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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1124-147" ID-Pensoft-UUID="EECD73B488D950A7B6D7969A1D3FB087" ID-ZooBank="F9A99E99C5EC4894BCF0C49F051819F3" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1124-147" checkinTime="1666056863241" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Yang, Weicheng, Yu, Hao &amp; Lin, Yucheng" docDate="2022" docId="97AF7146A75656229E00BEE1F67A7B01" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1124: 147-160" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1124" docPubDate="2022-10-17" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991" docTitle="Chthonopes jimudeng Yu &amp; Lin 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="27320301-272A-497C-B51C-DB133DDCDF20" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="1" id="EECD73B488D950A7B6D7969A1D3FB087" lastPageNumber="147" masterDocId="EECD73B488D950A7B6D7969A1D3FB087" masterDocTitle="A review of the spider genus Chthonopes (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae), with descriptions of two new species from China" masterLastPageNumber="160" masterPageNumber="147" pageNumber="147" updateTime="1666056863241" updateUser="pensoft">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A review of the spider genus Chthonopes (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae), with descriptions of two new species from China</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Yang, Weicheng</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Yu, Hao</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sacspider@126.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lin, Yucheng</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-0633</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">linyucheng@scu.edu.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-10-17</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1124</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>147</mods:start>
<mods:end>160</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1124-147</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F9A99E99C5EC4894BCF0C49F051819F3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">EECD73B488D950A7B6D7969A1D3FB087</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:27320301-272A-497C-B51C-DB133DDCDF20" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/97AF7146A75656229E00BEE1F67A7B01" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName LSID="https://zoobank.org/27320301-272A-497C-B51C-DB133DDCDF20" authority="Yu &amp; Lin" authorityName="Yu &amp; Lin" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Chthonopes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chthonopes jimudeng" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jimudeng" status="sp. nov.">Chthonopes jimudeng Yu &amp; Lin</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="147">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Holotype female of Chthonopes jimudeng sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-E) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758051" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Distribution records of five species of the genus Chthonopes: C. bifidum sp. nov. (scarlet circle: 1. China, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Shenmi cave; 2. China, Yunnan Province, Dehong, Luxi City, Mangliu village, Xianfo cave); C. jimudeng sp. nov. (yellow circle: 1. China, Yunnan Province, Gongshan County, Dulongjiang Town, Jimudeng village; 2. China, Yunnan Province, Gongshan County, Dulongjiang Town, Maku village); C. jaegeri Wunderlich, 2011 (carmine circle: 1, 2. Laos, Bolikhansay Province ,, Lak Sao, Tham Mang Kone; 3. Laos, Khammouan Province, Thakek area, Ban Phoungam-Mai; 4. Laos, Bolikhamxay Province: Khamkeut area); C. cavernicola Wunderlich, 2011 (light blue circle: Laos, Khammouan Province, Tham Boumlou, inside cave); C. thakekensis Lin, Li &amp; Jaeger, 2014 (green circle: Laos, Khammouan Province, Thakek area, Ban Phoungam-Mai, Tham Phayat, limestone cave)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758052" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">, 6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Holotype</emphasis>
: ♀, China: Yunnan Province: Gongshan County: Dulongjiang Town: Jimudeng village,
<geoCoordinate degrees="27.79" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="27.79">27.79°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="98.33" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="98.33">98.33°E</geoCoordinate>
, elevation 1410 m, 15.VIII.2018, Y. Lin and Y. Li leg.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Paratypes</emphasis>
: 1♀ 2juv., same data as holotype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Other material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-08-14" collectorName="Y. Lin, Y. Li" country="China" county="Gongshan County" elevation="1939" latitude="27.68" location="Maku village" longLatPrecision="741" longitude="98.3" municipality="Dulongjiang Town" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-juvenile="6" stateProvince="Yunnan Province">
<specimenCount type="generic">6juv.</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry name="China">China</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion country="China" name="Yunnan">Yunnan Province</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingCounty>Gongshan County</collectingCounty>
:
<collectingMunicipality>Dulongjiang Town</collectingMunicipality>
:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:97AF7146A75656229E00BEE1F67A7B01:B8A11A36D56843E0D742618409AEB9E3" country="China" county="Gongshan County" latitude="27.68" longLatPrecision="741" longitude="98.3" municipality="Dulongjiang Town" name="Maku village" stateProvince="Yunnan Province">Maku village</location>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="27.68" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="27.68">27.68°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="98.30" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="555" value="98.3">98.30°E</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.939" unit="m" value="1939.0">
elevation
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.939" unit="m" value="1939.0">1939 m</quantity>
</elevation>
,
<collectingDate value="2018-08-14">14.VIII.2018</collectingDate>
,
<collectorName>Y. Lin</collectorName>
and
<collectorName>Y. Li</collectorName>
leg.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">This specific name is taken from type locality; noun in apposition.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
The new species is similar to
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. bifidum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifidum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. bifidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Chthonopes bifidum sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A-D); 0.2 mm (E, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758047" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">1E-G</figureCitation>
) in the general appearance of the epigyne (also see above diagnosis for
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. bifidum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifidum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. bifidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.). From
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. bifidum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifidum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. bifidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., the female of
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. jimudeng" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jimudeng">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. jimudeng</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. can be easily distinguished by the shape of the scape and accessory spermathecae, as well as the arrangement of the various parts of the vulva: (1) scape digitiform, relatively sclerotized (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Holotype female of Chthonopes jimudeng sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-E) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758051" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">5C-E</figureCitation>
) (vs. triangular, translucent; Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Chthonopes bifidum sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A-D); 0.2 mm (E, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758047" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">1E-G</figureCitation>
); and (2) accessory spermathecae located laterally to the main spermathecae, consisting of a tubular stalk and globular head (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Holotype female of Chthonopes jimudeng sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-E) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758051" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">5C-E</figureCitation>
) (vs. located anterolaterally to the main spermathecae, nearly claviform or tubular; Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Chthonopes bifidum sp. nov., male holotype and female paratype, male habitus (A, B), female habitus (C, D) and epigyne (E-G) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal view D ventral view E intact, ventral view F cleared, ventral view G cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A-D); 0.2 mm (E, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758047" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">1E-G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758051" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Holotype female of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Yu &amp; Lin" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Chthonopes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chthonopes jimudeng" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jimudeng">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Chthonopes jimudeng</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., habitus (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A, B</emphasis>
) and epigyne (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C-E</emphasis>
)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A</emphasis>
dorsal view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">B</emphasis>
ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C</emphasis>
intact, ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">D</emphasis>
cleared, ventral view
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">E</emphasis>
cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">A, B</emphasis>
); 0.2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C, F, G</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Female</emphasis>
(holotype) (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Holotype female of Chthonopes jimudeng sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-E) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758051" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">5A, B</figureCitation>
): Carapace nearly triangular, marginally dark, with a dark, wide V-shaped paramedian stripe starting from behind PLE, almost reaching the indistinct cervical groove. Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row almost straight in dorsal view. Sternum heart-shaped, centrally dark brown, marginally dark, with sparse setae. Mouthparts coloured as sternum. Legs dark brown, all legs with conspicuous dark annuli in the distal parts of femur, and patella. Abdomen spherical, covered with sparse long setae, setal base sclerotized; dorsum basically black, centrally with three longitudinal white bands, the medial band relatively long, about 1/2 of abdomen length, the bilateral bands short, about 1/2 length of medial band; venter black, without pattern.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Measurements</emphasis>
: total length 2.3. Carapace 1.0 long, 0.9 wide. Clypeus 0.1 high. Sternum 0.4 long, 0.5 wide. Abdomen 1.6 long, 1.2 wide. Length of legs: I 3.1 (1.0, 0.3, 0.9, 0.6, 0.3); II 2.7 (0.9, 0.3, 0.6, 0.6, 0.3); III 1.8 (0.6, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, 0.2); IV 2.4 (0.7, 0.3, 0.6, 0.5, 0.3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Epigyne</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Holotype female of Chthonopes jimudeng sp. nov., habitus (A, B) and epigyne (C-E) A dorsal view B ventral view C intact, ventral view D cleared, ventral view E cleared, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Asp = accessory spermathecae; CD = copulatory duct; FD = fertilization duct; Sc = scape; SP = spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 0.2 mm (C, F, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758051" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">5C-E</figureCitation>
). Epigynal plate large, about 1.35
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
wider than long, with long setae in midline, through which spermathecae and copulatory ducts are indistinctly apparent; scape (Sc) distinctly short, about 1/5 of epigyne length, digitiform, relatively sclerotized, originating from dorsal side of posterior margin of epigynal plate, its tip slightly overpasses the posterior margin, apex blunt. The distal part of copulatory ducts (CD) wide, forming two egg-shaped bursae, then connecting with posterolateral surface of main spermathecae; the two bursae widely separated by one width. Main spermathecae (Sp) small, oval, strongly sclerotized, separated by about 1/3 of their diameter; accessory spermathecae (Asp) located laterally to main spermathecae, consisting of tubular stalk and globular head, translucent, about 1/4 of epigyne length. Fertilization ducts (FD) short, ribbon-shaped or lamellar, heavily sclerotized, located on posterior surface of main spermathecae, curved tips separated by about 3.6
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
FD width.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="male">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Male.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="147" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
Known only from Gongshan County, Yunnan, China (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Distribution records of five species of the genus Chthonopes: C. bifidum sp. nov. (scarlet circle: 1. China, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Shenmi cave; 2. China, Yunnan Province, Dehong, Luxi City, Mangliu village, Xianfo cave); C. jimudeng sp. nov. (yellow circle: 1. China, Yunnan Province, Gongshan County, Dulongjiang Town, Jimudeng village; 2. China, Yunnan Province, Gongshan County, Dulongjiang Town, Maku village); C. jaegeri Wunderlich, 2011 (carmine circle: 1, 2. Laos, Bolikhansay Province ,, Lak Sao, Tham Mang Kone; 3. Laos, Khammouan Province, Thakek area, Ban Phoungam-Mai; 4. Laos, Bolikhamxay Province: Khamkeut area); C. cavernicola Wunderlich, 2011 (light blue circle: Laos, Khammouan Province, Tham Boumlou, inside cave); C. thakekensis Lin, Li &amp; Jaeger, 2014 (green circle: Laos, Khammouan Province, Thakek area, Ban Phoungam-Mai, Tham Phayat, limestone cave)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758052" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1124.89991.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/758052" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Distribution records of five species of the genus
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityYear="2011" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Chthonopes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chthonopes" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chthonopes</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. bifidum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifidum">C. bifidum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
sp. nov. (scarlet circle: 1. China, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Shenmi cave; 2. China, Yunnan Province, Dehong, Luxi City, Mangliu village, Xianfo cave);
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. jimudeng" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jimudeng">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. jimudeng</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (yellow circle: 1. China, Yunnan Province, Gongshan County, Dulongjiang Town, Jimudeng village; 2. China, Yunnan Province, Gongshan County, Dulongjiang Town, Maku village);
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. jaegeri" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jaegeri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. jaegeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wunderlich, 2011 (carmine circle: 1, 2. Laos, Bolikhansay Province,, Lak Sao, Tham Mang Kone; 3. Laos, Khammouan Province, Thakek area, Ban
<normalizedToken originalValue="Phôungam-Mai">Phoungam-Mai</normalizedToken>
; 4. Laos, Bolikhamxay Province: Khamkeut area);
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. cavernicola" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavernicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. cavernicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wunderlich, 2011 (light blue circle: Laos, Khammouan Province, Tham Boumlou, inside cave);
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. thakekensis" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="147" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thakekensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="147">C. thakekensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lin, Li &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jäger">Jaeger</normalizedToken>
, 2014 (green circle: Laos, Khammouan Province, Thakek area, Ban
<normalizedToken originalValue="Phôungam-Mai">Phoungam-Mai</normalizedToken>
, Tham Phayat, limestone cave).
</paragraph>
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</document>

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<mods:title>Systematics of Old World Odontacolus Kieffer s. l. (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae s. l.): parasitoids of spider eggs</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B77B5DD6-5506-40AE-AC8E-BFA080D09E00" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontacolus anningae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anningae">
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anningae
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="18" pageNumber="19">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figures 49, 51, 69, 83-88; Morphbank 35
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Female. Body length: 1.39 mm (n=1). Antenna color: A1 yellow, otherwise dark brown. Body color: completely yellow. Coxae color: yellow. Leg color (excluding coxae): yellow. Fore wing color: slightly infuscate throughout.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Head. Size of compound eye: approximately 1/2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
height of head. Head shape in lateral view: lower head elongate and broad at mouth, head appearing elongate and somewhat thin. Sculpture of antennal scrobe: largely smooth ventrally, sparsely granulate ventrally. Surface of torular triangle: slightly bulging. Development of central keel on frons: present, elongate (equal to or greater than 1/3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
height of frons), but not reaching anterior ocellus. Sculpture on upper frons below anterior ocellus: with sparse, transverse costae mixed with weak, dense granulae. Sculpture of malar space: coriaceous throughout, without fan-like striae. Furrow at lateral portion of antennal scrobe: absent. Shape of medial area of vertexmedial area of vertex: flat to weakly convex. Size of lateral ocelli: small. Distance between lateral ocellus and occipital carina: 0.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="–1.2×">-1.2x</normalizedToken>
maximum ocellar diameter. Lagrimal: absent or minute. Length of OOL: less than or equal to 1/3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
width of ocellus. Sculpture of vertex: granulate. Sculpture of occipital carina: largely simple, at most with sparse weak crenulae medially. Distance from occipital carina to orbital carina: slightly greater than width of occipital carina. Shape of occipital carina: simply arcuate medially. Sculpture of occiput: with weak, small granulae. Sculpture of gena: granulose.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mesosoma. Dorsal mesosoma in lateral view: convex. Sculpture of pronotal cervical area: with small (at most as large as crenulae on anterior edge of mesoscutum), well-defined foveae. Sculpture of pronotal lateral area: upper 1/3 granulose, lower 1/3 with transverse foveae, otherwise smooth. Netrion: present, smooth, linear. Notaulus: present, simple. Length of notaulus: approximately less than or equal to 1/3 of length of mesoscutum. Width of notaulus: narrow (notaulus width less than or equal to half the width of tegula). Sculpture of mesoscutum: weakly rugulose mixed with weak granulae. Sculpture of mesoscutellum: weakly rugulose mixed with granulate sculpture. Mesoscutellar profile: elevated, anterior margin higher than posterior. Mesoscutellar shape: flat, not depressed. Lateral propodeal area: densely, finely rugulose. Shape of propodeal anterior spine: elongate, narrow, apex rounded. Sculpture of propodeum between anterior spines: smooth or largely smooth. Sculpture of ventral half of mesepisternum: longitudinally costate on weakly coriaceous background. Sculpture of upper 1/4 of mesopleuron: densely longitudinally costate across half width. Metapleural sculpture: mainly smooth, lower third sparsely longitudinally carinate.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Wings. Stigmal vein: present, elongate, narrow. Campaniform sensilla at distal area of stigmal vein: present.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="20" start="start">Metasoma</pageBreakToken>
. Shape of T1 horn: broad, short. Sculpture of upper portion of T1 horn: longitudinally carinate. Sculpture of posterior portion of T1 horn: largely smooth, with sparse longitudinal carinae. Lateral carinae on T2: present, well-defined. Sculpture of T2: largely coriaceous, smooth mesally. Sculpture of T3: smooth mesally, otherwise weakly coriaceous. Sculpture of S3-S6: S3 weakly coriaceous, S4-S6 mainly smooth with few, sparse, setigerous punctulae sculpture. S2 anterior carina: present, cristate, interrupted medially.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Male. Unknown.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
The species
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontacolus baeri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baeri">Odontacolus baeri</taxonomicName>
is very similar to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontacolus africanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">Odontacolus africanus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontacolus anningae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anningae">Odontacolus anningae</taxonomicName>
but can be distinguished from them by the absence of the S2 anterior carina. Both
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontacolus africanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">Odontacolus africanus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontacolus anningae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anningae">Odontacolus anningae</taxonomicName>
have a clearly divided S2 anterior carina, but
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontacolus anningae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anningae">Odontacolus anningae</taxonomicName>
is mainly yellow in body color, contrasting with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Odontacolus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Odontacolus africanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">Odontacolus africanus</taxonomicName>
which is completely dark brown.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">This species is named after the great British fossil hunter Mary Anning. The epithet is a noun in the genitive case.</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="link to distribution map">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Link to distribution map.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">36</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Holotype female: CAMEROON: Nkoemvom, 18.IX.1988, Malaise trap, D. Jackson, OSUC 238445 (deposited in BMNH).</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">The female holotype is in perfect condition.</paragraph>
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69
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<paragraph id="45985EA1434850FA7B384244C11ED5FF" pageId="554" pageNumber="555">
<taxonomicName id="7BBCB36156FFA3B2949935DC2682C889" authorityName="Freitag" authorityYear="1969" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Evarthrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="554" pageNumber="555" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravesi">Evarthrus gravesi</taxonomicName>
Freitag, 1969: 167. Type locality: &quot;Pearl (Jackson), Rankin Co[unty], Miss[issippi]&quot; (original citation). Holotype (♀) in MCZ [# 35350].
</paragraph>
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.
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<paragraph id="33ED76024255EE4E200402DBF21B76DA" pageId="555" pageNumber="556">This species is known from the holotype and four specimens collected in Hinds County in southern Mississippi (Drew A. Hildebrandt pers. comm. 2009).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F1CE4306AA7F9F8115BE5E60AED83126" pageId="555" pageNumber="556">Records.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="2301525BBEB0A71065EC89D9BFF4829B" bold="true" pageId="555" pageNumber="556">USA</emphasis>
: MS
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