diff --git a/data/A2/70/EE/A270EE7EFC49FFDDF36DA8B93026F96B.xml b/data/A2/70/EE/A270EE7EFC49FFDDF36DA8B93026F96B.xml index 7335155522a..804d69eec2b 100644 --- a/data/A2/70/EE/A270EE7EFC49FFDDF36DA8B93026F96B.xml +++ b/data/A2/70/EE/A270EE7EFC49FFDDF36DA8B93026F96B.xml @@ -1,54 +1,54 @@ - - - -Review of the Swedish species of Ophion (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae), with the description of 18 new species and an illustrated key to Swedish species + + + +Review of the Swedish species of Ophion (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae), with the description of 18 new species and an illustrated key to Swedish species - - -Author + + +Author -Johansson, Niklas -4BB5F059-B4EE-41F9-8313-B529164B1FA6 -Fredriksberg / Baskarp 566 92 Habo, Sweden. -chrysis32@yahoo.se +Johansson, Niklas +4BB5F059-B4EE-41F9-8313-B529164B1FA6 +Fredriksberg / Baskarp 566 92 Habo, Sweden. +chrysis32@yahoo.se - - -Author + + +Author -Cederberg, Björn -011C3E1F-EB9E-4BDA-B368-1CC50BB525D7 -Uppsala-Näs, Asplunda 51, 775 91 Uppsala, Sweden. -bjornceder@gmail.com +Cederberg, Björn +011C3E1F-EB9E-4BDA-B368-1CC50BB525D7 +Uppsala-Näs, Asplunda 51, 775 91 Uppsala, Sweden. +bjornceder@gmail.com -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2019 - -2019-09-12 + +2019 + +2019-09-12 - -550 + +550 - -1 -136 + +1 +136 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2019.550 -dc3253d4-edc8-481b-966e-791e40856534 -2118-9773 -3476402 -F8707194-B55E-48CA-8FE0-4CD0D023C217 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2019.550 +dc3253d4-edc8-481b-966e-791e40856534 +2118-9773 +3476402 +F8707194-B55E-48CA-8FE0-4CD0D023C217 - - + + @@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ Johansson sp. nov. + + urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D38092CC-5A67-43A6-9722-7A76774F16B1 - - Figs 10C , @@ -131,13 +131,11 @@ This species is named in honor of the British hymenopterist Jim Brock who, by hi Type material - + + Holotype - - - SWEDEN • ♀ @@ -164,15 +162,15 @@ in deciduous forest; ; NHRS-HEVA000008630. - + + Paratypes - - - SWEDEN -• 1 ♂; +• +1 ♂ +; Blekinge , Karlskrona @@ -195,8 +193,9 @@ in deciduous forest; ; NHRS-HEVA000008631 • - -1 ♂; + +1 ♂ +; Blekinge , Karlskrona @@ -219,8 +218,8 @@ in deciduous forest; ; NHRS-HEVA000008632 • - -1 ♀ + +1 ♀ ; Blekinge , @@ -240,19 +239,18 @@ in deciduous forest; leg.; MV-light trap in deciduous forest; -STI- -NJBC171 +STI-NJBC171 ; NHRS-HEVA000008633 • - -1 ♀ + +1 ♀ ; -Öland +Öland , Mörbylånga , -Strandskogen +Strandskogen ; 56.702° N , @@ -266,12 +264,12 @@ in deciduous forest; leg.; MV-light in garden close to deciduous forest; STI-NJBC173 ; -NHRS- -HEVA000008634 +NHRS-HEVA000008634 • - -1 ♂; + +1 ♂ +; Blekinge , Karlskrona @@ -294,15 +292,16 @@ in deciduous forest; ; NHRS-HEVA000008635 • - -1 ♂; -Öland + +1 ♂ +; +Öland , Mörbylånga , -Arontorp +Arontorp , -Trollvägen +Trollvägen ; 56.646° N , diff --git a/data/A2/70/EE/A270EE7EFC4BFFD0F37DABB030FBFC52.xml b/data/A2/70/EE/A270EE7EFC4BFFD0F37DABB030FBFC52.xml index 243832bc8f1..c10a295cb23 100644 --- a/data/A2/70/EE/A270EE7EFC4BFFD0F37DABB030FBFC52.xml +++ b/data/A2/70/EE/A270EE7EFC4BFFD0F37DABB030FBFC52.xml @@ -1,54 +1,54 @@ - - - -Review of the Swedish species of Ophion (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae), with the description of 18 new species and an illustrated key to Swedish species + + + +Review of the Swedish species of Ophion (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae), with the description of 18 new species and an illustrated key to Swedish species - - -Author + + +Author -Johansson, Niklas -4BB5F059-B4EE-41F9-8313-B529164B1FA6 -Fredriksberg / Baskarp 566 92 Habo, Sweden. -chrysis32@yahoo.se +Johansson, Niklas +4BB5F059-B4EE-41F9-8313-B529164B1FA6 +Fredriksberg / Baskarp 566 92 Habo, Sweden. +chrysis32@yahoo.se - - -Author + + +Author -Cederberg, Björn -011C3E1F-EB9E-4BDA-B368-1CC50BB525D7 -Uppsala-Näs, Asplunda 51, 775 91 Uppsala, Sweden. -bjornceder@gmail.com +Cederberg, Björn +011C3E1F-EB9E-4BDA-B368-1CC50BB525D7 +Uppsala-Näs, Asplunda 51, 775 91 Uppsala, Sweden. +bjornceder@gmail.com -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2019 - -2019-09-12 + +2019 + +2019-09-12 - -550 + +550 - -1 -136 + +1 +136 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2019.550 -dc3253d4-edc8-481b-966e-791e40856534 -2118-9773 -3476402 -F8707194-B55E-48CA-8FE0-4CD0D023C217 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2019.550 +dc3253d4-edc8-481b-966e-791e40856534 +2118-9773 +3476402 +F8707194-B55E-48CA-8FE0-4CD0D023C217 - - + + @@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ Johansson sp. nov. + + urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0619F1A2-3A6F-494F-AA8D-95E19990DF3C - - Figs 7A , @@ -150,13 +150,11 @@ in collections. Type material - + + Holotype - - - SWEDEN • ♀ @@ -185,24 +183,22 @@ in sandy coastal grassland; ; NHRS-HEVA000008637. - + + Paratypes - - - SWEDEN • 1 ♀ -, 1 ♂; -Bohuslän +, +1 ♂ +; +Bohuslän , Tossene , -Nordens -ark/ -Tiger +Nordens ark/Tiger ; 58.440° N , @@ -219,17 +215,16 @@ leg.; MV-light trap in rocky mixed forest; STI-NJBC50 -, -296 -; -NHRS- -HEVA000008638 +, 296; +NHRS-HEVA000008638 , NHRS-HEVA000008639 • - -1 ♀ -, 1 ♂; + +1 ♀ +, +1 ♂ +; Blekinge , Karlskrona @@ -246,13 +241,12 @@ in rocky mixed forest; ; T. Lindberg leg.; MV-light in garden close to deciduous forest; ♂ -STI- -NJBC51 +STI-NJBC51 ; NHRS-HEVA000008640, NHRS-HEVA000008641 • - -1 ♀ + +1 ♀ ; Skåne , @@ -273,17 +267,18 @@ and C. Källander leg.; MV-light trap -in sand dunes, pine forest; NHRS-HEVA000008642 +in sand dunes, pine forest; +NHRS-HEVA000008642 • - -1 ♀ + +1 ♀ ; -Öland +Öland , Mörbylånga , -Strandskogen +Strandskogen ; 56.702° N , @@ -296,19 +291,18 @@ in sand dunes, pine forest; NHRS-HEVA000008642 M. Andersson leg.; MV-light trap -in garden on sand close to deciduous forest; NHRS-HEVA000008643 +in garden on sand close to deciduous forest; +NHRS-HEVA000008643 • - -1 ♀ + +1 ♀ ; -Västergötland +Västergötland , Habo , -Gustaf Adolf -, -Aspåsen +Gustaf Adolf, Aspåsen ; 58.013° N , @@ -321,11 +315,12 @@ in garden on sand close to deciduous forest; NHRS-HEVA000008643 N. Johansson leg.; Malaise trap -between wet deciduous forest and sandy meadow; NHRS-HEVA000008644 +between wet deciduous forest and sandy meadow; +NHRS-HEVA000008644 • - -1 ♀ + +1 ♀ ; Blekinge , @@ -342,11 +337,12 @@ between wet deciduous forest and sandy meadow; NHRS-HEVA000008644 ; C. Philipsson -leg.; MV-light in deciduous oak dominated forest; NHRS-HEVA000008645 +leg.; MV-light in deciduous oak dominated forest; +NHRS-HEVA000008645 • - -1 ♀ + +1 ♀ ; Blekinge , @@ -363,11 +359,12 @@ leg.; MV-light in deciduous oak dominated forest; NHRS-HEVA000008645 ; C. Philipsson -leg.; MV-light in deciduous forest; NHRS-HEVA000008646 +leg.; MV-light in deciduous forest; +NHRS-HEVA000008646 • - -1 ♀ + +1 ♀ ; Blekinge , @@ -387,12 +384,11 @@ leg.; MV-light in deciduous forest; NHRS-HEVA000008646 leg.; MV-light in oak dominated forest; STI-NJBC43 ; -NHRS- -HEVA000008647 +NHRS-HEVA000008647 • - -2 ♀♀ + +2 ♀♀ ; Blekinge , @@ -409,11 +405,14 @@ leg.; MV-light in garden close to deciduous forest; STI-NJBC48 , 233 -; NHRS-HEVA000008648, NHRS-HEVA000008649 +; +NHRS-HEVA000008648 +, +NHRS-HEVA000008649 • - -1 ♀ + +1 ♀ ; Blekinge , @@ -430,19 +429,18 @@ leg.; MV-light in garden close to deciduous forest; ; T. Lindberg -leg.; MV-light in garden close to deciduous forest; NHRS-HEVA000008650 +leg.; MV-light in garden close to deciduous forest; +NHRS-HEVA000008650 • - -1 ♀ + +1 ♀ ; Södermanland , -Haninge +Haninge , -Tyresta -nationalpark, -Urskogsslingan +Tyresta nationalpark, Urskogsslingan ; 59.176° N , @@ -452,26 +450,24 @@ nationalpark, 21 Jun.–20 Jul. 2004 ; -SMTP +SMTP leg.; Malaise trap in -Norway -spruce forest with blueberry ( -Trap -id 4, coll ev. id. 809); +Norway spruce forest with blueberry +(Trap id 4, coll ev. id. 809); STI-NJBC341 ; NHRS-HEVA000008651 • - -1 ♀ + +1 ♀ ; -Bohuslän +Bohuslän , Tossene , -Stora Hultet +Stora Hultet ; 58.446° N , @@ -492,7 +488,7 @@ leg.; • -1 ♀ +1 ♀ ; Blekinge , diff --git a/data/A2/70/EE/A270EE7EFC4CFFD8F374AC5B3051FCF8.xml b/data/A2/70/EE/A270EE7EFC4CFFD8F374AC5B3051FCF8.xml index d204f1eff4b..81e2eb65a57 100644 --- a/data/A2/70/EE/A270EE7EFC4CFFD8F374AC5B3051FCF8.xml +++ b/data/A2/70/EE/A270EE7EFC4CFFD8F374AC5B3051FCF8.xml @@ -1,53 +1,53 @@ - - - -Review of the Swedish species of Ophion (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae), with the description of 18 new species and an illustrated key to Swedish species + + + +Review of the Swedish species of Ophion (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae), with the description of 18 new species and an illustrated key to Swedish species - - -Author + + +Author -Johansson, Niklas -4BB5F059-B4EE-41F9-8313-B529164B1FA6 -Fredriksberg / Baskarp 566 92 Habo, Sweden. -chrysis32@yahoo.se +Johansson, Niklas +4BB5F059-B4EE-41F9-8313-B529164B1FA6 +Fredriksberg / Baskarp 566 92 Habo, Sweden. +chrysis32@yahoo.se - - -Author + + +Author -Cederberg, Björn -011C3E1F-EB9E-4BDA-B368-1CC50BB525D7 -Uppsala-Näs, Asplunda 51, 775 91 Uppsala, Sweden. -bjornceder@gmail.com +Cederberg, Björn +011C3E1F-EB9E-4BDA-B368-1CC50BB525D7 +Uppsala-Näs, Asplunda 51, 775 91 Uppsala, Sweden. +bjornceder@gmail.com -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2019 - -2019-09-12 + +2019 + +2019-09-12 - -550 + +550 - -1 -136 + +1 +136 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2019.550 -dc3253d4-edc8-481b-966e-791e40856534 -2118-9773 -3476402 -F8707194-B55E-48CA-8FE0-4CD0D023C217 +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2019.550 +dc3253d4-edc8-481b-966e-791e40856534 +2118-9773 +3476402 +F8707194-B55E-48CA-8FE0-4CD0D023C217 - + @@ -123,22 +123,20 @@ Superficially very similar to and easily confused with Type material - + + Holotype - - - SWEDEN • ♀ ; -Småland +Småland , -Jönköping +Jönköping , -Dummemosse +Dummemosse ; 57.783° N , @@ -151,16 +149,16 @@ Superficially very similar to and easily confused with M. Andersson leg.; sweepnet in sandy pine-forest; STI-NJBC182 -; NHRS-HEVA000008627. +; +NHRS-HEVA000008627 +. - + + Paratypes - - - SWEDEN • 1 ♀ @@ -184,11 +182,12 @@ and C. Källander leg.; MV-light trap -in coastal, rocky calcareous heath; NHRS-HEVA000008628 +in coastal, rocky calcareous heath; +NHRS-HEVA000008628 • - -1 ♀ + +1 ♀ ; Gotland , @@ -209,17 +208,18 @@ and C. Källander leg.; MV-light trap -in deciduous woodland; NHRS-HEVA000008629 +in deciduous woodland; +NHRS-HEVA000008629 • - -1 ♀ + +1 ♀ ; -Småland +Småland , Nybro , -Grytsjön +Grytsjön , banvallen; 56.932° N , @@ -231,8 +231,7 @@ in deciduous woodland; NHRS-HEVA000008629 ; M. Tholin leg.; MV-light in mixed forest; -NHRS- -HEVA000008630 +NHRS-HEVA000008630 . @@ -259,12 +258,11 @@ leg.; MV-light in mixed forest; E. Suomalainen leg.; MV-light; MZLU -Type -no. 6369:1 +Type no. 6369:1 • -1 ♀ +1 ♀ ; Uusimaa , @@ -278,9 +276,8 @@ no. 6369:1 ; E. Suomalainen leg.; MV-light; -MZLU -Type -no. 6369:2 +MZLU +Type no. 6369:2 . @@ -347,7 +344,7 @@ The DNA barcode sequence of one Swedish specimen of Johansson sp. nov. -is available at the BOLD systems database (www.boldsystems.org, BIN. BOLD: ADM5451. Specimen code: STI- NJBC: 182). +is available at the BOLD systems database (www.boldsystems.org, BIN. BOLD: ADM5451. Specimen code: STI-NJBC: 182). diff --git a/data/E5/DC/02/E5DC02C4EA6E594CAC1EF3C4FCAA175E.xml b/data/E5/DC/02/E5DC02C4EA6E594CAC1EF3C4FCAA175E.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b16fd8ce021 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/E5/DC/02/E5DC02C4EA6E594CAC1EF3C4FCAA175E.xml @@ -0,0 +1,670 @@ + + + +Investigating a hybrid mixed population leads to recognizing a new species of Arctostaphylos (Ericaceae) + + + +Author + +Abbo, Tito +https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0110-8336 +University of California, Riverside, USA + + + +Author + +Stickrod, Morgan A. +0000-0002-3177-7379 +San Francisco State University, San Francisco, USA + + + +Author + +Krohn, Alexander +0000-0002-3152-2915 +Tangled Bank Conservation, Asheville, USA + + + +Author + +Parker, V. Thomas +0000-0002-6149-7140 +San Francisco State University, San Francisco, USA + + + +Author + +Vasey, Michael C. +0000-0002-5036-3307 +San Francisco State University, San Francisco, USA + + + +Author + +Waycott, William +Nipomo Native Seed, Nipomo, USA + + + +Author + +Litt, Amy +0000-0001-6709-8696 +University of California, Riverside, USA + +text + + +PhytoKeys + + +2025 + +2025-01-16 + + +251 + + +119 +142 + + + +journal article +307641 +10.3897/phytokeys.251.139172 +b3bca41f-09ba-41ef-b301-b6e742fde5d6 + + + + + +Arctostaphylos nipumu +T. Abbo, M. A. Stickrod, A. Krohn, V. T. Parker, M. C. Vasey, W. Waycott & A. Litt. + +sp. nov. + + + + +Figs 6 +, +7 + + + + +Type. + + + +United States of America +• +California +: +San Luis Obispo County +, +Nipomo Regional Park +, + +200 m +southwest (260 °) from parking area exit onto Pomeroy Rd. + +, Oceano 7.5 ’ Quad: + +35°01'57.5"N +, +120°30'01.8"W + +, ± +55 m +, + +114–124 m + +alt., + +28 Dec 2023 + +, + +MA Stickrod +135 + +( + +holotype + +: +UCR +!; +isotype +: +SFSU +!) + +. + +Paratypes + +(all from San Luis Obispo County, for coordinates and collection dates see Suppl. material +1 +): • + +Nipomo Regional Park +, +MA Stickrod +126 ( +UCR +; +SFSU +) + +• + +same locality, +MA Stickrod +128 ( +UCR +; +SFSU +) + +• + +same locality, +MA Stickrod +130 ( +UCR +; +SFSU +) + +• + +same locality, +MA Stickrod +131 ( +UCR +; +SFSU +) + +• + +same locality, +MA Stickrod +134 ( +UCR +; +SFSU +) + +• + +same locality, +MA Stickrod +128 ( +UCR +; +SFSU +) + +• + +same locality, +T Abbo +147 ( +UCR +; +CAS +; +MO +; +NY +; +OBI +) + +• + +same locality, +T Abbo +148 ( +UCR +; +DAV +; +UCSB +) + +• + +Blacklake +, +Golf Ball Rd. +, +T Abbo +149 ( +UCR +; +IRVC +; +SBBG +; +SD +) + +• + +Blacklake +, +Black Lake Canyon Dr. +, +T Abbo +150 ( +UCR +) + +• + +Los Berros Ridge +, +Dale Ave. +, +T Abbo +153 ( +UCR +; +OBI +; +RSA +) + +• + +southeast of +Los Berros +; +Summit Station Rd. +, +T Abbo +154 ( +UCR +; +UCSB +) + +. + + + + +Description. + + +Shrub up to 2, 3 (5) m ht. and < +10 m +width; often layering, rooting when branches contact soil; burl 0 but with branchlets sprouting infrequently on stems; bark (red tinged) gray and shredding, from large stems up to new growth; twigs and petioles with moderately to very dense, short, nonglandular hairs; leaves isofacial (with stomata on both surfaces), green, shiny, generally lanceolate to ovate (elliptic to rounded with mucronate tip); blade +1.4–3.2 cm +length, +0.9–1.9 cm +width; petiole +0.4–0.8 cm +; inflorescence a raceme or few-branched panicle (generally <5 - branched), nascent and mature inflorescences of similar length and thickness, +0.5 to 1.1 cm +, and ca. +1 mm +; bracts ± scale-like, often grading to ± leaf-like proximally, generally green, photosynthetic in summer; flowers 5 - merous, urn-shaped, white to pinkish-white; fruit a multi-seeded drupe, generally reddish-orange, depressed axially; mesocarp mealy; endocarp generally rough, fused or separating into a variable number of nutlets. + + + + +Etymology. + + +Based on discussions with the yak tityu tityu yak tiłhini (Northern Chumash Tribe), we selected the name + +Arctostaphylos nipumu + +because + +nipumu + +is the ytt (Northern Chumash language) word for the Nipomo Mesa region. The word + +nipumu + +is literally translated to English as “ of the big house ”, so we treat the epithet + +nipumu + +as a noun in apposition; ergo, + +Arctostaphylos nipumu + +is translated as “ + +Arctostaphylos + +of the big house ”. We recommend that + +A. nipumu + +be referred to by the common name + +nipumu + +manzanita or Nipomo Mesa manzanita; the latter regional name, Nipomo Mesa, is more well known in current usage, but the word Nipomo is an inferior Spanish transliteration of the word + +nipumu + +. + + + + +Distribution. + + + +Arctostaphylos nipumu + +is one of the most narrowly distributed + +Arctostaphylos +species + +, occurring exclusively on Oceano series soil (Soil Survey Staff, +USDA +) at +100–200 m +elevation in the sandy maritime chaparral and adjacent + +Quercus agrifolia + +woodlands of the Nipomo Mesa. It is the only member of the genus found in this area, and its isolated population appears to be associated with two local waterways, the Santa Maria River to the south, and Arroyo Grande Creek to the north (Fig. +1 +, inset). Its range is situated within a disjunction in the distribution of + +A. crustacea + +and just north of the northern edge of the distribution of + +A. purissima + +. Little is known about the biogeography of + +Arctostaphylos +species + +, so it is unclear what has led to this distribution pattern, which is a topic we are currently investigating. + + + + +Notes. + + + +A. nipumu + +is most reliably distinguished from the two populations of + +A. rudis + +using its bark characteristics. + +A. nipumu + +has gray to reddish-gray bark that shreds in short strips generally all the way to its young branches; the young branches may become progressively redder but the outer bark remains a dull gray or brown that contrasts with the inner bark. The older stem bark of + +A. rudis + +may appear similar to that of + +A. nipumu + +but often is redder and shreds in wider strips (Fig. +7 +), and younger branches tend to be smooth dark red or if shredding, then the outer bark does not contrast with the inner bark. Consistent with its high levels of introgression (Fig. +3 +), the Point Sal population of + +A. rudis + +is highly variable. Some individuals may appear very similar to + +A. nipumu + +but, in addition to having the described bark difference, will be shorter and ± mounded compared to the taller, ± erect + +A. nipumu + +. Other individuals may be strikingly distinct from + +A. nipumu + +by having burls, long hairs, and / or truncate to lobed leaves resembling + +A. crustacea + +, whereas + +A. nipumu + +lacks a burl, always has short hairs, and typically has lanceolate to ovate leaves (never truncate or lobed). In contrast, + +A. rudis + +individuals from the Lompoc area (represented in our molecular data by the Burton Mesa population) tend to be more similar to each other as well as to + +A. nipumu + +. They are, nonetheless, easily distinguishable from + +A. nipumu + +because they have the pronounced bark difference and consistently have burls. The lack of a burl in + +Arctostaphylos + +from the Nipomo Mesa was independently observed by +Keil and Hoover (2022) +who noted in the Vascular Plants of San Luis Obispo County the inconsistency with Jepson’s description of + +A. rudis + +and the plants on the Nipomo Mesa, writing: “ repeated unsuccessful search has been made for the basal burl which is said in the original description to be present. Apparently the presence or absence of that structure is not a distinctive feature of this species. ” (p. 448). + + + + + + +Line drawing of + +Arctostaphylos nipumu + +. Top right (mature main trunk): bark shredding; base lacking burl. Top left (fruiting branch): twigs and petioles with moderately to very dense, short, nonglandular hairs; leaves generally lanceolate to ovate; fruit depressed. Bottom Left (nascent inflorescences): nascent inflorescences short / compressed; bracts overlapping, ± scale-like. Bottom center (flowering branch): inflorescences short, ± same length as nascent inflorescences; flowers urn-shaped. + + + + + + + +Diagnostic photographs of + +Arctostaphylos nipumu + +(Nipomo Mesa, San Luis Obispo County, CA) and + +A. rudis +(Burton Mesa, Santa Barbara County, CA) + +A + +A. nipumu + +in situ, maritime chaparral habitat +B +depressed fruit of + +A. nipumu + +C +nascent inflorescence, with leaf-like bracts proximally grading to scale-like bracts distally +D + +A. nipumu + +, lacking a burl at the base of the stem +E + +A. rudis + +with a pronounced burl at the base of the stem +F – H +gray to reddish-gray, thinly shredding bark of + +A. nipumu + +I – K +pronouncedly red to reddish-gray, coarsely and variably shredding bark of + +A. rudis + +. + + + +While the Point Sal population appears to be composed of recent first and second generation hybrid individuals, the Burton Mesa (Harris Grade south) population of + +A. rudis + +has lower percentages of admixture (Fig. +3 +). Currently, we are further investigating the Point Sal and Burton Mesa populations. The questions we are considering include: what is the extent of hybridization among individuals, are these populations genetically stable and uniform, and is monophyly present in a large sample of individuals. For now, we recommend that these populations continue to be referred to under the name + +A. rudis + +with the understanding that the name refers to hybrid individuals. + + + + +Conservation considerations. + + + +Arctostaphylos nipumu + +is extremely limited and restricted to the Nipomo Mesa, and, consequently of great conservation concern, especially as the subpopulations are mostly surrounded by development. Based on our estimates from satellite images, the vast majority of wild lands on the Nipomo Mesa have been converted into dwellings and agricultural fields. Fig. +5 +shows the estimated land occupied by + +A. nipumu + +based on field surveys and satellite images. Thus, the range of + +A. nipumu + +consists of only 28.63 hectares distributed across 10 fragmented multi-individual occurrences, with a total population estimated to be 300–700 individuals. Similar land use change led to the near extinction of + +A. franciscana + +, which is now represented by a lone individual in the wild and clones of just a few genetic individuals ( +Gluesenkamp et al. 2010 +; +Weiss et al. 2020 +). The genus + +Arctostaphylos + +reliably dates back to western +Nevada +in the Middle Miocene in a climate more similar to the +California +coast than present ( +Edwards 2004 +; +Millar and Woolfenden 2016 +). Conserving the integrity of the genome of + +A. nipumu + +could facilitate future research testing the hypothesis that this species represents a case of paleoendemism that may provide insight into broader patterns of diversification in the genus. + + +We would like to emphasize that the characters used to separate + +A. nipumu + +from + +A. rudis + +are readily apparent. We were able to immediately distinguish the ca. 53 relictual + +A. nipumu + +individuals from the ca. 168 + +A. rudis + +individuals which we believe were planted as a mitigation measure to develop the Blacklake Golf Resort, as well as the restoration planting along Osage Street on the Nipomo Mesa. The ecological impact report in the Black Lake Specific Plan recommended that + +Arctostaphylos rudis + +be planted in parts of the Blacklake Golf Resort with low vegetation cover, not used as turf ( +San Luis Obispo County 1982 +: IV- 33). Based on their burls and smooth red young bark, we propose that the majority of plants at these sites were planted cultivars originally sourced from the Burton Mesa or Point Sal; however, the origin of the nursery stock used for restoration at this site remains uncertain. Even when sound ecological considerations are implemented, mitigation and revegetation efforts such as these have often historically neglected to consider potential genetic impacts on native plants and population structure through processes such as genetic swamping, demographic swamping and outbreeding depression, among others ( +Hufford and Mazer 2003 +, +Prentis et al. 2007 +, +Byrne et al. 2011 +). The integrity of the genome of + +A. nipumu + +appears to depend on its isolation from other + +Arctostaphylos +species + +, and these introduced plants have the potential to hybridize with + +A. nipumu + +. Because of their potential to hybridize, allopatry is hypothesized as an important factor maintaining the separation of + +Arctostaphylos +species + +within the same clade ( +Parker et al. 2020 +). This stresses the importance of utilizing plants with local genotypes for propagation in restoration and mitigation projects ( +Maschinski and Albrecht 2017 +). Below is a key of + +Arctostaphylos +species + +from San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties to aid in the identification of + +A. nipumu + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file