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B06BBCF3AFCC0CD0E" author="Schuchert" box="[653,831,1803,1827]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Schuchert, P. (2004) Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 11 (2), 315 - 369." type="journal article" year="2004">Schuchert 2004</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B077CCF3AFC6BCD0E" author="Schuchert" box="[842,916,1803,1827]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Schuchert, P. (2009 a) World Hydrozoa database. Available from http: // www. marinespecies. org / hydrozoa (accessed 29 November 2011)." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="a">2009a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFB0113504FFCF1FFC2ECC12" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFB0113B04FFCF1FFA65CD9E" blockId="7.[151,1436,1298,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB0113B04FFCF1FFE9DCD6A" bold="true" box="[201,354,1838,1863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distribution.</emphasis>
There are only three previous records of this species (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B07EECF1EFB6DCD6A" author="Vanhoffen" box="[984,1170,1839,1863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1911) Die Anthomedusen und Leptomedusen der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898 - 1899. Wissenschftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition Valdivia, 19 (5), 193 - 233." type="journal article" year="1911">Vanhöffen 1911</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B0096CF1EFA68CD6A" author="Picard" box="[1184,1431,1839,1863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Picard, J. &amp; Rahm, U. (1954) Archaeoceania n. g. tournieri n. sp. Une nouvelle Anthomeduse de la famille des Oceaniidae, provenant de la lagune Ebrie (Cote d'Ivoire). Acta Tropica, 11 (3), 303 - 307." type="journal article" year="1954">Picard &amp; Rahm 1954</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B04A1CF65FECACD46" author="Kramp" box="[151,309,1875,1899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1959 b) Medusae mainly from the west coast of Africa. Memoirs Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 3 (6), 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1959" yearSuffix="b">Kramp 1959b</bibRefCitation>
), on the Mouth of River
<collectingCountry id="7DD0761DFFB0113B067FCF62FD6BCD46" box="[585,660,1875,1899]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Congo</collectingCountry>
and in Ebrié Lagoon,
<collectingCountry id="7DD0761DFFB0113B07BBCF65FBF2CD46" box="[909,1037,1876,1900]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ivory coast</collectingCountry>
, all of them in brackish waters with salinities ranging from 10 to 30 (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB0113B063CCF46FD08CDA2" author="Picard" box="[522,759,1911,1935]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Picard, J. &amp; Rahm, U. (1954) Archaeoceania n. g. tournieri n. sp. Une nouvelle Anthomeduse de la famille des Oceaniidae, provenant de la lagune Ebrie (Cote d'Ivoire). Acta Tropica, 11 (3), 303 - 307." type="journal article" year="1954">Picard &amp; Rahn 1954</bibRefCitation>
). The medusae sampled herein, in salinities between 23 and 27, corroborate its brackish water habitat and represent the first record of this species in the southwestern Atlantic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBF113404A1CF1BFAE9CDCA" blockId="8.[151,1436,1834,2023]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113404A1CF1BFEB7CD6D" bold="true" box="[151,328,1834,1857]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURES 3–20.</emphasis>
Examples of gelatinous zooplankton from Baía da Babitonga, S
<collectingCountry id="7DD0761DFFBF113407CCCF1BFBC4CD6D" box="[1018,1083,1834,1856]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF1134007ECF1BFB3DCD6D" box="[1096,1218,1834,1856]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF1134007ECF1BFB3DCD6D" box="[1096,1218,1834,1856]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hydractinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.2
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113400C9CF1BFAE3CD6C" bold="true" box="[1279,1308,1834,1857]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(3)</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF1134011BCF1AFF0BCD4F" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Turritopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutricola">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF1134011BCF1AFF0BCD4F" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Turritopsis nutricola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113404CDCF7AFEE6CD4F" bold="true" box="[251,281,1867,1890]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(4)</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF11340511CF7DFE08CD4F" box="[295,503,1868,1890]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Corymorphidae" genus="Corymorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="forbesi">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF11340511CF7DFE08CD4F" box="[295,503,1868,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Corymorpha forbesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113405C8CF7AFDE3CD4F" bold="true" box="[510,540,1867,1890]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(5)</emphasis>
; young
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF11340647CF7CFCACCD4F" box="[625,851,1868,1890]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Moerisiidae" genus="Moerisia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inkermanica">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF11340647CF7CFCACCD4F" box="[625,851,1868,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Moerisia inkermanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF1134076CCF7AFC87CD4F" bold="true" box="[858,888,1867,1890]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(6)</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF113407B0CF7DFB94CD4F" box="[902,1131,1868,1890]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Ectopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dumortieri">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113407B0CF7DFB94CD4F" box="[902,1131,1868,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ectopleura dumortieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF11340045CF7AFB6FCD4F" bold="true" box="[1139,1168,1867,1890]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(7)</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF113400A9CF7DFA63CD4F" box="[1183,1436,1868,1890]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Cirrholovenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tetranema">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113400A9CF7DFA63CD4F" box="[1183,1436,1868,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cirrholovenia tetranema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113404A1CF5DFF4BCDAE" bold="true" box="[151,180,1900,1923]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(8)</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF113404F4CF5CFE43CDAE" box="[194,444,1901,1923]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lovenellidae" genus="Eucheilota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="duodecimalis">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113404F4CF5CFE43CDAE" box="[194,444,1901,1923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Eucheilota duodecimalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, oral view
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF11340618CF5DFDB3CDAE" bold="true" box="[558,588,1900,1923]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(9)</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF1134066FCF5CFCDCCDAE" box="[601,803,1901,1923]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Abylidae" genus="Abylopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tetragona">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF1134066FCF5CFCDCCDAE" box="[601,803,1901,1923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Abylopsis tetragona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, eudoxid stage
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113407F5CF5DFC12CDAE" bold="true" box="[963,1005,1900,1923]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(10)</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF113407CCCF5CFB6CCDAE" box="[1018,1171,1901,1923]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Diphyes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bojani">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113407CCCF5CFB6CCDAE" box="[1018,1171,1901,1923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diphyes bojani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, anterior nectophore
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF1134015ACF5DFA6ACDAE" bold="true" box="[1388,1429,1900,1923]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(11)</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF113404A1CFBEFEC2CD89" box="[151,317,1934,1956]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Diphyidae" genus="Muggiaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kochi">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113404A1CFBEFEC2CD89" box="[151,317,1934,1956]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Muggiaea kochi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, polygastric stage
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF11340637CFBFFDD4CD88" bold="true" box="[513,555,1934,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(12)</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF1134060DCFBEFD1FCD89" box="[571,736,1934,1956]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Agalmatidae" genus="Nanomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bijuga">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF1134060DCFBEFD1FCD89" box="[571,736,1934,1956]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nanomia bijuga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, colony with a single nectophore and the siphosome
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF1134013BCFBFFAC8CD88" bold="true" box="[1293,1335,1934,1957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(13)</emphasis>
, detail of nectophore in upper (above) and lower (below) views
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113406F3CF9EFD10CDEB" bold="true" box="[709,751,1967,1990]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(14)</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF113406CBCF81FC4DCDEB" box="[765,946,1968,1990]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Cuninidae" genus="Cunina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octonaria">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113406CBCF81FC4DCDEB" box="[765,946,1968,1990]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cunina octonaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, oral view
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF11340011CF9EFBAECDEB" bold="true" box="[1063,1105,1967,1990]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(15)</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF11340069CF9EFAEFCDE8" box="[1119,1296,1967,1989]" class="Scyphozoa" family="Pelagiidae" genus="Chrysaora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Semaeostomeae" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lactea">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF11340069CF9EFAEFCDE8" box="[1119,1296,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chrysaora lactea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, ephyra
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF1134015DCF9EFA6ACDEB" bold="true" box="[1387,1429,1967,1990]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(16)</emphasis>
; young
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF113404EACFE3FEA8CDCA" box="[220,343,2002,2023]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="ovata">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113404EACFE3FEA8CDCA" box="[220,343,2002,2023]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Beroe ovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF1134056BCFE1FE78CDCA" bold="true" box="[349,391,2000,2023]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(17)</emphasis>
;
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBF113405A2CFE0FDA0CDCA" box="[404,607,2001,2023]" class="Thaliacea" family="Doliolidae" genus="Doliolum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Doliolida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nationalis">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113405A2CFE0FDA0CDCA" box="[404,607,2001,2023]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Doliolum nationalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lateral view of phorozooid
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF11340748CFE1FC56CDCA" bold="true" box="[894,937,2000,2023]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(18)</emphasis>
, gonozooid
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF11340010CFE1FBAECDCA" bold="true" box="[1062,1105,2000,2023]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(19)</emphasis>
and old nurse
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBF113400D3CFE1FAF0CDCA" bold="true" box="[1253,1295,2000,2023]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">(20)</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBE113504A1CDD7FC2ECC12" blockId="9.[151,1436,1510,1600]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBE113504A1CDD7FEAACFD1" bold="true" box="[151,341,1510,1533]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURES 21–24.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBE11350569CDD6FD2ACFD1" authority="Vanhoffen, 1911" authorityName="Vanhoffen" authorityYear="1911" box="[351,725,1510,1533]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Cnidostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fallax">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBE11350569CDD6FDE2CFD0" box="[351,541,1511,1533]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cnidostoma fallax</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBE11350611CDD7FD2ACFD1" author="Vanhoffen" box="[551,725,1510,1532]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1911) Die Anthomedusen und Leptomedusen der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898 - 1899. Wissenschftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition Valdivia, 19 (5), 193 - 233." type="journal article" year="1911">Vanhöffen, 1911</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Lateral view of the medusa
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBE1135003ACDD7FBC8CFD0" bold="true" box="[1036,1079,1510,1533]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">(21)</emphasis>
. Aboral view of manubrium with medusoid buds; notice buds in different developmental stages
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBE1135072FCE39FCBCCC32" bold="true" box="[793,835,1544,1567]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">(22)</emphasis>
. Lateral view of manubrium showing buds and the cnidophores on mouth rim
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBE11350547CE18FE65CC6D" bold="true" box="[369,410,1577,1600]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">(23)</emphasis>
. Detail of the mouth rim with stalked cnidophores
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBE11350796CE18FC35CC6D" bold="true" box="[928,970,1577,1600]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">(24)</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="AF3FCE55DCFF28FF7712CABDCF01065A">Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil)</mods:title>
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(
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<paragraph id="0578368DFFBA113104A1C90EFEDCCB7A" blockId="13.[151,813,285,343]" box="[151,291,319,343]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">(Fig. 35–36)</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBA113104A1C9B6FE74CB8D" bold="true" box="[151,395,391,416]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Material examined.</emphasis>
<date id="7179104DFFBA113105AAC9B6FDE7CBB2" box="[412,536,391,415]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2007-10-18">10/18/2007</date>
—four medusae (
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1620, 1632);
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—one medusa;
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—one medusa (
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1621).
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<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBA113104FFC9E1FEC2CBC5" bold="true" box="[201,317,464,488]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks.</emphasis>
The six examined medusae perfectly agree with the description given by
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without necessity of further description. It differs from the other 10 species of the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBA113100E3C9C5FA6BC821" author="Schuchert" box="[1237,1428,500,524]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Schuchert, P. (2009 a) World Hydrozoa database. Available from http: // www. marinespecies. org / hydrozoa (accessed 29 November 2011)." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2009a</bibRefCitation>
) by the presence of four lips, eight bulbs (only four of them with tentacles), eight statocysts and no rudimentary bulbs or marginal warts. One out of the six studied individuals had 7 lips instead of four (Fig. 35; MZUSP 1632). This variation may generate some doubts, since the number of lips is one of the diagnostic characters of this species (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBA113104A8CAB5FE33C8B1" author="Vannucci" box="[158,460,644,668]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Vannucci, M. &amp; Moreira, M. G. S. (1966) New species and new record of Anthomedusae from Southern Brazil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 11 (2), 57 - 100." type="journal article" year="1966">Vannucci &amp; Moreira 1966</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBA113105EFCAB5FD80C8B1" author="Bouillon" box="[473,639,644,668]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Bouillon, J. (1999) Hydromedusae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed) South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 424 - 512." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bouillon 1999</bibRefCitation>
), however this specimen was considered abnormal given that all other characters remained the same.
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<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBA113104FFCAFAFE9DC8C9" bold="true" box="[201,354,715,740]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distribution.</emphasis>
Endemic from the Brazilian coast. This is the first record since its original description from São Paulo (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBA113104D3CADEFDEFC92A" author="Vannucci" box="[229,528,751,775]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Vannucci, M. &amp; Moreira, M. G. S. (1966) New species and new record of Anthomedusae from Southern Brazil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 11 (2), 57 - 100." type="journal article" year="1966">Vannucci &amp; Moreira 1966</bibRefCitation>
), extending its known distribution ~
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southwards.
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<treatment id="8D6E879BFFBA113204A1CBC8FE0CCDFB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5620041" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119521315" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5620041" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8D6E879BFFBA113204A1CBC8FE0CCDFB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8D6E879BFFBA113204A1CBC8FE0CCDFB" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBA113104A1CBC8FED1CE19" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBA113104A1CBC8FDC7CE3F" blockId="13.[151,568,1016,1076]" box="[151,568,1016,1043]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<heading id="5E3081E1FFBA113104A1CBC8FDC7CE3F" bold="true" box="[151,568,1016,1043]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBA113104A1CBC8FDC7CE3F" ID-CoL="3H477" authority="Bigelow, 1909" authorityName="Bigelow" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,568,1016,1043]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiidae" genus="Gossea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brachymera">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBA113104A1CBC8FDC7CE3F" bold="true" box="[151,568,1016,1043]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBA113104A1CBC8FE7ACE3E" bold="true" box="[151,389,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gossea brachymera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBA113105BACBC9FDC7CE3F" author="Bigelow" box="[396,568,1016,1042]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Bigelow, H. B. (1909) Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, by the U. S. Fish Commision Steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; 1904 - 1905. XVI. Medusae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 37, 1 - 243." type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBA113104A1CC2DFED1CE19" blockId="13.[151,568,1016,1076]" box="[151,302,1052,1076]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">(Figs. 36–39)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBA113104A1CC55FAD4CEB5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBA113104A1CC55FC1DCE54" blockId="13.[151,1323,1123,1176]" box="[151,994,1123,1146]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="25D711A3FFBA113104A1CC55FC1DCE54" box="[151,994,1123,1146]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBA113104A1CC55FDD4CE54" ID-CoL="3H477" authority="Bigelow 1909: 103" authorityName="Bigelow" authorityPageNumber="103" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,555,1123,1146]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiidae" genus="Gossea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brachymera">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBA113104A1CC55FE9DCE57" box="[151,354,1124,1146]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gossea brachymera</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="8466109CFFBA1131055ECC52FDD4CE54" author="Bigelow" box="[360,555,1123,1145]" page="103" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBA1131055ECC52FE05CE54" author="Bigelow" box="[360,506,1123,1145]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Bigelow, H. B. (1909) Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, by the U. S. Fish Commision Steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; 1904 - 1905. XVI. Medusae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 37, 1 - 243." type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow 1909</bibRefCitation>
: 103
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–105, pl. 30 figs 1–10, Acapulco (
<collectingCountry id="7DD0761DFFBA113107B2CC52FC28CE54" box="[900,983,1123,1145]" name="Mexico" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mexico</collectingCountry>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBA113104A1CCB3FAD4CEB5" blockId="13.[151,1323,1123,1176]" box="[151,1323,1154,1176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="25D711A3FFBA113104A1CCB3FAD4CEB5" box="[151,1323,1154,1176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBA113104A1CCB3FD3DCEB5" ID-CoL="6SFLD" authority="Zamponi 1983b: 176" authorityName="Zamponi" authorityPageNumber="176" authorityYear="1983" box="[151,706,1154,1176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiidae" genus="Octobulbacea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="montehermosensis">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBA113104A1CCB3FE19CEB5" box="[151,486,1154,1176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Octobulbacea montehermosensis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="8466109CFFBA113105DACCB3FD3DCEB5" author="Zamponi" box="[492,706,1154,1176]" page="176" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBA113105DACCB3FD6ECEB5" author="Zamponi" box="[492,657,1154,1176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Zamponi, M. O. (1983 b) Nuevas adiciones a la medusofauna de la region subantartica. I. Anthomedusae y Narcomedusae (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Neotropica, 29 (82), 173 - 181." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="b">Zamponi 1983b</bibRefCitation>
: 176
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–178, pl. 1 figs 2–3, Monte Hermoso (
<collectingCountry id="7DD0761DFFBA11310073CCB3FB4FCEB5" box="[1093,1200,1154,1176]" name="Argentina" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Argentina</collectingCountry>
). [syn. nov.]
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBA113104A1CCF4FC97CF08" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBA113104A1CCF4FC97CF08" blockId="13.[151,1436,1221,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBA113104A1CCF4FE7BCEF3" bold="true" box="[151,388,1221,1246]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Material examined.</emphasis>
<date id="7179104DFFBA113105B9CCF4FDF3CEF0" box="[399,524,1221,1245]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2007-10-18">10/18/2007</date>
—one young medusa (
<collectionCode id="63D6AE48FFBA1131072ECCF4FC88CEF0" box="[792,887,1221,1245]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1614);
<date id="7179104DFFBA113107E1CCF4FBADCEF0" box="[983,1106,1221,1245]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2007-11-16">11/16/2007</date>
—one young and four adult medusae;
<date id="7179104DFFBA1131053CCCD8FE76CF2C" box="[266,393,1257,1281]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2008-05-26">05/26/2008</date>
—one young medusa;
<date id="7179104DFFBA113106BACCD8FCF5CF2C" box="[652,778,1257,1281]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2008-10-07">07/10/2008</date>
—one young medusa;
<date id="7179104DFFBA11310038CCD8FB73CF2C" box="[1038,1164,1257,1281]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2008-08-08">08/08/2008</date>
—three young medusae (
<collectionCode id="63D6AE48FFBA113104A8CD3CFF02CF08" box="[158,253,1293,1317]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1615);
<date id="7179104DFFBA11310562CD3CFE2CCF08" box="[340,467,1293,1317]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2009-06-19">06/19/2009</date>
—one young and one adult medusa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBA113104FFCD00FBD6CDA4" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBA113104FFCD00FBCCCF98" blockId="13.[151,1436,1221,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBA113104FFCD00FEA5CF67" bold="true" box="[201,346,1329,1354]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Description.</emphasis>
The two smaller medusae (0.6 and
<quantity id="C23F9B68FFBA113106CCCD00FCADCF64" box="[762,850,1329,1353]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
wide) were dome-shaped (almost as high as wide) with relatively thin mesoglea (Fig. 36). Stomach short, without peduncle or evident lips or warts on the mouth. No signs of gonads could be observed. Four perradial and four interradial large swollen pads with two moniliform tentacles each (Fig. 36). Eight additional adradial smaller tentacles on bell margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBA113104FFCDF3FA79CCD4" blockId="13.[151,1436,1221,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Among the five medusae between 2 and
<quantity id="C23F9B68FFBA113106B8CDF0FD30CFF4" box="[654,719,1473,1497]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
in bell diameter, only a single one was in a very good state (Fig. 37). Its mesoglea is considerably thicker, representing almost 30% of bell height. Tentacle arrangement and morphology fits the description above (Fig. 38), except that small pads could be noticed at the base of the adradial tentacles. The manubrium differed from the smaller medusae described above by being relatively longer (almost ½ of bell cavity) with four evident lips and numerous warts along its margin. Rudiment of gonads can be observed in the basal part of radial canals (Fig. 39 arrows). The other analyzed
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBA11310768CE47FBFCCCA0" box="[862,1027,1653,1677]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiidae" genus="Gossea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brachymera">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBA11310768CE47FBFCCCA0" box="[862,1027,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G. brachymera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
medusae within 2 and
<quantity id="C23F9B68FFBA11310131CE44FAB7CCA0" box="[1287,1352,1653,1677]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
(n = 4) had the bell damaged, not allowing comparison of general shape, mesoglea thickness or shape and size of the manubrium. Some characters, however, such as tentacle morphology and arrangement and gonads could be clearly distinguished, differing from the described above only by the gonads being slightly more developed in two of them.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBA113104FFCF37FBD6CDA4" blockId="13.[151,1436,1221,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
A single individual
<quantity id="C23F9B68FFBA11310584CF34FDF2CD30" box="[434,525,1797,1821]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2 mm</quantity>
wide was very similar to these ones, but the beginning of a gastric peduncle already could be clearly seen and the gonads were more developed and already advancing on the proximal ¼ of the radial canals. Also, eight small tentacles interspersed among the other ones were present on the margin. The adults of
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBA11310483CF43FEA4CDA4" box="[181,347,1905,1929]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiidae" genus="Gossea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brachymera">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBA11310483CF43FEA4CDA4" box="[181,347,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G. brachymera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were described in detail by
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBA113106A1CF40FCB8CDA4" author="Bigelow" box="[663,839,1905,1929]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Bigelow, H. B. (1909) Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, by the U. S. Fish Commision Steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; 1904 - 1905. XVI. Medusae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 37, 1 - 243." type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow (1909)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBA11310748CF40FBD9CDA4" author="Russell" box="[894,1062,1905,1929]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Russell, F. S. (1938) On the medusa Gossea brachymera Bigelow. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 108 (B), 707 - 710." type="journal article" year="1938">Russell (1938)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBA113204FFCFA4FE83CBE2" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBA113204FFCFA4FE83CBE2" blockId="13.[151,1436,1221,2037]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,151,644]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBA113104FFCFA4FEC2CD80" bold="true" box="[201,317,1941,1965]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks.</emphasis>
The observed specimens in different developmental stages show that
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBA1131007CCFA7FB13CD80" box="[1098,1260,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G. b r a c h y m e r a</emphasis>
passes through considerable morphological changes during its growth, mainly relating to the peduncle, absent in juveniles, the mouth and the general shape of umbrella and mesoglea thickness, beyond the number of tentacles and presence of gonads. Based on tentacle morphology,
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB91132065CC8A6FC94CA82" box="[618,875,151,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Genzano, G. N., Mianzan, H. &amp; Bouillon, J. (2008) Hydromedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the temperate southwestern Atlantic Ocean: a review. Zootaxa, 1750, 1 - 18." type="journal article">
Genzano
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB9113206EFC8A8FCF1CA9D" box="[729,782,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
. (2008)
</bibRefCitation>
suggested that
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB911320013C8A9FEB8CAF9" authority="Zamponi, 1983" authorityName="Zamponi" authorityYear="1983" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiidae" genus="Octobulbacea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="montehermosensis">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB911320013C8A9FA63CA9D" box="[1061,1436,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Octobulbacea montehermosensis</emphasis>
Zamponi, 1983
</taxonomicName>
, considered endemic from the Argentinean coast, is in fact juvenile
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB91132006BC88CFAFACAF9" box="[1117,1285,188,212]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiidae" genus="Gossea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brachymera">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB91132006BC88CFAFACAF9" box="[1117,1285,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">G. brachymera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The present observations on the young stages of
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB911320607C8D1FD28CAD5" box="[561,727,224,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiidae" genus="Gossea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brachymera">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB911320607C8D1FD28CAD5" box="[561,727,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">G. brachymera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
strongly support this view. The animals described herein completely match Zamponi’s (1983b) description, except by the gonads which he states to be in the interradial base of the manubrium walls. However, this location is not evidenced by its drawing and perhaps the author has misinterpreted it. Although the
<typeStatus id="DA7C882FFFB9113205ADC97CFE29CB48" box="[411,470,333,357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">types</typeStatus>
were lost (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB911320664C97DFCC6CB49" author="Genzano" box="[594,825,332,356]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Genzano, G. N., Mianzan, H. &amp; Bouillon, J. (2008) Hydromedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the temperate southwestern Atlantic Ocean: a review. Zootaxa, 1750, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2008">
Genzano
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB911320688C97CFD0FCB49" box="[702,752,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
), the very close resemblance strongly indicates that
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB9113201B7C97CFE99CBA5" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiidae" genus="Octobulbacea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="montehermosensis">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB9113201B7C97CFE99CBA5" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">O. montehermosensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not a valid species, and instead should be regarded as a junior synonym of
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB9113200DBC941FA6ECBA5" box="[1261,1425,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">G. b r a c h y m e r a</emphasis>
. Since this is the only species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB91132064AC9A5FCE6CB81" box="[636,793,404,428]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiidae" genus="Octobulbacea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB91132064AC9A5FCE6CB81" box="[636,793,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Octobulbacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this generic name must also be abandoned, regarded as synonym of
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB911320515C989FE8ACBE2" box="[291,373,440,463]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiidae" genus="Gossea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB911320515C989FE8ACBE2" box="[291,373,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gossea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFB9113204FFC9EAFE0CCDFB" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFB9113204FFC9EAFD21C8A9" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,644]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB9113204FFC9EAFE9DCBD9" bold="true" box="[201,354,475,500]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB91132055EC9ECFDB7CBD9" box="[360,584,476,500]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiidae" genus="Gossea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brachymera">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB91132055EC9ECFDB7CBD9" box="[360,584,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gossea brachymera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is mostly common in or near estuaries and/or rivers, occurring on both sides of the American coasts. This species was recorded on the Mexican Pacific coast, Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="7DD0761DFFB9113200B3C9CEFB22C83A" box="[1157,1245,511,535]" name="Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, Strait of Magellan and
<collectingCountry id="7DD0761DFFB9113204C7CA15FE9EC811" box="[241,353,548,572]" name="Argentina" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB911320546CA15FDECC811" author="Bigelow" box="[368,531,548,572]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Bigelow, H. B. (1909) Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, by the U. S. Fish Commision Steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; 1904 - 1905. XVI. Medusae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 37, 1 - 243." type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow 1909</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB911320629CA15FD4BC811" author="Russell" box="[543,692,548,572]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Russell, F. S. (1938) On the medusa Gossea brachymera Bigelow. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 108 (B), 707 - 710." type="journal article" year="1938">Russell 1938</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB9113206F7CA15FC1AC811" author="Vannucci" box="[705,997,548,572]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Vannucci, M. &amp; Tundisi, J. (1962) Las medusas existentes en los Museos de La Plata y de Buenos Aires. Comunicaciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, 3 (8), 203 - 215." type="journal article" year="1962">Vannucci &amp; Tundisi 1962</bibRefCitation>
; Segura Puertas
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB911320097CA14FB2CC811" box="[1185,1235,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">et al</emphasis>
. 2003). In
<collectingCountry id="7DD0761DFFB911320166CA15FA68C811" box="[1360,1431,548,572]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB9113204A1CA76FE75C872" author="Navas-Pereira" box="[151,394,583,607]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Navas-Pereira, D. (1981) Distribuicao das hidromedusas na regiao da plataforma continental do Rio Grande do Sul. Seminarios de Biologia Marinha, Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 221 - 276." type="book chapter" year="1981">Navas-Pereira (1981)</bibRefCitation>
recorded a single individual on the Rio Grande do Sul Shelf, therefore the present record extends northwards its known distribution in
<collectingCountry id="7DD0761DFFB9113206A4CA5DFD25C8A9" box="[658,730,620,644]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFB9113204A1CF4BFE0CCDFB" blockId="14.[151,1436,1914,2006]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB9113204A1CF4BFEACCDBD" bold="true" box="[151,339,1914,1937]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURES 37–40.</emphasis>
Young stages of
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFB911320633CF4AFC8FCDBD" authority="Bigelow, 1909" authorityName="Bigelow" authorityYear="1909" box="[517,880,1914,1937]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Olindiidae" genus="Gossea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limnomedusae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brachymera">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFB911320633CF4AFD2ECDBC" box="[517,721,1915,1937]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gossea brachymera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFB9113206EFCF4BFC8FCDBD" author="Bigelow" box="[729,880,1914,1936]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Bigelow, H. B. (1909) Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, by the U. S. Fish Commision Steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; 1904 - 1905. XVI. Medusae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 37, 1 - 243." type="journal article" year="1909">Bigelow, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; lateral view of young medusae (37); lateral view of a medusa with incipient gonads (38), detail of its margin and tentacles (39), and of its manubrium and rudiments of gonads (arrows) beginning to appear (40).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

201
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<mods:title id="38B2CC0A5582A32A3AC0C5F11E36DEE7">Gelatinous zooplankton fauna (Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) from Baía da Babitonga (southern Brazil)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="8D6E879BFFBB113004A1C8A6FAF3CF03" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5620031" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119521320" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5620031" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8D6E879BFFBB113004A1C8A6FAF3CF03" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8D6E879BFFBB113004A1C8A6FAF3CF03" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBB113004A1C8A6FED1CAFF" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBB113004A1C8A6FDEECA9C" blockId="12.[151,529,151,210]" box="[151,529,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="5E3081E1FFBB113004A1C8A6FDEECA9C" bold="true" box="[151,529,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113004A1C8A6FDEECA9C" bold="true" box="[151,529,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB113004A1C8A6FF16CA9C" ID-CoL="7NY7Q" box="[151,233,151,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113004A1C8A6FF16CA9C" bold="true" box="[151,233,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Eirene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (young
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB11300541C8A6FDF8CA9C" bold="true" box="[375,519,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB11300541C8A6FE04CA9C" box="[375,507,151,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridula">E. viridula</taxonomicName>
?
</emphasis>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBB113004A1C88BFED1CAFF" blockId="12.[151,529,151,210]" box="[151,302,186,210]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">(Figs. 28–30)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBB113004A1C933FACFCB37" box="[151,1328,258,283]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBB113004A1C933FACFCB37" blockId="12.[151,1436,258,1327]" box="[151,1328,258,283]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113004A1C933FE7FCB36" bold="true" box="[151,384,258,283]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Material examined.</emphasis>
<date id="7179104DFFBB113005B1C933FDF5CB37" box="[391,522,258,282]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2008-01-24">01/24/2008</date>
: one medusa (
<collectionCode id="63D6AE48FFBB1130069FC933FCF7CB37" box="[681,776,258,282]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1617);
<date id="7179104DFFBB11300769C933FC1CCB37" box="[863,995,258,282]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2008-04-25">04/25/2008</date>
: one medusa (
<collectionCode id="63D6AE48FFBB113000B7C933FB1FCB37" box="[1153,1248,258,282]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1616).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBB113004FFC917FB08C817" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBB113004FFC917FB08C817" blockId="12.[151,1436,258,1327]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113004FFC917FEA5CB12" bold="true" box="[201,346,294,319]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Description.</emphasis>
Umbrella transparent, flat (MZUSP 1616) or somewhat globular (MZUSP 1617), with very thick jelly especially at the apex. The gastric peduncle is very thick and short, with length of
<quantity id="C23F9B68FFBB1130005CC97BFB3FCB4F" box="[1130,1216,330,354]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
in the medusa with
<quantity id="C23F9B68FFBB113004A1C95FFF24CBAB" box="[151,219,366,390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
in bell diameter (MZUSP 1617) and
<quantity id="C23F9B68FFBB113006A4C95FFD14CBAB" box="[658,747,366,390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
in the medusa with
<quantity id="C23F9B68FFBB113007EAC95FFBCACBAB" box="[988,1077,366,390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
(MZUSP 1616). The peduncle passes beyond the bell margin since the sub-umbrellar cavity is almost absent. Manubrium short (0.5 and
<quantity id="C23F9B68FFBB1130010BC9A3FA80CB87" box="[1341,1407,402,426]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in length respectively), with four relatively short and pointed lips. Gonads small, elongated to slightly oval on the four radial canals near the margin, but not in contact with the ring canal; 23 or 28 tentacles with round or conical bulbs with different sizes. Almost one rudimentary bulb between every tentacle. All bulbs without lateral cirri and with an adaxial excretory pore. Nearly one very small statocyst between every bulb (rudimentary or not).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBB113004FFCA76FA7DCEEF" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBB113004FFCA76FDD5C9C7" blockId="12.[151,1436,258,1327]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113004FFCA76FEC2C872" bold="true" box="[201,317,583,607]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Remarks.</emphasis>
The two medusae reported here clearly belong to the genus
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB113007D3CA76FB43C873" authority="Eschscholtz" authorityName="Eschscholtz" box="[997,1212,582,606]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113007D3CA76FBD1C873" box="[997,1070,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Eirene</emphasis>
Eschscholtz
</taxonomicName>
due to the presence of a distinct gastric peduncle, tentacular bulbs with excretory pores, complete absence of cirri and the presence of several closed statocysts (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB11300583CABFFDB4C88B" author="Russell" box="[437,587,654,678]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusa of the British Isles. Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. Cambridge University Press, London, 530 pp." type="book" year="1953">Russell 1953</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB11300660CABEFD19C88B" author="Kramp" box="[598,742,654,678]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the Medusae of the World. Journal of Marine Biological Associated of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp 1961</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB113006C7CABFFC6BC88B" author="Bouillon" box="[753,916,654,678]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Bouillon, J. (1999) Hydromedusae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed) South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 424 - 512." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bouillon 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB113007A9CABFFB7FC88B" author="Bouillon" box="[927,1152,654,679]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Bouillon, J., Medel, M. D., Pages, F., Gili, J. M., Boero, F. &amp; Gravili, C. (2004) Fauna of the Mediterranean Hydrozoa. Scientia Marina, 68 (2), 1 - 449." type="journal article" year="2004">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB11300031CAA1FBC7C88B" box="[1031,1080,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB113000BCCABFFB38C88B" author="Bouillon" box="[1162,1223,654,678]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. - M. &amp; Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to the Hydrozoa. Memoirs du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
). Within this genus 22 species are recognized (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB113005E7CA83FD6AC8E7" author="Schuchert" box="[465,661,690,714]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Schuchert, P. (2009 a) World Hydrozoa database. Available from http: // www. marinespecies. org / hydrozoa (accessed 29 November 2011)." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2009a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB11300692CA82FCAFC8E7" author="Du" box="[676,848,690,715]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Du, F., Xu, Z.; Huang, J. &amp; Guo, D. (2010) New records of medusae (Cnidaria) from Daya Bay, northern South China Sea, with descriptions of four new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 123 (1), 72 - 86." type="journal article" year="2010">
Du
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113006E6CA85FCFBC8E6" box="[720,772,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
; Huang
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB11300782CA85FC17C8E6" box="[948,1000,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2010) and the medusae studied here resemble that of
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB1130056ECAE9FD4FC8C3" authority="Peron &amp; Lesueur" authorityName="Peron &amp; Lesueur" box="[344,688,726,751]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB1130056ECAE9FE2EC8C3" box="[344,465,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. viridula</emphasis>
(Péron &amp; Lesueur)
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB113006C6CAE7FC79C8C3" author="Russell" box="[752,902,726,750]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusa of the British Isles. Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. Cambridge University Press, London, 530 pp." type="book" year="1953">Russell 1953</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB113007A2CAE7FBC4C8C3" author="Bouillon" box="[916,1083,726,750]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Bouillon, J. (1999) Hydromedusae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed) South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 424 - 512." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bouillon 1999</bibRefCitation>
), the only species of the genus recorded at the Brazilian coast and in the South Atlantic as well (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB113007BECACBFBCFC93F" author="Bouillon" box="[904,1072,762,786]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Bouillon, J. (1999) Hydromedusae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed) South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 424 - 512." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bouillon 1999</bibRefCitation>
; Migotto
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB11300097CACDFB2BC93E" box="[1185,1236,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2002). However both individuals sampled are still young with small, developing gonads and differ from
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB11300083CB11FACEC91B" box="[1205,1329,798,823]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB11300083CB11FACEC91B" box="[1205,1329,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. viridula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in some characteristics: i) the peduncle is relatively shorter, being not larger than ¼ of bell diameter in the present material; ii) their gonads are short, elongated-to-oval-shaped placed on the distal fourth of radial canals, while those of
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB113001B2CB59FF0FC98E" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113001B2CB59FF0FC98E" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. viridula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are linear across the whole radials canals; iii) all accounts of
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB11300796CBBDFBE7C98E" box="[928,1048,907,931]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB11300796CBBDFBE7C98E" box="[928,1048,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. viridula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mention evident adaxial excretory papillae on both tentacular and rudimentary bulbs, while the bulbs of the present material all have a distinct adaxial excretory pore but lack the papillae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBB113004FFCBC7FA7DCEEF" blockId="12.[151,1436,258,1327]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
These differences may all be attributed to the early stage of development of the two medusae examined. A detailed comparison of the early stages of
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB113006BBCC2DFCF5CE1E" box="[653,778,1051,1075]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113006BBCC2DFCF5CE1E" box="[653,778,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. viridula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB11300760CC2BFC01CE1F" author="Russell" box="[854,1022,1050,1074]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusa of the British Isles. Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. Cambridge University Press, London, 530 pp." type="book" year="1953">Russell (1953)</bibRefCitation>
shows several similarities with the present material, including the initial position of the gonads. However,
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB113007D4CC71FBD3CE7A" box="[994,1068,1088,1111]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113007D4CC71FBD3CE7A" box="[994,1068,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Eirene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
medusae commonly undergo a considerable morphological change throughout development (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB11300749CC53FB80CE57" author="Kubota" box="[895,1151,1122,1146]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Kubota, S. &amp; Horita, T. (1992) A new Hydromedusae of the genus Eirene (Leptomedusae; Eirenidae) from Toba, Japan. Zoological Science, 9, 413 - 421." type="journal article" year="1992">Kubota &amp; Horita 1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB113000BDCC53FAC3CE57" author="Guo" box="[1163,1340,1122,1147]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Guo, D., Xu, Z. &amp; Huang, J. (2008) Two new species of Eirenidae from the coast of southeast China. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 27 (1), 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="2008">
Guo
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113000F4CC55FB0BCE56" box="[1218,1268,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
) and the only record of
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB11300563CCB9FE2ACEB3" box="[341,469,1158,1183]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB11300563CCB9FE2ACEB3" box="[341,469,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. viridula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Southwestern Atlantic is several thousand kilometers northwards (off Amazonas River;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB11300557CC9BFDF9CEEF" author="Alvarino" box="[353,518,1194,1218]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Alvarino, A. (1968) Los Quetognatos, sifonoforos y medusas en la region del Atlantico ecuatorial bajo la influencia del Amazonas. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Serie ciencias del mar y limnologia, 39, 41 - 76." type="journal article" year="1968">Alvariño 1968</bibRefCitation>
), therefore more material is needed to confirm the identification of this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBB113004FFCCFFFAF3CF03" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBB113004FFCCFFFAF3CF03" blockId="12.[151,1436,258,1327]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113004FFCCFFFE9DCECA" bold="true" box="[201,354,1230,1255]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Distribution.</emphasis>
The genus
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB113005DECCE1FDCECECA" box="[488,561,1232,1255]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113005DECCE1FDCECECA" box="[488,561,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Eirene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread worldwide (except Arctic and
<collectingCountry id="7DD0761DFFBB11300001CCFFFB60CECB" box="[1079,1183,1230,1254]" name="Antarctica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
regions), as also is
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB113001B2CCE1FE4CCF27" authority="Bouillon 1999" authorityName="Bouillon" authorityYear="1999" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113001B2CCE1FF0FCF26" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. viridula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB11300537CCC3FE55CF27" author="Bouillon" box="[257,426,1266,1290]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Bouillon, J. (1999) Hydromedusae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed) South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 424 - 512." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bouillon 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In
<collectingCountry id="7DD0761DFFBB113005D4CCC3FDD9CF27" box="[482,550,1266,1290]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brazil</collectingCountry>
there is a single record of
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB11300755CCC5FC21CF26" box="[867,990,1267,1291]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB11300755CCC5FC21CF26" box="[867,990,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. viridula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on its North Coast (~0° Lat;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB1130010ECCC3FF2FCF03" author="Alvarino" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Alvarino, A. (1968) Los Quetognatos, sifonoforos y medusas en la region del Atlantico ecuatorial bajo la influencia del Amazonas. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Serie ciencias del mar y limnologia, 39, 41 - 76." type="journal article" year="1968">Alvariño 1968</bibRefCitation>
) and the present investigation is the first record of the genus
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB1130074ACD29FC39CF02" box="[892,966,1304,1327]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB1130074ACD29FC39CF02" box="[892,966,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Eirene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the south Brazilian coast.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<treatment id="8D6E879BFFBB113104A1CD46FCDACAF9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5620033" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119521319" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5620033" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8D6E879BFFBB113104A1CD46FCDACAF9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8D6E879BFFBB113104A1CD46FCDACAF9" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBB113004A1CD46FED1CF9F" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBB113004A1CD46FE08CFBC" blockId="12.[151,503,1399,1458]" box="[151,503,1399,1425]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="5E3081E1FFBB113004A1CD46FE08CFBC" bold="true" box="[151,503,1399,1425]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB113004A1CD46FE08CFBC" ID-CoL="3DDS7" authority="McCrady, 1857" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" box="[151,503,1399,1425]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eutima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mira">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113004A1CD46FE08CFBC" bold="true" box="[151,503,1399,1425]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113004A1CD46FECECFBC" bold="true" box="[151,305,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Eutima mira</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB1130050ECD46FE08CFBC" author="McCrady" box="[312,503,1399,1425]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="McCrady, J. (1857) Gymnophthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History of Charleston, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1857">McCrady, 1857</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBB113004A1CDABFED1CF9F" blockId="12.[151,503,1399,1458]" box="[151,302,1434,1458]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">(Figs. 31–34)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBB113004A1CDD3FECCCC6F" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBB113004A1CDD3FECCCC6F" blockId="12.[151,1436,1506,2034]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113004A1CDD3FE7DCFD6" bold="true" box="[151,386,1506,1531]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Material examined.</emphasis>
<date id="7179104DFFBB113005BCCDD3FDF6CFD7" box="[394,521,1506,1530]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2007-11-16">11/16/2007</date>
one medusa with the gonads beginning to develop (
<collectionCode id="63D6AE48FFBB1130006ACDD3FB44CFD7" box="[1116,1211,1506,1530]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1619);
<date id="7179104DFFBB11300120CDD3FA67CFD7" box="[1302,1432,1506,1530]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2008-01-24">01/24/2008</date>
, two young and six adults medusae (
<collectionCode id="63D6AE48FFBB11300613CE37FD7BCC33" box="[549,644,1542,1566]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1618);
<date id="7179104DFFBB113006EDCE37FCA2CC33" box="[731,861,1542,1566]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2008-04-25">04/25/2008</date>
, one adult medusa;
<date id="7179104DFFBB1130000DCE37FB42CC33" box="[1083,1213,1542,1566]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2008-05-26">05/26/2008</date>
, one young and one adult medusa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBB113004FFCE7EFB0DCD4F" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBB113004FFCE7EFB0DCD4F" blockId="12.[151,1436,1506,2034]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113004FFCE7EFEC2CC4A" bold="true" box="[201,317,1615,1639]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Remarks.</emphasis>
The 12 medusae assigned to this species varied from
<quantity id="C23F9B68FFBB113007ADCE7FFBCDCC4B" box="[923,1074,1614,1638]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="6.25" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5 to 10 mm</quantity>
in bell diameter and completely match the several available descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB1130064FCE45FD32CCA6" box="[633,717,1652,1675]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eutima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mira">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB1130064FCE45FD32CCA6" box="[633,717,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. mira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The presence of only four tentacles in addition with the configuration of the gonads (four on the sub-umbrellar portion of the radial canals, and four on the gastric peduncle) is diagnostic for
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB11300508CE8DFE6ACCFE" box="[318,405,1724,1747]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eutima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mira">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB11300508CE8DFE6ACCFE" box="[318,405,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. mira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within the 23 recognized species of the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB113007F4CE8BFB8DCCFF" author="McCrady" box="[962,1138,1722,1746]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="McCrady, J. (1857) Gymnophthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History of Charleston, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1857">McCrady 1857</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB113000B7CE8AFAECCCFF" author="Kramp" box="[1153,1299,1722,1746]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the Medusae of the World. Journal of Marine Biological Associated of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp 1961</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB11300114CE8BFA68CCFF" author="Goy" box="[1314,1431,1722,1746]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Goy, J. (1979) Campagne de la Calypso au large des cotes atlantiques de l´Amerique du sud (1961 - 1962). Meduses. Resultats Scientifiques des Campagnes de la Calypso, 11, 263 - 296." type="journal article" year="1979">Goy 1979</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB113004A1CEEFFEC2CCDB" author="Bouillon" box="[151,317,1758,1782]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Bouillon, J. (1999) Hydromedusae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed) South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 424 - 512." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bouillon 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB1130057CCEEFFDCCCCDB" author="Bouillon" box="[330,563,1758,1783]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. - M. &amp; Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to the Hydrozoa. Memoirs du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB11300583CED1FE17CCDB" box="[437,488,1758,1783]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB11300676CEEFFD07CCDB" author="Guo" box="[576,760,1758,1783]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Guo, D., Xu, Z. &amp; Huang, J. (2008) Two new species of Eirenidae from the coast of southeast China. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 27 (1), 61 - 66." type="journal article" year="2008">
Guo
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB1130064FCED1FD53CCDB" box="[633,684,1758,1783]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB11300732CEEFFC3CCCDB" author="Schuchert" box="[772,963,1758,1782]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Schuchert, P. (2009 a) World Hydrozoa database. Available from http: // www. marinespecies. org / hydrozoa (accessed 29 November 2011)." type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2009a</bibRefCitation>
) and easily differentiate it from the other two Brazilian species,
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB113005A3CF35FD56CD37" authority="L. Agassiz" authorityName="L. Agassiz" box="[405,681,1794,1819]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eutima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coerulae">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113005A3CF35FDE9CD36" box="[405,534,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. coerulae</emphasis>
(L. Agassiz)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB113006D6CF35FB7DCD37" authority="Narchi &amp; Hebling, 1975" authorityName="Narchi &amp; Hebling" authorityYear="1975" box="[736,1154,1794,1819]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eutima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sapinhoa">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113006D6CF35FC99CD36" box="[736,870,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. sapinhoa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB1130075BCF33FB7DCD37" author="Narchi" box="[877,1154,1794,1818]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Narchi, W. &amp; Hebling, N. J. (1975) The life cycle of the commensal hydromedusa Eutima sapinhoa n. sp. Marine Biology, 30, 73 - 78." type="journal article" year="1975">Narchi &amp; Hebling, 1975</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which possess only four gonads (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB113004C3CF17FDFDCD13" author="Narchi" box="[245,514,1830,1854]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Narchi, W. &amp; Hebling, N. J. (1975) The life cycle of the commensal hydromedusa Eutima sapinhoa n. sp. Marine Biology, 30, 73 - 78." type="journal article" year="1975">Narchi &amp; Hebling 1975</bibRefCitation>
, Migotto
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB11300659CF19FD5FCD13" box="[623,672,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2002, 2004). Reports on
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB113007F2CF19FBE7CD13" box="[964,1048,1831,1855]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eutima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mira">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113007F2CF19FBE7CD13" box="[964,1048,1831,1855]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. mira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
indicate that their tentacular bulbs may or may not have lateral cirri. All medusae analyzed herein had cirri on rudimentary bulbs only.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBB113104FFCF5FFCDACAF9" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBB113104FFCF5FFCDACAF9" blockId="12.[151,1436,1506,2034]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB113004FFCF5FFE9DCDAA" bold="true" box="[201,354,1902,1927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBB1130055FCF41FE42CDAB" box="[361,445,1903,1927]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eutima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mira">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBB1130055FCF41FE42CDAB" box="[361,445,1903,1927]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E. mira</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be found in
<collectingCountry id="7DD0761DFFBB1130064ECF5FFD44CDAB" box="[632,699,1902,1926]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">China</collectingCountry>
Seas and is widely distributed along the western Atlantic coast of
<collectingCountry id="7DD0761DFFBB113004A1CFA3FF30CD87" box="[151,207,1938,1962]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB113004E8CFA3FE8DCD87" author="Kramp" box="[222,370,1938,1962]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the Medusae of the World. Journal of Marine Biological Associated of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp 1961</bibRefCitation>
). In the southwestern Atlantic there are two records off northeastern Brazil—around Fernando de Noronha Island (~
<geoCoordinate id="60F3504AFFBB113005BBCF87FE1ACDE3" box="[397,485,1974,1998]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="925" value="-3.85">3°51’ S</geoCoordinate>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB113005C5CF87FD5FCDE3" author="Vannucci" box="[499,672,1974,1998]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Vannucci, M. (1957) On Brazilian hydromedusae and their distribution in relation to different water masses. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 8 (1 - 2), 23 - 109." type="journal article" year="1957">Vannucci 1957</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB1130069BCF87FD16CDE3" author="Vannucci" box="[685,745,1974,1998]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Vannucci, M. (1958) Consideracoes em torno das hidromedusas da regiao de Fernando de Noronha. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 9, 3 - 12." type="journal article" year="1958">1958</bibRefCitation>
), and off Alagoas (~9°S) and Bahia coastal waters (
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and
<geoCoordinate id="60F3504AFFBB113004F0CFEBFEDACDDF" box="[198,293,2010,2034]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="925" value="-16.483334">16°29’S</geoCoordinate>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB11300507CFEBFE5DCDDF" author="Goy" box="[305,418,2010,2034]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Goy, J. (1979) Campagne de la Calypso au large des cotes atlantiques de l´Amerique du sud (1961 - 1962). Meduses. Resultats Scientifiques des Campagnes de la Calypso, 11, 263 - 296." type="journal article" year="1979">Goy 1979</bibRefCitation>
) – as well as two additional records from the temperate Argentinean shelf (37–38°S;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBB11310169CFEAFEE7CA82" author="Zamponi" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Zamponi, M. O. (1983 a) Ecologia de las hidromedusas del Mar Epicontinental Argentino. Neotropica, 29 (81), 65 - 81." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Zamponi 1983a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBA11310512C8A6FDB9CA82" author="Zamponi" box="[292,582,151,175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Zamponi, M. O. &amp; Suarez, E. (1991) Blooms of medusae on the shores of Mar del Plata (Argentina). Plankton Newsletter, 15, 19 - 20." type="journal article" year="1991">Zamponi &amp; Suárez, 1991</bibRefCitation>
). The present finding is the first record of this hydromedusa from the south Brazilian coast and fulfills a gap of its known distribution.
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117
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<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113604A1C986FF03CBFC" bold="true" box="[151,252,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Protiara</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="0578368DFFBD113604A1C9EBFF06CBDF" blockId="10.[151,294,439,498]" box="[151,249,474,498]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(Fig. 26)</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0578368DFFBD113604A1CA13FC9AC817" blockId="10.[151,1436,546,1074]" box="[151,869,546,571]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113604A1CA13FE7FC816" bold="true" box="[151,384,546,571]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Material examined.</emphasis>
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—one medusa (
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1626).
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<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113604FFCA77FEA4C872" bold="true" box="[201,347,582,607]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Description.</emphasis>
Umbrella bell-shaped; mesoglea relatively thin laterally and thick in the apex, where it represents almost 1/3 of bell height. Four radial canals and four relatively large hollow bulbs with one tentacle each. Without ocelli. Manubrium occupying almost the entire sub-umbrelar cavity, with simple round mouth. Gonads interradial on manubrium walls.
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<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113604FFCAE6FEC2C8C2" bold="true" box="[201,317,727,751]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks.</emphasis>
Although the genus
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Haeckel
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is somewhat doubtful since its
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species is imprecise (
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), the single medusa assigned here as
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<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD11360739CACDFC90C93E" box="[783,879,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Protiara</emphasis>
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sp. fits well the diagnosis of the genus given by
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as “
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medusae without marginal cirri, four marginal tentacles, with or without ocelli, with four or eight smooth, vertical gonads in the adradial-interradial region, four simple oral lips, without mesenteries”. Among the two known species of the genus, the present material differs from
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBD11360057CB59FA87C953" authority="Hargitt, 1902" authorityName="Hargitt" authorityYear="1902" box="[1121,1400,870,895]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Malagazziidae" genus="Octophialucium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckeli">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD11360057CB59FB25C953" box="[1121,1242,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. haeckeli</emphasis>
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by the absence of an extended apical projection and tentacular bulbs not conical and from
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by the absence of ocelli and gonads interradial, not perradial (
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;
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).
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<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113604FFCBE3FE9DC9C6" bold="true" box="[201,354,978,1003]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution.</emphasis>
This genus has been found in North Atlantic, Mediterranean and Indian Ocean waters (
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;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBD113604E9CBC7FDAFCE23" author="Navas-Pereira" box="[223,592,1014,1038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Navas-Pereira, D. &amp; Vannucci, M. (1991) The Hydromedusae and water masses of the Indian Ocean. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 39 (1), 25 - 60." type="journal article" year="1991">Navas-Pereira &amp; Vannucci 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBD11360668CBC7FCB8CE23" author="Bouillon" box="[606,839,1014,1039]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Bouillon, J., Medel, M. D., Pages, F., Gili, J. M., Boero, F. &amp; Gravili, C. (2004) Fauna of the Mediterranean Hydrozoa. Scientia Marina, 68 (2), 1 - 449." type="journal article" year="2004">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113606FECBC9FD04CE23" box="[712,763,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBD113604A1CC98FF06CEEC" blockId="10.[151,314,1158,1217]" box="[151,249,1193,1217]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">(Fig. 27)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBD113604A1CCC0FC9ACF24" box="[151,869,1265,1290]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBD113604A1CCC0FC9ACF24" blockId="10.[151,1436,1265,1829]" box="[151,869,1265,1290]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113604A1CCC0FE7FCF27" bold="true" box="[151,384,1265,1290]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Material examined.</emphasis>
<date id="7179104DFFBD113605B1CCC0FDF9CF24" box="[391,518,1265,1289]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2008-02-29">02/29/2008</date>
—one medusa (
<collectionCode id="63D6AE48FFBD11360680CCC0FCEACF24" box="[694,789,1265,1289]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1631).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBD113604FFCD24FCC9CF58" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBD113604FFCD24FCC9CF58" blockId="10.[151,1436,1265,1829]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113604FFCD24FEA5CF03" bold="true" box="[201,346,1301,1326]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Description.</emphasis>
The single medusa analyzed was dome-shaped, with four radial canals, four bulbs, two of them with a relatively small tentacle ending in a rather large swollen round tip. Scattered nematocysts on exumbrella, mainly near the radial and ring canals. No gonads observed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBD113604FFCDB3FCFBCC5C" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBD113604FFCDB3FCFBCC5C" blockId="10.[151,1436,1265,1829]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113604FFCDB3FEC2CFB7" bold="true" box="[201,317,1410,1434]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks.</emphasis>
While the material examined clearly falls within the diagnosis of the rare genus
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBD113600E4CDB0FE4BCF90" authority="Brinckmann-Voss &amp; Arai, 1988" authorityName="Brinckmann-Voss &amp; Arai" authorityYear="1988" class="Hydrozoa" genus="Paulinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113600E4CDB0FAC0CFB4" box="[1234,1343,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Paulinum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBD11360170CDB0FE4BCF90" author="Brinckmann-Voss" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. &amp; Arai, M. N. (1988) Further notes on Leptolida (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria) from Canadian Pacific Waters. Zoolgische Verhandelingen, 323, 37 - 68." type="journal article" year="1988">Brinckmann-Voss &amp; Arai, 1988</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: “Four thick radial canals and ring canal present; four marginal bulbs with adaxial thickenings, at least two of which bear stiff tentacles terminating in a round cnidocyst bulb.” (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBD1136004ACDF8FF2DCC28" author="Brinckmann-Voss" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. &amp; Arai, M. N. (1988) Further notes on Leptolida (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria) from Canadian Pacific Waters. Zoolgische Verhandelingen, 323, 37 - 68." type="journal article" year="1988">Brinckmann-Voss &amp; Arai 1988</bibRefCitation>
), its specific identification is hard to surely ascertain. It is similar to
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBD113607E6CDDFFACFCC28" authority="Vanhoffen 1911" authorityName="Vanhoffen" authorityYear="1911" box="[976,1328,1517,1541]" class="Hydrozoa" genus="Paulinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="punctatum">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113607E6CDDFFB9DCC28" box="[976,1122,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. punctatum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBD11360046CDDCFAD8CC28" author="Vanhoffen" box="[1136,1319,1517,1541]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1911) Die Anthomedusen und Leptomedusen der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898 - 1899. Wissenschftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition Valdivia, 19 (5), 193 - 233." type="journal article" year="1911">Vanhöffen 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, however the manubrium of the present material is longer and the swollen parts of its tentacles are much larger. Including the present record this genus was found only three times, however it may be the young medusa stages of
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113600C8CE04FA64CC60" box="[1278,1435,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Velella velella</emphasis>
(Linnaeus) (Peter Schuchert, personal communication).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBD113704FFCE4CFCFBCDC3" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBD113604FFCE4CFE7FCD08" blockId="10.[151,1436,1265,1829]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113604FFCE4CFE9DCCBB" bold="true" box="[201,354,1661,1686]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution.</emphasis>
This genus was previously found twice only; a single individual of
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBD11360060CE4FFB17CCB8" box="[1110,1256,1662,1685]" class="Hydrozoa" genus="Paulinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="punctatum">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD11360060CE4FFB17CCB8" box="[1110,1256,1662,1685]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. punctatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Indian Ocean was described by
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBD11360585CE90FD83CC94" author="Vanhoffen" box="[435,636,1697,1721]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1911) Die Anthomedusen und Leptomedusen der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898 - 1899. Wissenschftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition Valdivia, 19 (5), 193 - 233." type="journal article" year="1911">Vanhöffen (1911)</bibRefCitation>
, and a single individual of
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD11360782CE93FBCFCC94" box="[948,1072,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. l i n e a t u m</emphasis>
was described by Brinckmann-
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBD113604A1CEF7FE84CCF0" author="Voss" box="[151,379,1733,1757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. &amp; Arai, M. N. (1988) Further notes on Leptolida (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria) from Canadian Pacific Waters. Zoolgische Verhandelingen, 323, 37 - 68." type="journal article" year="1988">Voss &amp; Arai (1988)</bibRefCitation>
from the Canadian Pacific coast. The single medusa reported here is the first record in the South Atlantic. If co-specific with
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD11360602CEDBFD5FCD2C" box="[564,672,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">V. velella</emphasis>
it is widely distributed in
<collectingCountry id="7DD0761DFFBD113607D2CED8FBD7CD2C" box="[996,1064,1769,1793]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and elsewhere (
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBD113600DACED8FA68CD2C" author="Bouillon" box="[1260,1431,1769,1793]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Bouillon, J. (1999) Hydromedusae. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed) South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 424 - 512." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bouillon 1999</bibRefCitation>
; Migotto
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113604CECF3FFED6CD08" box="[248,297,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2002).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBC113704A1CF3FFCFBCDC3" blockId="11.[151,1436,1806,2031]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC113704A1CF3FFEADCD09" bold="true" box="[151,338,1806,1829]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURES 25–36.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBC11370561CF3EFE2ECD08" box="[343,465,1807,1829]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC11370561CF3EFE2ECD08" box="[343,465,1807,1829]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Hydractinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.1, specimen turned inside-out
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC11370713CF3FFCB0CD08" bold="true" box="[805,847,1806,1829]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(25)</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBC1137076ACF21FC4DCD08" box="[860,946,1808,1829]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Protiaridae" genus="Protiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC1137076ACF21FC4DCD08" box="[860,946,1808,1829]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Protiara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., lateral view
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC1137006BCF3FFB78CD08" bold="true" box="[1117,1159,1806,1829]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(26)</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBC113700A2CF3EFB08CD08" box="[1172,1271,1807,1829]" class="Hydrozoa" genus="Paulinum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC113700A2CF3EFB08CD08" box="[1172,1271,1807,1829]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paulinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., lateral view
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC113704A1CF1EFF3ECD6B" bold="true" box="[151,193,1839,1862]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(27)</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBC113704E6CF00FEECCD6B" box="[208,275,1841,1862]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC113704E6CF00FEECCD6B" box="[208,275,1841,1862]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eirene</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (young
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBC113705A6CF00FE01CD6B" box="[400,510,1840,1862]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eirene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridula">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC113705A6CF00FE01CD6B" box="[400,510,1840,1862]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E. viridula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?), lateral view
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC11370694CF1EFD33CD6B" bold="true" box="[674,716,1839,1862]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(28)</emphasis>
, detail of the manubrium and distal portion of the peduncle
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC11370173CF1EFA91CD6B" bold="true" box="[1349,1390,1839,1862]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(29)</emphasis>
and detail of the margin showing tentacular bulb (tb) and rudimentary bulb (rb)
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC1137079FCF60FC2CCD45" bold="true" box="[937,979,1873,1896]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(30)</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBC113707D4CF63FAF3CD4A" authority="McCrady, 1857" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1857" box="[994,1292,1873,1895]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eirenidae" genus="Eutima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mira">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC113707D4CF63FB9CCD4A" box="[994,1123,1874,1895]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eutima mira</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBC1137005DCF60FAF3CD4A" author="McCrady" box="[1131,1292,1873,1895]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="McCrady, J. (1857) Gymnophthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History of Charleston, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1857">McCrady, 1857</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, general view
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC113704A1CF43FF3ECDA4" bold="true" box="[151,193,1906,1929]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(31)</emphasis>
, detail of the manubrium and distal portion of the peduncle
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC11370715CF43FCB3CDA4" bold="true" box="[803,844,1906,1929]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(32)</emphasis>
, detail of the margin showing a tentacular (notice absence of lateral cirri) and rudimentary bulbs
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC11370616CFA2FDB5CD87" bold="true" box="[544,586,1939,1962]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(33)</emphasis>
and detail of the margin showing a rudimentary bulb with lateral cirri (lc), a statocyst (es) on the right and marginal warts (mw) on the left
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC113706DBCF84FCE8CDE1" bold="true" box="[749,791,1973,1996]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(34)</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBC11370713CF84FAAECDE6" authority="Vannucci &amp; Moreira, 1966" authorityName="Vannucci &amp; Moreira" authorityYear="1966" box="[805,1361,1973,1995]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Malagazziidae" genus="Octophialucium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haeckeli">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC11370713CF84FBDBCDE6" box="[805,1060,1973,1995]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Octophialucium haeckeli</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBC11370004CF84FAB5CDE6" author="Vannucci" box="[1074,1354,1973,1995]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Vannucci, M. &amp; Moreira, M. G. S. (1966) New species and new record of Anthomedusae from Southern Brazil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 11 (2), 57 - 100." type="journal article" year="1966">Vannucci &amp; Moreira, 1966</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, lateral view
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC113704F8CFE9FF07CDC2" bold="true" box="[206,248,2008,2031]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(35)</emphasis>
and oral view of an individual with seven lips
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBC113706E2CFE9FD02CDC2" bold="true" box="[724,765,2008,2031]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(36)</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

115
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<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBE113504A1CEA3FF0ECCE0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBE113504A1CEA3FE9FCC81" blockId="9.[151,352,1682,1741]" box="[151,352,1682,1708]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="5E3081E1FFBE113504A1CEA3FE9FCC81" bold="true" box="[151,352,1682,1708]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBE113504A1CEA3FE9FCC81" bold="true" box="[151,352,1682,1708]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBE113504A1CEA3FED7CC81" ID-CoL="7P6J4" box="[151,296,1682,1708]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBE113504A1CEA3FED7CC81" bold="true" box="[151,296,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hydractinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.1
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBE113504A1CE84FF0ECCE0" blockId="9.[151,352,1682,1741]" box="[151,241,1717,1741]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">(Fig.25)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBE113504A1CECCFF20CD70" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBE113504A1CECCFF20CD70" blockId="9.[151,1437,1789,2029]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBE113504A1CECCFE75CD3B" bold="true" box="[151,394,1789,1814]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Material examined:</emphasis>
<date id="7179104DFFBE113505AFCECCFDE7CD38" box="[409,536,1789,1813]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2007-10-18">10/18/2007</date>
—12 medusae;
<date id="7179104DFFBE113506EECECCFCA9CD38" box="[728,854,1789,1813]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2007-11-16">11/16/2007</date>
—18 medusae;
<date id="7179104DFFBE11350020CECCFB69CD38" box="[1046,1174,1789,1813]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2008-01-24">01/24/2008</date>
—14 medusae;
<date id="7179104DFFBE11350162CECCFF2FCD14" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2008-02-29">02/29/ 2008</date>
—197 medusae;
<date id="7179104DFFBE113505B8CF10FDF2CD14" box="[398,525,1825,1849]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2008-04-25">04/25/2008</date>
—one medusa;
<date id="7179104DFFBE11350689CF10FCC2CD14" box="[703,829,1825,1849]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2008-05-25">05/25/2008</date>
—five medusae;
<date id="7179104DFFBE113507C9CF10FB81CD14" box="[1023,1150,1825,1849]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2008-08-08">08/08/2008</date>
—two medusae (
<collectionCode id="63D6AE48FFBE1135010BCF10FA63CD14" box="[1341,1436,1825,1849]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MZUSP</collectionCode>
1597).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBE113504FFCF58FE25CDC0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBE113504FFCF58FE25CDC0" blockId="9.[151,1437,1789,2029]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBE113504FFCF58FEA5CDAF" bold="true" box="[201,346,1897,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Description.</emphasis>
Medusae bell-shaped, varying from
<quantity id="C23F9B68FFBE113506C8CF58FC60CDAC" box="[766,927,1897,1921]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="0.85" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.5">0.5 to 1.2 mm</quantity>
in diameter with thin mesoglea. Manubrium tubular, without peduncle, occupying nearly half the length of bell cavity. Four mouth lips prolonged into simple small oral tentacles. Eight well-developed tentacular bulbs without ocelli. Gonads well-defined along the interradial walls of the manubrium.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBD113604FFC8A9FC47CB31" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBD113604FFC8A9FC47CB31" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,356]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113604FFC8A9FEC2CA9D" bold="true" box="[201,317,152,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks.</emphasis>
The characters and general appearance of these medusae are quite similar to
<taxonomicName id="C2C74D0EFFBD1136008BC8A9FF25CAF9" authority="Sars" authorityName="Sars" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carnea">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD1136008BC8A9FA63CA9D" box="[1213,1436,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hydractinia carnea</emphasis>
(Sars)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBD113604DFC88DFE78CAF9" author="Kramp" box="[233,391,188,212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1959 a) The hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and Adjacent waters. Dana-Report, 46, 1 - 283." type="journal article" year="1959" yearSuffix="a">Kramp 1959a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBD113605A5C88DFE31CAF9" author="Kramp" box="[403,462,188,212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the Medusae of the World. Journal of Marine Biological Associated of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">1961</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBD113605ECC88DFD80CAF9" author="Edwards" box="[474,639,188,212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Edwards, C. (1972) The hydroids and the medusae of Podocoryne areolata, P. b o re a li s and P. carnea. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 52, 97 - 144." type="journal article" year="1972">Edwards 1972</bibRefCitation>
; Bouilon
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113606DAC88CFCE1CAF9" box="[748,798,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2004), however detailed morphological (including both polyp and medusa stages) and molecular characterization being conducted (Bettim 2010;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBD11360048C8EEFAAACADA" author="Haddad" box="[1150,1365,223,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Haddad, M. A., Bettim, A. L. &amp; Cabral, A. C. (2010) Hydractinia carnea (M. Sars, 1846) (CNIDARIA, HYDROZOA): first record of polypoid stage in the Brazilian coast, a NIS in the area? In: Hydrozoan Society (Ed), Proceedings of the 7 th International Workshop of the Hydrozoan Society, Porto Cesareo, p. 37." type="proceedings paper" year="2010">
Haddad
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113600EAC8D0FAF2CAD5" box="[1244,1293,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
; M.A. Haddad &amp; A.L. Bettim unpublished data) indicate this is a new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4DDD6506FFBD113604FFC916FD5ECB49" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="0578368DFFBD113604FFC916FD5ECB49" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,356]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113604FFC916FE9DCB6D" bold="true" box="[201,354,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution.</emphasis>
Known from Paranaguá (Bettim, 2010;
<bibRefCitation id="61564B7CFFBD11360711C916FC00CB12" author="Haddad" box="[807,1023,295,320]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Haddad, M. A., Bettim, A. L. &amp; Cabral, A. C. (2010) Hydractinia carnea (M. Sars, 1846) (CNIDARIA, HYDROZOA): first record of polypoid stage in the Brazilian coast, a NIS in the area? In: Hydrozoan Society (Ed), Proceedings of the 7 th International Workshop of the Hydrozoan Society, Porto Cesareo, p. 37." type="proceedings paper" year="2010">
Haddad
<emphasis id="37B3EA9FFFBD113607B3C918FC48CB6D" box="[901,951,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
) and Babitonga (present study) estuaries. Endemic to south Brazilian estuaries (?).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>