diff --git a/data/02/E3/8F/02E38F608953FAA3FF90B1ED37DD0E62.xml b/data/02/E3/8F/02E38F608953FAA3FF90B1ED37DD0E62.xml index 656f821b835..95dc795fea4 100644 --- a/data/02/E3/8F/02E38F608953FAA3FF90B1ED37DD0E62.xml +++ b/data/02/E3/8F/02E38F608953FAA3FF90B1ED37DD0E62.xml @@ -1,216 +1,216 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus - + Globulosis -Garcia +Garcia , 2001 -Figs 1U -, 2 -, 5 -, 30J -, 32 +Figs 1U +, 2 +, 5 +, 30J +, 32 - - -Globulosis -Garcia + + +Globulosis +Garcia , 2001: 153. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Globulosis hemisphericus + +Type species. + + +Globulosis hemisphericus -Garcia +Garcia , 2001: 153; by original designation. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Small beetles, body length 1.9-2.3 mm. Body shape rounded in dorsal view, strongly convex in lateral view (Fig. -32 +32 ). Surface of head, pronotum and elytra smooth, with moderate to shallow ground punctation. Coloration yellow to dark brown, uniform along body, with paler mouthparts and tarsi (Fig. -32 +32 ). Shape of head relatively oval. Eyes relatively small, anteriorly emarginated (Fig. -32B +32B ), not projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin mesally broadly emarginate. Labrum fully exposed. Mentum with anterior depression limited by low transverse carina; surface of mentum only slightly striate. Antennae with eight antennomeres, with cupule only slightly asymmetric and rounded in outline. Maxillary palps slender, slightly shorter than width of head (Fig. -32C +32C ). Pronotum evenly convex. Elytra without sutural or other distinct striae, with outer margins slightly flared; elytral ground punctation shallow to moderate, uniformly distributed (Fig. -32 +32 ). Surface of prosternum flat. Mesoventrite with transverse ridge, usually elevated medially into acute tooth (Fig. -32C +32C ); anapleural sutures concave, separated at anterior margin by distance nearly as width of anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite uniformly covered by hydrofuge pubescence, with small, longitudinal posteromesal glabrous patch, and reduced posterolateral glabrous patches (Fig. -32C +32C ). Protibiae with spines of anterior row long, thick, semi erect and sparse; apical spurs of protibiae short and of moderate thickness. Metafemora with moderate tibial grooves; hydrofuge pubescence covering basal 4/5 of anterior surface (Fig. -32C +32C ). Tarsomeres 1-4 ventrally with rows of long and thick setae. Metatarsomeres 2-4 gradually decreasing in size, 5 nearly as long as 2-4 combined. Fifth abdominal ventrite with small truncation at apex, with fringe of flat and stout setae. Aedeagus trilobed (Fig. -30J +30J ); with short basal piece, less than 1/3 length of parameres; median lobe wider than width of parameres; gonopore well differentiated. - - -Figure 32. + + +Figure 32. Habitus of - -Globulosis flavus + +Globulosis flavus -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Globulosis + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Globulosis is among the smallest acidocerines. Its small size along with very round and convex body shape, sets it apart from all other acidocerines known to date. - -Distribution. - -Neotropical + +Distribution. + +Neotropical : Brazil (Amazonas, -Para +Para ), Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela; Fig. -5 +5 . - -Natural history. -The genus is most commonly found along the margins of small, sandy forested streams, especially with vegetated margins. However, a few specimens have been taken in shallow swamps. + +Natural history. +The genus is most commonly found along the margins of small, sandy forested streams, especially with vegetated margins. However, a few specimens have been taken in shallow swamps. - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + The immature stages of - -Globulosis + +Globulosis remain unknown. - -Taxonomic history. - - -Garcia + +Taxonomic history. + + +Garcia (2001) described the genus with one species, and placed it in its own tribe ( -Globulosina +Globulosina , now synonymized with -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae ). The genus was revised in 2017 by Short et al., who described one new species and examined new material that greatly expanded the range of the previously known species. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + There are two described species of - -Globulosis + +Globulosis . One female specimen from Colombia has been left unidentified as it could not be reliably assigned to any species. Because of the extremely uniform external morphology in the genus, the male genitalia is the most reliable feature for species recognition. Based on additional material we have examined the genus appears to be more broadly distributed in the Amazon region than as currently published. - -Species examined. - + +Species examined. + The holotype, along with several additional specimens of - -Globulosis hemisphericus + +Globulosis hemisphericus -Garcia +Garcia , and the holotype and paratypes of - -G. flavus + +G. flavus Short, -Garcia +Garcia & -Giron +Giron were examined in this study. - -Selected references. - - -Garcia + +Selected references. + + +Garcia 2001 : genus description, monotypic; -Short et al. 2017 +Short et al. 2017 : description of one new species from Venezuela, range expansion for type species; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/04/5B/FF/045BFFE789799959DDD435C8F3AC09F0.xml b/data/04/5B/FF/045BFFE789799959DDD435C8F3AC09F0.xml index 6170aec89a6..43f52d5febc 100644 --- a/data/04/5B/FF/045BFFE789799959DDD435C8F3AC09F0.xml +++ b/data/04/5B/FF/045BFFE789799959DDD435C8F3AC09F0.xml @@ -1,472 +1,472 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus - + Tobochares Short & -Garcia +Garcia , 2007 -Figs 1N, O -, 2 -, 6 -, 11A, B -, 52 -, 53 -, 54 -, 55 +Figs 1N, O +, 2 +, 6 +, 11A, B +, 52 +, 53 +, 54 +, 55 - - -Tobochares + + +Tobochares Short & -Garcia +Garcia , 2007: 2. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Tobochares sulcatus + +Type species. + + +Tobochares sulcatus Short & -Garcia +Garcia , 2007: 4; by original designation. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Small beetles, total body length 1.5-2.6 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view; moderately to strongly convex in lateral view (Fig. -52 +52 - -54 +54 ); dorsal outline usually evenly curved. Color yellowish brown, orange brown to dark brown, sometimes with paler spots on head, or paler margins of pronotum and elytra; ground punctation moderate to shallow. Shape of head somewhat oval. Eyes not emarginate (e.g., Fig. -11A +11A ) to strongly emarginate (e.g., Fig. -11B +11B ), moderate to small in size, somewhat oval, slightly to strongly projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin broadly emarginate; membranous preclypeal area often visible. Labrum fully exposed, convex, and anteriorly emarginate. Mentum rather smooth, often medially depressed, or anteriorly shallowly crenulated; median anterior depression marked by transverse carina (e.g., Fig. -53C +53C ). Submentum anteriorly smooth and shiny. Antennae with eight antennomeres, cupule slightly asymmetric with rounded outline. Maxillary palps from short and slender (slightly shorter than the width of the head; e.g., Fig. -53C +53C ) to very short and stout (nearly half the width of the head; Fig. -54E +54E ); maxillary palpomere 4 similar in length to slightly longer than palpomere 3; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 straight, outer margin strongly curved along apical 2/3. Elytra without sutural striae (in some species, stria 1 more strongly impressed along posterior half of elytra; Fig. -54C +54C ); elytral punctures seemingly arranged in rows, in some species more pronounced; interserial punctures occasionally longitudinally aligned; serial punctures sometimes impressed into distinct grooves (e.g., Fig. -52A +52A ). Prosternum flat. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite either flat, bulging or with transverse or longitudinal ridge (Fig. -14F, G +14F, G ); anapleural sutures concave, separated at anterior margin by distance nearly 0.3-0.5 -x +x width of anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite densely pubescent, except for median glabrous patch, either ovoid and broad (Fig. -14G +14G ) or longitudinal and narrow (Fig. -14F +14F ). Protibiae with spines of anterior row hair-like, semi erect, relatively long and thick; apical spurs of protibia from very short and stout, to enlarged to reach apex of protarsomere 3. Tarsomeres 2-4 densely covered by hair-like spines on ventral face; metatarsomeres 1-4 similar in length, 5 nearly as long as 3 and 4 combined, or metatarsomere 2 similar in length to 5. Metafemora mostly glabrous, with only few scattered setae, sometimes with hydrofuge pubescence along basal half of anterodorsal margin (e.g., Figs -52C, F +52C, F , -53 C, F +53 C, F ). Fifth abdominal ventrite apically evenly rounded, without fringe of stout setae. Aedeagus trilobed (Fig. -55 +55 ), with basal piece usually very short (nearly 1/3 length of parameres); median lobe usually broader than each paramere; median lobe and parameres apically rounded to truncate; apex of median lobe seldom medially emarginated; gonopore well developed. - - -Figure 52. + + +Figure 52. Habitus of - -Tobochares + +Tobochares spp. -A-C - -T. sulcatus +A-C + +T. sulcatus : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D-F - -T. luteomargo +D-F + +T. luteomargo : -D +D dorsal habitus -E +E lateral habitus -F +F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. - - -Figure 53. + + +Figure 53. Habitus of - -Tobochares + +Tobochares spp. -A-C - -T. communis +A-C + +T. communis : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D-F - -T. fusus +D-F + +T. fusus : -D +D dorsal habitus -E +E lateral habitus -F +F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Tobochares + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Tobochares are among the smallest acidocerines. Some members of the group are unique in the presence of impressed elytral striae ( - -Tobochares striatus + +Tobochares striatus species group; - -Giron + +Giron and Short 2021a ). - -Tobochares + +Tobochares without elytral striae may resemble some - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus (with eight antennomeres and mostly glabrous femora), and other than their distributions ( - -Tobochares + +Tobochares in the New World, - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus in the Old World) and slight differences in overall body shape, they can only be differentiated by the shape of the aedeagus (slender in - -Tobochares + +Tobochares , Fig. -55 +55 ; overall broader in - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus , Fig. -20 +20 ). Within the New World, - -Tobochares + +Tobochares is most likely to be confused with - -Ephydrolithus + +Ephydrolithus , which also contains small, seepage-inhabiting species, although currently the ranges of the two genera do not quite overlap. However, the difference in the number of antennomeres (nine in - -Ephydrolithus + +Ephydrolithus ) provides a clear point of separation. - - -Figure 54. + + +Figure 54. Habitus of - -Tobochares + +Tobochares spp. -A, B - -T. kappel +A, B + +T. kappel : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C, D - -T. akoerio +C, D + +T. akoerio : -C +C dorsal habitus -D +D lateral habitus -E, F - -T. kolokoe +E, F + +T. kolokoe : -E +E dorsal habitus -F +F lateral habitus -G, H - -T. goias +G, H + +T. goias : -G +G dorsal habitus -H +H lateral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm. - - -Figure 55. + + +Figure 55. Aedeagi of - -Tobochares + +Tobochares spp. -A - -T. benettii +A + +T. benettii -B - -T. fusus +B + +T. fusus -C - -T. luteomargo +C + +T. luteomargo -D - -T. emarginatus +D + +T. emarginatus -E - -T. kusad +E + +T. kusad -F - -T. kasikasima +F + +T. kasikasima -G - -T. anthonyae +G + +T. anthonyae -H - -T. autures +H + +T. autures -I - -T. communis +I + +T. communis -J - -T. romanoae +J + +T. romanoae -K - -T. akoreio +K + +T. akoreio . Scale bars: 0.5 mm ( -A-C +A-C ); 0.1 mm ( -D-K +D-K ). - -Distribution. - -Neotropical + +Distribution. + +Neotropical : Brazil ( -Amapa +Amapa , Amazonas, -Goias +Goias , Roraima), French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela; Fig. -6 +6 . - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + Most - -Tobochares + +Tobochares specimens have been collected at hygropetric habitats, including isolated hygropetric seeps as well as wet rock surfaces along rivers and waterfalls. They can sometimes be found in large numbers. One species, - -T. fusus + +T. fusus , has been collected in both seepage habitats as well as terrestrially in the rotten fruits of - -Clusia + +Clusia (see -Kohlenberg and Short 2017 +Kohlenberg and Short 2017 and - -Giron + +Giron and Short 2021a for more details). - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + The immature stages of - -Tobochares + +Tobochares remain unknown. - -Taxonomic history. - - + +Taxonomic history. + + Short and -Garcia +Garcia (2007) described the genus and one species from Venezuela. Additional species were described from Suriname, one by -Short and Kadosoe (2011) +Short and Kadosoe (2011) and two more by -Short (2013) +Short (2013) . The genus was revised by -Kohlenberg and Short (2017) +Kohlenberg and Short (2017) , including the description of five new species and the characterization of one specimen from -Tobogan +Tobogan de la Selva (Venezuela) left undescribed until additional material can be studied. The genus was reviewed again just a few years later by -Giron +Giron and Short (2021), in the light of new molecular evidence, describing 15 additional new species and establishing four diagnosable species groups. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + There are 24 described species of - -Tobochares + +Tobochares . The genus is rather highly variable in its external morphology: there is variation in coloration, the degree of emargination of the eyes and the degree of development and extension of the elytral striae. The form of the aedeagus is also somewhat variable, although not as extreme as in some genera such as - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus or - -Helochares + +Helochares . -The genus is much richer in species and more broadly distributed in the Amazon region than as currently published. We have examined numerous additional specimens from around the Amazonian region, particularly the southern Amazon (e.g., Brazil: Rondonia) from where the genus is currently unknown. We would not be surprised if the genus exceeded 50 species when more attention is paid to seepage habitats in this region. +The genus is much richer in species and more broadly distributed in the Amazon region than as currently published. We have examined numerous additional specimens from around the Amazonian region, particularly the southern Amazon (e.g., Brazil: Rondonia) from where the genus is currently unknown. We would not be surprised if the genus exceeded 50 species when more attention is paid to seepage habitats in this region. - -Species examined. -Holotypes, paratypes, and additional specimens of all described species, as well as several undescribed species were examined for this study. + +Species examined. +Holotypes, paratypes, and additional specimens of all described species, as well as several undescribed species were examined for this study. - -Selected references. - - + +Selected references. + + Short and -Garcia +Garcia 2007 : original description of the genus and its type species; -Short and Kadosoe 2011 +Short and Kadosoe 2011 : description of one additional species; -Short 2013 +Short 2013 : description of two additional species; -Kohlenberg and Short 2017 +Kohlenberg and Short 2017 : revision of the genus and description of five new species; - -Giron + +Giron and Short 2021a : review of the genus with description of 15 new species and establishment of four species groups; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/12/97/A9/1297A93F7C9DFAABF03D8BA3354DB234.xml b/data/12/97/A9/1297A93F7C9DFAABF03D8BA3354DB234.xml index f5792696ec0..4d789cc6e18 100644 --- a/data/12/97/A9/1297A93F7C9DFAABF03D8BA3354DB234.xml +++ b/data/12/97/A9/1297A93F7C9DFAABF03D8BA3354DB234.xml @@ -1,318 +1,318 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus -Sindolus Sharp, 1882 -Figs 6 -, 49E, F -, 51 +Sindolus Sharp, 1882 +Figs 6 +, 49E, F +, 51 - - -Sindolus + + +Sindolus Sharp, 1882: 72. - -Helochares (Sindolus) + +Helochares (Sindolus) Sharp; - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont 1919c : 148; Knisch 1924: 199; -Hansen 1999b +Hansen 1999b : 158. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Sindolus optatus + +Type species. + + +Sindolus optatus 1882: 72; by subsequent designation ( -Hansen 1991 +Hansen 1991 : 292). - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Small to medium sized beetles, body length 2.5-5.0 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view, moderately to strongly convex in lateral view (Fig. -51 +51 ); dorsal outline usually evenly curved. Dorsal surfaces even and smooth, yellowish, orange brown to brown and rather uniform in coloration; ground punctation fine and extremely shallow (Fig. -51A +51A ). Shape of head trapezoid. Eyes not emarginate, moderate to relatively large in size, subquadrate, separated by nearly 5 -x +x width of eye, only slightly projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin broadly and slightly emarginate. Labrum fully exposed, convex, and anteriorly emarginate. Mentum rather flat, with few shallow transverse crenulations on anterior region; median anterior depression relatively shallow, sometimes marked by transverse carina (Fig. -51C +51C ). Submentum smooth to very shallowly sculptured. Antennae with nine antennomeres, with strongly asymmetric and round cupule; antennomere 9 nearly 3 -x +x longer than antennomere 8. Maxillary palps slender, 1.2-1.5 -x +x longer than maximum width of head; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 usually evenly weakly curved, outer margin curved along apical third; palpomere 4 nearly 0.8 -x +x as long as palpomere 3 (Fig. -51C +51C ). Pronotum evenly convex, usually with systematic punctures forming distinct anterolateral semicircles. Elytra without sutural striae, with margins only slightly flared; serial punctures absent; scarce systematic punctures, bearing moderately long setae (Fig. -51A +51A ). Surface of prosternum somewhat longitudinally elevated, sometimes with low and blunt longitudinal carina; anterior margin acutely to roundly projected anteriorly. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite with sharp and strongly elevated (laminar) longitudinal carina, with the ventral edge of the carina usually straight and parallel to the body (Fig. -51C +51C ); anapleural sutures concave, separated at anterior margin by distance nearly half width of anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite densely and uniformly covered by hydrofuge pubescence (Fig. -51C +51C ). Protibiae with anterior row of spines reduced (short appressed spines) to extremely reduced (tiny denticles); apical spurs of protibiae moderate, broad and reaching apex of protarsomere 2. Metafemora with tibial grooves sharply marked, and hydrofuge pubescence covering at least basal four fifths of anterior surface (Fig. -51C +51C ). Metatarsomere 2 slightly shorter or similar in length to metatarsomere 5, metatarsomere 2 similar in length to metatarsomeres 3 and 4 combined; ventral surface of all tarsomeres with long setiform setae on ventral surface (tarsomeres 1 and 2 with small stout spines). Abdomen with five pubescent ventrites. Fifth abdominal ventrite emarginate at apex; emargination fringed by stout setae. Aedeagus divided (Fig. -49E, F +49E, F ), somewhat pear-shaped, with basal piece nearly 0.3 -x +x length of parameres; parameres slender, narrowing apically, with outer margins at least slightly sinuated, usually apically rounded; median lobe divided into dorsal and ventral plates; dorsal plate of median lobe medially bifurcate, with narrow, slender and apically rounded lobes; ventral lobe of median lobe varying in width and length, usually very lightly sclerotized; gonopore well-developed, usually positioned at midlength of aedeagus. - - -Figure 51. + + +Figure 51. Habitus of - -Sindolus optatus + +Sindolus optatus -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Sindolus + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Sindolus is the only known genus of acidocerines that bears a sharp and strongly elevated (laminar) longitudinal carina. - -Distribution. - -Neotropical + +Distribution. + +Neotropical : Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul), Colombia [in doubt; -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , 1943d: 56], Costa Rica, French Guiana [in doubt; -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , 1943d: 56], Guatemala, Lesser Antilles (Antigua), Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay; Fig. -6 +6 . - -Natural history. - - -Sindolus mundus + +Natural history. + + +Sindolus mundus Sharp and - -S. optatus + +S. optatus Sharp have been collected in stagnant waters at low elevations in dry areas; both species have been collected at mercury vapor lights in a drying lowland marsh where - -S. optatus + +S. optatus Sharp was extremely abundant ( -Short 2005 +Short 2005 ). -Fernandez +Fernandez and Kehr studied the annual life cycle (1994) and the spatial and temporal distribution (1995) of a population of - -S. femoratus + +S. femoratus in Argentina. - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + Immature stages are known for - -Sindolus talarum + +Sindolus talarum ( -Fernandez +Fernandez ) (as -Helochares (Sindolus) talarum +Helochares (Sindolus) talarum ); egg case, first, second and third instar larvae and pupae were all described and illustrated by - -Fernandez + +Fernandez (1983) . From each egg case between 25 and 40 larvae emerged; some larvae perforated and entered the aerenchyma of - -Spirodella intermedia + +Spirodella intermedia ( -Araceae +Araceae ) and spent some time in there, apparently breathing the air stored in the plant tissues ( - -Fernandez + +Fernandez 1983 ). In Argentina (Buenos Aires Province) first instar larvae start appearing in September, become abundant in October, and in November and the first two months of the summer all larval stages are abundant; at the end of March third instar larvae are the most common. - -Fernandez + +Fernandez (2004) also described the egg case and third instar larva of - -Sindolus femoratus + +Sindolus femoratus ( -Brulle +Brulle ) (as -Helochares (Sindolus) femoratus +Helochares (Sindolus) femoratus ). - -Taxonomic history. - + +Taxonomic history. + Originally described as a genus by -Sharp (1882) +Sharp (1882) to accommodate two species from Central America; downgraded to subgenus of - -Helochares + +Helochares by - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1919c) ; -Hansen (1991) +Hansen (1991) : designates type species. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + There are eight species of - -Sindolus + +Sindolus described. The genus is among the most easily recognized acidocerines in the New World. - -Species examined. - - -Sindolus femoratus + +Species examined. + + +Sindolus femoratus ( -Brulle +Brulle ), - -S. mundus + +S. mundus Sharp, - -S. optatus + +S. optatus Sharp. One of the available specimens of - -S. mundus + +S. mundus had been previously compared wit the holotype by A. Shohrt. - -Selected references. - -Sharp 1882 + +Selected references. + +Sharp 1882 : original description of the genus and two species; - -Fernandez + +Fernandez 1981 : description of two new species; - -Fernandez + +Fernandez 1983 : description of immature stages for - -Sindolus talarum + +Sindolus talarum ( -Fernandez +Fernandez ); - -Fernandez + +Fernandez 2004 : description of immature stages for - -Sindolus femoratus + +Sindolus femoratus ( -Brulle +Brulle ); -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/1B/49/36/1B49368E86973E9AC7370F8F6DC7C1B5.xml b/data/1B/49/36/1B49368E86973E9AC7370F8F6DC7C1B5.xml index 3a295dd91df..59f3c4dac7a 100644 --- a/data/1B/49/36/1B49368E86973E9AC7370F8F6DC7C1B5.xml +++ b/data/1B/49/36/1B49368E86973E9AC7370F8F6DC7C1B5.xml @@ -1,287 +1,287 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus -Batochares Hansen, 1991 -Figs 1I -, 2 -, 4 -, 9D, E -, 22D -, 23 +Batochares Hansen, 1991 +Figs 1I +, 2 +, 4 +, 9D, E +, 22D +, 23 - - -Batochares -d'Orchymont + + +Batochares +d'Orchymont , 1939b: 293 [Described as subgenus; unavailable, ICZN (1999) Art. 13.3: no type species designated]. - -Helochares + +Helochares Fixed as subgenus of -Helochares +Helochares by -Hansen (1991 +Hansen (1991 : 292) [available, granting authorship to Hansen under ICZN (1999) Art. 50.1.]. - -Helochares + +Helochares Elevated to genus by -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) . - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - -Helochares (Batochares) burgeoni -d'Orchymont + +Type species. + +Helochares (Batochares) burgeoni +d'Orchymont , 1939b: 294; by original designation ( -Hansen 1991 +Hansen 1991 : 292). - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Body length between 3-4 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view, moderately convex in lateral view, with dorsal outline nearly straight along basal 2/3 (Fig. -23 +23 ). Dorsal surfaces smooth, uniformly covered by short setae, brown to pale brown in coloration, either uniform or with yellowish patches along margins of pronotum and elytra, or scattered throughout surface giving spotted appearance (Fig. -23A, B +23A, B ); ground punctation fine and shallow; ventral surfaces rather densely covered by rather long and fine golden setae. Head rather oval in dorsal view, clearly constricted at anterior margin of eyes (Fig. -11E +11E ). Eyes not emarginate, moderate in size, separated by nearly 3.8 -x +x width of eye, strongly projected from outline of head (Fig. -11E +11E ). Clypeus with anterior margin broadly emarginate, with medial region of emargination nearly straight; anterior corners round. Labrum fully exposed, with apical region anteriorly flattened, thus forming fine transverse carina across anterior region (Fig. -11D +11D ). Mentum rather flat, surface laterally punctate, mesally and anteriorly striate, with anteromedial region depressed. Submentum finely and shallowly punctate. Antennae with nine antennomeres, with strongly asymmetric and round cupule. Maxillary palps nearly 1.5 -x +x longer than maximum width of head, with palpomere 4 0.8 -x +x as long as palpomere 3 (Fig. -23C +23C ); inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 nearly straight, outer margin apically slightly curved. Pronotum medially evenly convex, explanate and somewhat bending upwards along antero-lateral areas; posterior margin of pronotum clearly narrower than anterior margin of elytra combined. Elytra without sutural striae, with outer margins explanate, especially along anterior third; serial punctures well developed, forming longitudinal rows, at least well defined along outer areas, or visible along entire length of elytra; seta bearing systematic punctures irregularly distributed. Surface of prosternum slightly elevated along midline, with anterior margin acutely triangular and slightly projected anteriorly. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite rather flat; intercoxal process of mesoventrite broad (nearly as wide as antennal club), apically truncate; anapleural sutures sinuate, separated at anterior margin by distance slightly shorter than anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite with medial surface elevated as platform, densely covered with hydrofuge pubescence, except for posterolateral patches (Fig. -23C +23C ). Protibiae with spines of anterior row very fine and erect; apical spurs of protibiae small (larger spur similar in size and shape to tarsal claws). Metafemora without tibial grooves; metafemora with hydrofuge pubescence covering at least basal 2/3 of anterior surface (Fig. -23C +23C ). Metatarsomere 5 1.5 -x +x longer than metatarsomere 2, metatarsomere 2 nearly as long as metatarsomeres 3 and 4 combined; tarsomeres 1 to 4 with sparse long setae on dorsal surface, and spiniform dense setae on ventral surface; tarsomere 5 with few setae along apical margin. Abdomen with five pubescent ventrites. Fifth abdominal ventrite with apex broadly truncate, without stout setae. Aedeagus trilobed, with basal piece nearly as long as parameres (Fig. -22D +22D ); parameres somewhat triangular, slender and apically narrowing; median lobe tapering to round apex; gonopore well-developed. - - -Figure 23. + + +Figure 23. Habitus of - -Batochares + +Batochares sp. -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Batochares + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Batochares differs from all other known acidocerines by its unique labrum (with apical region anteriorly flattened, forming a transverse carina across anterior region; Fig. -11D +11D ), combined with oval head which is constricted at the anterior margins of the eyes, anterolaterally explanate pronotum, explanate elytra, rows of serial punctures visible at least along outer margins, broadly truncate posterior margin of fifth abdominal ventrite, and unusually large basal piece of the aedeagus (longer than parameres). These features, especially the configuration of the labrum, pronotum and elytra, along with the yellow spots along the surface of the elytra distinguish - -Batochares + +Batochares from all other known acidocerines. - -Distribution. - -Afrotropical + +Distribution. + +Afrotropical : Burundi/Rwanda, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Republic of the Congo, Uganda; Fig. -4 +4 . - -Natural history. -Little natural history information is available for the genus. Recent collecting data for a few series suggests it may be associated with the margins of streams and small rivers. + +Natural history. +Little natural history information is available for the genus. Recent collecting data for a few series suggests it may be associated with the margins of streams and small rivers. - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + Immature stages for - -Batochares + +Batochares remain unknown. - -Taxonomic history. - - -Batochares + +Taxonomic history. + + +Batochares was described as a subgenus of - -Helochares + +Helochares by - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1939b) who did not explicitly designate a type species; therefore, the subgenus name was unavailable according to article 13.3 of the ICZN (1999). In 1991, Hansen validated - -Batochares + +Batochares as a subgenus of - -Helochares + +Helochares by fixing the type species for it; therefore, under article 50.1 of the Code (ICZN 1999), Hansen is granted authorship of the subgenus name. -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont considered - -Batochares + +Batochares as a subgenus of - -Helochares + +Helochares based for the most part in the number of antennomeres, relatively long maxillary palps, characters of the mentum and pubescent femora, even though the author recognized the distinctiveness of the shape of the head and the explanate elytra. - -Batochares + +Batochares was elevated to full generic status based on the phylogenetic analysis in -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) , in which it was resolved as an early-diverging, isolated lineage within the - -Helochares + +Helochares group. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + There are three species of - -Batochares + +Batochares described to date. In his description of - -Batochares corrugatus + +Batochares corrugatus -Balfour-Browne (1958a +Balfour-Browne (1958a : 183), the author pointed out that his record of - -B. burgeoni + +B. burgeoni from Mutsora, Parc National Albert (currently Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo; -Balfour-Browne 1950b +Balfour-Browne 1950b ) was not actually - -B. burgeoni + +B. burgeoni , but a larger and likely different species. The author also indicated the existence of a different species from Angola. - -Species examined. - - -Batochares burgeoni + +Species examined. + + +Batochares burgeoni ( -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont ) and - -B. byrrhus + +B. byrrhus ( -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont ). - -Selected references. - - -d'Orchymont + +Selected references. + + +d'Orchymont 1939b : 293: original description; -Balfour-Browne 1958a +Balfour-Browne 1958a : 183: description of one additional species; -Hansen 1991 +Hansen 1991 : 292: type species designated, subgenus validated; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : generic status, phylogenetic position and affinities discussed. diff --git a/data/27/E3/B7/27E3B78C69A2531C19096C0C8CD73E9D.xml b/data/27/E3/B7/27E3B78C69A2531C19096C0C8CD73E9D.xml index 5c445e2dfb5..b7c62e3443b 100644 --- a/data/27/E3/B7/27E3B78C69A2531C19096C0C8CD73E9D.xml +++ b/data/27/E3/B7/27E3B78C69A2531C19096C0C8CD73E9D.xml @@ -1,256 +1,256 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus - + Crucisternum -Giron +Giron & Short, 2018 -Figs 1Q -, 2 -, 5 -, 14C -, 29 -, 30A-E +Figs 1Q +, 2 +, 5 +, 14C +, 29 +, 30A-E - - -Crucisternum -Giron + + +Crucisternum +Giron & Short, 2018: 116. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Crucisternum ouboteri + +Type species. + + +Crucisternum ouboteri -Giron +Giron & Short, 2018: 121; by original designation. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Small beetles, body length 2.0-2.5 mm. Body shape elongated oval in dorsal view; moderately convex in lateral view (Fig. -29 +29 ). Color orange brown to dark brown. Head trapezoid. Eyes moderate to small, projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin broadly and roundly emarginate. Labrum fully exposed. Mentum with lateral oblique ridges; anterior median depression marked by transverse carina (Fig. -29C +29C ). Antennae with nine antennomeres, with cupule only slightly asymmetrical and rounded. Maxillary palps moderately long, slightly longer than width of head (Fig. -29A +29A ). Elytra without sutural striae, with outer margins of elytra slightly flared; serial punctures, ground punctures and systematic punctures similar in size and degree of impression, either shallow or rather sharply marked; all punctures seemingly arranged in rows (Fig. -29A +29A ). Prosternum with well-developed median, longitudinal, laminar carina (Fig. -29C +29C ). Posterior elevation of mesoventrite with a strongly produced, anteriorly pointed transverse ridge, longitudinally carinate (Fig. -14C +14C ); anapleural sutures sinuate, separated by distance nearly 0.6 -x +x width of anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite densely pubescent, except for median and postero-lateral glabrous patches (Fig. -29C +29C ). Protibiae with spines of anterior row long and thick; apical spurs of protibiae short and stout, almost reaching apex of protarsomere 2. Metafemora covered by hydrofuge pubescence along basal 4/5 (Fig. -29C +29C ). Metatarsomeres 2-4 gradually slightly decreasing in size; metatarsomere 5 slightly longer than 2; ventral coverage of tarsomeres composed of fine and spiniform setae. Fifth abdominal ventrite apically rounded, truncate, or slightly emarginate, without stout setae. Aedeagus trilobate (Fig. -30A-E +30A-E ); basal piece 0.2-0.25 -x +x the length of parameres; median lobe with well-developed lateral basal apodemes, and acute to narrowly rounded apex; parameres nearly as long as median lobe, with outer margins usually sinuate; gonopore situated distad of midlength of median lobe. - - -Figure 29. + + +Figure 29. Habitus of - -Crucisternum ouboteri + +Crucisternum ouboteri -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm. - - -Figure 30. + + +Figure 30. Aedeagi of - -Crucisternum + +Crucisternum , - -Ephydrolithus + +Ephydrolithus , and - -Globulosis + +Globulosis spp. -A - -C. ouboteri +A + +C. ouboteri -B - -C. toboganensis +B + +C. toboganensis -C - -C. sinuatus +C + +C. sinuatus -D - -C. vanessae +D + +C. vanessae -E - -C. queneyi +E + +C. queneyi -F - -E. teli +F + +E. teli -G - -E. spiculatus +G + +E. spiculatus -H - -E. ogmos +H + +E. ogmos -I - -E. minor +I + +E. minor -J - -G. flavus +J + +G. flavus . Scale bars: 0.25 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - + +Differential diagnosis. + Although - -Crucisternum + +Crucisternum is generally unremarkable dorsally from other small-bodied Neotropical acidocerines, several sternal features are strikingly unique and easily separate the genus from all others. The strongly developed prosternal carina found in the genus, combined with the cruciform shape of the posterior elevation of the mesoventrite (formed by the fusion of both transverse and longitudinal ridges), is unique for this genus in the subfamily. - -Crucisternum + +Crucisternum is most likely to be confused in samples as a very small - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus but can also easily be distinguished from that genus by the lack of sutural striae. - -Distribution. - -Neotropical + +Distribution. + +Neotropical : Brazil (Minas Gerais, -Para +Para ), French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela; Fig. -5 +5 . - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + All species of the genus are associated with forested streams, usually along margins that contain ample detritus. A single specimen of - -C. ouboteri + +C. ouboteri was collected at a black light trap. - -Larvae. -Immature stages are not known for the genus. + +Larvae. +Immature stages are not known for the genus. - -Taxonomic history. -The genus was only recently described. + +Taxonomic history. +The genus was only recently described. - -Remarks. -There are seven species currently known. + +Remarks. +There are seven species currently known. - -Species examined. -Holotypes and paratypes of all the known species were examined for this study. + +Species examined. +Holotypes and paratypes of all the known species were examined for this study. - -Selected references. - - -Giron + +Selected references. + + +Giron and Short 2018 : original description of the genus and all its known species; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/2B/87/0C/2B870C4118EE4448ACC5E3B17FD4EB32.xml b/data/2B/87/0C/2B870C4118EE4448ACC5E3B17FD4EB32.xml index 01d0ca38a75..315432e8317 100644 --- a/data/2B/87/0C/2B870C4118EE4448ACC5E3B17FD4EB32.xml +++ b/data/2B/87/0C/2B870C4118EE4448ACC5E3B17FD4EB32.xml @@ -1,259 +1,259 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus - + Ephydrolithus -Giron +Giron & Short, 2019 -Figs 2 -, 5 -, 30F-I -, 31 +Figs 2 +, 5 +, 30F-I +, 31 - - -Ephydrolithus -Giron + + +Ephydrolithus +Giron & Short, 2019: 122. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Ephydrolithus hamadae + +Type species. + + +Ephydrolithus hamadae -Giron +Giron & Short, 2019: 130; by original designation. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Small beetles, body length 1.8-3.3 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view, moderate to strongly convex in lateral view (Fig. -31 +31 ); with ground punctation usually moderately marked. Color yellowish brown to dark brown, usually uniform across body regions (Fig. -31 +31 ). Shape of head trapezoid. Eyes relatively small, at most only slightly emarginated anteriorly, usually moderately projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin from broadly to only slightly emarginate. Labrum fully exposed. Mentum with strong median anterior depression sometimes limited by low transverse carina; surface of mentum mostly smooth and undulated. Antennae with nine antennomeres; cupule slightly asymmetric, with rounded outline. Maxillary palps short, nearly 2/3 width of head, and stout (Fig. -31C +31C ); inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 nearly straight, outer margin strongly curved along apical half. Elytra without sutural striae, and only rarely with impressed striae; ground punctures moderate to sharply marked, uniformly and rather densely distributed; systematic punctures slightly larger and deeper than remainder punctures; serial punctures usually not clearly differentiated; outer margins of elytra only slightly flared (Fig. -31A, D +31A, D ). Prosternum flat, sometimes only slightly elevated along longitudinal midline (Fig. -31C +31C ). Posterior elevation of mesoventrite either with transverse ridge, or with well-developed tooth that extends anteriorly as longitudinal carina; anapleural sutures concave, separated at anterior margin by distance nearly 0.3 -x +x anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite densely pubescent, except for large median teardrop-shaped glabrous patch (Fig. -31C, F +31C, F ); anteromedian area of metaventrite with a deep and narrow transverse depression before anterior intercoxal process. Protibiae with spines of anterior row hair-like, semi erect, relatively long and thick (Fig. -31C +31C ). All tarsomeres bearing long apical hair-like setae on dorsal face, and two lateral rows of hair-like spines on ventral face of tarsomeres 2-4. Posterior femora mostly glabrous, with few scattered setae along basal half to basal 2/3, with hydrofuge pubescence along anterodorsal margin (Fig. -31C, F +31C, F ); tibial grooves well-developed, sometimes covered by hydrofuge pubescence. Fifth abdominal ventrite apically truncate, with stout setae. Aedeagus trilobed (Fig. -30F-I +30F-I ), with outer margins convex, straight or sinuate, with basal piece 0.45-0.9 -x +x length of parameres; median lobe somewhat triangular in shape, with well-developed lateral basal apodemes; apex of median lobe widely to narrowly acute, sometimes -"pinched" +"pinched" ; parameres nearly as long as median lobe; well-developed gonopore, preapically situated. - - -Figure 31. + + +Figure 31. Habitus of - -Ephydrolithus + +Ephydrolithus spp. -A-C - -E. hamadae +A-C + +E. hamadae : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D-F - -E. ogmos +D-F + +E. ogmos : -D +D dorsal habitus -E +E lateral habitus -F +F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Ephydrolithus + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Ephydrolithus can be distinguished from most Neotropical acidocerines by their mostly glabrous metafemora. From other genera exhibiting the same condition, such as - -Quadriops + +Quadriops ( - -Giron + +Giron and Short 2017 ), - -Ephydrolithus + +Ephydrolithus can be distinguished by the entire (as opposed to divided; Fig. -11C +11C ) eyes; from - -Tobochares + +Tobochares ( -Kohlenberg and Short 2017 +Kohlenberg and Short 2017 ), - -Ephydrolithus + +Ephydrolithus can be differentiated by the number of antennomeres (nine in - -Ephydrolithus + +Ephydrolithus , eight in - -Tobochares + +Tobochares ). - -Distribution. - -Neotropical + +Distribution. + +Neotropical : Brazil ( -Bahia +Bahia , Minas Gerais); Fig. -5 +5 . - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + All known species are exclusively associated with rock seepages (e.g., Fig. -9 +9 ; - -Giron + +Giron and Short 2019 ). - -Larvae. -Immature stages are not known for the genus. + +Larvae. +Immature stages are not known for the genus. - -Taxonomic history. - - -Ephydrolithus + +Taxonomic history. + + +Ephydrolithus was only recently described. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + In the etymology section of the original publication, - -Giron + +Giron and Short (2019) indicate that the genus name is neuter, which is erroneous. The name is masculine, which is the gender for the Greek word -lithos +lithos , the last component of the genus name. Four species of - -Ephydrolithus + +Ephydrolithus have been described until now, all of them from southeastern Brazil. - -Species examined. -Holotypes and paratypes of all known species were examined for this study. We have also seen specimens of additional undescribed species. + +Species examined. +Holotypes and paratypes of all known species were examined for this study. We have also seen specimens of additional undescribed species. - -Selected references. - - -Giron + +Selected references. + + +Giron and Short 2018 : original description of the genus and all its known species; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/2D/FF/50/2DFF5087A2A771552CB7E3A0FFDD7EE6.xml b/data/2D/FF/50/2DFF5087A2A771552CB7E3A0FFDD7EE6.xml index dc6ab5cf63e..2549728bff8 100644 --- a/data/2D/FF/50/2DFF5087A2A771552CB7E3A0FFDD7EE6.xml +++ b/data/2D/FF/50/2DFF5087A2A771552CB7E3A0FFDD7EE6.xml @@ -1,294 +1,294 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus -Acidocerus Klug, 1855 -Figs 2 -, 4 -, 17 +Acidocerus Klug, 1855 +Figs 2 +, 4 +, 17 - - -Acidocerus + + +Acidocerus Klug, 1855: 649. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Acidocerus aphodioides + +Type species. + + +Acidocerus aphodioides Klug, 1855: 649; by monotypy. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Small beetles, body length nearly 2.8 mm. Body shape elongate oval in dorsal view, moderately convex in lateral view, with dorsal outline nearly straight along anterior 2/3 of elytra (Fig. -17 +17 ). Surface of head and pronotum granulate (Fig. -17C +17C ). Body pale/yellowish brown, with head slightly darker. Eyes with anterior margin straight in lateral view (not emarginate), in dorsal view slightly projecting from outline of head (Fig. -17C +17C ). Labrum not concealed by clypeus (Fig. -17C +17C ). Antennae with nine antennomeres, with strongly asymmetric cupule, with longer side acute. Maxillary palps elongate, with palpomere 4 nearly as long as palpomere 3 ( - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont 1943f : 7, in key). Elytra without sutural striae, narrowly explanate laterally, serial punctures strongly marked, arranged in rows (Fig. -17A +17A ). Prosternum flat, rather sharply carinate medially, with angulate anteromedian projection. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite only weakly bulging. Metaventrite with hydrofuge pubescence. Metafemora without distinct tibial grooves, mostly pubescent, only glabrous at apex. Metatarsomeres 1-4 similar in length; metatarsomere 5 similar in length to metatarsomeres 1-4 combined. Fifth abdominal ventrite apically emarginate, with stout setae. - - -Figure 17. + + +Figure 17. Habitus of - -Acidocerus aphodioides + +Acidocerus aphodioides -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C head. Scale bar: 1 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - + +Differential diagnosis. + The long fifth metatarsomere (longer than metatarsomeres 1-4 combined) is unusual but not unique in the subfamily ( -Hansen 1991 +Hansen 1991 ). The granulate surface of the head and body resembles that of - -Helobata + +Helobata , but besides their geographic origin, the exposed labrum of - -Acidocerus + +Acidocerus (as opposed to concealed in - -Helobata + +Helobata ) allows its recognition. The small size and coarse punctation of the elytra of - -Acidocerus + +Acidocerus resemble some of the Old World - -Helochares + +Helochares (e.g., Fig. -36D-F +36D-F ) and some - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus (e.g., - -Agraphydrus hanseni + +Agraphydrus hanseni , Fig. -19A +19A ), from which it can be differentiated by the medially sharply carinate prosternum ( -Hansen 1991 +Hansen 1991 ). - -Distribution. - -Afrotropical + +Distribution. + +Afrotropical : Mozambique; Fig. -4 +4 . - -Natural history. -There is no natural history information available for the genus. + +Natural history. +There is no natural history information available for the genus. - -Larvae. -Immature stages are not known for the genus. + +Larvae. +Immature stages are not known for the genus. - -Taxonomic history. - + +Taxonomic history. + The taxon was originally described as related to - -Spercheus + +Spercheus Kugelann, with maxillary palps similar to those of - -Hydraena + +Hydraena Kugelann ( -Klug 1855 +Klug 1855 ), and even later afforded its own subfamily (see taxonomic history of the -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae section, above). - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1943f : 7) provided a list of diagnostic characters in a key, including the relative length of its tarsal segments, specifically that the fifth tarsomere is as long as tarsomeres 1-4 combined. -Hansen (1991) +Hansen (1991) redescribed the taxon based on syntypes. -Hansen (1991 +Hansen (1991 : 149) further commented that he had seen other -"typical" +"typical" species of - -Helochares + +Helochares that also shared this feature and stated that "although - -Acidocerus + +Acidocerus may be somewhat reminiscent of a small - -Helochares + +Helochares -... +... I prefer to maintain it as a distinct genus at the present stage". The genus was not included in the molecular phylogeny in -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) , and its assignment to the - -Helochares + +Helochares group is based primarily on its overall dorsal sculpturing, lack of a sutural stria, and Afrotropical distribution. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Only one described species. -Hansen (1991) +Hansen (1991) studied -Klug's +Klug's syntypes housed at the Museum -fuer +fuer Naturkunde der -Humboldt-Universitaet +Humboldt-Universitaet in Berlin, Germany (ZMHB), which are the only known specimens for the genus. The diagnostic features listed above include information from - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1943f) , -Hansen (1991) +Hansen (1991) , and our own observations of photographs of the syntypes. Given that the specimens were mounted on cards when photographed, features of the ventral surface were not viewed by us. Characters of the ventral features (as well as the maxillary palps) as described above are based on - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1943f) and -Hansen (1991) +Hansen (1991) , as the maxillary palps appeared to be missing by the time Hansen examined the syntypes. Until additional specimens are found, it is unlikely there will be a satisfactory resolution on deciding if - -Acidocerus + +Acidocerus is in fact a distinct genus or rather another variant of - -Helochares + +Helochares . - -Species examined. - - -Acidocerus aphodioides + +Species examined. + + +Acidocerus aphodioides (photographs of syntypes). - -Selected references. - -Klug 1855 + +Selected references. + +Klug 1855 : 649: original description; - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont 1943f : 7: offers diagnostic features in a key; -Hansen 1991 +Hansen 1991 : 149: redescription; - + Short and -Fikacek +Fikacek 2013 : 741: - -Acidocerus + +Acidocerus listed in subfamily -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae ; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic position and affinities discussed. diff --git a/data/4C/38/58/4C3858378807689BD015E34B5CDD4933.xml b/data/4C/38/58/4C3858378807689BD015E34B5CDD4933.xml index 071a983dcee..cd6250de2c7 100644 --- a/data/4C/38/58/4C3858378807689BD015E34B5CDD4933.xml +++ b/data/4C/38/58/4C3858378807689BD015E34B5CDD4933.xml @@ -1,354 +1,354 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Subfamily -Acidocerinae Zaitzev, 1908 +Acidocerinae Zaitzev, 1908 - - -Acidocerini + + +Acidocerini Zaitzev, 1908: 353, as subfamily. - -Acidocerina + +Acidocerina as subtribe -Acidocerina +Acidocerina [of tribe -Hydrophilini +Hydrophilini , subfamily -Hydrophilinae +Hydrophilinae ] in -Hansen (1991 +Hansen (1991 : 282; -1999b +1999b : 155). - -Acidocerina + +Acidocerina as tribe [of subfamily -Hydrophilinae +Hydrophilinae ] in - + Short and -Fikacek +Fikacek (2011 : 85). - -Acidocerina + +Acidocerina as subfamily in - + Short and -Fikacek +Fikacek (2013 : 741). - -Helopeltini + +Helopeltini Horn, 1873: 118; synonymized by -Hansen (1991 +Hansen (1991 : 282); unavailable: generic name is preoccupied (ICZN 1999, Code Art. 39). - -Helopeltis + +Helopeltis Type genus: -Helopeltis +Helopeltis Horn, 1873: 137 [synonym of -Helobata +Helobata Bergroth, 1888: 221]. - -Helopeltis + +Helopeltis Helocharae -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , 1919c: 147; described as subtribe, synonymized by -Hansen (1991 +Hansen (1991 : 282). - -Helochares + +Helochares Type genus: -Helochares +Helochares Mulsant, 1844a: 197. - -Horelophopsinae + +Horelophopsinae Hansen, 1997: 108. - -Horelophopsis + +Horelophopsis Type genus: -Horelophopsis +Horelophopsis Hansen, 1997: 109; synonymized by - + Short and -Fikacek +Fikacek (2013 : 15, in table, discussed along the text). - -Globulina -Garcia + +Globulina +Garcia , 2001: 153; emended to -Globulosina +Globulosina by -Short and Hebauer (2006 +Short and Hebauer (2006 : 338); synonymized with tribe -Acidocerini +Acidocerini by - + Short and -Fikacek +Fikacek 2011 : 84. - -Globulosis + +Globulosis Type genus: -Globulosis -Garcia +Globulosis +Garcia , 2001: 153. - -Type genus. - - -Acidocerus + +Type genus. + + +Acidocerus Klug, 1855: 649. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Body length 1.2-14.0 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view, dorsoventrally flattened, or weakly to strongly convex in lateral view (Fig. -1 +1 ); surface even (without elevations or depressions), granulate (e.g., Figs -17 +17 , -33 +33 ) or smooth on head and pronotum. From yellowish to dark brown in coloration (Fig. -1 +1 ), usually uniform, sometimes different regions of body colored differently. Shape of head variable (trapezoid, subquadrate, round; Fig. -11E-L +11E-L ). Anterior corners of frons sometimes extended posteriorly forming -Tobochares canthus +Tobochares canthus and emarginating anterior margin of eyes (e.g., - -Tobochares + +Tobochares , - -Helobata + +Helobata ; e.g., Fig. -11B, C +11B, C ). Eyes varying in size, shape, degree of emargination, and degree of projection from outline of head (Fig. -11E-L +11E-L ); absent only in cavernicolous genus - -Troglochares + +Troglochares Spangler, 1981a. Clypeus variable in shape (rectangular to trapezoid; Fig. -11E-L +11E-L ), with anterior margin from straight to mesally emarginate. Labrum usually exposed; concealed by clypeus in - -Helobata + +Helobata (Fig. -11L +11L ) and - -Helopeltarium + +Helopeltarium (Fig. -1H +1H ). Mentum usually wider than long, with strong median anterior depression, may be limited by low transverse carina (Fig. -12A-C +12A-C ); surface of mentum with variable sculpture, ranging from smooth (Fig. -12A +12A ) to roughly punctate or obliquely striate (Fig. -12B +12B ). Antennae with eight or nine antennomeres (Fig. -12D, E +12D, E ), with cupule varying in symmetry and shape. Maxillary palps curved inward, ranging from very short (nearly half width of the head; e.g., - -Quadriops reticulatus + +Quadriops reticulatus , Fig. -12C +12C ) and stout, to very long and slender (nearly twice the width of the head; e.g., - -Peltochares + +Peltochares , Fig. -11K +11K ). Pronotum evenly convex, usually with systematic punctures forming paired anterolateral semicircles and paired short posterolateral transverse bands. Elytra with or without sutural striae, with outer margins simple, slightly flared, or laterally explanate; elytral punctation variable (Fig. -13 +13 ). Hind wings usually well developed (Fig. -15A-F +15A-F ), seldom reduced along apical region (Fig. -15G +15G ). Surface of prosternum flat (e.g., Fig. -14A, B +14A, B ), convex or rarely medially carinate (e.g., - -Crucisternum + +Crucisternum ; Fig. -29C +29C ), with anterior margin straight or anteriorly projected. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite either only weakly bulging or with transverse (e.g., Fig. -14E, G +14E, G ) or longitudinal ridge (e.g., Fig. -14D, F +14D, F ); with strongly produced, anteriorly pointed and longitudinally carinate transverse ridge in - -Crucisternum + +Crucisternum (Fig. -14C +14C ). Anapleural sutures variable in shape and orientation. Metaventrite rather uniformly covered by hydrofuge pubescence (e.g., Fig. -14E +14E ), sometimes with posteromesal glabrous patch (e.g., Fig. -14D, F, G +14D, F, G ), sometimes also with posterolateral glabrous patches (e.g., Fig. -14D +14D ). Protibiae with anterior row of spines varying in shape and development; apical spurs of protibiae varying in development. Metafemora with tibial grooves of varying development; hydrofuge pubescence on anterior surface of metafemora absent, reduced to only basal or dorsal patch, or increasingly covering most of surface. Tarsomeres 5-5-5; tarsomeres variable in size, proportions, and dorsal and ventral coverage. Abdomen with five pubescent ventrites, density of setae ranging from sparse to very dense. Fifth abdominal ventrite with apex either rounded (Fig. -15I +15I ), truncate (Fig. -15J +15J ), or emarginate (Fig. -15H +15H ); apex with or without fringe of flat and stout setae. Aedeagus usually symmetrical (Fig. -16 +16 ), with basal piece varying in size from longer than parameres (e.g., - -Primocerus + +Primocerus , Fig. -47 +47 ; - -Batochares + +Batochares , Fig. -22D +22D ), to reduced and virtually absent (e.g., - -Peltochares + +Peltochares , Fig. -45 +45 ); parameres highly variable in shape, either slender and only connected to each other at base of ventral surface (e.g., Fig. -16A-D, G, H +16A-D, G, H ), or fused together forming tube-like structure (e.g., Fig. -16E, F +16E, F ); apex of parameres either simple, or bifurcated and modified with hooks and spines (e.g., Fig. -16C, D +16C, D ); median lobe either simple or with dorsal and ventral lobes, with well-developed lateral basal apodemes; further modifications (longitudinal divisions, presence of internal hooks and spines, development of gonopore) widespread. - -Differential diagnosis. - + +Differential diagnosis. + Acidocerines can be generally recognized by their oval and moderately convex body shapes with slender maxillary palps and uniformly slender tibiae (usually strongly convex and sometimes rounded in -Cylominae +Cylominae and -Sphaeridiinae +Sphaeridiinae , with short and stout maxillary palps and stout to apically broadened tibiae). The maxillary palps are always curved inwards in -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae (maxillary palpomere 2 with inner margin straight to concave; Fig. -12F-J +12F-J ), with palpomeres 2-4 similar in length and proportions (curved outwards, zig-zag oriented, or with shorter palpomere 3 in most -Enochrinae +Enochrinae and -Chaetarthriinae +Chaetarthriinae ). In addition, Acidocerines always bear five tarsomeres on the meso- and metatarsi (four in some enochrines). - -Selected references. - -Hansen 1991 + +Selected references. + +Hansen 1991 : diagnosis of the group (at the time as a subtribe, and including some genera now placed in the subfamily -Enochrinae +Enochrinae ), list of genera and subgenera with synonyms, key to genera, and description of each genus (8 out of the 23 recognized in this paper). -Hansen 1999b +Hansen 1999b : catalog with full list of species at the time (nearly 300), synonyms and references. - + Short and -Fikacek +Fikacek 2013 : -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae as a subfamily excluding enochrine genera, with -Horelophopsinae +Horelophopsinae as synonym, list of genera, general diagnosis. -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) : molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the subfamily, groups of genera. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + The subfamily -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae is a group with many contrasts. It includes some of the largest as well as smallest hydrophilids; some genera are either strikingly different from, or extremely similar to others; the external morphology of some genera is extremely uniform and species can only be recognized by characters of the male genitalia, or so variable that is difficult to diagnose the group as a unit; at the species level, the distributions can be very narrow and restricted to one or a few fairly close localities, or very broadly widespread across several continents. There is a trend for species living in the same kind of habitats to have certain shared morphological features. For example, species that live in aquatic habitats tend to have slender and relatively long maxillary palps and metafemora mostly covered by hydrofuge pubescence, whereas species living in hygropetric habitats tend to have shorter and stouter maxillary palps and reduced or absent coverage of hydrofuge pubescence on the metafemora. diff --git a/data/4E/32/58/4E32588B5754A0ABA237203807BC067B.xml b/data/4E/32/58/4E32588B5754A0ABA237203807BC067B.xml index 079908b1760..2a5da117942 100644 --- a/data/4E/32/58/4E32588B5754A0ABA237203807BC067B.xml +++ b/data/4E/32/58/4E32588B5754A0ABA237203807BC067B.xml @@ -1,245 +1,245 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus - + Nanosaphes -Giron +Giron & Short, 2018 -Figs 1L -, 2 -, 40E-H -, 41 +Figs 1L +, 2 +, 40E-H +, 41 - - -Nanosaphes -Giron + + +Nanosaphes +Giron & Short, 2018: 143. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Nanosaphes tricolor + +Type species. + + +Nanosaphes tricolor -Giron +Giron & Short, 2018: 151; by original designation. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Very small beetles, body length 1.15-1.45 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view; slightly to moderately, and evenly convex in lateral view (Fig. -41 +41 ). Coloration uniformly brown, to variable along the body; ground punctation shallow to moderately marked (Fig. -41 +41 ). Shape of head trapezoid and relatively wide. Eyes moderate in size, slightly emarginated anteriorly, not projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin broadly emarginate. Labrum fully exposed. Mentum with lateral oblique ridges. Antennae with eight antennomeres; cupule slightly asymmetric, with rounded outline. Maxillary palps slender, moderately long nearly 0.7 -x +x the width of head; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 nearly straight, outer margin curved along apical half (e.g., Fig. -41C, F +41C, F ). Each elytron with ground punctures usually only shallowly marked, seemingly forming longitudinal rows, with irregularly distributed systematic punctures bearing rather long setae, denser along lateral and posterior regions; elytra without sutural striae. Prosternum flat, at most only weakly convex. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite, usually projected as low and short longitudinal carina between mesocoxae; anapleural sutures only weakly curved, separated at anterior margin by distance nearly 0.9 -x +x width of anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite with posterolateral and mesal glabrous patches (e.g., Fig. -41C, F +41C, F ). Protibiae with spines of anterior row hair-like, semi erect, relatively long, thick and sparse. Metafemora mostly densely covered by hydrofuge pubescence (e.g., Fig. -41C, F +41C, F ). All tarsomeres with long and thick spines on ventral faces of tarsomeres 2-4; metatarsomeres 2-4 gradually decreasing in size, metatarsomere 5 as long as 3 and 4 combined, 2 slightly shorter. Fifth abdominal ventrite apically emarginate, with fringe of stout setae. Aedeagus trilobed (Fig. -40E-H +40E-H ), nearly parallel sided, with basal piece 0.3-0.6 -x +x length of parameres; median lobe with well-developed lateral basal apodemes, wider at base than base of each paramere, usually narrower at apex than preapical width of parameres; apex of median lobe rounded; parameres from slightly shorter to longer than median lobe, and only narrowing at apex; gonopore situated beyond midpoint of median lobe. - - -Figure 41. + + +Figure 41. Habitus of - -Nanosaphes + +Nanosaphes spp. -A-C - -N. tricolor +A-C + +N. tricolor : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D-F - -N. punctatus +D-F + +N. punctatus : -D +D dorsal habitus -E +E lateral habitus -F +F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - + +Differential diagnosis. + The minute size of - -Nanosaphes + +Nanosaphes make them smaller than any other -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae in the New World, and about equal in size to the smallest species of - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus in the Old World. They are among the smallest water scavenger beetles worldwide. The lack of elytral serial or sutural striae and the antennae with eight antennomeres also separate - -Nanosaphes + +Nanosaphes from all other Neotropical -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae genera except the co-occurring - -Globulosis + +Globulosis . - -Nanosaphes + +Nanosaphes can be easily separated from - -Globulosis + +Globulosis by its smaller size and narrower, more parallel sided body form (broader and almost rotund in - -Globulosis + +Globulosis , Fig. -32 +32 ). - -Distribution. - -Neotropical + +Distribution. + +Neotropical : Brazil ( -Para +Para ), Guyana, Suriname; Fig. -5 +5 . - -Natural history. -Species are associated with stream margins, particularly where there are marginal banks of sand and roots. + +Natural history. +Species are associated with stream margins, particularly where there are marginal banks of sand and roots. - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + Immature stages are not known for - -Nanosaphes + +Nanosaphes . - -Taxonomic history. - - -Nanosaphes + +Taxonomic history. + + +Nanosaphes was only recently described. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + There are four known species of - -Nanosaphes + +Nanosaphes , which can be differentiated from each other by external morphological features (e.g., elytral punctation, coloration, shape of the posterior elevation of the mesoventrite), which is somewhat unusual by acidocerine standards. We have seen additional material of - -Nanosaphes + +Nanosaphes from other regions within the Guiana Shield. - -Species examined. -Holotypes and paratypes of all known species were available for this study. + +Species examined. +Holotypes and paratypes of all known species were available for this study. - -Selected references. - - -Giron + +Selected references. + + +Giron and Short 2018 : original description of the genus and all its known species; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/5E/B1/AA/5EB1AAFB20AAC3BD840794A3A11F4BB5.xml b/data/5E/B1/AA/5EB1AAFB20AAC3BD840794A3A11F4BB5.xml index 6ddb73e96ba..774ee44c884 100644 --- a/data/5E/B1/AA/5EB1AAFB20AAC3BD840794A3A11F4BB5.xml +++ b/data/5E/B1/AA/5EB1AAFB20AAC3BD840794A3A11F4BB5.xml @@ -1,387 +1,387 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus -Quadriops Hansen, 1999 -Figs 1P -, 2 -, 6 -, 11C -, 48 -, 49A-D +Quadriops Hansen, 1999 +Figs 1P +, 2 +, 6 +, 11C +, 48 +, 49A-D - - -Quadriops + + +Quadriops Hansen, 1999a: 131. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Quadriops depressus + +Type species. + + +Quadriops depressus Hansen, 1999a: 136; by original designation. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Small to very small beetles, body length 1.6-2.6 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view; moderate to strongly convex in lateral view, dorsal outline evenly convex or nearly straight along median region (Fig. -48 +48 ). Color orange brown to dark brown, uniform along body regions; ground punctation shallow to moderately marked (Fig. -48 +48 ). Shape of head somewhat rectangular. Frons lateral and posteriorly expanded, forming -Tobochares canthus +Tobochares canthus completely dividing eyes in dorsal and ventral portions (Fig. -11C +11C ). Eyes very small in dorsal view. Clypeus laterally expanded in front and around outer margin of eyes; anterior margin of clypeus straight (Fig. -11C +11C ). Labrum partly exposed. Mentum rather smooth and medially depressed; median anterior depression marked by a transverse carina (Fig. -48C, F +48C, F ). Antennae with nine antennomeres, cupule slightly asymmetric with rounded outline. Maxillary palps rather short and stout, nearly half as long as width of head; maxillary palpomere 4 slightly longer than palpomere 3; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 straight to convex, outer margin strongly curved along apical 2/3. Elytra without sutural striae, with punctures either irregularly distributed or forming well defined longitudinal rows; elytra narrowly explanate anteriorly, explanation gradually broader towards apex (Fig. -48 +48 ). Surface of prosternum flat. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite, usually with well-defined transverse ridge, seldom with acute tooth; anapleural sutures concave, separated at anterior margin by distance nearly 0.7 -x +x width of anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite usually uniformly densely pubescent, sometimes with reduced posteromedian glabrous patch. Protibiae with spines of anterior row hair-like, semi erect, relatively long, and thick; apical spurs of protibia moderately stout, reaching apex of protarsomere 3. All tarsomeres with thick hair-like spines on ventral face of tarsomeres 2-4; metatarsomeres 1-4 similar in length, 5 nearly as long as 3 and 4 combined. Metafemora with tibial grooves moderately developed; anterior surface of metafemora mostly glabrous, with few very scattered small setae (Fig. -48C, F +48C, F ). Fifth abdominal ventrite apically rounded and without fringe of stout setae. Aedeagus trilobed (Fig. -49A-D +49A-D ), with basal piece about half length of parameres; median lobe wider than base of each paramere, with narrow, triangular, longitudinal sclerite, usually extending along apical third; parameres as long as, to longer than median lobe, and nearly half as wide; gonopore situated preapically; basal piece with lateral margins straight to sinuate, apically slightly diverging. - - -Figure 48. + + +Figure 48. Habitus of - -Quadriops + +Quadriops spp. -A-C - -Q. acroreius +A-C + +Q. acroreius : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D-F - -Q. clusia +D-F + +Q. clusia : -D +D dorsal habitus -E +E lateral habitus -F +F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm. - - -Figure 49. + + +Figure 49. Aedeagi of - -Quadriops + +Quadriops , - -Radicitus + +Radicitus and - -Sindolus + +Sindolus spp. -A - -Q. clusia +A + +Q. clusia -B - -Q. depressus +B + +Q. depressus -C - -Q. reticulatus +C + +Q. reticulatus -D - -Q. similaris +D + +Q. similaris -E - -S. +E + +S. sp. (Venezuela) -F +F . - -S. + +S. sp. (Venezuela) -G, H - -R. ayacucho +G, H + +R. ayacucho : -G +G dorsal view -H +H lateral view -I, J -R. cf. granitum +I, J +R. cf. granitum (Suriname): -I +I dorsal view -J +J lateral view -K, L - -R. surinamensis +K, L + +R. surinamensis : -K +K dorsal view -L +L lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm ( -A-D +A-D ); 0.5 mm ( -E-L +E-L ). - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Quadriops + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Quadriops is the only known acidocerine with fully divided eyes. Species with uniformly distributed punctures along the elytra may resemble - -Globulosis + +Globulosis , but the moderate punctation of - -Quadriops + +Quadriops is very evident (punctation only shallowly marked in - -Globulosis + +Globulosis ; Fig. -32 +32 ). Some species of - -Tobochares + +Tobochares have nearly divided eyes, and lack impressed striae along the elytra ( - -Tobochares emarginatus + +Tobochares emarginatus species group, - -Giron + +Giron and Short 2021a ), resembling species of - -Quadriops + +Quadriops with uniformly distributed punctures along the elytra, but they differ in the shape of the posterior elevation of the mesoventrite (sharply elevated as a tooth or a blunt transverse carina in - -Quadriops + +Quadriops , medially bulging in - -T. canthus + +T. canthus Kohlenberg & Short). - -Distribution. - -Neotropical + +Distribution. + +Neotropical : Brazil (Amazonas), Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela; Fig. -6 +6 . - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + Specimens have been caught using flight intercept traps, many long series have been collected on decaying - -Clusia + +Clusia fruits, which can be somewhat used as bait (Fig. -10 +10 ). Additional specimens have been collected in rotten logs, sap flows on freshly cut trees, and in the refuse piles of leafcutter ants ( - -Giron + +Giron and Short 2017 ). - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + The immature stages of - -Quadriops + +Quadriops remain unknown. - -Taxonomic history. - -Hansen (1999a) + +Taxonomic history. + +Hansen (1999a) described the genus with five species, differentiated mostly by the presence and degree of impression of reticulation on the head and clypeus. When he originally described it, -Hansen (1999a) +Hansen (1999a) was unsure of the taxonomic affinity of the genus, as the morphology of the lineage was somewhat unusual. He placed it in the -Acidocerina +Acidocerina (now -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae ) almost by default as it shared no characters in common with other lineages, but ultimately, he was correct as this placement as verified by -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) . - -Garcia + +Garcia (2000b) described an additional species from Venezuela. The genus was revised by - -Giron + +Giron and Short (2017) : two species were synonymized with - -Quadriops depressus + +Quadriops depressus Hansen; two new species were described. - -Remarks. - - -Quadriops + +Remarks. + + +Quadriops is the only fully terrestrial genus of -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae . There are six described species within the genus. - -Species examined. - - -Quadriops acroreius + +Species examined. + + +Quadriops acroreius -Giron +Giron & Short (holotype and paratype), - -Q. clusia + +Q. clusia -Giron +Giron & Short (holotype, paratypes and additional specimens), - -Q. dentatus + +Q. dentatus Hansen (holotype and additional specimens), - -Q. depressus + +Q. depressus Hansen (holotype and additional specimens), - -Q. reticulatus + +Q. reticulatus Hansen (holotype and additional specimens), - -Q. similaris + +Q. similaris Hansen (holotype and additional specimens). - -Selected references. - -Hansen 1999a + +Selected references. + +Hansen 1999a : original description; - -Garcia + +Garcia 2000b : description of one additional species from Venezuela; - -Giron + +Giron and Short 2017 : generic revision including two synonymies and two new species; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/69/1A/14/691A14D47234D37E43742D58EE233E5F.xml b/data/69/1A/14/691A14D47234D37E43742D58EE233E5F.xml index 94e4e9ca8d2..8fd17140718 100644 --- a/data/69/1A/14/691A14D47234D37E43742D58EE233E5F.xml +++ b/data/69/1A/14/691A14D47234D37E43742D58EE233E5F.xml @@ -1,513 +1,513 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus -Crephelochares Kuwert, 1890 -Figs 1V -, 2 -, 4 -, 11G -, 27B-D -, 28 +Crephelochares Kuwert, 1890 +Figs 1V +, 2 +, 4 +, 11G +, 27B-D +, 28 - - -Helochares (Crephelochares) + + +Helochares (Crephelochares) Kuwert, 1890a: 38. - -Helochares (Crepidelochares) + +Helochares (Crepidelochares) Ganglbauer, 1904: 248 [unjustified emendation of -Crephelochares +Crephelochares Kuwert, 1890]. - -Helochares (Chasmogenus) + +Helochares (Chasmogenus) Kuwert; - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont 1919c : 148 [taxonomic treatment]; -Knisch 1924a +Knisch 1924a : 195 [catalog]. - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares Kuwert; - -Fernandez + +Fernandez 1986 : 148 [junior synonym of -Chasmogenus +Chasmogenus as genus]; -Hansen 1991 +Hansen 1991 : 293 [catalog]; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 [elevated to generic rank]. - -Chasmogenus (Crephelochares) + +Chasmogenus (Crephelochares) Kuwert; -Hebauer 1992 +Hebauer 1992 : 62 [as subgenus of -Chasmogenus +Chasmogenus ]. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Helochares livornicus + +Type species. + + +Helochares livornicus Kuwert, 1890: 38; subsequent designation by - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1939a : 154). - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Body length ranging from 2.5-4.8 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view, dorsoventrally slightly flattened, moderately convex in lateral view, with dorsal outline nearly evenly convex (Fig. -28 +28 ); surface even and smooth, with usually shallow ground punctation (Fig. -28 +28 ). Coloration usually dark brown seldom yellowish, uniform across body regions. Head trapezoid (Fig. -11G +11G ). Eyes relatively large, at most only slightly emarginated anteriorly, and not or only slightly projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin mesally emarginate; membranous preclypeal area visible when clypeus strongly emarginated. Labrum fully exposed. Mentum punctate or punctate laterally and medially obliquely striate; medial surface flat to depressed (Fig. -28C +28C ); anteromedial depression sometimes limited by low transverse carina. Antennae with nine antennomeres, with cupule slightly asymmetric and rounded. Maxillary palps slender, 1.2-1.5 -x +x longer than width of head; maxillary palpomere 4 nearly 0.7 -x +x length of maxillary palpomere 3; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 nearly straight, and outer margin curved along apical half. Pronotum evenly convex. Elytra with sutural striae, with outer margins slightly flared; ground punctures usually only shallowly marked, serial punctures absent and at least one median row of systematic punctures visible on each elytron (Fig. -28 +28 ). Surface of prosternum usually flat, sometimes tectiform. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite with longitudinal carina; anapleural sutures sinuate, separated at anterior margin by distance similar to slightly shorter than anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite with posteromesal and posterolateral glabrous patches (Fig. -28C +28C ). Protibiae with spines of anterior row semi erect, relatively long, thick and sparse; apical spurs of protibiae relatively short and stout, not reaching apex of protarsomere 2. Metafemora with tibial grooves moderately developed; hydrofuge pubescence covering basal 4/5 of anterior surface of metafemora (Fig. -28C +28C ). Metatarsomeres 2-4 gradually decreasing in size, with two rows of spines on ventral surface; metatarsomere 2 slightly longer than 5, 5 shorter than 3 and 4 combined. Fifth abdominal ventrite emarginate at apex, with fringe of flat and stout setae. Aedeagus (Fig. -27B-D +27B-D ) with parameres at most only fused at base on dorsal surface; median lobe divided in dorsal and ventral plates; dorsal plate sclerotized along margins, medially membranous, membranes with papillae or denticles along apico-medial region; ventral plate as inverted Y, sometimes accompanied by basal median laminar sclerite; basal piece nearly as long as or longer than ventral length of parameres, always noticeable; gonopore not clearly visible. - - -Figure 28. + + +Figure 28. Habitus - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares spp. -A-C - -Crephelochares nitescens +A-C + +Crephelochares nitescens : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D - -Crephelochares cf. patrizii +D + +Crephelochares cf. patrizii (image from -Bird et al. 2017 +Bird et al. 2017 ). Scale bars: 1 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - + +Differential diagnosis. + Among Old World acidocerines, - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares is unique in the presence of sutural stria. The Neotropical - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus is the most similar genus, as they both share this character (along with the more distantly related Neotropical genus - -Primocerus + +Primocerus ). They can be differentiated by the number of antennomeres (eight in - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus , nine in - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares ) and by the form of the aedeagus (trilobed in - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus , Fig. -25 +25 ; divided and further modified in - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares , Fig. -27B-D +27B-D ). The configuration of the aedeagus in - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares is quite unique in -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae , especially because of the configuration of the median lobe and its inner membranes. - -Distribution. - -Afrotropical + +Distribution. + +Afrotropical : Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles (Aldabra), Sierra Leone, Somalia, Republic of South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. -Australasian +Australasian : Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland), Fiji (Vanua Levu, Viti Levu), New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea. -Indo-Malayan +Indo-Malayan : Cambodia, China (Guangdong, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Yunnan), Indonesia (Borneo, Java, Papua, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. -Palearctic +Palearctic : Bosnia, Croatia, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Serbia and Montenegro, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey; Fig. -4 +4 . - -Natural history. - -Archangelsky (1997 + +Natural history. + +Archangelsky (1997 : 55) reproduced the larval descriptions by -Anderson (1976) +Anderson (1976) , who reared larvae from adults of - -Crephelochares nitescens + +Crephelochares nitescens (as - -Helochares nitescens + +Helochares nitescens ) in laboratory conditions. According to -Anderson (1976 +Anderson (1976 : 223), females lay between 18 and 25 eggs, "located below the surface of damp soil, in a mossy hollow constructed by the adult; the hollow was always of the same size and shape and lined inside with loose silk. Eggs were deposited at right angles to base of nest, each covered by strands of fine silk attached to floor, walls and adjacent eggs". The larvae hatch in 5-7 days and are predaceous ( -Archangelsky 1997 +Archangelsky 1997 : 55). "The larvae would not pupate in damp tissue paper, but only in moss. [ -... +... ]. The larvae pupated naked in the upper moss or in curled decaying leaves" ( -Anderson 1976 +Anderson 1976 : 223). Complete development lasted 24-33 days. - -Fikacek + +Fikacek (2003) provided a diagnosis, pointed out the incompleteness of the descriptions and drawings offered by -Anderson (1976) +Anderson (1976) , and commented on the unusualness of the habit of laying eggs on the ground by hydrophilid standards. - + As for the adults, ecological information is very scarce. According to -Hebauer (1992) +Hebauer (1992) , - -C. livornicus + +C. livornicus (Kuwert) was collected in stagnant water with decaying plants and - -C. orbus + +C. orbus (Watanabe) was collected in a rice field. The recently described - -C. parorbus + +C. parorbus (Jia and Tang) was also recorded from stagnant waters (Jia and Tang 2018). - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + The only species for which immature stages are known is - -Crephelochares nitescens + +Crephelochares nitescens [from Australia; immature stages were originally described as - -Helochares nitescens + +Helochares nitescens by -Anderson (1976) +Anderson (1976) ]. -Anderson (1976) +Anderson (1976) described the breeding method he used, the eggs and egg case, first and third instar larvae and pupa, as well as the entire life cycle. -Archangelsky (1997 +Archangelsky (1997 : 55) reproduced - -Anderson's + +Anderson's (1976) findings. - -Taxonomic history. - - -Crephelochares + +Taxonomic history. + + +Crephelochares was originally described as a subgenus of - -Helochares + +Helochares by Kuwert (1890: 38). In 1904, Ganglbauer established - -Crepidelochares + +Crepidelochares without justification or explanation. Later, - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1919c : 148) synonymized - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares with - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus keeping - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus as a subgenus of - -Helochares + +Helochares . In 1986, -Fernandez +Fernandez reinstated - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus as a genus, with - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares as a junior synonym. Subsequent authors alternately either treated - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares as a subgenus or junior synonym. -Hebauer (1992) +Hebauer (1992) removed - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares from synonymy with - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus , and established it as a subgenus of - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus , discussing morphological features in support of this view, which he maintained in subsequent works (Hebauer 1995). However, -Hansen (1991 +Hansen (1991 , -1999b +1999b ) viewed the differences in antennomeres and the aedeagal complexity as "rather subtle" and maintained the two names as synonymous without subgeneric division. The phylogenetic analysis by -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) , together with the morphological evidence offered by Hebauer, resulted in the recognition of the generic status of - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares . - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + There are 29 species of - -Chephelochares + +Chephelochares described to date; some of the older species have long lists of synonyms. The most comprehensive treatment for the genus was by -Hebauer (1992) +Hebauer (1992) ; the genus was then considered as a subgenus of - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus . - -Species examined. - - -Crephelochares abnormalis + +Species examined. + + +Crephelochares abnormalis (Sharp), - -C. africanus + +C. africanus ( -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont ), - -C. balkei + +C. balkei (Short)*, - -C. irianus + +C. irianus (Hebauer)*, - -C. livornicus + +C. livornicus (Kuwert), - -C. mauritiensis + +C. mauritiensis (Balfour-Browne), - -C. molinai + +C. molinai (Hebauer)*, - -C. nitescens + +C. nitescens (Fauvel), - -C. orbus + +C. orbus (Watanabe), - -C. paramollis + +C. paramollis (Hebauer)*, - -C. patrizii + +C. patrizii (Balfour-Browne), - -C. punctulatus + +C. punctulatus (Short)*, - -C. ruandanus + +C. ruandanus (Balfour-Browne), - -C. rubellus + +C. rubellus (Hebauer)*, - -C. rusticus + +C. rusticus ( -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont ), - -C. rutiloides + +C. rutiloides ( -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont ), - -C. rutilus + +C. rutilus ( -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont ), - -C. szeli + +C. szeli (Hebauer)*. For species marked with an asterisk, paratypes were available. - -Selected references. - -Hebauer 1992 + +Selected references. + +Hebauer 1992 : diagnosis, key to species, diagnoses, descriptions for 22 species, and genitalia drawings for 19 of them; Hebauer 1995: one new species from Namibia; -Watts 1995 +Watts 1995 : revision of the Australian species of the genus; -Short 2010 +Short 2010 : revision of the species from the Southwest Pacific islands, describing two new species from Fiji and newly recording - -C. nitescens + +C. nitescens (Fauvel) for New Caledonia; -Devi et al. 2016 +Devi et al. 2016 : redescription and lectotype designation for - -C. abnormalis + +C. abnormalis (Sharp) with a discussion on its distribution and morphological variation; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : generic status and phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/6D/67/DF/6D67DF6FCEFE45AE7C558CAABACCCD82.xml b/data/6D/67/DF/6D67DF6FCEFE45AE7C558CAABACCCD82.xml index 6f8f9a29161..8ef32382269 100644 --- a/data/6D/67/DF/6D67DF6FCEFE45AE7C558CAABACCCD82.xml +++ b/data/6D/67/DF/6D67DF6FCEFE45AE7C558CAABACCCD82.xml @@ -1,822 +1,822 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus - + Agraphydrus -Regimbart +Regimbart , 1903 -Figs 1M, S, T -, 2 -, 4 -, 18 -, 19 -, 20 +Figs 1M, S, T +, 2 +, 4 +, 18 +, 19 +, 20 - - -Agraphydrus -Regimbart + + +Agraphydrus +Regimbart , 1903a: 33. - -Agraphydrus punctatellus + +Agraphydrus punctatellus Type species: -Agraphydrus punctatellus -Regimbart +Agraphydrus punctatellus +Regimbart , 1903a: 34; by monotypy. - -Pseudohelochares -Sato + +Pseudohelochares +Sato , 1960: 77; - -Sato + +Sato (1965 : 128) [synonymy]. - -Pseudohelochares narusei + +Pseudohelochares narusei Type species: -Pseudohelochares narusei -Sato +Pseudohelochares narusei +Sato , 1960: 77; by original designation and monotypy. - -Pseudopelthydrus + +Pseudopelthydrus Jia, 1998: 225. - -Pseudopelthydrus longipalpus + +Pseudopelthydrus longipalpus Type species: -Pseudopelthydrus longipalpus +Pseudopelthydrus longipalpus Jia, 1998: 229; by original designation. -Komarek (2003 +Komarek (2003 : 384) [synonymy]. - -Megagraphydrus + +Megagraphydrus Hansen, 1999a: 137. - -Megagraphydrus siamensis + +Megagraphydrus siamensis Type species: -Megagraphydrus siamensis +Megagraphydrus siamensis Hansen, 1999a: 140; by original designation. -Minoshima et al. (2015 +Minoshima et al. (2015 : 7) [synonymy]. - -Gymnhelochares -d'Orchymont + +Gymnhelochares +d'Orchymont , 1932: 692; as subgenus of -Helochares +Helochares . - -Helochares Gymnhelochares geminus + +Helochares Gymnhelochares geminus Type species: -Helochares (Gymnhelochares) geminus -d'Orchymont +Helochares (Gymnhelochares) geminus +d'Orchymont , 1932: 694; by original designation. -Komarek and Hebauer (2018 +Komarek and Hebauer (2018 : 17) [synonymy]. - -Horelophopsis + +Horelophopsis Hansen, 1997: 109. - -Horelophopsis avita + +Horelophopsis avita Type species: -Horelophopsis avita +Horelophopsis avita Hansen, 1997: 109, by original designation; -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) [synonymy]. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Agraphydrus punctatellus + +Type species. + + +Agraphydrus punctatellus -Regimbart +Regimbart , 1903: 34; by monotypy. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Small beetles, body length 1.4-4.8 mm. Body shape elongate to broadly oval in dorsal view, weakly to moderately convex in lateral view, rarely strongly convex (Figs -18 +18 , -19 +19 ). Surface of head and pronotum smooth, usually with shallow ground punctation. Body ranging from pale/yellowish to dark brown (Figs -18 +18 , -19 +19 ), either uniform across body regions or with different regions colored differently (e.g., darker head, paler elytra and margins of pronotum; Fig. -18A, B +18A, B ). Eyes with anterior margin straight in lateral view (not emarginate), in dorsal view slightly projecting from outline of head. Clypeus moderately convex, with distinct systematic punctures, with anterior margin slightly to clearly emarginate. Labrum not concealed by clypeus. Mentum nearly 1.5 -x +x wider than long, with variable surface, with wide and moderate median anterior depression limited by low transverse carina. Antennae with eight or nine antennomeres, with slightly asymmetric cupule, round in outline. Maxillary palps elongate, 0.7-1.5 -x +x width of head, with inner margin of palpomere 2 usually straight and palpomere 4 nearly as long to slightly longer than palpomere 3 (Fig. -12G +12G ). Pronotum with ground punctation usually moderate. Elytra without sutural striae, not laterally explanate, with serial punctures usually absent; systematic punctures usually rather sparse and aligned in four rows along elytra. Prosternum slightly convex, not carinate medially. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite variable, from simply bulged, to bearing variously shaped elevations; anapleural sutures variable in shape and orientation. Metaventrite with posteromedian glabrous patch. Metafemora without distinct tibial grooves, either mostly pubescent (only glabrous at apex), or with pubescence reduced to small basal area (" - -Gymnhelochares + +Gymnhelochares "). Metatarsomere 1 shorter than 2; metatarsomere 2 slightly shorter than 5; metatarsomere 5 similar in length to metatarsomeres 3 and 4 combined. Fifth abdominal ventrite apically emarginate, sometimes very slightly, or rounded, with or without fringe of stout setae. Aedeagus trilobed in form (Fig. -20 +20 ); basal piece shorter to longer than parameres; outline of apical region of parameres variable; median lobe triangular, with well-developed lateral basal apodemes, usually rounded at apex; gonopore well developed. - - -Figure 18. + + +Figure 18. Habitus of - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus spp. -A-C - -A. coomani +A-C + +A. coomani : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D-F - -A. cf. attenuatus +D-F + +A. cf. attenuatus : -D +D dorsal habitus -E +E lateral habitus -F +F ventral habitus -G-I - -A. +G-I + +A. sp. ex Madagascar: -G +G dorsal habitus -H +H lateral habitus -I +I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm. - - -Figure 19. + + +Figure 19. Habitus of - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus spp. -A - -A. hanseni +A + +A. hanseni -B - -A. jilanzhui +B + +A. jilanzhui -C - -A. longipalpus +C + +A. longipalpus -D - -A. contractus +D + +A. contractus -E - -A. anhuianus +E + +A. anhuianus -F - -A. puzhelongi +F + +A. puzhelongi . Images -B-F +B-F from -Komarek and Hebauer (2018) +Komarek and Hebauer (2018) . Scale bars: 1 mm. - - -Figure 20. + + +Figure 20. Aedeagi of - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus spp. -A - -A. attenuatus +A + +A. attenuatus -B - -A. gracilipalpis +B + +A. gracilipalpis -C - -A. masatakai +C + +A. masatakai -D - -A. chinensis +D + +A. chinensis -E - -A. puzhelongi +E + +A. puzhelongi . Scale bars: 0.1 mm. Line drawings taken from -Komarek (2018) +Komarek (2018) . - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Agraphydrus + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Agraphydrus can be considered highly variable both morphologically and ecologically. Given their usually small to very small size, in the regions where - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus is distributed, they may be confused with smaller species of - -Helochares + +Helochares , from which - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus can be distinguished by the presence of a posteromesal glabrous patch on the metaventrite (metaventrite uniformly and densely covered by hydrofuge pubescence in - -Helochares + +Helochares ); their size allows to differentiate them from the much larger - -Colossochares + +Colossochares and - -Peltochares + +Peltochares . The lack of sutural stria in - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus allows to recognize the larger - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus from similarly sized - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares . The maxillary palps tend to be shorter in - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus . Most - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus have moderately punctate head and pronotum and generally lack elytral serial punctures; although they may have very coarse systematic punctures somewhat aligned in rows, these rows are not quite uniform as in many Old World - -Helochares + +Helochares or - -Acidocerus + +Acidocerus . The outer margins of the elytra of - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus are only slightly flared, as opposed to laterally expanded which differentiates them from - -Batochares + +Batochares . The most similar genus to - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus would be the Neotropical genus - -Tobochares + +Tobochares , but they do not co-occur; the body shape in - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus , in general, tends to be more elongated (1.1-1.4 -x +x longer than wide), whereas in - -Tobochares + +Tobochares it tends to be only slightly longer than wide (1.07-1.15 -x +x longer than wide); in addition, the metafemora in - -Tobochares + +Tobochares are always mostly glabrous, with scattered setae, and their serial punctures are well aligned longitudinally. - -Distribution. - -Afrotropical + +Distribution. + +Afrotropical : Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia (in doubt), Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Republic of South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tanzania, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Zimbabwe. -Australasian +Australasian : Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), Indonesia (Java, Papua), Papua New Guinea. -Indo-Malayan +Indo-Malayan : Bhutan, Brunei, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Himachal, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, North Andaman Island, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand), Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. -Palearctic +Palearctic : China (Anhui, Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Tibet), Iran, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, South Korea; Fig. -4 +4 . - -Natural history. - - -Agraphydrus + +Natural history. + + +Agraphydrus can be found in an extremely broad range of habitats, from rivers, streams and forest pools, to hygropetric environments around waterfalls or seepages over rocks; a few species have been collected in terrestrial habitats by sifting moss and leaves from near water bodies, or in the gravel along the bank of a river; in many cases specimens have been found associated with floating vegetation, mosses and algae ( -Komarek 2018 +Komarek 2018 , -2019 +2019 , -2020 +2020 , -Komarek and Freitag 2020 +Komarek and Freitag 2020 , -Komarek and Hebauer 2018 +Komarek and Hebauer 2018 ). - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + Only the larvae of two species of - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus are currently known: - -A. narusei + +A. narusei ( -Sato +Sato ) (first and third instars; -Minoshima and Hayashi 2011 +Minoshima and Hayashi 2011 ), and - -A. hanseni + +A. hanseni ( -Sato +Sato and Yoshitomi) (third instar; -Minoshima et al. 2013 +Minoshima et al. 2013 ). -Minoshima (2016) +Minoshima (2016) offers a diagnosis for - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus larvae. - -Taxonomic history. - + +Taxonomic history. + Originally described as a genus by -Regimbart +Regimbart in 1903; downgraded to a subgenus of - -Enochrus + +Enochrus by - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1919c : 155); transferred as a subgenus to - -Helochares + +Helochares by - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1927a : 250); generic status re-established by - -Sato + +Sato (1965 : 128). -Hansen (1991 +Hansen (1991 : 148) placed - -Gymnhelochares + +Gymnhelochares as a subgenus of - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus ; -Komarek and Hebauer (2018 +Komarek and Hebauer (2018 : 17) placed - -Gymnhelochares + +Gymnhelochares as a synonym of - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus given that they could not identify any unique morphological traits that allowed the two genera to be differentiated. -Minoshima et al. (2015 +Minoshima et al. (2015 : 7) synonymized - -Megagraphydrus + +Megagraphydrus with - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus also based on the lack of morphological traits in support of their separation. - + Short and -Fikacek +Fikacek (2013) recovered - -Horelophopsis + +Horelophopsis and - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus as sister taxa within the -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae ( - -Horelophopsis + +Horelophopsis had been described as, and was prior to - + Short and -Fikacek +Fikacek (2013) , its own subfamily of -Hydrophilidae +Hydrophilidae ). These affinities between - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus and - -Horelophopsis + +Horelophopsis were also recognized by -Minoshima et al. (2013) +Minoshima et al. (2013) based on larval characters. Finally, -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) , based on their molecular phylogenetic analyses, synonymized - -Horelophopsis + +Horelophopsis with - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus , as - -Horelophopsis + +Horelophopsis was recovered as a lineage nested within - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus . The genus was redescribed by -Komarek (2020) +Komarek (2020) . For more details on the taxonomic history of the genus and its synonyms see -Minoshima et al. (2015) +Minoshima et al. (2015) . - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + With 201 described species, - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus is currently the largest genus of -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae , due to a series of recent revisions and monographs ( -Minoshima et al. 2015 +Minoshima et al. 2015 ; -Komarek 2018 +Komarek 2018 , -2019 +2019 , -2020 +2020 ; -Komarek and Hebauer 2018 +Komarek and Hebauer 2018 ; -Komarek and Freitag 2020 +Komarek and Freitag 2020 ), making it the fifth largest genus of -Hydrophilidae +Hydrophilidae (behind - -Berosus + +Berosus Leach, - -Laccobius + +Laccobius Erichson, - -Cercyon + +Cercyon Leach, and - -Enochrus + +Enochrus Thomson). The condition of the maxillary palpomere 2 being straight (with inner margin straight) is not unique to - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus but shared with - -Tobochares + +Tobochares and some - -Helochares + +Helochares . -Minoshima et al. (2015) +Minoshima et al. (2015) proposed the V-shaped male abdominal sternite 9 as a possible synapomorphy of the genus, but the condition is shared with some members of the - -Tobochares + +Tobochares group. - + The genus appears well supported as monophyletic as currently defined, despite its substantial morphological and ecological variation ( -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 ). Although previous decisions to synonymize derived genera (e.g., - -Megagraphydrus + +Megagraphydrus , - -Pseudopelthydrus + +Pseudopelthydrus , - -Horelophopsis + +Horelophopsis ) were necessary to preserve the monophyly of the broader concept of - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus , it has rendered the genus unmanageably large and with no internal formal or informal classification system. The lineage would be well-served by further phylogenetic studies to define species groups or to partition into subgenera. - -Hebauer (2002a) + +Hebauer (2002a) listed several species of - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus as "in press", and some specimens in collections bear associated red and orange holotype or paratype labels bearing these names; however, those were never formally published. Many of these taxa appeared in -Komarek and Hebauer (2018) +Komarek and Hebauer (2018) or subsequent revisions by -Komarek (2019 +Komarek (2019 , -2020 +2020 ), with names different from those proposed by -Hebauer (2002a) +Hebauer (2002a) . - -Species examined. - - -Agraphydrus anatinus + +Species examined. + + +Agraphydrus anatinus Komarek, - -A. attenuatus + +A. attenuatus (Hansen), - -A. coomani + +A. coomani ( -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont ), - -A. decipiens + +A. decipiens Minoshima, Komarek & -Ohara +Ohara *, - -A. hanseni + +A. hanseni ( -Sato +Sato & Yoshitomi), - -A. insidiator + +A. insidiator Minoshima, Komarek & -Ohara +Ohara *, - -A. ishiharai + +A. ishiharai (Matsui), - -A. kempi + +A. kempi ( -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont ), - -A. luteilateralis + +A. luteilateralis (Minoshima & Fujiwara)*, - -A. malayanus + +A. malayanus (Hebauer)*, - -A. masatakai + +A. masatakai Minoshima, Komarek & -Ohara +Ohara *, - -A. minutissimus + +A. minutissimus (Kuwert), - -A. narusei + +A. narusei ( -Sato +Sato ), - -A. pauculus + +A. pauculus (Knisch), - -A. politus + +A. politus (Hansen), - -A. pygmaeus + +A. pygmaeus (Knisch), - -A. siamensis + +A. siamensis (Hansen), - -A. stagnalis + +A. stagnalis ( -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont ), - -A. thaiensis + +A. thaiensis Minoshima, Komarek & -Ohara +Ohara , and numerous unidentified specimens. For species marked with an asterisk, paratype specimens were studied. - -Selected references. - -Minoshima et al. 2015 + +Selected references. + +Minoshima et al. 2015 : character discussion, taxonomic history, synonymization of - -Megagraphydrus + +Megagraphydrus , description of seven new species; -Komarek and Hebauer 2018 +Komarek and Hebauer 2018 : 17: synonymized the -subgenus Gymnhelochares +subgenus Gymnhelochares with - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus , taxonomic revision for China and Taiwan describing 33 new species; -Komarek 2018 +Komarek 2018 : taxonomic revision for India describing 36 new species; -Komarek 2019 +Komarek 2019 : taxonomic revision for South East Asia (except Philippines) and Australasian Region, describing 60 new species; -Komarek and Freitag 2020 +Komarek and Freitag 2020 : revision of the species from the Philippines describing nine new species and providing barcodes for the species treated therein; -Komarek 2020 +Komarek 2020 : revision of the African and Western Asian species, describing 25 new species and redescribing the genus; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : synonymization of - -Horelophopsis + +Horelophopsis with - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus , phylogenetic placement of - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus . diff --git a/data/6E/1E/F8/6E1EF8D87ED362D57EC42B6336468F3A.xml b/data/6E/1E/F8/6E1EF8D87ED362D57EC42B6336468F3A.xml index 92583ce61fd..b18fc197977 100644 --- a/data/6E/1E/F8/6E1EF8D87ED362D57EC42B6336468F3A.xml +++ b/data/6E/1E/F8/6E1EF8D87ED362D57EC42B6336468F3A.xml @@ -1,226 +1,226 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus - + Radicitus Short & -Garcia +Garcia , 2014 -Figs 1K -, 2 -, 6 -, 49G-L -, 50 +Figs 1K +, 2 +, 6 +, 49G-L +, 50 - - -Radicitus + + +Radicitus Short & -Garcia +Garcia , 2014: 252. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Radicitus ayacucho + +Type species. + + +Radicitus ayacucho Short & -Garcia +Garcia , 2014: 252; by original designation. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Medium sized beetles, body length 4.5-6.2 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view; moderate to strongly convex in lateral view; dorsal outline nearly straight and anteriorly inclined along anterior half (Fig. -50 +50 ). Color dark brown, usually uniform along body regions, sometimes margins of pronotum and elytra slightly paler; ground punctation fine, moderately marked (Fig. -50A, D +50A, D ). Shape of head trapezoid and rather wide. Eyes moderate in size, not emarginated anteriorly, slightly projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin broadly, roundly, and weakly emarginate. Labrum fully exposed. Mentum medially rather broadly depressed, laterally longitudinally elevated; median anterior depression marked by transverse nearly straight carina (Fig. -50C, F +50C, F ). Antennae with nine antennomeres; cupule slightly asymmetric, with rounded outline. Maxillary palps short and stout, nearly as long as half width of head (e.g., Fig. -50C +50C ); inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 nearly straight, outer margin strongly curved along apical 2/3; maxillary palpomere 4 slightly shorter than 3. Prosternum flat, only slightly carinate along midline of anterior projection. Elytra without sutural striae; elytral punctures shallow to moderately marked; ground punctures rather uniformly distributed; some species with serial punctures clearly visible along posterior third of elytra; outer margins of elytra slightly flared (Fig. -50A, D +50A, D ). Posterior elevation of mesoventrite with median longitudinal carina elevated and forming posteriorly pointing process; anapleural sutures strongly concave, separated at anterior margin by distance nearly half width of anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite sometimes with posteromesal glabrous patch. Protibiae with anterior row of spines completely reduced; apical spurs of protibiae stout, reaching apex of protarsomere 3. Metafemora with tibial grooves very sharply marked and covered by hydrofuge pubescence; hydrofuge pubescence restricted to dorsal half on basal three-quarters of anterior surface of metafemora (Fig. -50C, F +50C, F ). Tarsomeres 1-4 with long spiniform setae on ventral face; metatarsomere 2 nearly as long as 5 and as 3 and 4 combined. Fifth abdominal ventrite evenly rounded, without apical emargination or fringe of stout setae. Aedeagus either trilobed (Fig. -49I-L +49I-L ) or divided (Fig. -49G, H +49G, H ), with basal piece short and rather simple parameres separated from each other for most of their lengths; gonopore well developed. - - -Figure 50. + + +Figure 50. Habitus of - -Radicitus + +Radicitus spp. -A-C - -R. ayacucho +A-C + +R. ayacucho : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D-F - -R. granitum +D-F + +R. granitum : -D +D dorsal habitus -E +E lateral habitus -F +F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Radicitus + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Radicitus may resemble some punctate - -Novochares + +Novochares but can be recognized by the short and stout maxillary palps, along with metafemora only partly covered by pubescence (long and slender maxillary palps with metafemora mostly covered by pubescence in - -Novochares + +Novochares ). - -Distribution. - -Neotropical + +Distribution. + +Neotropical : Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela; Fig. -6 +6 . - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + Species of - -Radicitus + +Radicitus have been found on a variety of habitats associated with streams and seeps on rock outcrops. Some have been collected by submerging root mats found along streams, and in the roots of vegetation growing on seepage areas on granite outcrops ( - + Short and -Garcia +Garcia 2014 ). - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + The immature stages of - -Radicitus + +Radicitus remain unknown. - -Taxonomic history. - - -Radicitus + +Taxonomic history. + + +Radicitus was only recently described. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + There are three known species of - -Radicitus + +Radicitus , all currently endemic to the Guiana Shield. - -Selected references. - - + +Selected references. + + Short and -Garcia +Garcia 2014 : original description of the genus and all known species; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/86/0D/F4/860DF4E4B70AE877796325D295B04CDA.xml b/data/86/0D/F4/860DF4E4B70AE877796325D295B04CDA.xml index 846b51e678c..a3f5b4589a4 100644 --- a/data/86/0D/F4/860DF4E4B70AE877796325D295B04CDA.xml +++ b/data/86/0D/F4/860DF4E4B70AE877796325D295B04CDA.xml @@ -1,542 +1,542 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus - + Novochares -Giron +Giron & Short -gen. nov. -Figs 1G -, 2 -, 6 -, 42 -, 43 +gen. nov. +Figs 1G +, 2 +, 6 +, 42 +, 43 - - -Helochares + + +Helochares "Clade D", -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Helochares tectiformis + +Type species. + + +Helochares tectiformis -Fernandez +Fernandez , 1982b; by present designation. - -Etymology. - + +Etymology. + From the Latin word -novus +novus , meaning new, in reference to the genus being restricted to the New World, combined with the ending -chares +chares , expressing affinity with - -Helochares + +Helochares . Masculine. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Medium sized beetles, body length 4.5-9.0 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view; slightly to moderately convex in lateral view, with dorsal outline nearly flat along anterior half of elytra, or somewhat evenly curved (Fig. -42 +42 ). Coloration usually uniformly dark brown, sometimes orange or pale brown; ground punctation shallow to moderately marked (Fig. -42 +42 ). Shape of head trapezoid. Eyes relatively large, not emarginated anteriorly, usually projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin broadly and roundly emarginate. Labrum fully exposed. Mentum with lateral longitudinal crenulations, lateral oblique ridges, and transverse crenulations along antero-medial area (Fig. -42C, F +42C, F ). Antennae with nine antennomeres; cupule strongly asymmetric, with rounded outline; antennomere 9 slightly to 2 -x +x longer than antennomere 7. Maxillary palps slender, moderately long, 1.1-1.5 -x +x the width of head; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 weakly and evenly curved to nearly straight, outer margin evenly curved or curved along apical half; maxillary palpomere 3 slightly longer than 4 (Fig. -42C, F +42C, F ). Prosternum flat to weakly convex. Elytra without sutural striae, with ground punctures usually shallowly marked; usually at least one row of systematic punctures visible along midline of each elytron; serial punctures sometimes visible along posterior half of elytra (e.g., Fig. -42D +42D ). Posterior elevation of mesoventrite, usually simply bulging, sometimes bulge impressed posteriorly, sometimes bulge extends anteriorly as low, shiny, and glabrous longitudinal ridge; anapleural sutures concave, separated at anterior margin by distance 0.6-0.9 -x +x the width of anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite with medial glabrous patch, sometimes very narrow and extending along entire length of metaventrite (e.g., Fig. -42C, F +42C, F ). Protibiae with spines of anterior row extremely reduced to tiny appressed denticles. Metafemora with tibial grooves well developed; hydrofuge pubescence covering basal 6/7 of anterior surface. Tarsomeres 1-4 with long, thick, and rather dense setae on ventral face, sometimes with only rows of short spines on metatarsomeres 2-4; metatarsomere 2 as long or slightly longer than 5 and as 3 and 4 combined. Fifth abdominal ventrite apically emarginate, with fringe of stout setae. Aedeagus divided (Fig. -43 +43 ); parameres separated from each other for most of their lengths; median lobe divided in dorsal and ventral plates; dorsal plate usually strongly sclerotized and elongated, often bifurcated or otherwise shaped along apical region; ventral plate sometimes reduced, usually simple and of variable length; basal piece 0.3 -x +x or less than length of parameres, usually clearly noticeable; gonopore usually clearly visible. - - -Figure 42. + + +Figure 42. Habitus of - -Novochares + +Novochares spp. -A-C - -N. sallaei +A-C + +N. sallaei : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D-F -N. +D-F +N. sp. (Peru): -D +D dorsal habitus -E +E lateral habitus -F +F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm. - - -Figure 43. + + +Figure 43. Aedeagi of - -Novochares + +Novochares spp. -A -N. +A +N. sp. (Ecuador) -B - -N. abbreviatus +B + +N. abbreviatus -C - -N. pallipes +C + +N. pallipes -D - -N. chaquensis +D + +N. chaquensis -E - -N. atratus +E + +N. atratus -F - -N. pichilingue +F + +N. pichilingue -G -N. cf. tectiformis -H -N. cf. coya -I -N. cf. guadelupensis -J -N. cf. cochlearis +G +N. cf. tectiformis +H +N. cf. coya +I +N. cf. guadelupensis +J +N. cf. cochlearis . Scale bars: 0.5 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Novochares + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Novochares includes medium sized, pale to dark brown species that are somewhat dorsoventrally compressed and highly polished (smooth, and often shiny) to the naked eye. In the New World the most similar genus is - -Aulonochares + +Aulonochares , from which it can be differentiated by the shape of the head [trapezoid in - -Novochares + +Novochares , subquadrate in - -Aulonochares + +Aulonochares (Fig. -11J +11J )], and the sculpture of the mentum (variously striate in - -Novochares + +Novochares , punctate in - -Aulonochares + +Aulonochares ). Some members of the New World - -Helochares + +Helochares may resemble - -Novochares + +Novochares in their external features, but the aedeagal form is completely different (tubular in - -Helochares + +Helochares , Figs -16E, F +16E, F , -37 +37 ; divided in - -Novochares + +Novochares , Figs -16G, H +16G, H , -43 +43 ). - + From the rest of acidocerines, - -Novochares + +Novochares externally is strikingly similar to the dark and highly polished members of the Old World genus - -Peltochares + +Peltochares (compare Fig. -1B +1B vs 1G), from which - -Novochares + +Novochares can be distinguished by the shape of the posterior elevation of the mesoventrite (simply and broadly bulging, often with additional anterior low longitudinal ridge in - -Novochares + +Novochares , longitudinally elevated in - -Peltochares + +Peltochares ), in addition to characteristics of the male genitalia (divided aedeagus in - -Novochares + +Novochares (Figs -16G, H +16G, H , -43 +43 ), spiked aedeagus in - -Peltochares + +Peltochares (Figs -16C, D +16C, D , -45 +45 ); see also explanation under the aedeagus section of Morphological variation in -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae and its taxonomic importance). - + To differentiate - -Novochares + +Novochares from dark brown, relatively flattened, highly polished, and 4-5 mm long species of - -Helochares + +Helochares , the most reliable feature for identification would be the male genitalia: - -Novochares + +Novochares always exhibit divided aedeagi (Figs -16G, H +16G, H , -43 +43 ; parameres separated from each other for most of their lengths, dorsal plate of the median lobe usually strongly sclerotized, elongated, often bifurcated or otherwise shaped along its apical region), whereas in - -Helochares + +Helochares the aedeagi are always tubular (Figs -16E, F +16E, F , -37A-H +37A-H ; parameres fused to each other for most of their lengths, median lobe with very long basal apodemes; see also explanation under the aedeagus section of Morphological variation in -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae and its taxonomic importance). - -Distribution. - -Nearctic + +Distribution. + +Nearctic : U.S.A. (Florida; thought to be introduced). -Neotropical +Neotropical : Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil (Amazonas, -Espirito +Espirito Santo, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, -Piaui +Piaui , Rio de Janeiro, -Sao +Sao Paulo), Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Lesser Antilles (Grenada, Guadeloupe, St. Vincent), Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela; Fig. -6 +6 . - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + Species of - -Novochares + +Novochares occur in a broad range of both lentic and lotic habitats; we are not aware of any seepage specialists in this lineage. Some species such as the widespread - -N. abbreviatus + +N. abbreviatus (Fabricius) are found in lentic habitats including marshes, swamps, and pond margins ( -Short 2005 +Short 2005 ). Forest pools with abundant leaf litter detritus are often very productive for a variety of species. - -Novochares atlanticus + +Novochares atlanticus (Clarkson and Ferreira-Jr.) was collected at temporary ponds with leaf litter and aquatic vegetation, either covered and shaded in the border of the forest (Clarkson and Ferreira-Jr. 2014), or in open areas. Some species come to lights. - -Fernandez + +Fernandez (1983) , in describing the immature stages of - -N. pallipes + +N. pallipes ( -Brulle +Brulle ), indicated that the species was found on coastal zones, associated with swamp plants ( - -Spirodela intermedia + +Spirodela intermedia ; -Araceae +Araceae ). - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + The immature stages are only known for - -Novochares pallipes + +Novochares pallipes ( -Brulle +Brulle ) (described as -Helochares +Helochares (s. str.) -Helochares pallipes -Brulle +Helochares pallipes +Brulle in - -Fernandez + +Fernandez 1983 : 444); egg sac, first, second and third instar larvae, and pupa are described and illustrated. From each egg sac, 80-103 larvae emerged ( - -Fernandez + +Fernandez 1983 ). - -Taxonomic history. - + +Taxonomic history. + Species of - -Novochares + +Novochares have been described since as early as 1801, but it was only with the investigations by -Fernandez +Fernandez in the 1980's ( - -Fernandez + +Fernandez 1981 , -1982a +1982a , -1982b +1982b , -1983 +1983 , -1989 +1989 ) that the group was studied in a comparative taxonomic framework beyond the description of single species. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + There are 15 species of - -Novochares + +Novochares described to date. Species of - -Novochares + +Novochares tend to have moderate to shallow punctation and serial punctures are usually absent. There is a group of species with serial punctures visible along the posterior half to third of the elytra (Clade D1 in -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 ). - -Species examined. - - -Novochares abbreviatus + +Species examined. + + +Novochares abbreviatus (Fabricius), - -N. carmona + +N. carmona (Short), - -N. chaquensis + +N. chaquensis ( -Fernandez +Fernandez ), - -N. cochlearis + +N. cochlearis ( -Fernandez +Fernandez ), - -N. coya + +N. coya ( -Fernandez +Fernandez ), - -N. guadelupensis + +N. guadelupensis ( -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont ), - -N. pallipes + +N. pallipes ( -Brulle +Brulle ), - -N. sallaei + +N. sallaei (Sharp), - -N. tectiformis + +N. tectiformis ( -Fernandez +Fernandez ). Paratypes of - -N. carmona + +N. carmona were examined for this study. - -Selected references. - - -Fernandez + +Selected references. + + +Fernandez 1982a : notes on the taxonomic status of some of the previously described species; - -Fernandez + +Fernandez 1982b : description of four new species; - -Fernandez + +Fernandez 1983 : description of immature stages for - -Novochares pallipes + +Novochares pallipes ( -Brulle +Brulle ); - -Fernandez + +Fernandez 1989 : one new species and identification key; -Short 2005 +Short 2005 : one new species with review of Central American species; Clarkson and Ferreira-Jr 2014: one new species and new records from southern Brazil; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/98/EC/B8/98ECB81B738A46C9C860D9572E16A8B5.xml b/data/98/EC/B8/98ECB81B738A46C9C860D9572E16A8B5.xml index 3c038b26fa5..473e21376de 100644 --- a/data/98/EC/B8/98ECB81B738A46C9C860D9572E16A8B5.xml +++ b/data/98/EC/B8/98ECB81B738A46C9C860D9572E16A8B5.xml @@ -1,545 +1,545 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus -Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 -Figs 2 -, 4 -, 11H -, 24 -, 25 +Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882 +Figs 2 +, 4 +, 11H +, 24 +, 25 - - -Chasmogenus + + +Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882: 73; - -Fernandez + +Fernandez 1986 : 189 [generic status reinstated]. - -Chasmogenus fragilis + +Chasmogenus fragilis Type species: -Chasmogenus fragilis +Chasmogenus fragilis Sharp, 1882: 73; by monotypy. - -Helochares (Chasmogenus) + +Helochares (Chasmogenus) Sharp; - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont 1919c : 149 [as subgenus of -Helochares +Helochares ]; Knisch 1924: 195 [catalog]. - -Dieroxenus + +Dieroxenus Spangler, 1979: 753; - -Giron + +Giron and Short 2018 : 154 [synonymy]. - -Dieroxenus cremnobates + +Dieroxenus cremnobates Type species: -Dieroxenus cremnobates +Dieroxenus cremnobates Spangler, 1979: 754; by original designation and monotypy. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Chasmogenus fragilis + +Type species. + + +Chasmogenus fragilis Sharp, 1882: 73; by monotypy. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Body length ranging from 2.5-5.0 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view, parallel-sided to broader around midlength, dorsoventrally flattened, weakly to moderately convex in lateral view (Fig. -24 +24 ), either evenly convex or flattened along anterior half. Surface of head, pronotum and elytra smooth, with usually shallow ground punctation. Coloration ranging from yellowish orange to dark brown, usually uniform along body, sometimes darker on head or only frons. Shape of head trapezoid (Fig. -11H +11H ). Eyes varying in size, usually subquadrate in dorsal view, only very weakly emarginated anteriorly, and usually projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin mesally weakly to strongly emarginated; membranous preclypeal area visible when clypeus strongly emarginated (Fig. -11H +11H ). Labrum fully exposed, semioval, anteriorly mesally emarginated. Mentum usually rather smooth, with anterior depression often reaching midlength of mentum, sometimes limited by low transverse carina. Antennae with eight antennomeres, with cupule slightly asymmetric and rounded. Maxillary palps usually slender and slightly longer than width of head, with inner margin slightly and evenly curved, and outer margin curved along apical half. Pronotum evenly convex. Elytra with sutural striae, with outer margins slightly flared; ground punctures usually only shallowly marked, serial punctures absent and at least one median row of systematic punctures clearly visible on each elytron (Fig. -24 +24 ). Surface of prosternum usually flat, only rarely with low medial carina along intercoxal process. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite with an either blunt or sharp longitudinal elevation; anapleural sutures sinuate, separated at anterior margin by distance similar or slightly shorter than anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite with posteromesal and posterolateral glabrous patches (Fig. -24C +24C ). Protibiae with spines of anterior row semi erect, relatively long, thick and sparse; apical spurs of protibiae moderately long and thick, reaching apex of protarsomere 2. Metafemora with tibial grooves moderately developed, with sharp posterior margin; hydrofuge pubescence covering at least basal 3/4 of anterior surface of metafemora (Fig. -24C, F +24C, F ). Metatarsomeres 2-4 with two rows of spiniform setae on ventral surface; metatarsomere 5 nearly as long as 3 and 4 combined; metatarsomere 2 shorter to nearly as long as 5. Apex of fifth abdominal ventrite emarginate, with fringe of flat and stout setae. Aedeagus trilobed (Fig. -25 +25 ); basal piece shorter to nearly as long as parameres; outline of apical region of parameres variable; sometimes parameres asymmetrical; median lobe triangular, either simple or bearing additional sclerite, with well-developed lateral basal apodemes and gonopore. - - -Figure 24. + + +Figure 24. Habitus of - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus spp. -A-C - -C. ruidus +A-C + +C. ruidus : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D-F - -C. cremnobates +D-F + +C. cremnobates : -D +D dorsal habitus -E +E lateral habitus -F +F ventral habitus -G - -C. lineatus +G + +C. lineatus -H - -C. amplius +H + +C. amplius -I - -C. itatiaia +I + +C. itatiaia -J - -C. fluminensis +J + +C. fluminensis . -G, H +G, H from -Smith and Short 2020 +Smith and Short 2020 ; -I, J +I, J from Clarkson and Ferreira Jr 2014. Scale bars: 1 mm. - - -Figure 25. + + +Figure 25. Aedeagi of - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus spp. -A - -C. acuminatus +A + +C. acuminatus -B - -C. schmits +B + +C. schmits -C - -C. lineatus +C + +C. lineatus -D, E - -C. tafelbergensis +D, E + +C. tafelbergensis : -D +D dorsal view -E +E lateral view. Images from -Smith and Short 2020 +Smith and Short 2020 . Scale bars: 0.5 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Chasmogenus + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Chasmogenus most closely resembles - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares , although they do not co-occur in the same biogeographic regions ( - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus occurs exclusively in the Neotropical region, whereas - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares occurs throughout the Old World). They can be differentiated by the number of antennomeres (eight in - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus , nine in - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares ) and by the form of the aedeagus (trilobed in most - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus , Fig. -25 +25 ), divided and further modified in - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares , Fig. -27B-D +27B-D ). Among New World taxa, - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus can easily be distinguished by the presence of sutural striae, a character shared only with - -Primocerus + +Primocerus , from which it can be distinguished by the shape of the posterior elevation of the mesoventrite: longitudinally elevated in - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus , transversally elevated in - -Primocerus + +Primocerus . Although - -Primocerus + +Primocerus is quite rare and has a more restricted range in the Neotropics compared with - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus , the two genera can co-occur in forested steams in the Guiana Shield region. - -Distribution. - -Neotropical + +Distribution. + +Neotropical : Argentina, Brazil ( -Amapa +Amapa , Amazonas, Minas Gerais, -Para +Para , -Piaui +Piaui , Rio de Janeiro, Roraima, -Sao +Sao Paulo), Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela; Fig. -4 +4 . - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + The vast majority of - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus are known from forested habitats, including the margins of streams and forest pools. A few species are known from open marsh habitats (e.g., - -Chasmogenus australis + +Chasmogenus australis -Garcia +Garcia and - -Chasmogenus sapucay + +Chasmogenus sapucay -Fernandez +Fernandez ). They can be found among the vegetation and submerged leaf litter. They are also attracted to lights, though usually not in large numbers. Only one species [ - -Chasmogenus cremobates + +Chasmogenus cremobates (Spangler)] has been collected in seepages. See -Smith and Short (2020) +Smith and Short (2020) for more detail on habitat information. - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + The larvae of - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus remain unknown. The only descriptions of immature stages were made for - -Chasmogenus nitescens + +Chasmogenus nitescens Fauvel (from Australia), which is now assigned to - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares . - -Taxonomic history. - - -Chasmogenus + +Taxonomic history. + + +Chasmogenus was originally described by -Sharp (1882) +Sharp (1882) as a genus to accommodate one Neotropical species from Guatemala and Panama. - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1919c : 149) synonymized - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus with - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares (from the Old World) and placed it as a subgenus of - -Helochares + +Helochares . The generic rank of - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus was re-established by - -Fernandez + +Fernandez (1986 : 189), with - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares maintained as a junior synonym. Some authors continued to treat - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares as a valid subgenus (e.g., -Hebauer 1992 +Hebauer 1992 , 1995) while others did not recognize any distinction between the two names ( -Hansen 1991 +Hansen 1991 , 1999). The monotypic genus - -Dieroxenus + +Dieroxenus was synonymized with - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus by - -Giron + +Giron and Short (2018) . The recent phylogeny by -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) offered support considering - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus and - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares as separate genera and affirmed - -Dieroxenus + +Dieroxenus as a derived lineage within - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus . - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + There are 33 described species of - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus to date, and we are aware of many yet undescribed species in South America. - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus is a fairly commonly found group of beetles with very little variation in external morphology. Recent collecting efforts and taxonomic study in the genus have revealed a hidden diversity and interesting biogeographic patterns in South America ( -Smith and Short 2020 +Smith and Short 2020 ). - -Species examined. - - -Chasmogenus australis + +Species examined. + + +Chasmogenus australis -Garcia +Garcia *, - -C. amplius + +C. amplius Smith & Short*, - -C. bariorum + +C. bariorum -Garcia +Garcia *, - -C. barrae + +C. barrae Short*, - -C. cremnobates + +C. cremnobates (Spangler), - -C. lineatus + +C. lineatus Smith & Short*, C. - -Chasmogenus lorenzo + +Chasmogenus lorenzo Short*, - -C. ruidus + +C. ruidus Short*, - -C. schmits + +C. schmits Smith & Short*. Paratypes of the species marked with an asterisk were available for this study. - -Selected references. - -Sharp 1882 + +Selected references. + +Sharp 1882 : 73: genus description; -Spangler 1979 +Spangler 1979 : 753: description of - -Dieroxenus + +Dieroxenus ; - -Fernandez + +Fernandez 1986 : notes on the genus and one new species; -Hebauer 1992 +Hebauer 1992 : notes, recognition of two subgenera, emphasis on - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares ; -Garcia +Garcia 2000: four new species from Venezuela; -Short 2005 +Short 2005 : new species from Costa Rica; - + Short and -Fikacek +Fikacek 2013 : inclusion of - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus species in molecular phylogeny; -Clarkson and Ferreira-Jr 2014b +Clarkson and Ferreira-Jr 2014b : four new species from Brazil; - -Giron + +Giron and Short 2018 : synonymization of - -Dieroxenus + +Dieroxenus ; -Alves et al. 2020 +Alves et al. 2020 : description of a new species from Brazil; -Smith and Short 2020 +Smith and Short 2020 : description of 18 new species from northeastern South America; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/A3/1E/3B/A31E3BC7EE538638DD8BBA79A4B08822.xml b/data/A3/1E/3B/A31E3BC7EE538638DD8BBA79A4B08822.xml index 91e11e032b8..cbb11da00be 100644 --- a/data/A3/1E/3B/A31E3BC7EE538638DD8BBA79A4B08822.xml +++ b/data/A3/1E/3B/A31E3BC7EE538638DD8BBA79A4B08822.xml @@ -1,418 +1,418 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus -Helobata Bergroth, 1888 -Figs 1J -, 2 -, 5 -, 11L -, 33 -, 34 +Helobata Bergroth, 1888 +Figs 1J +, 2 +, 5 +, 11L +, 33 +, 34 - - -Helopeltis + + +Helopeltis Horn, 1873: 137. - -Helopeltis larvalis + +Helopeltis larvalis Type species: -Helopeltis larvalis +Helopeltis larvalis Horn, 1873: 137; by monotypy. - -Helobata + +Helobata Bergroth, 1888: 221 - Replacement name for -Helopeltis +Helopeltis Horn, 1873. - -Helopeltina + +Helopeltina Cockerell, 1906: 240 - Replacement name for -Helopeltis +Helopeltis Horn, 1873. - -Helopeltis larvalis + +Helopeltis larvalis Type species: -Helopeltis larvalis +Helopeltis larvalis Horn, 1873: 137. - -Gender. -Feminine. + +Gender. +Feminine. - -Type species. - - -Helopeltis larvalis + +Type species. + + +Helopeltis larvalis Horn, 1873: 137; by monotypy. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Medium sized beetles, body length 4-7 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view, dorsoventrally flattened, with dorsal outline nearly straight along medial third in lateral view (Fig. -33 +33 ); surface even and granulate. From yellowish, orange brown to dark brown in coloration, usually with patterns along elytra, with different areas of head and pronotum darkened. Shape of head somewhat trapezoid (Fig. -11L +11L ). Anterior corners of frons extended laterally and posteriorly, emarginating anterior margin of eyes. Eyes of moderate size, somewhat oval, anteriorly deeply emarginated, not projected from outline of head. Clypeus somewhat pentagonal, laterally explanate, with anterior margin usually straight (Fig. -11L +11L ). Labrum concealed by clypeus (Fig. -11L +11L ). Mentum with surface variably sculptured, usually with oblique and transverse striae (Fig. -33C +33C ). Antennae with eight antennomeres, with cupule strongly asymmetric and oval in outline. Maxillary palps slender, slightly longer than greatest width of head; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 weakly and evenly curved, and outer margin weakly curved along apical third (Fig. -33C +33C ). Pronotum with surface of lateral areas flat. Elytra without sutural striae, with outer margins laterally explanate; serial punctures clearly aligned in longitudinal rows (Fig. -33A +33A ). Scutellar shield U-shaped. Surface of prosternum flat, to medially bulging, smooth to irregularly sculptured. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite only weakly bulging, with pair of lateral, longitudinal, low ridges; anapleural sutures nearly parallel along anterior section, separated anteriorly by distance slightly shorter than anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite uniformly covered by hydrofuge pubescence, with medial, narrow, and slightly carinate glabrous patch; posterolateral glabrous patches reduced. Protibiae with spines of anterior row short and semi erect; apical spurs of protibiae reduced, much shorter than protarsomere 1. Metafemora with tibial grooves moderately developed; hydrofuge pubescence covering 5/6 of anterior surface (Fig. -33C +33C ). Tarsomeres 1-4 ventrally densely covered by setae; metatarsomere 2 longer than 3 and 4 combined, 1 nearly as long as 3, and 5 nearly as long as 2-4 combined. Fifth abdominal ventrite apically emarginate, with fringe of flat and stout setae. Aedeagus divided (Fig. -34 +34 ), parameres separated from each other for most of their lengths; median lobe divided in dorsal and ventral plates; dorsal plate usually strongly sclerotized; ventral plate bilaterally bifurcated, forming thick lateral lobes along apical region; basal piece nearly 0.2 -x +x the length of parameres, always noticeable; gonopore not clearly visible. - - -FIgure 33. + + +FIgure 33. Habitus of - -Helobata + +Helobata spp. -A-C - -H. larvalis +A-C + +H. larvalis : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D - -H. quatipuru +D + +H. quatipuru (from -Clarkson and Almeida 2018 +Clarkson and Almeida 2018 ) -E - -H. amazonensis +E + +H. amazonensis (from -Clarkson and Almeida 2018 +Clarkson and Almeida 2018 ) -F - -H. pantaneira +F + +H. pantaneira (from -Clarkson et al. 2016 +Clarkson et al. 2016 ). Scale bars: 1 mm. - - -Figure 34. + + +Figure 34. Aedeagi of - -Helobata + +Helobata spp. -A, B - -H. pantaneira +A, B + +H. pantaneira (from -Clarkson et al. 2016 +Clarkson et al. 2016 ): -A +A dorsal view -B +B lateral view -C, D - -H. quatipuru +C, D + +H. quatipuru ( -Clarkson and Almeida 2018 +Clarkson and Almeida 2018 ) -A +A dorsal view -D +D lateral view -E - -H. +E + +H. sp. (Ecuador), dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Helobata + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Helobata is one of the most -Peltochares conspicuous +Peltochares conspicuous genera of acidocerines, especially in the New World. The flattened and broadly explanate body shape and concealed labrum, accompanied by granulose surface, long and slender maxillary palps and well-defined elytral serial punctures, are quite unique in the subfamily. The only genus that shares some of these features is - -Helopeltarium + +Helopeltarium , except that the latter has short maxillary palps, smooth surface and lacks serial punctures along the elytra. The configuration of the aedeagus (Fig. -34 +34 ), in particular the thickness of the lateral lobes of the ventral plate of the median lobe, is also unique among acidocerines. - -Distribution. - -Nearctic + +Distribution. + +Nearctic : United States (California, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia). -Neotropical +Neotropical : Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Amazonas, -Ceara +Ceara , Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, -Para +Para , Rio de Janeiro, Roraima), Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela; Fig. -5 +5 . - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + Species of - -Helobata + +Helobata occur primarily in open habitats with abundant vegetation. According to -Clarkson et al. (2016) +Clarkson et al. (2016) , specimens of - -Helobata + +Helobata are uncommonly encountered and occur in marshes, swamps, and ponds, most often in small numbers, although they are rarely found in modest amounts (dozens of individuals; Short, pers. obs.). According to -Archangelsky (1997) +Archangelsky (1997) , they can be found in slow moving creeks or rivers, living among the littoral vegetation or on floating plants. They are attracted to lights. Females have been observed carrying their egg cases attached to the ventral side of their abdominal ventrites ( -Archangelsky 1997 +Archangelsky 1997 ). - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + The larva (first instar) and egg case are only known for - -Helobata larvalis + +Helobata larvalis ; these immature stages were described by -Spangler and Cross (1972) +Spangler and Cross (1972) . A differential diagnosis of the first instar larva was provided by - -Fikacek + +Fikacek (2003) . - -Taxonomic history. - + +Taxonomic history. + This genus was described by -Horn (1873) +Horn (1873) under the name - -Helopeltis + +Helopeltis , which was preoccupied by - -Helopeltis + +Helopeltis Signoret, 1858 ( -Hemiptera +Hemiptera ). -Bergroth (1888) +Bergroth (1888) proposed the name - -Helobata + +Helobata as a replacement name for - -Helopeltis + +Helopeltis Horn, whereas -Cockerell (1906a) +Cockerell (1906a) proposed the name - -Helopeltina + +Helopeltina . - -Helobata + +Helobata has priority, so it is the currently valid name for the genus, which was revised by - -Fernandez + +Fernandez and Bachmann (1987) . - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + There are 13 species of - -Helobata + +Helobata described to date. The type species, - -Helobata larvalis + +Helobata larvalis (Horn), has generally been known under the name - -Helobata striata + +Helobata striata (originally published as - -Hydrophilus striatus + +Hydrophilus striatus -Brulle +Brulle , 1841: 58, which is a primary homonym of - -Hydrophilus striatus + +Hydrophilus striatus Say, 1825 [now - -Berosus striatus + +Berosus striatus (Say)]; therefore unavailable. The name - -Helobata larvalis + +Helobata larvalis (Horn) was then reinstated by -Hansen (1991 +Hansen (1991 : 293). Photos of a syntype of - -Helopeltis larvalis + +Helopeltis larvalis (Horn) are available at https://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/guid/MCZ:Ent:101 (accessed 9 January 2021). The external morphology of members of - -Helobata + +Helobata is very homogeneous. Some variation can be observed in the shape of the clypeus (e.g., -Fernandez +Fernandez 1987; -Clarkson et al. 2016 +Clarkson et al. 2016 ). - -Helobata + +Helobata is the only Neotropical genus truly widespread in the New World, as it ranges from southeastern North America, all the way to Argentina and Southern Brazil. - -Species examined. - - -Helobata cuivaum + +Species examined. + + +Helobata cuivaum -Garcia +Garcia (paratype), - -H. larvalis + +H. larvalis (Horn), and - -H. lilianae + +H. lilianae -Garcia +Garcia (paratype). - -Selected references. - -Horn 1873 + +Selected references. + +Horn 1873 : original description of the genus and the type species; -Spangler and Cross 1972 +Spangler and Cross 1972 : description of egg case and first instar larva; - -Fernandez + +Fernandez and Bachmann 1987 : review of the genus, description of four new species from Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay; -Garcia +Garcia 2000: three new species from Venezuela; -Makhan 2007 +Makhan 2007 : two new species from Suriname; -Clarkson et al. 2016 +Clarkson et al. 2016 : two new species from Brazil, review and new country records of Brazilian species; -Clarkson and Almeida 2018 +Clarkson and Almeida 2018 : new records from Brazil; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/A5/8E/2B/A58E2BA21C04E7D1257E011A2B9DBB0C.xml b/data/A5/8E/2B/A58E2BA21C04E7D1257E011A2B9DBB0C.xml index 93a3597d4b8..4d9c37924bf 100644 --- a/data/A5/8E/2B/A58E2BA21C04E7D1257E011A2B9DBB0C.xml +++ b/data/A5/8E/2B/A58E2BA21C04E7D1257E011A2B9DBB0C.xml @@ -1,284 +1,284 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus - + Katasophistes -Giron +Giron & Short, 2018 -Figs 2 -, 5 -, 39 -, 40A-D +Figs 2 +, 5 +, 39 +, 40A-D - - -Katasophistes -Giron + + +Katasophistes +Giron & Short, 2018: 132. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Katasophistes merida + +Type species. + + +Katasophistes merida -Giron +Giron & Short, 2018: 136; by original designation. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Medium to small beetles, body length 2.7-4.5 mm. Body shape oval to elongated in dorsal view; moderately and evenly convex in lateral view (Fig. -39 +39 ). Color orange brown to dark brown, rather uniform along body regions (Fig. -39 +39 ). Shape of head trapezoid. Eyes relatively small, subquadrate, at most only slightly emarginated anteriorly, moderately projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin broadly emarginate. Labrum fully exposed. Mentum with strong median anterior depression sometimes limited by low transverse carina; surface of mentum with lateral oblique ridges (Fig. -39C, F +39C, F ). Antennae with nine antennomeres; cupule slightly asymmetric, with rounded outline. Maxillary palps moderately long, 0.7 -x +x to nearly as long as width of head; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 slightly curved near apex, outer margin curved, sometimes strongly, along apical half (Fig. -39C, F +39C, F ). Each elytron with five rows of deep/large systematic punctures; elytra without sutural striae, with outer margins slightly flared; serial punctures absent (Fig. -39A, D +39A, D ). Prosternum slightly convex to tectiform. Posterior elevation of mesoventrite, with a well-defined, curved transverse ridge; anapleural sutures forming an obtuse angle, separated at anterior margin by distance 0.2-0.3 -x +x the width of anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite densely pubescent, except for large median rhomboid glabrous patch (Fig. -39C, F +39C, F ). Protibiae with spines of anterior row hair-like, semi erect, relatively long and thick. All tarsomeres bearing long apical hair-like setae on dorsal face, and hair-like spines on ventral face of tarsomeres 2-4. Posterior femora glabrous at most along apical third (Fig. -39C, F +39C, F ). Fifth abdominal ventrite apically truncate to slightly emarginate, with fringe of stout setae. Aedeagus trilobed (Fig. -40A-D +40A-D ), nearly parallel sided, with basal piece between 0.5 and 1.1 -x +x length of parameres; median lobe wider than each paramere, gradually narrowing apically, with -Peltochares conspicuous +Peltochares conspicuous median longitudinal sclerotization, and well-developed lateral basal apodemes; apex of median lobe acute; parameres nearly as long as median lobe, with apical setae; gonopore preapically situated. - - -Figure 39. + + +Figure 39. Habitus of - -Katasophistes + +Katasophistes spp. -A-C - -K. merida +A-C + +K. merida : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D-F - -K. superficialis +D-F + +K. superficialis : -D +D dorsal habitus -E +E lateral habitus -F +F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm. - - -Figure 40. + + +Figure 40. Aedeagi of - -Katasophistes + +Katasophistes and - -Nanosaphes + +Nanosaphes spp. -A - -K. charynae +A + +K. charynae -B - -K. cuzco +B + +K. cuzco -C - -K. merida +C + +K. merida -D - -K. superficialis +D + +K. superficialis -E - -N. tricolor +E + +N. tricolor -F - -N. hesperus +F + +N. hesperus -G - -N. castaneus +G + +N. castaneus -H - -N. punctatus +H + +N. punctatus . Scale bars: 0.3 mm ( -A-C +A-C ); 0.1 mm ( -E-H +E-H ). - -Differential diagnosis. - + +Differential diagnosis. + At first glance - -Katasophistes + +Katasophistes may appear similar to some species of - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus , however the lack of sutural striae easily separates the two. The enlargement of the rows of elytral systematic punctures is also rare within the -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae (found in some - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus and - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus ) and will separate it from New World - -Helochares + +Helochares , with which it may also be confused. - -Distribution. - -Neotropical + +Distribution. + +Neotropical : Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela; Fig. -5 +5 . - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + One species ( - -K. merida + +K. merida ) is known from seepages in the Venezuelan Andes. The other described species are known from forested stream pools with abundant detritus in Ecuador and Peru. - -Larvae. -Immature stages are not known for the genus. + +Larvae. +Immature stages are not known for the genus. - -Taxonomic history. - - -Katasophistes + +Taxonomic history. + + +Katasophistes was only recently described. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + There are four known species of - -Katasophistes + +Katasophistes , all of them from Andean or Andean-adjacent localities. - -Species examined. -Holotypes and paratypes of all known species were available for this study. + +Species examined. +Holotypes and paratypes of all known species were available for this study. - -Selected references. - - -Giron + +Selected references. + + +Giron and Short 2018 : original description of the genus and all its known species; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/B8/13/6D/B8136D6F704C9A23DBC94DEE71C425A1.xml b/data/B8/13/6D/B8136D6F704C9A23DBC94DEE71C425A1.xml index d7a3528dc13..afff43ee185 100644 --- a/data/B8/13/6D/B8136D6F704C9A23DBC94DEE71C425A1.xml +++ b/data/B8/13/6D/B8136D6F704C9A23DBC94DEE71C425A1.xml @@ -1,212 +1,212 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - - + + + + Genus -Troglochares Spangler, 1981 -Figs 6 -, 56 +Troglochares Spangler, 1981 +Figs 6 +, 56 - - -Troglochares + + +Troglochares Spangler, 1981a: 316. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Troglochares ashmolei + +Type species. + + +Troglochares ashmolei Spangler, 1981a: 318; by original designation and monotypy. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Small beetles, body length 1.9 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view; moderately convex in lateral view ( -Hansen 1991 +Hansen 1991 : fig. 39). Color yellowish light brown; ground punctation extremely shallowly marked. Shape of head somewhat oval. Eyes absent (Fig. -56B +56B ). Clypeus trapezoidal, with anterior margin broadly emarginate, with medial region of emargination nearly straight (Fig. -56B +56B ). Labrum fully exposed, convex. Mentum rather smooth and antero-medially depressed; median anterior depression broad. Antennae with nine antennomeres ( -Spangler 1981a +Spangler 1981a : fig. 3); cupule slightly asymmetric, with rounded outline. Maxillary palps slender, nearly as long as width of head; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 nearly straight, outer margin curved along apical third; maxillary palpomere 3 slightly shorter than 4. Prosternum non carinate, slightly convex. Elytra without sutural striae; ground punctation fine, shallow; outer margins slightly flared (Fig. -56A +56A ). Posterior elevation of mesoventrite with curved, transverse ridge ( -Spangler 1981a +Spangler 1981a : fig. 8); anapleural sutures concave, separated at anterior margin by distance 0.7 -x +x width of anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite densely pubescent except for median short and narrow posterior glabrous patch; metaventrite short (nearly as long as first abdominal ventrite; -Spangler 1981a +Spangler 1981a : fig. 8). Protibiae with spines of anterior row long; apical spurs of protibiae moderately slender, reaching apex of protarsomere 2; metatarsomeres 2-4 slightly decreasing in size; metatarsomere 5 nearly as long as 2-4 combined. Posterior femora densely covered by hydrofuge pubescence along basal 2/3 ( -Spangler 1981a +Spangler 1981a : fig. 8). Fifth abdominal ventrite apically truncate, without stout setae ( -Spangler 1981a +Spangler 1981a : fig. 9). - - -Figure 56. + + +Figure 56. Holotype and labels of - -Troglochares ashmolei + +Troglochares ashmolei -A +A mount of holotype -B +B head, dorsal view -C +C labels. - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Troglochares + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Troglochares is the only genus of acidocerines (and Hydrophilids) lacking eyes. - -Distribution. - -Neotropical + +Distribution. + +Neotropical : Ecuador; Fig. -6 +6 . - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + The only known specimen was collected in a cave on calcite formations and is presumably aquatic ( -Spangler 1981a +Spangler 1981a ). - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + The immature stages are unknown for - -Troglochares + +Troglochares . - -Taxonomic history. - + +Taxonomic history. + The genus and its only known species were described by -Spangler (1981a) +Spangler (1981a) . - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + The genus is only known from a single female specimen, which is pin-mounted in pieces (Fig. -56 +56 ). This species was not included in the molecular phylogeny by -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) . Its assignment to the - -Tobochares + +Tobochares group is based primarily on its tiny size (excluding the - -Helochares + +Helochares group), presence in the Neotropical region (excluding the - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus group), and lack of a sutural stria (excluding the - -Primocerus + +Primocerus and - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus groups). - -Species examined. - + +Species examined. + The holotype specimen of - -Troglochares ashmolei + +Troglochares ashmolei Spangler was examined. - -Selected references. - -Spangler 1981a + +Selected references. + +Spangler 1981a : original description; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : morphological affinities discussed in a phylogenetic context. diff --git a/data/BD/3F/78/BD3F78871BF9B0EBFB01ED802A043F68.xml b/data/BD/3F/78/BD3F78871BF9B0EBFB01ED802A043F68.xml index 8a37580e102..d400711af7d 100644 --- a/data/BD/3F/78/BD3F78871BF9B0EBFB01ED802A043F68.xml +++ b/data/BD/3F/78/BD3F78871BF9B0EBFB01ED802A043F68.xml @@ -1,1398 +1,1398 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus -Helochares Mulsant, 1844 -Figs 1E, F -, 2 -, 5 -, 11F -, 35 -, 36 -, 37A-H +Helochares Mulsant, 1844 +Figs 1E, F +, 2 +, 5 +, 11F +, 35 +, 36 +, 37A-H - - -Helophilus + + +Helophilus Mulsant, 1844a: 132 [rejected name no. 1707 (ICZN 1964, Opinion 710)]. - -Helochares + +Helochares Mulsant, 1844a: 197; replacement name for -Helophilus +Helophilus Mulsant, 1844a: 132; official name no. 1601 (ICZN 1964, Opinion 710). - -Enhydrus + +Enhydrus Dahl 1823: 34 [nomen nudum; rejected name no. 1705 (ICZN 1964, Opinion 710)]. - -Enhydrus + +Enhydrus MacLeay, 1825: 35 [rejected name no. 1704 (ICZN 1964, Opinion 710)]. - -Pylophilus + +Pylophilus Motschulsky, 1845: 32. - -Hydrophilus griseus + +Hydrophilus griseus Type species: -Hydrophilus griseus +Hydrophilus griseus Fabricius, 1787: 189; fixed by monotypy = -Dytiscus lividus +Dytiscus lividus Forster, 1771. - -Peloxenus + +Peloxenus Motschulsky, 1845: 549; replacement name for -Pylophilus +Pylophilus Motschulsky, 1845. - -Helophygas + +Helophygas Motschulsky, 1853: 11 [rejected name no. 1708 (ICZN 1964, Opinion 710)]. - -Helocharis + +Helocharis Thomson, 1859: 18 [incorrect subsequent spelling]. - -Hydrobaticus + +Hydrobaticus MacLeay, 1871: 131, syn. nov. - -Hydrobaticus tristis + +Hydrobaticus tristis Type species: -Hydrobaticus tristis +Hydrobaticus tristis MacLeay, 1871: 131; by subsequent designation by - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1943a : 2); originally described as genus; downgraded to subgenus of -Helochares +Helochares by - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1919c : 148). - -Helocharimorphus + +Helocharimorphus Kuwert, 1890: 306, syn. nov. - -Helocharimorphus sharpi + +Helocharimorphus sharpi Type species: -Helocharimorphus sharpi +Helocharimorphus sharpi Kuwert, 1890: 307; by monotypy; originally described as genus; downgraded to subgenus of -Helochares +Helochares by - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1919c : 148). - -Graphelochares + +Graphelochares Kuwert, 1890: 38. - -Helophilus melanophthalmus + +Helophilus melanophthalmus Type species: -Helophilus melanophthalmus +Helophilus melanophthalmus Mulsant, 1844a: 137; by monotypy. - -Grapidelochares + +Grapidelochares Ganglbauer, 1904: 248; [unjustified emendation of -Graphelochares +Graphelochares Kuwert, 1890]. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Dytiscus lividus + +Type species. + + +Dytiscus lividus Forster, 1771: 52; by subsequent designation ( -Thomson 1859 +Thomson 1859 : 18). - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Small to medium sized beetles, body length 2-7 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view; slightly to moderately convex in lateral view, with dorsal outline nearly flat along anterior half of elytra, or somewhat evenly curved (Figs -35 +35 , -36 +36 ). Coloration usually yellowish brown, sometimes orange brown, pale brown to medium brown; ground punctation shallow (e.g., Fig. -35D +35D ) to strongly marked (e.g., Fig. -36D +36D ). Shape of head trapezoid to oval (e.g., Fig. -11F +11F ). Eyes medium sized to large, not or moderately emarginated anteriorly, usually projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin broadly and roundly emarginate; sometimes lateral margins of clypeus slightly bent upwards. Labrum fully exposed. Mentum rather flat, sparsely punctate, coarsely to shallowly, rarely striate (e.g., Figs -35C +35C , -36C +36C ); median anterior depression of mentum relatively shallow; submentum shallowly punctate to smooth. Antennae with nine antennomeres; cupule strongly asymmetric, with rounded outline; antennomere 9 slightly, to 3 -x +x longer than antennomere 7. Maxillary palps slender, moderately long, 0.6-1.2 -x +x the width of head (e.g., Figs -35C +35C , -36C +36C ); inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 weakly and evenly curved to nearly straight, outer margin evenly curved to curved along apical 2/3; maxillary palpomere 3 slightly longer than 4. Prosternum flat to medially bulging to tectiform. Elytra without sutural striae, with ground punctures usually moderately marked; often with serial punctures forming ten longitudinal rows along elytra (e.g., Fig. -35A +35A ). Posterior elevation of mesoventrite, flat to simply bulging (e.g., Fig. -35C +35C ); bulge usually with long fine setae; anapleural sutures strongly concave, nearly parallel along anterior section, separated anteriorly by distance 0.6-1.0 -x +x anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite densely covered by hydrofuge pubescence, without glabrous patches (e.g., Figs -35C +35C , -36C +36C ). Protibiae with spines of anterior row either nearly absent (e.g., Fig. -35C +35C ) or as long thick semi-erect setae. Metafemora with tibial grooves weakly developed to absent; hydrofuge pubescence covering basal 6/7 of anterior surface. Tarsomeres 1-4 with pair of lateral rows of long fine spines on ventral face, sometimes ventral face densely covered by hair-like spines; tarsomere 5 with medial row of long fine spines; metatarsomeres variable in proportions (2-4 gradually decreasing in size with 5 nearly as long as 3 and 4 combined; 2 and 5 similar in length, each slightly longer than 3 and 4 combined). Fifth abdominal ventrite apically emarginate, with fringe of stout setae. Aedeagus tubular (Fig. -37A-H +37A-H ); parameres fused to each other for most of their lengths, with apex either simple or bifurcate/bilobate; median lobe with very long basal apodemes (as long or longer than main piece of median lobe), often extending beyond base of parameres in repose; median lobe either simple (without subdivisions), or with multiple and different kinds of sclerotizations of inner membranes; basal piece usually much shorter than parameres; gonopore of variable development, usually visible when median lobe is simple. - - -Figure 35. + + +Figure 35. Habitus of - -Helochares + +Helochares spp. -A-C - -Helochares tristis +A-C + +Helochares tristis : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D-F - -H. sharpi +D-F + +H. sharpi : -D +D dorsal habitus -E +E lateral habitus -F +F ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - + +Differential diagnosis. + In the present definition, most species of - -Helochares + +Helochares are yellowish to brown in coloration, ranging in size from 2-7 mm (e.g., Figs -35 +35 , -36 +36 ), usually moderately punctate throughout the dorsal surface, and most diverse in the Old World. Smaller members of the genus may be confused with - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus , from which - -Helochares + +Helochares can be distinguished by its uniformly pubescent metaventrite (e.g., 36C, F; - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus bears a distinct posteromedian glabrous patch on the metaventrite, e.g., Fig. -18F, I +18F, I ). From - -Peltochares + +Peltochares , and - -Novochares + +Novochares , members of - -Helochares + +Helochares can be distinguished by their shorter and relatively stout maxillary palps [0.6-1.2 -x +x the width of the head in - -Helochares + +Helochares (e.g., Fig. -35C +35C ), as opposed to slender, 1.3-1.8 -x +x in - -Peltochares + +Peltochares (e.g., Fig. -44C, F +44C, F ), 1.1-1.5 -x +x in - -Novochares + +Novochares (e.g., Fig. -42C, F +42C, F )]; and by the development of the tibial grooves (weakly developed to absent in - -Helochares + +Helochares , well developed in both - -Novochares + +Novochares and - -Peltochares + +Peltochares ). The most problematic species would be those that are dark brown, relatively flattened, highly polished, and 4-5 mm long. In those cases, the most reliable feature for identification would be the male genitalia: - -Helochares + +Helochares has tubular aedeagi (e.g., Figs -16E, F +16E, F , -37A-H +37A-H ), - -Peltochares + +Peltochares has spiked aedeagi (e.g., Figs -16C, D +16C, D , -45 +45 ), and - -Novochares + +Novochares has divided aedeagi (e.g., Figs -16G, H +16G, H , -43 +43 ); see explanation of aedeagal types under the aedeagus section of Morphological variation in -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae and its taxonomic importance). - - -Figure 36. + + +Figure 36. Habitus of - -Helochares + +Helochares spp. -A-C - -H. laevis +A-C + +H. laevis : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D-F - -H. +D-F + +H. sp. (India, Goa): -D +D dorsal habitus -E +E lateral habitus -F +F ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm. - -Distribution. - -Afrotropical + +Distribution. + +Afrotropical : Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius (incl. Mascarene Is., Rodrigues), Morocco [in doubt], Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Republic of the Congo, -Reunion +Reunion , Rwanda, -Sao -Tome +Sao +Tome and -Principe +Principe , Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles (incl. Aldabra), Sierra Leone, Republic of South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Yemen (incl. Socotra), Zambia, Zimbabwe. -Australasian +Australasian : Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia), Fiji, Papua New Guinea (incl. Duke of York), Vanuatu. -Indo-Malayan +Indo-Malayan : Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Macao, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Andaman Is., Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Nicobar Is., Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Indonesia (Bali, Borneo, Java, Lombok, Papua, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsula, Sabah), Nepal, Philippines (Manila), Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. -Nearctic +Nearctic : U.S.A. (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, North Carolina, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia). -Neotropical +Neotropical : Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela. -Oceanian +Oceanian : Samoa, Tonga. -Palearctic +Palearctic : Algeria, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canary Islands, China (Chongqing, Jilin, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang [Tibet]), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Georgia, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine; Fig. -5 +5 . - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + Most of the older descriptions have no associated ecological information. Species of - -Helochares + +Helochares are aquatic ( -Hansen 1991 +Hansen 1991 ) with a preference for quiet bodies of water ( -Archangelsky 1997 +Archangelsky 1997 ) or slow flowing streams, rivers or pools, with pebbles, and mossy stones ( -Dong and Bian 2021 +Dong and Bian 2021 ); some species have been collected in rivers, streams, ponds, stagnant water, along sides of rivers, forest pool margins, usually associated with live or decomposing floating vegetation. They can be occasionally collected at light, sometimes in large numbers (Jia and Tang 2018). Females have been observed carrying their egg cases attached to the ventral side of their abdomen. - -Larvae. - -Anderson (1976) + +Larvae. + +Anderson (1976) described the immature stages of - -Helochares tristis + +Helochares tristis (MacLeay) along with the breeding method he used; the author described the eggs, egg case (25-50 eggs per case), first, second, and third instar larvae and pupa, as well as the entire life cycle. -Anderson (1976) +Anderson (1976) recorded observations of the emergence of larvae and adults. As the females carry their eggs attached to the ventral side of their bodies, -Anderson (1976 +Anderson (1976 : 222) noted: "When hatching from an attached bag, larvae appeared to emerge into the ventral bubble of air. Larvae then rose to the surface of the water and swam away with an alternate head-to-tail movement. They were observed to have bubbles of air in the abdomen. No doubt this was taken from the ventral air bubble and enabled the larvae to become buoyant." According to -Archangelsky (1997) +Archangelsky (1997) the larvae are predatory and also cannibalistic. - + A diagnosis for larvae of - -Helochares + +Helochares as well as a list of the described immatures are provided in - -Fikacek + +Fikacek (2003) , at the time considering - -Helochares + +Helochares sensu -Hansen (1991) +Hansen (1991) , including species of - -Novochares + +Novochares and - -Peltochares + +Peltochares ; the known larvae of the redefined - -Helochares + +Helochares are - -H. lividus + +H. lividus (Forster) (unknown stage larva in - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont 1913b ; first, second and third instar larvae in -Panzera 1932 +Panzera 1932 ), - -H. maculicollis + +H. maculicollis Mulsant (eggs, first and third instar larvae and pupa in -Richmond 1920 +Richmond 1920 ), - -H. obscurus + +H. obscurus (Müller) (first, second and third instar larvae in -Panzera 1932 +Panzera 1932 , as - -H. griseus + +H. griseus ], - -H. tristis + +H. tristis (MacLeay) (eggs, first, second and third instar larvae, and pupa in -Anderson 1976 +Anderson 1976 ), - -H. clypeatus + +H. clypeatus (Blackburn) (third instar larva in -Watts 2002 +Watts 2002 ), - -H. luridus + +H. luridus (MacLeay) (third instar larva in -Watts 2002 +Watts 2002 ), - -H. tenuistriatus + +H. tenuistriatus -Regimbart +Regimbart (third instar larva in -Watts 2002 +Watts 2002 ). -Minoshima and Hayashi (2011) +Minoshima and Hayashi (2011) described - -H. anchoralis + +H. anchoralis Sharp (first instar larva), - -H. nipponicus + +H. nipponicus Hebauer (first, second and third instar larvae), and - -H. pallens + +H. pallens (MacLeay) (first, second and third instar larvae); Table -3 +3 . - -Taxonomic history. - + +Taxonomic history. + The genus was originally described under the name of - -Helophilus + +Helophilus , which was preoccupied by - -Helophilus + +Helophilus Leach, 1817 ( -Diptera +Diptera ), therefore - -Helochares + +Helochares was proposed by Mulsant (1844) as a replacement name. Thomson, in 1859, designated the type species for the genus. Through time - -Helochares + +Helochares , as well as some of its species, have accumulated multiple synonyms. In 1919, -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont recognized five subgenera within - -Helochares + +Helochares : - -Helochares + +Helochares , - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus , - -Helocharimorphus + +Helocharimorphus , - -Hydrobaticus + +Hydrobaticus , and - -Sindolus + +Sindolus . - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus was recognized as a separate genus by - -Fernandez + +Fernandez (1986) . -Hansen (1991) +Hansen (1991) added - -Batochares + +Batochares as a subgenus of - -Helochares + +Helochares and commented on the possibility that the recognized subgenera of - -Helochares + +Helochares at the time, represented actually distinct genera. -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) elevated - -Batochares + +Batochares and - -Sindolus + +Sindolus to generic status based on their molecular phylogeny, as they were found to indeed represent separate clades. Additionally, -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) found that the type species of - -Helochares + +Helochares ( - -Helochares lividus + +Helochares lividus (Forster), which is from the Palearctic region) and the type species of - -Hydrobaticus + +Hydrobaticus ( - -Helochares tristis + +Helochares tristis (MacLeay) from Australia) are actually relatively closely related and belong in the same subclade (Clade A3 in -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 ). Furthermore, both species share morphological details of the male genitalia, therefore, we synonymize - -Hydrobaticus + +Hydrobaticus syn. nov. with - -Helochares + +Helochares . Conversely, the morphological variation under the new concept of - -Helochares + +Helochares encompasses the features that were used for recognizing - -Helocharimorphus + +Helocharimorphus : lack of elytral striae, short maxillary palps, mesoventrite only slightly elevated in front of the mesocoxae, and metatibiae slightly curved ( - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont 1919c : 149, in key). In contrast, more distinct and divergent morphotypes [e.g., small size (nearly 3 mm); strongly punctate surface; emarginated eyes; clypeus laterally bent upwards; Fig. -36D-F +36D-F ] are nested within the main - -Helochares + +Helochares clade. Therefore, despite not knowing the configuration of the aedeagus, we synonymize - -Helocharimorphus + +Helocharimorphus syn. nov. with - -Helochares + +Helochares . - + While the newly defined concept of - -Helochares + +Helochares is strongly supported as monophyletic ( -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 ), it is a relatively ancient lineage (more than 100 mya) that has accumulated significant morphological variation and deep phylogenetic structure. -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) recovered three strongly supported clades (named A1, A2, and A3), though the relationships among the clades were indecisive among analyses. These clades could potentially serve as a basis for future subgenera. Clade A1 comprises at least two currently described species ( - -H. fuliginosus + +H. fuliginosus and - -H. songi + +H. songi ) from southeast Asia that have a tubular form of the aedeagus (Fig. -37H +37H for - -H. songi + +H. songi ), although there appear to be additional undescribed species in the region. Clade A2, which is relatively similar in morphology to Clade A1, comprises all New World species that remain assigned to - -Helochares + +Helochares , also with a similar tubular aedeagal form (Fig. -37G +37G for - -H. politus + +H. politus ); this lineage was recently revised by Short and -Giron +Giron (2017). All remaining species fall in Clade A3, which even in this reduced form contains tremendous morphological diversity (Fig. -37A-F +37A-F ). More study is needed for the genus as a whole, and in particular Clade A3, to further refine its classification and reintroduce species groups and subgenera. It is likely that features of the male genitalia will continue to prove useful in any refined classification of the genus. - - -Figure 37. + + +Figure 37. Aedeagi -A-H - -Helochares +A-H + +Helochares spp.: -A - -H. +A + +H. sp. (Guinea) -B - -H. tristis +B + +H. tristis -C -H. nr. cresphontes -D -H. nr. tatei -E - -H. +C +H. nr. cresphontes +D +H. nr. tatei +E + +H. sp. (India, Goa) -F - -H. +F + +H. sp. (Vietnam) -G - -H. politus +G + +H. politus -H - -H. songi +H + +H. songi (from Jia and Tang 2018, fig. 48) -I - -Helopeltarium ferrugineum +I + +Helopeltarium ferrugineum . Scale bars: 0.5 mm. - -Remarks. - - -Helochares + +Remarks. + + +Helochares has been generally considered the most diverse, most widespread, and most taxonomically challenging genus of acidocerines. Even after the removal of unrelated lineages by -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) , there remain 159 described species of - -Helochares + +Helochares , although - -Agraphydrus + +Agraphydrus has now eclipsed - -Helochares + +Helochares as the largest genus, with 201 described species. Efforts have been made to try to make sense of such diversity, by studying local faunas ( -Hansen 1982 +Hansen 1982 ; -Watts 1995 +Watts 1995 ; -Hebauer 1996 +Hebauer 1996 ; Short and -Giron +Giron 2017; Jia and Tang 2018), but traditional character systems used for classification have been inadequate for distinguishing monophyletic groups. Only now, after the phylogenetic study by -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) , there is some clarity regarding morphological trends in the genus. Most of the representative specimens available for this study are card-mounted, therefore characters of the ventral surfaces in the diagnosis offered here, are based on observations made on a sample of pin-mounted specimens. - -Species examined. - - -Helochares aethiopicus + +Species examined. + + +Helochares aethiopicus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. anchoralis + + +H. anchoralis Sharp***, - - -H. alberti + + +H. alberti -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. andreinii + + +H. andreinii -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. anthonyae + + +H. anthonyae Watts, - - -H. balfourbrownei + + +H. balfourbrownei Hansen, - - -H. bohemani + + +H. bohemani -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont ***, - - -H. camerunensis + + +H. camerunensis -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. cancellatus + + +H. cancellatus Hebauer*, - - -H. championi + + +H. championi Sharp***, - - -H. clypeatus + + +H. clypeatus Blackburn, - - -H. conformis + + +H. conformis Hebauer*, - - -H. congruens + + +H. congruens -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. crenatostriatus + + +H. crenatostriatus -Regimbart +Regimbart , - - -H. crenatuloides + + +H. crenatuloides -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont ***, - - -H. crepitus + + +H. crepitus Balfour-Browne, - - -H. crispus + + +H. crispus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. densepunctus + + +H. densepunctus -Regimbart +Regimbart , - - -H. densus + + +H. densus Sharp, - - -H. depactus + + +H. depactus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. didymus + + +H. didymus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. difficilis + + +H. difficilis -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. dilutus + + +H. dilutus Erichson***, - - -H. dimorphus + + +H. dimorphus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. dollmani + + +H. dollmani Balfour-Browne, - - -H. dolus + + +H. dolus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. egregius + + +H. egregius Balfour-Browne, - - -H. endroedyi + + +H. endroedyi Hebauer*, - - -H. fratris + + +H. fratris Hebauer*, - - -H. fuliginosus + + +H. fuliginosus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. insolitus + + +H. insolitus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. itylus + + +H. itylus Balfour-Browne, - - -H. ivani + + +H. ivani Hebauer*, - - -H. laevis + + +H. laevis Short & -Giron +Giron **, - - -H. lentus + + +H. lentus Sharp, - - -H. lepidus + + +H. lepidus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. leptinus + + +H. leptinus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. lividoides + + +H. lividoides Hansen & Hebauer, - - -H. lividus + + +H. lividus (Forster), - - -H. loticus + + +H. loticus Hebauer*, - - -H. luridus + + +H. luridus (MacLeay), - - -H. maculicollis + + +H. maculicollis Mulsant, - - -H. mecarus + + +H. mecarus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. mediastinus + + +H. mediastinus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. melanophthalmus + + +H. melanophthalmus (Mulsant), - - -H. mentinotus + + +H. mentinotus Kuwert, - - -H. mersus + + +H. mersus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. minax + + +H. minax -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. minor + + +H. minor -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. minusculus + + +H. minusculus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. nebridius + + +H. nebridius -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. negatus + + +H. negatus Hebauer*, - - -H. neglectus + + +H. neglectus (Hope)***, - - -H. nexus + + +H. nexus Short & -Giron +Giron **, - - -H. nigrifrons + + +H. nigrifrons Brancsik, - - -H. nigripalpis + + +H. nigripalpis Hebauer & Hendrich*, - - -H. nigroseriatus + + +H. nigroseriatus Hebauer*, - - -H. nipponicus + + +H. nipponicus Hebauer***, - - -H. normatus + + +H. normatus (LeConte), - - -H. obscurus + + +H. obscurus (Müller)***, - - -H. pallens + + +H. pallens (MacLeay)***, - - -H. percyi + + +H. percyi Watts, - - -H. perminutus + + +H. perminutus Hebauer, - - -H. politus + + +H. politus Short & -Giron +Giron **, - - -H. punctatus + + +H. punctatus Sharp, - - -H. salvazai + + +H. salvazai -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. schwendingeri + + +H. schwendingeri Hebauer, - - -H. scitulus + + +H. scitulus Balfour-Browne, - - -H. sharpi + + +H. sharpi (Kuwert)***, - - -H. skalei + + +H. skalei Hebauer, - - -H. steffani + + +H. steffani Hebauer*, - - -H. stenius + + +H. stenius -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. striatus + + +H. striatus Boheman, - - -H. strictus + + +H. strictus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. strigellus + + +H. strigellus Hebauer*, - - -H. structus + + +H. structus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. subtilis + + +H. subtilis -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , - - -H. tatei + + +H. tatei (Blackburn)***, - - -H. tenuistriatus + + +H. tenuistriatus -Regimbart +Regimbart , - - -H. tristis + + +H. tristis (MacLeay)***, - - -H. trujillo + + +H. trujillo Short & -Giron +Giron **, - - -H. wagneri + + +H. wagneri Hebauer*, - - -H. wattsi + + +H. wattsi Hebauer & Hendrich*, - - -H. yangae + + +H. yangae Hebauer, Hendrich & Balke*, - - -H. zamora + + +H. zamora Short & -Giron +Giron **. - + For species marked with one asterisk (*) at least one paratype was available. For species marked with two asterisks (**) the holotype, and in some cases paratypes were examined in this study; all these specimens were card-mounted. For species marked with three asterisks (***) some specimens were pin-mounted, allowing to view ventral structures. For - -H. championi + +H. championi Sharp one of the available specimens was previously compared with the holotype by A. Short. - -Selected references. - - -d'Orchymont + +Selected references. + + +d'Orchymont 1939b , -1943a +1943a , -c +c , -e +e : miscellaneous taxonomic works focused on - -Helochares + +Helochares , for the most part describing new species, some of which include aedeagal illustrations; -Hansen 1982 +Hansen 1982 : notes on European species with morphological clarifications; -Hansen 1991 +Hansen 1991 : generic diagnosis, synonyms, list of subgenera; -Watts 1995 +Watts 1995 : faunistic study for Australia; -Hebauer 1996 +Hebauer 1996 : faunistic study for Africa; Short and -Giron +Giron 2017: faunistic study for the New World; Jia and Tang 2018: faunistic study for China; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement and main clades within genus. diff --git a/data/C4/6A/FB/C46AFB08B3766F94741F6E8A1724ED56.xml b/data/C4/6A/FB/C46AFB08B3766F94741F6E8A1724ED56.xml index 21ceebb0646..a062a740ca9 100644 --- a/data/C4/6A/FB/C46AFB08B3766F94741F6E8A1724ED56.xml +++ b/data/C4/6A/FB/C46AFB08B3766F94741F6E8A1724ED56.xml @@ -1,250 +1,250 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus - + Helopeltarium -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , 1943 -Figs 1H -, 2 -, 5 -, 37I -, 38 +Figs 1H +, 2 +, 5 +, 37I +, 38 - - -Helopeltarium -d'Orchymont + + +Helopeltarium +d'Orchymont , 1943f: 9. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Helopeltarium ferrugineum + +Type species. + + +Helopeltarium ferrugineum -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , 1943f: 10; by original designation and monotypy. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Small beetles, body length nearly 3.5 mm. Body broadly oval and explanate in dorsal view, rather flat in lateral view, with dorsal outline nearly straight along median region (Fig. -38 +38 ). Surface smooth (without granulations or reticulations), with ground punctation strongly marked. Body orange brown, slightly paler along margins (Fig. -38 +38 ). Shape of head somewhat trapezoid. Anterior corners of frons extended laterally and posteriorly, emarginating anterior margin of eyes. Eyes relatively small, with anterior margin markedly emarginate in lateral view, in dorsal view not projecting from outline of head. Clypeus laterally expanded in front of eyes; anterior margin of clypeus slightly emarginate. Labrum concealed under clypeus. Mentum with surface obliquely striate (Fig. -38C +38C ). Antennae with nine antennomeres, cupule strongly asymmetric, with rounded outline. Maxillary palps short and moderately stout, hardly 3/4 as long as width of head; maxillary palpomere 4 nearly as long as palpomere 3; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 nearly straight, outer margin curved along apical half (Fig. -38C +38C ). Elytra without sutural striae, broadly explanate laterally, serial punctures absent, ground punctures sharply marked, densely and uniformly distributed (Fig. -38A +38A ). Prosternum slightly convex, not carinate medially (Fig. -38C +38C ). Posterior elevation of mesoventrite only bulging (Fig. -38C +38C ); anapleural sutures only slightly concave, separated at anterior margin by distance similar to anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite uniformly covered by hydrofuge pubescence (Fig. -38C +38C ). Protibiae with spines of anterior row long, thick, and semi-erect; apical spurs of protibiae stout, extending to apex of protarsomere 2. Metafemora without distinct tibial grooves; hydrofuge pubescence covering basal 3/4 of anterior surface of metafemora (Fig. -38C +38C ). Tarsomeres 2-4 ventrally densely covered by setae; metatarsomere 1 much shorter than 2; metatarsomere 5 nearly as long as metatarsomere 2 or 3 and 4 combined. Fifth abdominal ventrite apically emarginate, with fringe of flat and stout setae. Aedeagus tubular (Fig. -37I +37I ); distal region of each paramere diverging; apex of parameres rounded; basal piece nearly half as long as parameres; median lobe broad, apically tapering to rounded tip; gonopore not clearly visible. - - -Figure 38. + + +Figure 38. Habitus of - -Helopeltarium ferrugineum + +Helopeltarium ferrugineum -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Helopeltarium + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Helopeltarium has a very unique appearance within acidocerines. The flattened and broadly explanate body shape and concealed labrum, accompanied by smooth surface, short and stout maxillary palps, lacking elytral serial punctures is unique in the subfamily. It may appear like a very small - -Helobata + +Helobata , but besides geographic origin, the lack of serial punctures, smooth surface and short maxillary palps sets - -Helopeltarium + +Helopeltarium apart very easily. The configuration of the aedeagus in - -Helopeltarium + +Helopeltarium , is very similar to that of some - -Helochares + +Helochares , but the external morphology alone allows for its immediate recognition. - -Distribution. - -Indo-Malayan + +Distribution. + +Indo-Malayan : Myanmar (formerly Burma); Fig. -5 +5 . - -Natural history. -There is no natural history information available for the genus. + +Natural history. +There is no natural history information available for the genus. - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + Immature stages are not known for - -Helopeltarium + +Helopeltarium . - -Taxonomic history. - + +Taxonomic history. + Originally described by - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1943f : 9). Redescribed by -Hansen (1991 +Hansen (1991 : 149). - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + In the original description, - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1943f) compared - -Helopeltarium + +Helopeltarium with - -Helobata + +Helobata . As far as we know, the genus is only known from two syntype specimens of the only known species. This genus was not included in the molecular phylogeny by -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) . Its assignment to the - -Helochares + +Helochares group is primarily based on the form of the aedeagus, as well as its distribution in the Old World. Indeed, the genitalia is very similar to those found in some clades of - -Helochares + +Helochares , and it would not be surprising to us if - -Helopelatarium + +Helopelatarium is eventually found to be sister to or nested within - -Helochares + +Helochares . - -Species examined. - + +Species examined. + Syntypes of - -Helopeltarium ferrugineum + +Helopeltarium ferrugineum -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont . - -Selected references. - - -d'Orchymont + +Selected references. + + +d'Orchymont 1943f : 9: original description; -Hansen 1991 +Hansen 1991 : 149: redescription; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic position and affinities discussed. diff --git a/data/CB/BF/40/CBBF4016F7853CE690B58F1281F3EB70.xml b/data/CB/BF/40/CBBF4016F7853CE690B58F1281F3EB70.xml index 82d26143f99..5c18b79155a 100644 --- a/data/CB/BF/40/CBBF4016F7853CE690B58F1281F3EB70.xml +++ b/data/CB/BF/40/CBBF4016F7853CE690B58F1281F3EB70.xml @@ -1,289 +1,289 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus - + Aulonochares -Giron +Giron & Short, 2019 -Figs 1D -, 2 -, 4 -, 11J -, 21 -, 22A-C +Figs 1D +, 2 +, 4 +, 11J +, 21 +, 22A-C - - -Aulonochares -Giron + + +Aulonochares +Giron & Short, 2019: 112. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Aulonochares tubulus + +Type species. + + +Aulonochares tubulus -Giron +Giron & Short, 2019: 120; by original designation. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Medium sized beetles, total body length 5.8-7.5 mm. Body shape elongated oval in dorsal view; weakly convex in lateral view (Fig. -21 +21 ). Color orange brown to dark brown; ventral surface covered with rather long golden setae, especially on abdominal ventrites, and more densely so (with shorter setae) on surface of femora. Head subquadrate in dorsal view, seemingly constricted at anterior margin of eyes (Fig. -11J +11J ). Eyes relatively small, separated by distance nearly 6.5 -x +x the maximum width of an eye (Fig. -11J +11J ). Clypeus with lateral margins nearly parallel, slightly convex, with anterior margin only slightly narrower than posterior margin (Fig. -11J +11J ). Labrum fully exposed. Mentum and submentum roughly punctate (Fig. -21C +21C ). Antennae with nine antennomeres, with cupule slightly asymmetrical and round in outline. Maxillary palps long, nearly 1.5 -x +x longer than maximum width of head, with inner and outer margins of maxillary palpomere 2 evenly curved (Fig. -21A +21A ). Pronotum with ground punctation shallow and uniformly sparse. Elytra without sutural striae, with outer margins slightly flared; serial punctures, ground punctures and systematic punctures similar in size, shallowly impressed. Surface of prosternum flat (slightly carinate only along midline of antero-mesal projection of anterior margin). Posterior elevation of mesoventrite simple, without carinae or ridges; anapleural sutures concave, anteriorly converging, anteriorly separated by distance nearly 0.3 -x +x as wide as anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite densely and uniformly pubescent. Protibiae with spines of anterior row very small and appressed (Fig. -21C +21C ); apical spurs of protibiae very short (not exceeding the length of the first tarsomere) and stout. Hydrofuge pubescence covering most surface of metafemora (Fig. -21C +21C ). Ventral face of tarsomeres 1-4 densely covered by stiff setae. Apex of fifth abdominal ventrite strongly emarginate; emargination fringed by stout setae. Aedeagus tubular (Fig. -22A-C +22A-C ), somewhat cylindrical, with parameres forming a 5-7 -x +x longer than wide tube; basal piece very short and strongly concave; gonopore reduced, located at apex of median lobe. - - -Figure 21. + + +Figure 21. Habitus of - -Aulonochares + +Aulonochares spp. -A-C - -A. tubulus +A-C + +A. tubulus : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D - -A. lingulatus +D + +A. lingulatus , dorsal habitus. Scale bar: 5 mm. - - -Figure 22. + + +Figure 22. Aedeagi of - -Aulonochares + +Aulonochares and - -Batochares + +Batochares spp. -A - -A. tubulus +A + +A. tubulus -B - -A. novoairensis +B + +A. novoairensis -C - -A. lingulatus +C + +A. lingulatus -D - -B. +D + +B. sp. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Aulonochares + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Aulonochares can be easily mistaken with - -Novochares + +Novochares in the New World, and the two genera can be collected together. The subquadrate shape of the head (Fig. -11J +11J ; as opposed to trapezoid as in Fig. -11G +11G ), the roughly punctate mentum, the long setae composing the ventral pubescence of the abdominal ventrites, ventrally densely setose tarsomeres, along with the tubular shape of the aedeagus (Fig. -22A-C +22A-C ) are very distinctive and uniquely combined in - -Aulonochares + +Aulonochares among Neotropical acidocerines. - -Distribution. - -Neotropical + +Distribution. + +Neotropical : Brazil (Amazonas, Roraima), French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela; Fig. -4 +4 . - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + Specimens of - -Aulonochares + +Aulonochares have been collected in densely forested sandy streams and detrital pools in forests along creeks. They seem to prefer habitats with abundant detritus or decaying organic matter. Females of - -A. tubulus + +A. tubulus and - -A. ligulatus + +A. ligulatus have been observed carrying their egg cases underneath their abdomen ( - -Giron + +Giron and Short 2019 ; pers. obs.). - -Larvae. -Immature stages are not known for the genus. + +Larvae. +Immature stages are not known for the genus. - -Taxonomic history. - + +Taxonomic history. + Recently described by - -Giron + +Giron and Short (2019) . - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Only three species are known for the genus ( - -Giron + +Giron and Short 2019 ). - -Species examined. - - -Aulonochares lingulatus + +Species examined. + + +Aulonochares lingulatus -Giron +Giron & Short, - -A. novoairensis + +A. novoairensis -Giron +Giron & Short, - -A. tubulus + +A. tubulus -Giron +Giron & Short. Holotypes and paratypes of all three species were available for this study. We have not seen any specimens of the genus from outside the Guiana Shield region of South America. - -Selected references. - - -Giron + +Selected references. + + +Giron and Short 2019 : original description of the genus and all its currently known species; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/D9/8E/EF/D98EEF00EC35CE87682604F14B9CFFF9.xml b/data/D9/8E/EF/D98EEF00EC35CE87682604F14B9CFFF9.xml index 4b5e3d0970a..4c6f3ef5c3a 100644 --- a/data/D9/8E/EF/D98EEF00EC35CE87682604F14B9CFFF9.xml +++ b/data/D9/8E/EF/D98EEF00EC35CE87682604F14B9CFFF9.xml @@ -1,380 +1,380 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus - + Primocerus -Giron +Giron & Short, 2019 -Figs 1R -, 2 -, 6 -, 46 -, 47 +Figs 1R +, 2 +, 6 +, 46 +, 47 - - -Primocerus -Giron + + +Primocerus +Giron & Short, 2019: 133. - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Primocerus neutrum + +Type species. + + +Primocerus neutrum -Giron +Giron & Short, 2019: 147; by original designation. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Small to medium sized beetles, body length 2.4-4.9 mm. Body shape elongated oval in dorsal view; moderate to strongly convex in lateral view; dorsal outline uniformly convex or nearly straight and anteriorly inclined along anterior half (Fig. -46 +46 ). Color brown, dark brown, reddish brown, or rather orange, usually uniform along body regions, but sometimes with slightly paler margins, pronotum or ventral surfaces and appendages; ground punctation shallow to moderately marked (Fig. -46 +46 ). Shape of head trapezoid. Eyes small to moderate, seldom very small, not emarginated anteriorly, usually projected from outline of head. Clypeus trapezoid, with anterior margin broadly and roundly emarginate. Labrum fully exposed. Mentum rather flat and smooth, sometimes with lateral oblique ridges, and few crenulations; median anterior depression sometimes marked by a transverse carina (Fig. -46C, F, I +46C, F, I ). Antennae with eight antennomeres; cupule slightly asymmetric, with rounded outline. Maxillary palps moderately stout, shorter to nearly as long as width of head; inner margin of maxillary palpomere 2 nearly straight, outer margin curved along apical 2/3; maxillary palpomeres 3 and 4 similar in length (Fig. -46C, F, I +46C, F, I ). Prosternum flat to mesally only slightly produced (Fig. -46C, F, I +46C, F, I ). Elytra with sutural striae; elytral punctures from shallow to sharply marked; ground punctures rather uniformly distributed; some species with serial punctures; outer margins of elytra slightly flared (Fig. -46A, D, G +46A, D, G ). Posterior elevation of mesoventrite usually with curved transverse ridge, rather sharp and low, or bearing sharp, pyramidal (triangular) projection; anapleural sutures concave to forming obtuse angle, separated at anterior margin by distance 0.3-0.4 -x +x width of anterior margin of mesepisternum (Fig. -46C, F, I +46C, F, I ). Metaventrite with posteromesal glabrous patch nearly as wide as long (Fig. -46C, F, I +46C, F, I ). Protibiae with spines of anterior row as thick, long semi-erect setae; apical spurs of protibiae moderately stout, reaching midlength of protarsomere 3. Metafemora with tibial grooves moderately developed; hydrofuge pubescence coverage ranging from sparse (nearly glabrous metafemora) to dense along basal 3/4 (Fig. -46C, F, I +46C, F, I ). Tarsomeres 1-4 with long spiniform setae on ventral face; metatarsomere 2 nearly as long as 5 and as 3 and 4 combined. Fifth abdominal ventrite apically rounded, truncate, or slightly emarginate, usually with fringe of stout setae. Aedeagus trilobed (Fig. -47 +47 ); basal piece as long or longer than parameres; median lobe triangular, nearly as wide at base as basal width of each paramere, with apical projection; gonopore absent. - - -Figure 46. + + +Figure 46. Habitus of - -Primocerus + +Primocerus spp. -A-C - -P. neutrum +A-C + +P. neutrum : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D-F - -P. maipure +D-F + +P. maipure : -D +D dorsal habitus -E +E lateral habitus -F +F ventral habitus -G-I - -P. semipubescens +G-I + +P. semipubescens : -G +G dorsal habitus -H +H lateral habitus -I +I ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm. - - -Figure 47. + + +Figure 47. Aedeagi of - -Primocerus + +Primocerus spp. -A - -P. neutrum +A + +P. neutrum -B, C - -P. maipure +B, C + +P. maipure : -B +B dorsal view -C +C lateral view -D, E - -P. pijiguaense +D, E + +P. pijiguaense : -D +D dorsal view -E +E lateral view -F - -P. gigas +F + +P. gigas -G - -P. petilus +G + +P. petilus -H - -P. striatolatus +H + +P. striatolatus -I - -P. cuspidis +I + +P. cuspidis . Scale bars: 0.25 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - + +Differential diagnosis. + At first sight, the smoother members of - -Primocerus + +Primocerus (e.g., Fig. -46A-C +46A-C ) can be mistaken for - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus (Fig. -24 +24 ), given that both genera exhibit sutural striae. The presence of a transverse curved ridge (sometimes very low) on the posterior elevation of the mesoventrite distinguishes - -Primocerus + +Primocerus from - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus , in which the mesoventrite is either flat, broadly elevated or with a longitudinal elevation; maxillary palps of most - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus species are nearly 1.5 -x +x longer than the maximum width of the head, whereas in - -Primocerus + +Primocerus the maxillary palps are shorter, nearly as long as the width of the head. - + Punctate members of - -Primocerus + +Primocerus (e.g., Fig. -46D-F +46D-F ) may resemble some species of - -Tobochares + +Tobochares ( -Kohlenberg and Short 2017 +Kohlenberg and Short 2017 , - -Giron + +Giron and Short 2021a ); striate - -Primocerus + +Primocerus (e.g., Fig. -46G-I +46G-I ) may resemble - -Radicitus + +Radicitus (Fig. -50 +50 ; - + Short and -Garcia +Garcia 2014 ). In those cases, - -Primocerus + +Primocerus can be easily recognized by the presence of sutural striae. Some species of - -Primocerus + +Primocerus may also superficially resemble certain New World cylomine genera, such as - -Andotypus + +Andotypus Spangler ( - -Fikacek + +Fikacek et al. 2014 ), from which it may be distinguished by the fully exposed labrum of - -Primocerus + +Primocerus . - -Distribution. - -Neotropical + +Distribution. + +Neotropical : Brazil ( -Para +Para ), Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela; Fig. -6 +6 . We have seen additional specimens that slightly expand the range of the genus, but all still fall within the Guiana Shield region of South America. - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + The habitats occupied by members of - -Primocerus + +Primocerus range from forested pools to seepages. One specimen was collected with a flight intercept trap. Specimens of - -Primocerus + +Primocerus are relatively rare, given that so far have only been found in low numbers of specimens per collecting event ( - -Giron + +Giron and Short 2019 ). - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + Immature stages are not known for - -Primocerus + +Primocerus . - -Taxonomic history. - - -Primocerus + +Taxonomic history. + + +Primocerus was only recently described. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + With only nine known species in the genus, - -Primocerus + +Primocerus is one of the most variable genera of New World acidocerines in terms of their external morphology. Additional recent study and collections have revealed that the species described as - -P. neutrum + +P. neutrum likely represents a species complex (Short pers. obs.). - -Species examined. -Holotypes and paratypes of all known species were examined for this study. + +Species examined. +Holotypes and paratypes of all known species were examined for this study. - -Selected references. - - -Giron + +Selected references. + + +Giron and Short 2019 : original description of the genus and all its known species; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/E8/AD/7A/E8AD7A7218B6224DFB8CD4C42252E1FD.xml b/data/E8/AD/7A/E8AD7A7218B6224DFB8CD4C42252E1FD.xml index 77c0d0d321c..53184cbc994 100644 --- a/data/E8/AD/7A/E8AD7A7218B6224DFB8CD4C42252E1FD.xml +++ b/data/E8/AD/7A/E8AD7A7218B6224DFB8CD4C42252E1FD.xml @@ -1,431 +1,431 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus - + Colossochares -Giron +Giron & Short -gen. nov. -Figs 1A -, 2 -, 4 -, 11I -, 26 -, 27A +gen. nov. +Figs 1A +, 2 +, 4 +, 11I +, 26 +, 27A - - -Helochares + + +Helochares "Clade B", -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) . - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Helochares ellipticus + +Type species. + + +Helochares ellipticus -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont , 1933: 306; by present designation. - -Etymology. - + +Etymology. + From the Latin word -colossus +colossus , meaning extremely large, in reference to the comparatively large and robust bodies of the members of the genus, combined with the ending -chares +chares , expressing affinity with - -Helochares + +Helochares . Masculine. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Body length 8.5-14.0 mm. Body shape broadly oval in dorsal view, strongly and uniformly convex in lateral view (Fig. -26 +26 ). Dorsal surfaces even and smooth, uniformly dark brown (nearly black) in coloration with reddish antennae, palps and tarsi; ground punctation extremely fine and shallow (Fig. -26A +26A ); ventral surfaces rather densely covered by rather long and fine golden setae (Fig. -26C +26C ). Eyes not emarginate, moderate in size, subquadrate in dorsal view, separated by nearly 4 -x +x width of eye, projected from outline of head (Fig. -11I +11I ). Frons with large (and somewhat fused together) systematic punctures along inner margin of eye. Clypeus with anterior margin broadly roundly emarginate. Labrum fully exposed, medially convex (Fig. -11I +11I ). Antennae with nine antennomeres, with strongly asymmetric and round cupule. Maxillary palps slender, slightly longer than maximum width of head, with palpomere 4 0.7 -x +x as long as palpomere 3 (Fig. -11I +11I ). Mentum medially broadly depressed, laterally punctate, mesally and anteriorly striate; sculpture of mentum ranging from shallow to strong. Pronotum evenly convex, and very smooth, with ground punctation very fine and shallow; systematic punctures of pronotum reduced to paired depressions near anterior margin and at midlength of lateral margins. Elytra without sutural striae, with margins slightly flared; serial punctures either absent or only visible along outer lateral area and posterior third of elytra; systematic punctures enlarged, broadly separated longitudinally, forming five rows mostly visible along outer lateral area and posterior third of elytra (Fig. -26A, B +26A, B ). Surface of prosternum flat to broadly convex, with anterior margin slightly projected anteriorly (Fig. -26C +26C ). Posterior elevation of mesoventrite with broad longitudinal elevation; anapleural sutures concave, anteriorly converging and separated by distance nearly 1/3 of anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite uniformly densely covered by with hydrofuge pubescence, medial surface elevated as platform. Protibiae with anterior row of spines extremely reduced to tiny and scanty, appressed denticles; apical spurs of protibiae large, outer nearly as thick and reaching apex of protarsomere 2. Metafemora with tibial grooves well-developed; metafemora with hydrofuge pubescence covering basal 4/5 of anterior surface (Fig. -26C +26C ). Metatarsomeres laterally compressed, metatarsomere 2 longer than 5, metatarsomere 5 nearly as long as 3 and 4 combined; all tarsomeres with rows spiniform setae covering ventral surface. Fifth abdominal ventrite with apex emarginate, with fringe of flat and stout setae. Aedeagus symmetrical, either trilobed ( - -C. satoi + +C. satoi ; -Hebauer 2003a +Hebauer 2003a : fig. 1) or highly modified (Fig. -27A +27A ), with basal piece shorter than parameres; median lobe variable. - - -Figure 26. + + +Figure 26. Habitus of - -Colossochares ellipticus + +Colossochares ellipticus -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm. - - -Figure 27. + + +Figure 27. Aedeagi of - -Colossochares + +Colossochares and - -Crephelochares + +Crephelochares spp. -A - -Colossochares ellipticus +A + +Colossochares ellipticus -B - -Crephelochares szeli +B + +Crephelochares szeli -C - -Crephelochares +C + +Crephelochares sp. (Australia) -D - -Crephelochares abnormalis +D + +Crephelochares abnormalis (Thailand). Scale bars: 0.5 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - - -Colossochares + +Differential diagnosis. + + +Colossochares groups some of the largest acidocerines. - -Colossochares + +Colossochares species are strongly and uniformly convex and highly polished, with enlarged systematic punctures on the head and elytra; systematic punctures on the pronotum are reduced to a pair of anterior and a pair of lateral depressions, not forming the usual antero-lateral semicircles that are common in acidocerines. Some members of - -Peltochares + +Peltochares may exhibit similar coloration and general highly polished appearance to - -Colossochares + +Colossochares (e.g., compare Fig. -1A +1A vs. 1B); those - -Peltochares + +Peltochares are always dorsoventrally flattened, generally slender, and the pronotum has systematic punctures forming antero-lateral semicircles. Other than general appearance, both genera are very similar to each other in details of the external morphology, except by the sculpture of the submentum, which is smooth in - -Colossochares + +Colossochares and punctate or otherwise sculptured in - -Peltochares + +Peltochares . In addition, the aedeagal form in - -Peltochares + +Peltochares (spiked, Fig. -16C, D +16C, D ) is quite different from the forms present in - -Colossochares + +Colossochares (trilobed or as in Fig. -27A +27A ). - -Distribution. - -Afrotropical + +Distribution. + +Afrotropical : Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Uganda; Fig. -4 +4 . - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + Little is known about the biology of - -Colossochares + +Colossochares , and no museum specimens we examined contained any habitat or collecting information. We have seen some light trap samples from Congo in which - -C. ellipticus + +C. ellipticus is relatively common. - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + The larvae of species of - -Colossochares + +Colossochares remain unknown. - -Taxonomic history. - + +Taxonomic history. + Given how large and distinctive - -Colossochares + +Colossochares species are, it is remarkable that it has not been previously recognized as a separate genus, especially given how many other genera and subgenera have been described based on less striking features. The reason may have been due in part to an original identification error: - -Regimbart + +Regimbart (1907 : 47) first gave a description for what is now - -Helochares ellipticus + +Helochares ellipticus , but mistakenly thought they were conspecific with another already-described central African taxon, - -Hydrophilus ellipticus + +Hydrophilus ellipticus Fabricius. - -Regimbart + +Regimbart (1907) , based on this incorrect interpretation of his specimens, further recognized that they were not allied with - -Hydrophilus + +Hydrophilus and instead shared similarities with - -Helochares + +Helochares , so he transferred -Fabricius' +Fabricius' species to - -Helochares + +Helochares , creating the combination - -Helochares ellipticus + +Helochares ellipticus (Fabricius). Later, - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1933) recognized -Regimbart's +Regimbart's error and clarified the situation, confirming - -Helochares ellipticus + +Helochares ellipticus as a valid species of - -Helochares + +Helochares , and also different from the original - -Hydrophilus ellipticus + +Hydrophilus ellipticus Fabricius. - + Hebauer (2003) described - -Helochares satoi + +Helochares satoi Hebauer and discussed its affinities with - -Helochares ellipticus + +Helochares ellipticus . A specimen of - -Helochares ellipticus + +Helochares ellipticus was included in the molecular phylogeny by -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) , where it was resolved as an early-diverging and isolated member of the - -Helochares + +Helochares group of genera. Given that it is not nested within - -Helochares + +Helochares , and it is morphologically distinct, the genus - -Colossochares + +Colossochares is here established to house the two species: - -Colossochares ellipticus + +Colossochares ellipticus ( -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont ) comb. nov. and - -Colossochares satoi + +Colossochares satoi (Hebauer) comb. nov. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + Despite the external similarity between the two known species of - -Colossochares + +Colossochares , the male genitalia are quite different from each other. This particularity is quite unusual in the subfamily given that, in general, each genus has a particular aedeagal type shared by all its species (though there are some known exceptions, e.g., - -Chasmogenus + +Chasmogenus ). The genitalia of - -C. satoi + +C. satoi can be categorized as trilobed, whereas that of - -C. ellipticus + +C. ellipticus is quite uniquely configured (Fig. -27B +27B ). More work is needed to confirm the close relationship of these two taxa. - -Species examined. - + +Species examined. + Specimens of - -Colossochares ellipticus + +Colossochares ellipticus ( -d'Orchymont +d'Orchymont ) and female paratypes of - -C. satoi + +C. satoi (Hebauer) were available for study. - -Selected references. - - -Regimbart + +Selected references. + + +Regimbart 1907 : 47: description of - -Helochares ellipticus + +Helochares ellipticus attributed to Fabricius; - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont 1933 : 306: clarification and reaffirmation of species name; Hebauer 2003: new species and discussion of affinities; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement. diff --git a/data/EA/79/5F/EA795F35252AFFECFF27FBD252A726EC.xml b/data/EA/79/5F/EA795F35252AFFECFF27FBD252A726EC.xml index f0e114edae1..1117390c726 100644 --- a/data/EA/79/5F/EA795F35252AFFECFF27FBD252A726EC.xml +++ b/data/EA/79/5F/EA795F35252AFFECFF27FBD252A726EC.xml @@ -1,62 +1,64 @@ - - - -Taxonomic review of Thoracostomopsidae (Nematoda, Enoplida): state of the art, list of valid species and dichotomous keys + + + +Taxonomic review of Thoracostomopsidae (Nematoda, Enoplida): state of the art, list of valid species and dichotomous keys - - -Author + + +Author -De Souza, João V. -0009-0009-4985-086X -https: // orcid. org / 0009 - 0009 - 4985 - 086 X +De Souza, João V. +0009-0009-4985-086X +https: // orcid. org / 0009 - 0009 - 4985 - 086 X - - -Author + + +Author -Maria, Tatiana F. -0000-0002-7553-2031 -https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7553 - 2031 +Maria, Tatiana F. +0000-0002-7553-2031 +https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 7553 - 2031 -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2023 - -2023-11-03 + +2023 + +2023-11-03 - -5361 + +5361 - -4 + +4 - -463 -496 + +463 +496 - -https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5361.4.2/52207 + +https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5361.4.2/52207 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5361.4.2 -1175-5326 -10152589 -DAB237DC-1444-4007-BCCA-CB92CBE66617 +journal article +278534 +10.11646/zootaxa.5361.4.2 +e9c6264a-0b4a-4cdf-95cf-a8170eb208c3 +1175-5326 +10152589 +DAB237DC-1444-4007-BCCA-CB92CBE66617 - + Subfamily - + Thoracostomopsinae Filipjev, 1927 diff --git a/data/FF/7F/93/FF7F93BC9EC80936914DF9E2CB86ECE3.xml b/data/FF/7F/93/FF7F93BC9EC80936914DF9E2CB86ECE3.xml index 939a26b9f47..2673acf0693 100644 --- a/data/FF/7F/93/FF7F93BC9EC80936914DF9E2CB86ECE3.xml +++ b/data/FF/7F/93/FF7F93BC9EC80936914DF9E2CB86ECE3.xml @@ -1,764 +1,764 @@ - - - -The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species + + + +The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species - - -Author + + +Author -Giron, Jennifer C. -https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 -Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA -entiminae@gmail.com +Giron, Jennifer C. +https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 +Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA & Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA +entiminae@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Short, Andrew Edward Z. -Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA +Short, Andrew Edward Z. +Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA -text - - -ZooKeys +text + + +ZooKeys - -2021 - -2021-06-18 + +2021 + +2021-06-18 - -1045 + +1045 - -1 -236 + +1 +236 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -journal article -http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 -1313-2970-1045-1 -2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 -CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA +journal article +http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810 +1313-2970-1045-1 +2C3076FD13FB4842A7F6B0EBE9B23795 +CDADD9D94DEB5471834AF0F1AB8B48AA - - - + + + Genus - + Peltochares -Regimbart +Regimbart , 1907 -Figs 1B, C -, 4 -, 11K -, 44 -, 45 +Figs 1B, C +, 4 +, 11K +, 44 +, 45 - - -Peltochares -Regimbart + + +Peltochares +Regimbart , 1907: 49. - -Peltochares conspicuus + +Peltochares conspicuus Type species. -Peltochares conspicuus -Regimbart +Peltochares conspicuus +Regimbart , 1907: 49; by monotypy. - -Stagnicola + +Stagnicola Montrouzier, 1860: 246 [preoccupied name by -Stagnicola +Stagnicola Gray, 1840 ( -Mollusca +Mollusca )] - -Stagnicola foveicollis + +Stagnicola foveicollis Type species: -Stagnicola foveicollis +Stagnicola foveicollis Montrouzier, 1860: 246; by monotypy; -Bedel 1880 +Bedel 1880 : CXLVIII [synonymy]. - -Neohydrobius + +Neohydrobius Blackburn, 1898: 221. - -Philhydrus burrundiensis + +Philhydrus burrundiensis Type species: -Philhydrus burrundiensis +Philhydrus burrundiensis Blackburn, 1890: 447; by monotypy; - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont 1919b : 228 [synonymy]. - -Helochares + +Helochares "Clade C" in -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 . - -Gender. -Masculine. + +Gender. +Masculine. - -Type species. - - -Peltochares conspicuus + +Type species. + + +Peltochares conspicuus -Regimbart +Regimbart , 1907: 49; by monotypy. - -Diagnosis. - + +Diagnosis. + Body length 6-14 mm. Body shape oval in dorsal view, weakly to moderately convex in lateral view (Fig. -44 +44 ). Dorsal surfaces even and smooth, either uniformly covered by short setae (Fig. -44A +44A ), or with scarce long setae along particular areas of surface (associated with systematic punctures; Fig. -44D +44D ), dark brown in coloration, usually uniform; ground punctation fine and shallow to moderate; ventral surfaces densely covered by fine golden setae (Fig. -44C, F +44C, F ). Head subquadrate (Fig. -11K +11K ). Eyes not emarginate, moderate in size, subquadrate, separated by 4.5-5.5 -x +x width of eye, strongly projected from outline of head. Clypeus with anterior margin broadly emarginate, either roundly or acutely, sometimes further medially notched; membranous preclypeal area visible when clypeus strongly emarginated. Labrum fully exposed, often medially convex. Antennae with nine antennomeres, with moderately asymmetric and round cupule; antennomere 9 slightly to 2 -x +x longer than antennomere 7. Maxillary palps slender, 1.3-1.8 -x +x longer than maximum width of head, with palpomere 4 nearly 0.8 -x +x as long as palpomere 3; maxillary palpomere 2 with inner margin slightly and evenly curved, and outer margin curved along apical half (Fig. -44C, F +44C, F ). Mentum slightly depressed mesally, surface laterally punctate, mesally and anteriorly striate, with anteromedial region depressed (Fig. -44C, F +44C, F ). Submentum punctate to crenulate. Pronotum evenly convex, usually with systematic punctures forming distinct anterolateral semicircles. Elytra without sutural striae, with margins usually only slightly flared (explanate in - -P. conspicuus + +P. conspicuus ; Fig. -44A +44A ); serial punctures usually absent (visible along entire length of elytra in - -P. conspicuus + +P. conspicuus ; Fig. -44A +44A ); ground punctation usually shallow (moderate to strongly marked in - -P. foveicollis + +P. foveicollis ). Surface of prosternum flat to broadly convex, with anterior margin roundly projected anteriorly (Fig. -44C, F +44C, F ). Posterior elevation of mesoventrite usually with longitudinal or somewhat longitudinal elevation, sometimes forming acute posterior point; apical region of elevation usually with long fine setae; anapleural sutures forming obtuse angle, nearly parallel along anterior section, separated anteriorly by distance 0.3-0.7 -x +x anterior margin of mesepisternum. Metaventrite densely covered by hydrofuge pubescence, except for posterolateral patches (Fig. -44C, F +44C, F ). Protibiae with anterior row of spines reduced to extremely reduced (Fig. -44C +44C ); apical spurs of protibiae stout, ranging from very large (larger spur considerably larger and thicker than tarsal claws, e.g., - -P. foveicollis + +P. foveicollis ), or very short (barely reaching apex of protarsomere 1, e.g., - -P. conspicuus + +P. conspicuus ); pro- and mesotarsal claws are sexually dimorphic in some species (e.g., - -P. foveicollis + +P. foveicollis ). Metafemora with tibial grooves sharply marked; metafemora with hydrofuge pubescence covering at least basal 3/4 of anterior surface (Fig. -44C, F +44C, F ). Metatarsomeres 5 and 2 similar in length or 2 slightly longer, metatarsomere 2 slightly longer than metatarsomeres 3 and 4 combined; all tarsomeres with ventral surface rather densely covered by long spiniform setae on ventral surface (sparser on tarsomere 5). Abdomen with five pubescent ventrites. Fifth abdominal ventrite with apex emarginate, fringed by stout setae. Aedeagus spiked (Figs -16C, D +16C, D , -45 +45 ); main component of median lobe strongly sclerotized, slender, and apically acute, usually accompanied by additional shorter slender sclerotizations; apical region of parameres usually partly heavily sclerotized and partly membranous, often bifurcated; basal piece strongly reduced; gonopore usually not clearly visible. - - -Figure 44. + + +Figure 44. Habitus of - -Peltochares + +Peltochares spp. -A-C - -P. conspicuus +A-C + +P. conspicuus : -A +A dorsal habitus -B +B lateral habitus -C +C ventral habitus -D-F - -P. +D-F + +P. sp. (Tanzania): -D +D dorsal habitus -E +E lateral habitus -F +F ventral habitus. Scale bars: 1 mm. - -Differential diagnosis. - + +Differential diagnosis. + The type species of - -Peltochares + +Peltochares is easily recognized by its external morphology alone: laterally explanate pronotum and elytra, well defined serial punctures along elytra (Fig. -44A +44A ), which somewhat resembles - -Helobata + +Helobata (Fig. -33A +33A ), from which - -P. conspicuus + +P. conspicuus can be distinguished by the exposed labrum of - -Peltochares + +Peltochares (Fig. -11K +11K ; concealed labrum in - -Helobata + +Helobata , Fig. -11L +11L ). The most common forms of - -Peltochares + +Peltochares more closely resemble - -Novochares + +Novochares and some - -Helochares + +Helochares , because of their darkly colored and highly polished dorsal habitus. Besides being distributed (although widespread) in the Old World, - -Peltochares + +Peltochares species can be distinguished from the New World - -Novochares + +Novochares by the shape of the posterior elevation of the mesoventrite (longitudinally elevated in - -Peltochares + +Peltochares , simply and broadly bulging, often with additional anterior low longitudinal ridge in - -Novochares + +Novochares ), in addition to characteristics of the male genitalia (spiked aedeagus in - -Peltochares + +Peltochares , Figs -16C, D +16C, D , -45 +45 ; divided aedeagus in - -Novochares + +Novochares , Figs -16G, H +16G, H , -43 +43 ; see also explanation under the aedeagus section of Morphological variation in -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae and its taxonomic importance). From dark brown, highly polished, and relatively large species of - -Helochares + +Helochares , - -Peltochares + +Peltochares can be distinguished by their slender maxillary palps, that are 1.3-1.8 -x +x longer than the width of the head (Fig. -44C, F +44C, F ), as opposed to shorter (0.6-1.2 -x +x the width of the head) and relatively stout maxillary palps in - -Helochares + +Helochares (Figs -35C, F +35C, F , -36C, F +36C, F ), in addition to the aedeagal form (spiked in - -Peltochares + +Peltochares , Figs -16C, D +16C, D , -45 +45 ; tubular in - -Helochares + +Helochares , Figs -16E, F +16E, F , -37A-H +37A-H ; see also explanation under the aedeagus section of Morphological variation in -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae and its taxonomic importance). - - -Figure 45. + + +Figure 45. Aedeagi of - -Peltochares + +Peltochares spp. -A - -P. conspicuus +A + +P. conspicuus -B - -P. foveicollis +B + +P. foveicollis -C - -P. +C + +P. sp. (Australia) -D - -P. +D + +P. sp. (Tanzania;). Scale bars: 1 mm. - -Distribution. - -Afrotropical + +Distribution. + +Afrotropical : Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Republic of South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe. -Australasian +Australasian : Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), Indonesia (Papua), New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea. -Indo-Malayan +Indo-Malayan : Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hong Kong, Jiangxi, Macao), Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. -Palearctic +Palearctic : Canary Islands, Egypt, Israel, Japan (Nansei Islands); Fig. -6 +6 . - -Natural history. - + +Natural history. + Even though species currently placed in - -Peltochares + +Peltochares have been treated in faunistic and taxonomic studies (e.g., -Watts 1995 +Watts 1995 , -Hebauer 2001b +Hebauer 2001b ), little is known about their ecology. Jia and Tang (2018) recently reported that - -P. atropiceus + +P. atropiceus ( -Regimbart +Regimbart ) was living in natural ponds with leaf litter or water grass, sometimes collected on wet ground with plenty of grass; it can be collected at light in May and June in South China and has never been collected from the edges of rivers and streams. The female carries the egg case under the abdominal ventrites (Jia and Tang 2018). - -Larvae. - + +Larvae. + Larval stages of - -Peltochares conspicuus + +Peltochares conspicuus -Regimbart +Regimbart , were described by -Bertrand (1962) +Bertrand (1962) from larvae collected along with adults on the surface of rocks in Madagascar. - -Fikacek + +Fikacek (2003) provides a diagnosis of the larvae described by -Bertrand (1962) +Bertrand (1962) , but questions their identification, given that - -P. conspicuus + +P. conspicuus has never been recorded from Madagascar. It seems most probable the description is of another species now placed - -Peltochares + +Peltochares , as - -P. longipalpis + +P. longipalpis has been recorded from Madagascar, but only future rearing or DNA sequencing of putative larvae will confirm this. - -Lectotype designation. - + +Lectotype designation. + We examined -Regimbart's +Regimbart's syntype series for - -Peltochares conspicuous + +Peltochares conspicuous , consisting of nine specimens, that are deposited in the -Museum +Museum national -d'Histoire +d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France. We determined all nine to be conspecific. It includes two specimens labeled 'Cape -Lopez' +Lopez' , one of them labeled ' - -Peltochares conspicuus + +Peltochares conspicuus -Reg.' +Reg.' ; five specimens labeled Rembo -N'Comi +N'Comi Fernand Vaz, one of them missing prothorax and head, and another one is missing the left elytron; one specimen labeled Rembo -N'Comi +N'Comi Fernand Vaz (Gabon), missing prothorax and head; and one specimen labeled -'Gabon' +'Gabon' . All specimens, except the last one, are pinned; the specimen labeled -'Gabon' +'Gabon' is glued by its abdomen in a small pinned card. To stabilize the identity of the type species of - -Peltochares + +Peltochares , we here designate as the Lectotype the specimen that bears the ' - -Peltochares conspicuus + +Peltochares conspicuus -Reg.' +Reg.' label, which even though is not completely clean, has all its appendages complete. The following red label has been attached: "LECTOTYPE/ -Peltochares +Peltochares / -Peltochares conspicuus +Peltochares conspicuus / -Regimbart +Regimbart / des. -Giron +Giron and Short". The remaining eight specimens are designated as paralectotypes. One of the specimens missing its prothorax and head was dissected to reveal the male genitalia, which is illustrated in Fig. -45A +45A . - -Taxonomic history. - + +Taxonomic history. + The circumscription of - -Peltochares + +Peltochares as used here is changed from its original meaning. - -Peltochares + +Peltochares was originally described as a monotypic genus by -Regimbart +Regimbart in 1907, from specimens collected in Gabon of a very unusual species ( - -P. conspicuus + +P. conspicuus ) which was a rather large, circular beetle with extremely explanate margins of the pronotum and elytra (Fig. -44A-C +44A-C ). A morphologically similar species was much later described from Indonesia and Malaysia, although that species was placed in the nominal subgenus of - -Helochares + +Helochares ( -Helochares +Helochares (s. str.) -Helochares discus +Helochares discus Hebauer, Hendrich & Balke). In their molecular phylogeny, -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) recovered - -H. discus + +H. discus in a clade ( - -Helochares + +Helochares Clade C) with some other larger, darkly colored (but not explanate) Old World species that were also placed in - -Helochares + +Helochares (s. str.), which showed that this clade was not closely related to the -"true" - -Helochares +"true" + +Helochares but indeed represented an independent lineage. Examination of the male genitalia of one of the syntypes of - -P. conspicuus + +P. conspicuus (the type of - -Pelotochares + +Pelotochares ) and members of " - -Helochares + +Helochares Clade C" in -Short et al. (2021) +Short et al. (2021) revealed that they share a quite unique and similar configuration of the male genitalia (spiked genitalia, Figs -16C, D +16C, D , -45 +45 ; see also the aedeagus section of Morphological variation in -Acidocerinae +Acidocerinae and its taxonomic importance above), even though they do not share the same extremely explanate body form. - + Although the monophyly and morphological circumscription of " - -Helochares + +Helochares Clade C" is strongly supported, the proper genus name to assign to his lineage is not straightforward, as there are several generic names that had been long synonymized with - -Helochares + +Helochares that potentially come into play with the new circumscription of the genus. The genus - -Stagnicola + +Stagnicola Montrouzier, 1860 was based on what is now -Helochares +Helochares (s. str.) -Helochares foevicollis +Helochares foevicollis , a species which is a definitive member of - -Helochares + +Helochares Clade C. However, - -Stagnicola + +Stagnicola is a preoccupied name and thus unavailable. More complicated is - -Neohydrobius + +Neohydrobius Blackburn, 1898 and its type species, - -Philhydrus burrundiensis + +Philhydrus burrundiensis Blackburn, which is now considered a junior synonym of -H. (s. str.) foevicollis +H. (s. str.) foevicollis . - -Neohydrobius + +Neohydrobius , although eight years older than - -Peltochares + +Peltochares , had a very short shelf-life, as it was synonymized with - -Helochares + +Helochares just 21 years after it was proposed by - -d'Orchymont + +d'Orchymont (1919b) and therefore has not been used in more than a century. Meanwhile, - -Peltochares + +Peltochares has been in continuous usage since 1907 and therefore we believe it is the best and most stable name to apply to this clade. - + We had hoped to unilaterally maintain prevailing usage of - -Peltochares + +Peltochares over - -Neohydrobius + +Neohydrobius by invoking ICZN Article 23.9.1. However, not all the required criteria to apply this article appear to be met in this case. Although - -Neohydrobius + +Neohydrobius appears to meet the first criterion (the senior synonym not being used as valid since 1899), we were only able to identify 19 works (by more than 10 authors) in the immediately preceding 50 years, but 25 works are required. Therefore, we will formally appeal to the commission for a ruling to maintain - -Peltochares + +Peltochares over - -Neohydrobius + +Neohydrobius . Accordingly, ICZN Article 82.1 states that prevailing usage is to be maintained until the ruling of the Commission is published and therefore, we use - -Peltochares + +Peltochares in this work. - -Remarks. - + +Remarks. + The group of species previously assigned to - -Helochares + +Helochares (s. str.), hereby transferred to - -Peltochares + +Peltochares , was first recognized by -Hebauer (2001b) +Hebauer (2001b) as a discrete unit in morphological terms within - -Helochares + +Helochares . There are currently eight described species of - -Peltochares + +Peltochares , including the following seven species that are transferred from - -Helochares + +Helochares for the first time: - -P. atropiceus + +P. atropiceus ( -Regimbart +Regimbart ) comb. nov., - -P. ciniensis + +P. ciniensis (Hebauer, Hendrich & Balke) comb. nov., - -P. discus + +P. discus (Hebauer, Hendrich & Balke) comb. nov., - -P. foveicollis + +P. foveicollis (Montrouzier) comb. nov., - -P. longipalpis + +P. longipalpis (Murray) comb. nov., - -P. papuensis + +P. papuensis (Hebauer) comb. nov., and - -P. taprobanicus + +P. taprobanicus (Sharp) comb. nov. - -Species examined. - - -Peltochares atropiceus + +Species examined. + + +Peltochares atropiceus , - -P. ciniensis + +P. ciniensis (including a paratype), - -P. conspicuus + +P. conspicuus (including syntypes), - -P. foveicollis + +P. foveicollis , - -P. longipalpis + +P. longipalpis , and - -P. taprobanicus + +P. taprobanicus . - -Selected references. - - -Regimbart + +Selected references. + + +Regimbart 1907 : 49: original description of the genus; -Hebauer 2001b +Hebauer 2001b : taxonomic treatment of - -P. taprobanicus + +P. taprobanicus (as - -Helochares taprobanicus + +Helochares taprobanicus ) and allied species; Jia and Tang 2018: faunistic review of Chinese species including a redescription and some biological notes on - -P. atropiceus + +P. atropiceus ; -Short et al. 2021 +Short et al. 2021 : phylogenetic placement.