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Left G 1 s in Tuerkayana latens, a New Species of Land Crab from French Polynesia, with a Discussion on the Phylogeny of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae) + + + +Author + +Moeinadini, Asma +School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. + + + +Author + +Sari, Alireza +School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. + + + +Author + +Shahdadi, Adnan +Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran. + + + +Author + +Katouzian, Ahmad-Reza +School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. & Alberta Society of Professional Biologists, 370, 105 12 Ave SE, Calgary AB T 2 G 1 A 1. E-mail: ahmadreza. katouzian @ gmail. com (Katouzian) +ahmadreza.katouzian@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Sarafrazi, Alimorad +Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: asarafrazi @ yahoo. com (Sarafrazi) +asarafrazi@yahoo.com + + + +Author + +Elahi, Elahe +School of Biology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: elahe. elahi @ ut. ac. ir (Elahi) +elahe.elahi@ut.ac.ir + +text + + +Zoological Studies + + +2023 + +2023-04-25 + + +62 + + +16 + + +1 +17 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8075433 + +journal article +10.6620/ZS.2023.62-16 +1810-522X +PMC10317986 +37408705 +12827885 + + + + +Specimens of + +Amphibalanus amphitrite + + + + + +were collected from nine locations along the PG and the GO ( +Table 1 +, +Fig. 1 +). In total, 94 individuals were collected from both artificial substrata ( +e.g. +, humanmade structures, piers, small vessel hulls and floating objects) and natural habitats ( +e.g. +, intertidal rocks, mollusk shells, crab carapaces and mangrove trunks). The specimens were kept in 96% or absolute ethanol immediately upon collection and transferred to the Molecular Systematics Laboratory at the University of +Tehran +for molecular analysis. + + + + +DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing + + +Total genomic DNA was extracted from muscles using the salt precipitation method ( +Katouzian et al. 2016 +). A 576-bp fragment of the cytochrome +c +oxidase subunit +I +gene ( +COI +) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using primer pairs LCO1490-JJ and HCO2198-JJ ( +Astrin and Stüben 2008 +) as described in +Chen et al. (2014) +. The PCR products were outsourced for sequencing to LGC Genomics GmbH ( +Berlin +, +Germany +) and Macrogen Europe, Amsterdam using the same forward primers. Sequences were proofread via Chromas Lite (v. 2.1.1) (Technelysium Pty Ltd, +Queensland +, +Australia +). Sequences of all unique haplotypes/genotypes were submitted to GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and are available under accession numbers (OQ119797–OQ119890). +COI +sequences of + +A. amphitrite + +from previous study ( +Chen et al. 2014 +) were also retrieved from GenBank and included in the analyses (accession numbers KC138445, KM211362–KM211497). + +Amphibalanus reticulatus + +, + +A +. +variegatus + +and + +Balanus glandula + +were used as outgroups (GenBank accession numbers JQ035518.1, JQ035522.1 and KU204282.1, respectively). + + +Sequence data analyses + + +Sequences were aligned using Clustal W ( +Thompson et al. 1994 +; +Villesen 2007 +) implemented in BioEdit 7.0.5 ( +Hall 1999 +). The ML tree was obtained using raxmlGUI, v. 1.3 ( +Silvestro and Michalak 2012 +) with 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates. The selected evolutionary model was GTR+G ( +Rodriguez et al. 1990 +). Two maximum parsimony haplotype networks ( +Templeton et al. 1992 +) were constructed with PopART ( +Leigh and Bryant 2015 +), one for clade +I +at the global level ( +Chen et al. 2014 +) taken from the tree, and one for the sequences of the present study. + + +We calculated the distribution of pairwise differences ( +i.e. +, mismatch distribution; +Rogers and Harpending 1992 +) to trace population size change in DnaSP v.5.10 ( +Librado and Rozas 2009 +). + + +To assess how mtDNA effective population size changed through time, we analyzed historical demography using coalescent based Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) in BEAST 2.4.7 ( +Bouckaert et al. 2014 +). We selected GTR+G as the best model of nucleotide substitution and adopted a substitution rate of 3.1% per MY for +COI +(according to +Tsang et al. 2008 +). We set a strict clock model as prior and ran three independent MCMC analyses with 60 million generations, sampling every 6,000 steps, to verify the consistency of the results. The initial 25% of the samples were discarded as burn-in. The convergence of all parameters was tested and BSP produced in Tracer 1.6 ( +Rambaut et al. 2014 +). + + +Standard genetic indices were calculated to determine the genetic diversity within the species based on +COI +sequences. The haplotype diversity (h), nucleotide diversity (π), number of polymorphic sites (Np) and number of haplotypes (Nh) were calculated using DnaSP v.5 ( +Librado and Rozas 2009 +) for each local population and for the complete dataset of each Gulf. Overall mean +p +‐distance was analyzed with MEGA v.6 ( +Tamura et al. 2013 +). We computed pairwise +ΦST +with 1,000 permutations in Arlequin v.3.5.2.2 ( +Excoffier and Lischer 2010 +) to investigate population differentiation patterns among local populations (only populations with +n +≥ 8 were included). + + +Species distribution modelling + + +To construct the distribution modelling of + +A. amphitrite + +, we included localities of specimens of clade +I +and +III +used in worldwide phylogenetic analysis compiled from field observations and available data based on Chan et al. (2014). The ocean climate layers were downloaded from Bio-ORACLE (Ocean Rasters for Analysis of Climate and Environment) data set ( +Tyberghein et al. 2012 +). Variables were selected based on their ecological meaningfulness and contribution rate species in distribution model. To avoid the effect of high correlation among layers, we first examined all layers using OpenModeller 1.0.7 ( +De Souza Muñoz et al. 2011 +) and then used the Pearson correlation method to obtain higher correlative layers ( +> +0.7). Layers with lower correlation ( +< +0.7) were selected for further analyses: Temperature (Mean and Range), Phytoplankton Mean, Salinity (Mean and Range), Current Velocity Mean, Min., Max., Ltmax, dissolved oxygen range and Phosphate Mean. All the data were downloaded as raster format with a 5-arc-minute from Bio-ORACLE data set ( +Tyberghein et al. 2012 +). + + + +RESULTS + + + +Five out of the nine sampling localities were located within the PG, and four were located in the GO ( +Fig. 1 +, +Table 1 +). Here, we postulated two main populations, namely the PG and GO populations. +36 specimens +from the PG and +58 specimens +from the GO were studied. Each of the 94 +COI +sequences contained approximately 576 base pairs (bp), and none of these contained a stop codon. In total, 53 polymorphic sites were found. 136 additional sequences of previous studies on the species were obtained from GenBank and included into the dataset for tree and haplotype network construction. + + +Sequence data analyses + + +In the ML tree, three distinct and well separated clades were recovered ( +Fig. 2 +). Sequences of the present study (green circles) are well distributed in the tree, with representatives in two clades. Most sequences were placed in clade +I +and only +two specimens +of the present study were significantly different from the others ( +Fig. 2 +) namely one from the PG (Kandaloo) and one from the GO (Gwatr) ( +Table 1 +). The phylogenetic tree showed 186 sequences, including 92 sequences of the present study placed in clade +I +. The haplotype network constructed for the clade +I +recovered 101 haplotypes, with 36 unique haplotypes for the PG and GO ( +Fig. 3 +). + + +In the haplotype network ( +Fig. 4 +) of the Iranian samples (clade +I +), some haplotypes were present in only one of the two gulfs, while other haplotypes were found in both gulfs. Except for some outlying haplotypes, the network is nearly star-shaped and most of the haplotypes remained close to the main haplotype with only one mutation step. However, the haplotype network ( +Fig. 4 +) showed no clear patterns of isolation between specimens from the two gulfs. + + +The mismatch distributions showed a clear unimodal pattern in the populations of the PG and the GO. The distribution of pairwise haplotype differences was skewed to the left ( +Fig. 5 +). + + +An exponential growth in effective population size, shown in Bayesian Skyline Plots ( +Fig. 6 +), was consistent with the results of the mismatch distribution analysis. However, the BSP inferred slightly different timings of expansion from the mismatch analyses. The two populations shared a broadly similar timing of demographic growth, which began at 200 ka BP ( +Fig. 6 +). The number of sequences available for the GO produced a plot showing a tendency to demographic expansion, truncated at 200 ka BP. + + +Diversity indices were calculated for material from the sampling localities with 10 or more sequences, as well as for each gulf in total. The analyses showed that the specimens from both gulfs had high genetic diversity, and that the diversity within the PG was higher than the diversity within the GO ( +i.e. +, haplotype diversity in the PG = 0.93; the GO = 0.87). The individual sampling localities of both gulfs also showed high genetic diversity ( +Table 1 +). + + +The +ΦST +value was calculated only between populations with a sample size> 10 ( +Table 2 +). Most pairwise +ΦST +values between populations were small, and only two pairwise comparisons were significant ( +p +<0.05) ( +Table 2 +). + + +Species distribution modelling + + +All models were run in ten replicates for the current time. The potential distribution models of + +A. amphitrite + +showed perfect Area Under Curve (AUC) test values, with an index of 0.89 ± 0.03 and 0.96 ± 0.03 for clade +I +and clade +III +, respectively. This showed significance for the binomial omission test, hence the maps were evaluated as very good (more than 0.850). The contribution performance of layers for each period is presented in table 3. Based on the results, temperature mean and range for clade +I +and temperature mean and current velocity min. for clade +III +made the largest contributions to current habitat suitability in the predictions modeling. Accordingly, the suitable habitats for + +A. amphitrite + +were the tropical and subtropical areas ( +Fig. 7 +). + + + + + +DISCUSSION + + + +In the framework of biogeography, barnacles are among the most interesting invertebrates. During their pelagic larval stages, they are able to disperse under the influence of oceanic currents. By the end of the larval phase and after dramatic changes through metamorphosis, they become sessile which is expected to limit their active distribution, gene flow among populations, and cause decreased genetic homogeneity. T h e i r f o u l i n g b e h a v i o r, h o w e v e r, h a s g r e a t l y counteracted their natural dispersal ecology in recent decades ( +Holm 2012 +). It seems that ships have played a great role in their dispersal throughout the open waters ( + +Yamaguchi +et al. 2009 + +). The fouling behavior increases gene flow among distant populations and therefore homogenizes their genetic structure; this in turn makes it difficult to pinpoint the origin of their establishment ( +Ardura et al. 2016 +). One of the most common fouling barnacles is + +Amphibalanus amphitrite + +, an important species not only in marine ecology but also in the global economy ( +Holm 2012 +). + + + +Fig. 2. +Phylogenetic tree constructed with Maximum Likelihood (ML) based on the +COI +gene for selected sequences of + +A. amphitrite + +, focusing on Iranian populations (green circles). + +Amphibalanus reticulatus + +(JQ035518.1), + +A +. +variegatus + +(JQ035522.1) and + +Balanus glandula + +(KU204282.1) were used as outgroups. Numbers show the bootstrap values after 1000 pseudo-replicates. Clades +I +, +II +and +III +are corresponding to those in +Chen et al. (2014) +. + + + + +Fig. 3. +Maximum-parsimony mitochondrial DNA haplotype networks for material from the PG and the GO, and the retrieved sequences from the GenBank (only sequences of the clade +I +in +Chen et al. (2014) +phylogenetic tree are included). + + + + +Fig. 4. +Maximum-parsimony of mitochondrial DNA haplotype networks for the PG and the GO populations constructed in PapArt. Hatch marks represent mutations; numbers in the figure legend refer to sampling sites in table 1 and figure 1. + + + + +Fig. 5. +Frequency distribution of the number of pairwise nucleotide differences (mismatch) between +COI +haplotypes in the two populations of + +Amphibalanus amphitrite + +. The solid line shows the theoretical distribution under the model of demographic expansion. + + + + +Fig. 6. +Bayesian skyline plots of effective population size through time in + +Amphibalanus amphitrite + +from two biogeographical areas (A: PG and B: GO), based on the 576 bp sequences of +COI +and a nucleotide substitution rate of 3.1%/MY. The bold black curve is the median of the parameter +N +e +T +, which is proportional to the effective population size; the blue lines delimit the 95% highest posterior density. For comparison, all +x +-axes have the same scale. The plots are truncated to the median estimate of each area’s TMRCA. + + + + +Fig. 7. +MAXENT reconstruction for clade +I +(A) and clade +III +(B) of + +Amphibalanus amphitrite + +in the world representing current distribution models. + + + + +Table 2. +Pairwise estimates of +COI +genetic divergence (Φ +ST +) for + +Amphibalanus amphitrite + +among five biogeographical areas. The significance of +ΦST +values was tested by a permutation test with 1000 replicates + + + + +Table 3. +The frequency of contribution of environmental variables in predicting the clades geographic distribution models + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Environmental variable (unit) +Clade +I + +Clade +III +
Temperature Mean39.856.8
Temperature Range25.74.9
Phytoplankton Mean15.35.9
Salinity Mean5.51.4
Salinity Range3.96.2
Current Velocity Mean2.73.7
Current Velocity Ltmax20
Dissolved oxygen Range1.91.6
Phosphate Mean1.65.3
Current Velocity Min114.2
Current Velocity Max0.60
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
MK(PG)TH(PG)GU(GO)CH(GO)JS(GO)
MK(PG)0
TH(PG)0.007480
GU(GO)0.007280.03051*0
CH(GO)0.03196*0.009210.010270
JS(GO)0.018380.004200.005280.020620
+ + + +* +p +<0.05. + + + +Using the mitochondrial +COI +marker, +Chen et al. (2014) +studied global phylogeography of this species with material from 25 localities. They found three distinct morphologically similar clades (with a 4% divergence between clades) indicating historical isolation between populations or possibly a cryptic species complex. These include clade +I +, as the most common and globally distributed clade along tropics and warm temperate areas, clade +II +with only two sequences, one from +Singapore +and one from +North Carolina +( +USA +) and clade +III +with more representatives, but restricted to the Indo-West Pacific tropics. It is commonly stated that the native range of + +A. amphitrite + +is the Indo-West Pacific ( +Jones et al. 2000 +; +Shahdadi et al. 2014 +). This is a huge water body with high diversity that is occupied by all three clades. However, centuries of hitchhiking with human-mediated vectors or corridors has made it difficult to determine the autochthonous population distribution throughout the Indo-West Pacific region (Carlton 2011). The study of +Chen et al. (2014) +also included two localities in the northwest of the Indian Ocean, namely +Mumbai +(East of +India +) and +Saudi Arabia +(the Red Sea), which were dominated by representatives of clade +I +, with only one sequence of clade +III +in +Mumbai +. + + +In the previous studies, no specimens from the Persian Gulf (PG), a major commercial and oil transportation destination, were investigated. In the present study, in addition to the sequences of the specimens collected from the PG and the GO, the sequences reported in +Chen et al. (2014) +were included in the phylogenetic analyses. The distribution pattern of the PG and the GO samples was similar to that previously reported for samples from the east of +India +( +Mumbai +in +Chen et al. 2014 +); most specimens were placed in clade +I +and only one sequence from each gulf was placed in clade +III +( +Fig. 2 +). Clade +I +specimens included barnacles from +Japan +to +Malaysia +and also from +Australia +, +India +, +Saudi Arabia +, Hawaii, California and North Carolina ( +Chen et al. 2014 +). Within clade +I +, the PG and the GO samples clustered with sequences from +Australia +, West +India +, +Taiwan +, +Hong Kong +, +Vietnam +, Salton Sea ( +USA +) and +Singapore +. + + +Clade +III +was only present in tropical Indo-West Pacific waters ( +Chen et al. 2014 +). In the phylogenetic tree ( +Fig. 2 +), only +two specimens +from current study showed great affinity with clade +III +together with sequences from +Australia +, +Taiwan +, +Hong Kong +and +Singapore +. This clade had limited distribution compared to clade +I +. In the case of a complex species, it is expected to have one species or subspecies with a cosmopolitan distribution and other specimens restricted to specific areas ( +Chan et al. 2007 +; +Zhan et al. 2010 +; +Keshavmurthy et al. 2013 +). We demonstrated that this clade is mostly distributed and mapped on the shipping routes. The results of the current study clearly confirm that anthropological, mainly shipping activities, are the most likely explanations for the present global distribution of + +A. amphitrite + +. This information is expected to help shipping policy makers in the designing of effective measures for protection of ships as well as in the maintenance of the biodiversity of barnacles ( +Carlton et al. 2011 +; +IMO 2021 +). + + +The spread of + +A. amphitrite + +may appear unidirectional toward the PG depending upon vectors, local hydrographic conditions and exploration history of larval stages. The vectors are important in transferring this species especially to the regions with high shipping traffic such as the PG and the GO. The PG produces around 46% of the world’s oil consumption, and more than 90% of this oil is transported annually in thousands of oil tankers ( +Haapkylai et al. 2007 +; +Al-Yamani et al. 2015 +). + + +The dispersal pattern of barnacle larvae and consequently the distribution range of the adults, are expected to reflect the interaction of larvae with oceanographic currents ( +Keith et al. 2011 +; +Tsang et al. 2012 +). The spatial structure of a species may mirror the major oceanographic systems and environmental conditions. Additionally, the Indian Ocean tsunami off the west coast of northern +Sumatra +, +Indonesia +in 2004 ( +Lay et al. 2005 +; +Okal et al. 2006 +) and, the Pangandaran tsunami off the west and central coast of +Java +, an island in the Indonesian archipelago in 2006 ( +Fritz et al. 2007 +), affected major parts of the Indian Ocean. This resulted in the transport of vast bulks of water within only a few days to different parts of the Indian Ocean including the GO and the PG. + + +The currents of the PG and the GO are also anticipated to play important roles in determining the present dispersal pattern of + +A. amphitrite + +( +Ghanbarifardi et al. 2018 +; +Sepahvand et al. 2021 +). For example, the anticlockwise currents that circulate from the GO to the PG ( +Yao 2008 +; +Thoppil and Hogan 2010 +) most likely facilitate the transfer of the species’ larvae (larval duration 7–17 days in 20–26°C) in the planktonic stages ( +Costlow and Bookhout 1958 +). These passive transports will spread individuals of + +A. Amphitrite + +to the PG through different means, namely, natural larval distribution, transport and release of larvae by ballast water or carrying ovigerous barnacles on ship hull to new regions. + + +Temporal patterns of introduction of + +A. amphitrite + +to the PG and the GO should take into account dates of first records. The increased diversity of barnacle invasions in the last half of the twentieth century is in close synchronization with general global observations of increasing invasions of marine invertebrates, fish, and algae after World War II associated with vastly expanded global trade facilitated by more, larger, and faster ships. For example, + +A. amphitrite + +together with + +A. improvisus + +were the first barnacles introduced to Americas for the first 100 years of invasion history at 1853–1955 ( +Carlton et al. 2011 +). In +California +, the first record of + +A +. +amphitrite + +is in 1914 ( +Henry and McLaughlin 1975 +). + + +The first record of + +A. amphitrite + +from the PG was given by +Nilsson-Cantell (1938) +as + +Balanus amphitrite hawaiiensis + +from an unknown locality and then by +Stubbings (1961) +as + +B. amphitrite +var. +communis + +, and + +B. amphitrite +var. +hawaiiensis + +, from +Kuwait +; by +Utinomi (1969) +as + +B. amphitrite + +from Hormoz Island; and by +Jones (1986) +as + +B. amphitrite +var. +communis + +from +Kuwait +. A recent checklist of +Iran +barnacles recorded + +A. amphitrite + +from all over the coasts of +Iran +( +Shahdadi et al. 2014 +). Introduction of this species to the PG and the GO fell within a well-known global pulse of invasions related to an earlier surge of shipping, particularly in special economic zones. This widespread distribution is more related to clade +I +. Comparatively, clade +III +from the Indo-West Pacific has not expanded geographically. This distribution pattern reveals the major role of human-mediated vectors and corridors in introduction and dispersion of barnacles. + + +Present results revealed high levels of genetic diversity in the mitochondrial marker +COI +in the PG (h = 0.9) and the GO populations (h = 0.8). These values are also notable when compared to the population of several other invertebrate species in the PG and the GO, such as the fiddler crab + +Uca sindensis + +(h = 0.63; +Shih et al. 2015 +), Jinga shrimp + +Metapenaeus affinis + +(h = 0.0– 0.33; +Tamadoni-Jahromi et al. 2016 +) and pearl oyster + +Pinctada radiata + +(h = 0.0–0.47; +Al-Saadi 2013 +). + + +Some other barnacle species from other parts of the world also demonstrated similar levels of genetic diversity in +COI +such as + +Amphibalanus improvisus + +(h = 0.75–0.96; +Wrange et al. 2016 +), + +Chthamalus proteus + +(h = 0.9–1; +Zardus and Hadfield 2005 +) and + +Tetraclita serrata + +(h = 0.9; Reynold et al. 2014). + + +The PG is a geologically young, semi-enclosed basin with a harsh environment, including high temperature and salinity. These extreme indices are believed to be largely responsible for the lower biodiversity of the PG ( +Naderloo 2017 +). The conditions of the PG may allow a recent selective sweep for fixation of particular haplotype. In contrast, according to +Shahdadi et al. (2014) +, the number of barnacle species in the PG is 33, which compares to 26 species in the GO. The + +A. amphitrite + +populations from two gulfs share several haplotypes including the most common one. The genetic diversity in the PG population is higher than the diversity of the GO and many other previously studied populations from around the world (see + +Table +1 + +in +Chen et al. 2014 +). + + +Owing to the young age of the PG, the + +A. amphitrite + +population seems to have been introduced to this region naturally. This establishment was before species discovery by +Darwin (1854) +. Its transport into the gulfs by ships occurred later. Therefore, according to common hypothesis, this population is expected to present low genetic diversity compared to native population. Our data revealed high genetic diversity among the PG barnacles. This is indicative of multiple episodes of introduction of barnacles to the PG from different sources (such as traditional Indian and Chinese shipping, tsunamis, tropical cyclones, and earthquake induced waves). + + +The high genetic diversity within the PG population and presence of common haplotypes among the PG and other populations of the world are therefore likely to be partially resulted from the anthropogenic introduction of haplotypes from around the world. The same reason could justify the high genetic diversity in some previously studied areas like +Singapore +and +Hong Kong +(see +Chen et al. 2014 +). This could be well explained by the fact that ships from all over the world travel to these waters, stay in harbors for some time and subsequently transfer barnacles with different haplotypes from multiple sources to this area, providing their larvae with enough time for settlement and permanent sessile life in the region. + + +In this case, + +A. amphitrite + +has experienced multiple modes of dispersal including transportation of barnacle larvae by currents and ballast water and transportation of adults on ships hulls as fouling organisms to other parts of the globe. This could explain the presence of some of these newcomer haplotypes that are very distinct from the local haplotypes. However, intensive human-mediated gene flow has probably counteracted these processes. The result of all has been colonization of new areas at different scales and the presence of the dominant species on most coasts in the PG and the GO ( +Shahdadi et al. 2014 +; +Shabani et al. 2019 +; +Al-Khayat et al. 2021 +). Transport has been mediated via most natural and anthropogenic substrates including floating marine debris of various +types +and surface texture. For example, plastics have been common and pervasive anthropogenic debris in marine environments ( +Rech et al. 2018 +) and as floating objects they provide opportunities to alter the abundance, distribution and invasion potential of this species for effective colonization ( +Goldstein et al. 2014 +). These transport opportunities may have been the key elements for successful distribution of this species. The knowledge about different +types +of dispersal dynamics of non-native species is crucial to our understanding of both evolutionary aspects of colonization as well as future management of biological introductions and invasions. Human-mediated dispersal has increased transmission of haplotypes from all over the world to these regions. This has caused increased genetic diversity within populations. On the other hand, with increasing gene flow, genetic differentiation has decreased as evidenced by genetic divergence ( +ΦST +) between sampling sites that generally do not exceed 3% ( +Table 2 +). The values suggest high gene flow and absence of or weak genetic subdivision between the populations of the biogeographical areas (see +Guo and Wares 2017 +). + + +The smaller values of +ΦST +observed in the present study may derive from higher gene flow between individuals of + +A. amphitrite + +from different localities. The real distribution and connectivity of intertidal animals in the region and closely related areas ( +i.e. +, West Indian Ocean) are evidently determined by oceanographic regimes, environmental conditions and historical events ( +Tsang et al. 2012 +; +Afkhami et al. 2016 +; +Rahimi et al. 2016 +; +Ghanbarifardi et al. 2018 +). + + +The unimodal right skewed mismatch distribution curves ( +Fig. 5 +) confirm the recent population expansion for individuals collected both from the PG and the GO. The Bayesian Skyline Plot analysis (BSP) displayed the demographic expansion curve for the populations of the PG and the GO areas with truncation possibly due to the smaller sample size ( +Fig. 6 +). Despite more truncation for the GO, the curve shape was consistent with that of the PG. The results uncovered that the demographic expansion of + +A. amphitrite + +in the PG and the GO areas started approximately before 200 ka BP ( +Fig 6 +). This dating could not be in accordance with the history of the PG, which appeared about 18 ka years ago, and the fact that just about 8–10 ka BP, the northeastern margin of the PG approached its present position in several localities ( +Lambeck 1996 +; +Marko et al. 2010 +). Thus, the expansion time of + +A. amphitrite + +in the PG and the GO had likely been at the early Holocene, concurrent with the re-flooding of the PG. This historical data seems to be related to gene flow in the Indian Ocean prior to the appearance of the PG. Consequently, it is not possible to precisely define the beginning of population expansion for this area. However, it is plausible that human factors played a role in introducing haplotypes to this region in recent decade. + + +Distribution modelling maps showed the presence of potential localities for geographical distributions of two clades based on natural environment factors. From this perspective, both clades are common in the +China +Sea, Northern +Australia +especially the Gulf of Carpentaria, PG, GO, the Red Sea, West African coastal areas, the east coast of the +United States +and the western coasts of +Mexico +. These are potential distribution locations for both clades, but clade +III +in the Indo-Pacific Ocean presents a noticeably broader distribution. With ever growing human intervention ( +Seebens et al. 2013 +), we can expect changes in distribution of + +A. amphitrite + +clades in the future. + + +The shape of the population genetic structure of marine invertebrate species, in addition to historical demography and selection regimes, is affected by environmental factors ( +Bohonak 1999 +; +O’Riordan et al. 2004 +). According to previous records, + +A +. +amphitrite + +is widely distributed globally around tropical and subtropical coasts ( +Henry and McLaughlin 1975 +; +Chen et al. 2014 +). In the present study, distribution modelling showed the importance of environmental factors such as temperature, phytoplankton availability and salinity in the distribution of this species. Distribution of the fouling species is related to fouling +type +. The extent of fouling on ships’ hulls depended on many factors, +e.g. +, water salinity, light, temperature, pollution, geographical location and nutrient availability ( +Pettengill et al. 2007 +; +Hulme 2009 +). Based on studies on invasions in marine environments ( +Gallardo et al. 2015 +), the distribution of invasive species is influenced by nutrients (40%), temperature (26%), human footprint (21%) and other factors (13%) that support a relevant role of the match between physicochemical characteristics of the donor and receiving waters for species introductions ( +Seebens et al. 2013 +). It seems that temperature plays the most important role in species distribution, specifically in tropical or subtropical waters. The polar zones are subjected to the most severe fouling attack, particularly in more shallow, coastal waters where there is greater abundance of light, heat and nutrients, resulting in prolific reproduction of the fouling species ( +Ubagan et al. 2021 +). One of the important factors in future distribution of + +A +. +amphitrite + +is climatic warming scenarios ( +Carlton 2000 +). The southward spread of + +A +. +amphitrite + +from +Brazil +to +Argentina +is a remarkable example ( +Carlton et al. 2011 +), and therefore, distribution maps of modelling can help to understand the role of potential climatic changes on expansion ( +Howard 1997 +; +Poloczanska et al. 2008 +; +Southward 1991 +). + + +The species displays several life history traits including broad environmental tolerance such as with temperature ( +Qiu and Qian 1999 +; +Piazza et al. 2016 +). In their study, +Khosravi et al. (2019) +suggested that during global warming, + +A. amphitrite + +has maximum biofouling coverage in the PG and overtakes more rivals. Furthermore, this species can survive in the high salinity of the PG ( +Simpson and Hurlbert 1998 +) better than the closely related mesohaline barnacle, + +A. improvises +. + +The latter species is often restricted to low salinity environments and does not show a structured population genetic pattern globally ( +Wrange et al. 2016 +). However, + +A. amphitrite + +has displayed three clades with potentially different physiological properties which display distribution restrictions (Chan et al. 2014). This tolerance ability has granted + +A. amphitrite + +a competitive advantage over rivals. Remarkably, +Bishop (1947) +reported that three species of live barnacles, including + +A. amphitrite + +, arrived in +Liverpool +, +England +, after a 30- days voyage from Australasia, via the +Panama +Canal. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFE1FFB4B48149C90ECCF88E.xml b/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFE1FFB4B48149C90ECCF88E.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..333803ed7ab --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFE1FFB4B48149C90ECCF88E.xml @@ -0,0 +1,578 @@ + + + +Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya + + + +Author + +Kumari, Shabnam +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Uniyal, Virendra Prasad +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. & Graphic Era (Deemed to be) University, Bell Road Clement Town, Dehradun- 248002, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Chandra, Kailash +Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata- 700053, West Bengal, India. + + + +Author + +Hausmann, Axel +Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns (SNSB) - Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), Münchhausenstrasse 21, D- 81247 Munich, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +59 +89 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3 +1175-5326 +13915528 +5F625E12-7F89-46BC-A7DF-2111180CEB87 + + + + + + + +Rhodostrophia herbicolens +( +Butler, 1883 +) + + + + + + + +[ +Fig. 10–12 +, +36, 43 +, +50, 57 +] + + +[TL: Solun, North Western +India +, +India +] + + + + + +Delocharis herbicolens +Butler, 1883 + +, +Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London +: 173. + + + +Rhodostrophia herbicolens + +; +Hampson, 1895 +; + +The Fauna of +British India +, including +Ceylon +and +Burma +, + +3: 457. + + + + + +Rhodostrophia herbicolens + +; +Prout, 1913 +; +In +: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1912–1916): +The Macrolepidoptera of the world +, 4: 42, pl. 3, fig. d. + + + +Rhodostrophia herbicolens + +; +Prout, 1935 +; +In +: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1934–1938): +TheMacrolepidoptera of the world, 4, supplementary: +25, pl. 4, fig. a. + + + +Rhodostrophia herbicolens + +; +Prout, 1938 +; +In +: Seitz, A. (ed.) (1920–1941): +The Macrolepidoptera of the world, +12: 144, pl. 15, fig. b. + + + + +Material examined: + + +INDIA + +: +1♀ +, +Himachal Pradesh +, +Dist. Kangra +, +Dhauladhar Mountain Range +, +Nora +, +32.26927° N +, +076.28972° E +, + +1455 m + +, + +15.IV.2021 + + +; + +2♀♀ +, +Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary +, +Billing +, +32.05978° N +, +076.74229° E +, + +2341 m + +, + + +01. +VI +.2022 + + + +; + +1♀ +, +Billing +, +32.06312° N +, +076.74973° E +, + +2572 m + +, + + +06. +VI +.2022 + + + +; + +2♂♂ +, +Dist. Lahaul +and +Spiti +, +Lahaul Valley +, +Lobar +, +32.71338° N +, +076.66903° E +, + +2773 m + +, + +07.VII.2021 + + +; + +1♂ +, +Tindi +, +32.75223° N +, +076.46735° E +, + +2498 m + +, + +09.VII.2021 + +; leg. +S. Kumari. + + + +NWR specimens +: + + +INDIA + +: +1♀ +, +Himachal Pradesh +, +Dist.Kangra +, +Dhauladhar Mountain Range +, +Ghera +, +32.260173° N +, +076.288707° E +, + +1404 m + +, +03. + + +V +.2021 ( +BOLD +Sample Id +: BC_ +ZSM +_ +Lep +_117619) + +; + +1♀ +, +Kareri Khas +, +32.28283° N +, +076.28059° E +, + +1870 m + +, +19. + +V +.2022; + +2♂♂ +, +Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary +, +Billing +, +32.05978° N +, +076.74229° E +, + +2341 m + +, +01. + +VI +.2022; + +1♂ +1♀ +, +Dist. Lahaul +and +Spiti +, +Lahaul valley +, +Trilokinath +, +32.6788° N +, +076.68676° E +, + +3238 m + +, + +06.VII.2021 + + +; + +1♂ +, +Lobar +, +32.71338° N +, +076.66903° E +, + +2773 m + +, + +07.VII.2021 + +; leg. +S. Kumari. + + + + + +FIGURES 4–16. +Habitus images of + +Rhodostrophia +spp. +4 + +–7. + +R. borealis + +(4a–4b: Male, 5a–5b: female, 6a–6b: Male, Syntype, NHMUK, 7a–7b: Female, Syntype, NHMUK. +8–9. + +R. cinerascens +* + +(8: Male, 9: Female). +10–12. + +R. herbicolens + +(10a–10b: Male, 11a–11b: Female, 12a–12b: Female, Syntype, NHMUK), +13–14. + +R. muricolor + +(13a–13b: Male, Syntype, NHMUK, 14a–14b: Female, Syntype, NHMUK). +15–16. + +pelloniaria + +(15a–15b: Male, 16a–16b: Female). *Specimens and genitalia slide at ZSM-SNSB, Munich; slides and photos prepared by Dr Axel Hausmann. + + + + +Description: + + +Forewing length: Male: +14–17 mm +, Female: +13–16 mm +. + + +Antenna +filiform in female; quadripectinate in male, flagellum dentate and brown ventrally, dorsal shaft of the antennae whitish at the base and lateral sides, rest is covered with brownish scales. Vertex white, sometimes with a slight tinge of ochreous-brown. Frons dark fuscous brown. Labial palpi short, directed upward and not reaching the frons, pale ochreous at tips and lateral side. Collar tinged with ochreous brown; tegulae, patagia and thorax with brownish-grey suffusion; abdomen pale ochreous. Ventral side pale ochreous with dark brown suffusion. Legs features typical of the genus; foretibia with a well-developed epiphysis in the middle; hindtibia with three tibial spurs in males; hindtibial hair pencil reaching up to the single median spur. +Forewing +pale ochreous suffused with greyish brown, basal third slightly darker, apically elongated, outer margin obliquely straight. Antemedial line slightly bent outward below costa and runs obliquely towards the inner margin. Postmedial band diffused, greyish brown with a distinct darker inner edge, slightly outcurved till CuA1, then running straight up to inner margin. Submarginal line prominent, greyish-brown and strongly sinuous; marginal line dark brown, area between the two lines suffused with greyish-brown. Cilia pale ochreous, base darker. +Hindwing +paler, costal half washed out, markings similar as forewing except antemedial line absent. +Underside +paler, forewing with basal half suffused with grey, antemedial line absent, postmedial band indistinct and only the inner edge prominent, area between the submarginal and marginal line paler than the upper side. Discocellular dot small, black, prominent and slightly elongated. Hindwing without grey suffusion in the basal half ( +Figs 10–12 +). + + +Male genitalia +( +Fig. 36 +): Uncus long, sclerotised; apex broader, more dilated subapically, membranous except a subapical bilobed, acutely tipped sclerotisation, spatulate, setose, bilobed with a minor central concavity on posterior margin. Gnathos triangular, strongly sclerotised, median process elongated with acute apex. Valva symmetric, not spinulose, apically broad, spatulate with a small, blunt, digitate process ventrad, and large, rounded, subapical protrusion dorsad. Costa strongly curved, apex rounded, separated from valva, distal dorsal sclerite of valva costa rounded. Sacculus narrow, smooth, sclerotised, folded ventrally over the valva. Juxta tongue-shaped but apically elongated. Aedeagus ( +Fig. 43 +) subapically slightly curved with minute sclerotised teeth on terminal part; vesica wrinkled, with an elongated, sclerotised patch having minute scobinations. Posterior margin of the 8 +th +abdominal sternite ( +Fig. 50 +) bilobed, octavals shorter (than the previously discussed species). + + +Female genitalia +( +Fig. 57 +): Papillae anales ovally-elongated with very narrow central concavity; posterior apophyses four times the length of anterior apophyses. Ductus bursae sclerotised, sharply bent postmedially, with a non-sclerotised portion on the bend; shorter than corpus bursae. Corpus bursae ovally-elongated; signum shaped as a pair of flat, strongly sclerotised ‘axe-head’ shape sclerites, connected posteriorly, located below the junction of corpus bursae and ductus bursae, a slightly sclerotised patch above it (on the roof). 7 +th +sternite sclerotised, posterior margin almost straight with a medially-acute indentation with minor lateral projections. + + + + +Differential diagnosis: + +R. herbicolens + +differs from the similarly looking species + +R. muricolor + +( +Fig. 13–14 +) in having less greyish-fuscous suffusion on the forewings whereas in + +R. muricolor + +the suffusion is more uniform and darker with transverse markings almost obsolescent. Also, in + +R. muricolor + +the hindwing is more greyish with more weakly defined markings and underside more ochreous compared to + +R. herbicolens +. + + + + + + +Distribution: +India +: + +Himachal Pradesh +(Solan, Shimla, Dalhousie, Kasauli) ( +Prout 1935 +, +1938 +). +Elsewhere +: Not documented. + + +Genetic data: + +Two BINs: +BOLD +: +AFI2529 +from +Himachal Pradesh +, +India +and +BOLD +: +ADF4294 +from +Uttarakhand +, +India +, both with 4.47% genetic distance + +. + + +Bionomics: +So far, + +R. herbicolens + +has been exclusively documented from the IHR, typically from the Trans Himalaya (Lahaul Valley), +North Western +and Western Himalayan regions. Adults have been observed within a wide elevational range of +1400–3200 m +, with increased activity during pre-monsoon months. The species has been most commonly found in the elevational range of +2200–2800 m +within Himalayan Moist Temperate forests (12/C1a, C1c) and Himalayan Dry Temperate forests (13/ C2b, 13/C4 and C5), and exhibits occasional encounters in the Tropical Dry Deciduous forests (5B/C2) and Subtropical Pine forests (9/C1a and C1b) towards lower elevations. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFE2FFB2B48148680870FB11.xml b/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFE2FFB2B48148680870FB11.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..444c5366fcf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFE2FFB2B48148680870FB11.xml @@ -0,0 +1,371 @@ + + + +Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya + + + +Author + +Kumari, Shabnam +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Uniyal, Virendra Prasad +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. & Graphic Era (Deemed to be) University, Bell Road Clement Town, Dehradun- 248002, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Chandra, Kailash +Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata- 700053, West Bengal, India. + + + +Author + +Hausmann, Axel +Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns (SNSB) - Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), Münchhausenstrasse 21, D- 81247 Munich, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +59 +89 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3 +1175-5326 +13915528 +5F625E12-7F89-46BC-A7DF-2111180CEB87 + + + + + + + +Rhodostrophia cinerascens +( +Moore, 1888 +) + + + + + + + +[ +Fig. 8–9 +, +35, 42 +, +49, 56 +] + + +[TL: Pir Panjal, Kashmir, +Jammu and Kashmir +, +India +] + + + += +subflavida +Warren, 1893 + +, [TL: Sonmarg, Kashmir] + + + + + +Phyletis cinerascens cinerascens +Moore, 1888 + +, +Description of new Indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson +: 264. + + + +Rhodostrophia cinerascens + +; +Hampson, 1895 +; + +The Fauna of +British India +, including +Ceylon +and +Burma +, + +3: 458. + + + + + +Rhodostrophia cinerascens + +; +Prout, 1913 +; +In +: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1912–1916): +The Macrolepidoptera of the world +, 4: 40, pl. 5, fig. d. + + + +Rhodostrophia cinerascens cinerascens + +; +Prout, 1938 +; +In +: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1920–1941): +The Macrolepidoptera of the world +, 12: 143. + + + + +Material examined: + +Pakistan +: +7♂♂ + +, + +Indus-Kohistan +, +Gittidas +, + +3350 m + +, + +03.VIII.1990 + +; +1♀ + +, + +Pakistan +, +Baltistan +, +Deosai plains +, +Naran +, + +2300 m + +, + +02.VIII.1990 + +; leg. +Bernard Mollet +(in +SNSB-ZSM +collection) + +. + + + + +Description: + + +Forewing length: Male: +17–19 mm +, Female: +16 mm +. Females smaller and narrower-winged than males. Intensity of wing markings greatly varying ( +Prout 1938 +). + + +Antennae +filiform in female; quadripectinate in male, flagellum slightly dentate and brown ventrally. Vertex ochreous to pale brown. Frons reddish-brown. Palpi short, upwardly directed, not reaching frons, pale ochreous laterally. Collar, tegulae, patagia and thorax greyish-ochreous, sometimes with reddish-brown irroration; abdomen pale ochreous. Ventral side pale ochreous; legs with greyish-brown suffusion, femoral part of the legs and ventral side of the thorax with rose-red or vinous irroration. Legs features similar to + +R. borealis + +. +Forewing +greyish-ochreous, slightly darker than in + +R. borealis + +, apically elongated with obliquely straight outer margin. Female forewing smaller, narrower and outwardly stretched with acute apex. Costa darker, rarely with rose-red irroration. Antemedial line greyish to red-brown, sinuous, indistinct. Postmedial band oblique with slightly wavy distal border, proximal border straight but usually with slight indentation distad at the centre of wing, dark greyish-brown, darker towards proximal border; marginal band pale grey-brown; area between the two bands pale, concolorous with ground colour. Terminal line dark grey. Cilia greyish-brown, distally paler. Discocellular dot inconspicuous, grey. +Hindwing +whitish to pale ochreous, markings as in forewing except antemedial line absent, postmedial band inconspicuous, consisting of two slightly undulate lines. Discocellular dot almost absent. Cilia as in forewing. +Underside +pale ochreous, with unicolorous fuscous suffusion in the forewing up to postmedial band; antemedial line not traceable in both wings; fringes darker than ground colour ( +Figs 8, 9 +). + + +Male +( +Fig. 35, 42 +, +49 +) and +female genitalia +( +Fig. 56 +) are similar to + +R. +borealis + +. However, the main differences are outlined in the differential diagnosis of + +R. borealis +. + + + + + +Differential diagnosis: +Discussed under + +R. borealis + +(see above). + + + + + +Distribution: +India +: + +Jammu and Kashmir +(Pir Panjal, Western Kashmir and Sonmarg) (Warren 1893; +Prout 1913 +, +1938 +). +Elsewhere: +Afghanistan (Warren 1893; +Prout 1913 +, +1938 +), Pakistan (in SNSB-ZSM collection). + + +Genetic data: +Not available. + + +Bionomics: + +R. cinerascens + +was primarily described from the Pir Panjal Mountain range and also reported from the western parts of Kashmir up to +Afghanistan +. Its synonym, + +R. subflavida + +was described from Sonmarg (Western Kashmir). Adults of this species are commonly found from June to September ( +Prout 1913 +), with no information on life history and larval stages. The elevational distribution of the species ranges from ~ +2400 m +to +4000 m +[the elevations of the documented locations of the species in the literature and from the museum collections; +2409 m +(Naran), +2730 m +(Sonmarg) and +3678 m +(Gittidas)]. + + + + +Remarks: + +R. subflavida + +was kept as a synonym of + +R. cinerascens + +in the latest catalogue of worldwide +Geometridae +moths by + +Rajaei +et al. +(2022b) + +. However, confirmation of its status as a synonym or as an independent species is doubtful and depends on the examination of Warren’s +type +specimens. If further studies of the +type +specimens reveal it as an independent species or identify it as + +R. borealis + +, the distribution patterns of + +R. borealis + +and + +R. cinerascens + +would likely show allopatric/disjunct ranges. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFE5FFB7B4814E740BB9F93E.xml b/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFE5FFB7B4814E740BB9F93E.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..02aaea671ed --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFE5FFB7B4814E740BB9F93E.xml @@ -0,0 +1,730 @@ + + + +Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya + + + +Author + +Kumari, Shabnam +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Uniyal, Virendra Prasad +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. & Graphic Era (Deemed to be) University, Bell Road Clement Town, Dehradun- 248002, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Chandra, Kailash +Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata- 700053, West Bengal, India. + + + +Author + +Hausmann, Axel +Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns (SNSB) - Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), Münchhausenstrasse 21, D- 81247 Munich, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +59 +89 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3 +1175-5326 +13915528 +5F625E12-7F89-46BC-A7DF-2111180CEB87 + + + + + + + +Rhodostrophia stigmatica +Butler, 1889 + + + + + + + +[ +Fig. 19–22 +, +38, 45 +, +52, 59 +] + + +[TL: Dharmsala, North Western +India +, +India +] + +Rhodostrophia stigmatica +Butler, 1889 + +, + +Illustration Typical Specimens +Lepidoptera Heterocera +Collection British Museum + +, 7: + + +110, pl. 136, fig. 19, 20. + +Rhodostrophia stigmatica + +; +Prout, 1913 +; +In +: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1912–1916): +The Macrolepidoptera of the world +, 4: 43, pl. 3, fig. e. + +Rhodoostrophia stigmatica + +; +Prout, 1938 +; +In +: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1920–1941): +The Macrolepidoptera of the world +, 12: 145, pl. 15, + + +fig. d. + +Rhodostrophia stigmatica +; + +Yazaki, 1992; in Haruta T (Ed.): Moths of +Nepal +, Part-1. + +Tinea + +, vol. 13 (suppl. 2): 14, pl. 5, fig. 14. + +Rhodostrophia stigmatica +; + +Smetacek, 2008; +Bionotes +, 10 (1): 7. + + + + +Material examined: + + +INDIA + +: +1♀ +, +Himachal Pradesh +, +Dist.Kangra +, +Dhauladhar Mountain Range +, +Harnala +, +32.28126° N +, +076.27037° E +, + +1796 m + +, + +07.X.2020 + + +; + +1♀ +, +Nora +, +32.26927° N +, +076.28972° E +, + +1455 m + +, + +09.X.2020 + + +; + +1♀ +, +Dhanoti +, +32.23183° N +, +076.27132° E +, + +1170 m + +, + +11.X.2020 + + +; +1♂ +2♀ +, +03.IV.2021 +; + +1♂ +1♀ +, +Rakh +, +32.21597° N +, +076.25905° E +, + +849 m + +, + +13.X.2020 + + +; + +1♂ +1♀ +, +Sudher +, +32.214310° N +, +076.291564° E +, + +1064 m + +, + +24.X.2020 + + +; + +1♀ +, +Dharamkot +, +32.247185° N +, +076.324656° E +, + +1948 m + +, + + +04. +V +.2022 + + + +; + +1♀ +, +Maiti +, +32.21920° N +, +076.27902° E +, + +1084 m + +, + + +09. +V +.2022 + + + +; + +1♀ +, +Baladi Mod +, +32.25395° N +, +076.27602° E +, + +1210 m + +, + + +10. +V +.2022 + + + +; + +1♀ +, +Kareri Khas +, +32.28271° N +, +076.28049° E +, + +1870 m + +, + + +19. +V +.2022 + + + +; + +2♀♀ +, +Rheoti +, +32.304361° N +, +076.273801° E +, + +2478 m + +, + + +20. +V +.2022 + + + +; + +2♀♀ +, +Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary +, +Billing +, +32.04629° N +, +076.73251° E +, + +1875 m + +, + +09.X.2021 + + +; + +2♂♂ +, +Billing +, +32.05978° N +, +076.74229° E +, + +2341 m + +, + + +01. +VI +.2022 + + + +; + +2♀♀ +, +Billing +, +32.06312° N +, +076.74973° E +, + +2572 m + +, + + +06. +VI +.2022 + + + +; + +2♂♂ +, +Bir +, +32.04972° N +, +076.72281° E +, + +1565 m + +, + + +29. +V +.2022 + + +; leg. +S. Kumari. + + + +NWR specimens: + + +INDIA + +: +1♂ +, +Himachal Pradesh +, +Dist. Kangra +, +Dhauladhar Mountain Range +, +Dhanoti +, +32.23183° N +, +076.27132° E +, + +1170 m + +, + +11.X.2020 + + +; + +1♀ +, +Ghera +, +32.260173° N +, +076.288707° E +, + +1404 m + +, + +04.IV.2021 + + +; + +1♀ +, +Bir +, +32.04328° N +, +076.72807° E +, + +1615 m + +, + +11.X.2021 + + +; + +1♂ +, +Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary +, +Billing +, +32.04629° N +, +076.73251° E +, + +1857 m + +, +30. + + +V +.2022 ( +BOLD +Sample Id: BC_ +ZSM +_ +Lep +_117605) + +; leg. S. Kumari. + + + + +Description: + + +Forewing length: Male: +12–13 mm +, Female: +14–16 mm +. + + +Antennae +filiform in female; quadripectinate in male, flagellum dentate and brown ventrally; on the dorsal side basal two-third pale ochreous and remaining dark ochreous. Vertex whitish and with a slight pale ochreous tint. Frons pale ochreous-brown. Labial palpi short, directed upwards but hardly reaching frons, slightly irrorated with red on the lateral sides. Collar, tegulae, patagia, and dorsal thoracic and abdominal region pale ochreous and with slight rose-red irroration on ventral side. Legs features similar to + +R. pelloniaria + +. Hindtibial hair pencil present and reaches up to the median tibial spur. +Forewing +pale ochreous with chestnut-greyish irroration and sometimes with uniform reddish suffusion, elongated with acute apex. Three chestnut or reddish-brown transverse lines. Antemedial line bends sharply below costa and runs obliquely towards the inner margin and continues to the hindwing. Postmedial line oblique, slightly sinuous and sometimes appears to be double with a very faint outer shade. Submarginal line thinner and wavy. Marginal line dark brown. Cilia with pale ochreous base, rose-red tips and darker central portion. Discocellular dots comparatively large, dark black or reddish-brown. +Hindwing +similar to forewing with basal half of costal margin paler. Outer margin slightly protruded near M3. +Underside +pale yellow with reddish irroration, markings similar to upper side; basal half of forewing suffused with chestnut-brown, inner margin pale yellow. Outer marginal fringes darker than the upper side ( +Figs 19–22 +). + + +Male genitalia +( +Fig. 38 +): Uncus elongated, setose; apex broad and bilobed with deep central concavity; subapical processes, short, setose and extend laterally. Gnathos triangular, strongly sclerotised, long median process with acute apex. Valva asymmetric; apical one-fourth narrow, sclerotised, spinulose and bilobed (only on the right side); right valva with longer, acute digitate process ventrad (comparatively longer and less spinose in + +R. similata +; + +while not bilobed in + +R. bicolor +; + +shorter, thin and less spinose in + +R. yunnanaria + +); left valva with single thick, acute digitiform process (bilobed with a very short dorsal process in + +R. bicolor + +and + +R. similata + +, not bilobed in + +R. yunnanaria + +). Costa with small protrusion at base, curved, apically elongated, separated from the valva, distal dorsal sclerite of valva costa quadrangle with rounded edges and a small protrusion dorsad. Sacculus narrow, smooth, sclerotised, folded ventrad over valva. Juxta tongue-shaped. Aedeagus ( +Fig. 45 +) long, thin, sclerotised, curved medially followed by a moderate subapical turn. Posterior margin of the 8 +th +abdominal sternite ( +Fig. 52 +) bilobed with a large, shallow central depression. + + +Female genitalia +( +Fig. 59 +): Papillae anales rounded, setose, posterior margins with shallow central concavity; posterior apophyses four times the length of anterior apophyses. Ductus bursae long, sclerotised, strongly curved medially, with a non-sclerotised medial part; apically wide with a small protrusion near the antrum; length same as corpus bursae. Corpus bursae membranous, oval, collar-shaped signum next to the junction with ductus bursae. Posterior margin of the 7 +th +sternite irregular. + + + + +Differential diagnosis: + +R. stigmatica + +looks similar to + +R. similata + +and + +R. bicolor + +in its external appearance. However, it is comparatively larger; discocellular dot dark black; in postmedial area, the band is replaced by a single, distinct line followed by traces of a very indistinct shade which gives an impression of the outer margin of the postmedial band (distinct and well-defined or at least as a dark concolorous or black shade in others). The male genitalia has a uncus with rather shallow central concavity at the distal margin and longer subapical lateral processes; aedeagus more strongly bent subapically than in other three species. Female genitalia with shallow, apical central concavity in papillae anales (not distinguishable in + +R. bicolor + +and + +R. +yunnanaria + +); ductus bursae with a small non-sclerotised medial portion; posterior margin of 7 +th +sternite irregular. + + + + +Remarks: +For the habitus and genitalia illustrations of the + +R. similata + +, + +R. bicolor + +and + +R. yunnanaria + +refer to + +Cui +et al. +(2019) + +. + + + + + +Distribution: +India +: + +Himachal Pradesh +(Dharamshala, Sultanpur), +Uttarakhand +(Kumaon) ( +Prout 1913 +, +1938 +; Smetacek 2008). +Elsewhere: +Nepal (Yazaki 1992). + + +Genetic data: +Two BINs: BOLD:AFH7238 from +India +and BOLD:AAP2081 from +Bhutan +with 3.25% genetic divergence and diverge by 6.43% genetic distance from the nearest species + +R. tristrigalis + +. + + +Bionomics: +A typical Himalayan species reported from Indian and +Nepal +Himalayan regions. In our primary field surveys in DMR, the adults were recorded between +800–2600 m +, in the sub-tropical pine (9/C1a, C1b) and Himalayan (broad-leaved and coniferous) moist temperate forests (12/C1, C2). However, they tend to fly more commonly within the +1500–2000 m +elevational range and appear to be bivoltine, with adults being active in both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. There is no available information on the biology and larval stages of the species. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFE7FFB6B4814A4C0E71FD56.xml b/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFE7FFB6B4814A4C0E71FD56.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..28161c33ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFE7FFB6B4814A4C0E71FD56.xml @@ -0,0 +1,534 @@ + + + +Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya + + + +Author + +Kumari, Shabnam +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Uniyal, Virendra Prasad +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. & Graphic Era (Deemed to be) University, Bell Road Clement Town, Dehradun- 248002, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Chandra, Kailash +Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata- 700053, West Bengal, India. + + + +Author + +Hausmann, Axel +Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns (SNSB) - Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), Münchhausenstrasse 21, D- 81247 Munich, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +59 +89 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3 +1175-5326 +13915528 +5F625E12-7F89-46BC-A7DF-2111180CEB87 + + + + + + + +Rhodostrophia pelloniaria pelloniaria +(Guenée, [1858]) + + + + + + + +[ +Fig. 15–17 +, +37, 44 +, +51, 58 +] + +[TL: Indes orientales] + + += +pelloniaria + +meonodes +Prout, 1935 +, [TL: Kashmir, Kulu, North Western +India +, +India +] + + + +Phyletis pelloniaria +Guenée, [1858] + +, in +Boisduval +& +Guenée +: + +Histoire Naturelle des Insectes +(Species général Lépidoptérés) + +, 10: 169. [ +Holotype +♂ +, Indes orientales (NHM)]. + + + +Rhodostrophia pelloniaria + +; +Hampson, 1895 +; + +The Fauna of +British India +, including +Ceylon +and +Burma +, + +3: 456. + + + +Rhodostrophia pelloniaria + +; +Prout, 1938 +; +In +: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1920–1941): +The Macrolepidoptera of the world, +12: 145. + + + +Rhodostrophia pelloniaria + +; Sanyal +et al. +, 2017; +SHILAP Revista de lepidopterología +, 45 (177): 157. + + + +Rhodostrophia pelloniaria + +; Chandra +et al. +, 2019; + +Assemblages of +Lepidoptera +in Indian Himalaya through Long Term Monitoring Plots + +: 234. + + + +Rhodostrophia pelloniaria + +; Joshi +et al. +2021; +Insecta +: +Lepidoptera +: Heterocera (Moths). + +Faunal Diversity of Biogeographic Zones of +India + +: North-East. Published by the Director, Zoological Survey of +India +, Kolkata, 511–576 pp. + + + + +Material examined: + + +INDIA + +: +1♂ +, +Himachal Pradesh +, +Dist. Kangra +, +Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary +, +Billing +, +32.05978° N +, +076.74229° E +, + +2341 m + +, + + +08. +VI +.2021 + + + +; +3♂♂ +4♀♀ +, + +01. +VI +.2022 + +; + +2♂♂ +4♀♀ +, +Billing +, +32.06312° N +, +076.74973° E +, + +2572 m + +, + + +06. +VI +.2022 + + + +; + +3♂♂ +, +Dhauladhar Mountain Range +, +Above Bharodi +, +32.29750° N +, +076.27121° E +, + +2308 m + +, + + +05. +V +.2022 + + +; leg. +S. Kumari. + + + +NWR specimens: + + +INDIA + +: +1♂ +, +Himachal Pradesh +, +Dist. Kangra +, +Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary +, +Billing +, +32.05978° N +, +076.74229° E +, + +2341 m + +, +08. + +VI +.2021; +1♂ +, + +01. + +VI +.2022 + + +( +BOLD +Sample Id +: BC_ +ZSM +_ +Lep +_117628); +1♀ +, + +01. +VI +.2022 + +; leg. +S. Kumari. + + + + +Description: + + +Forewing length: Male: +14–16 mm +, Female: +13–14 mm +. + + +Antennae +filiform in female; quadripectinate in male, flagellum dentate and brown ventrally, on the dorsal side three-fourth whitish and rest dark brown. Vertex whitish with pale ochreous tint. Frons dark brown. Labial palpi brown laterally, short, directed forwardly and then upward, hardly reaching frons. Collar ochreous with rose-red irrorations laterally; tegulae, patagia and dorsal thoracic and abdominal region greyish-ochreous. Ventral side dark brown with slight rose-red irroration on legs and abdomen. Legs features similar to + +R. herbicolens + +except the hindtibia in males with a single median and a pair of unequally sized terminal spurs; hair pencil absent. +Forewing +pale ochreous sometimes with greyish-brown suffusion, apically elongated with straight outer margin; females with slightly narrow wings. Costa pink; postmedial band oblique, rose-red, broader towards inner margin where it is often suffused with grey. Submarginal line greyish, parallel to the postmedial band but often obsolescent. Marginal line dark brown. Cilia rose-red with pale ochreous base and brown medial part. Discocellular dot small, black and often indistinct. +Hindwing +pale ochreous; postmedial band and the submarginal line similar to forewing, but starts disappearing towards costa near M1; discocellular dot as in forewing. Forewing +underside +ochreous; basal area suffused with dark grey, markings similar to upper side but with much greyer suffusion; veins dark grey; discocellular dot more prominent. Cilia darker than the upper side. Hindwing +underside +pale ochreous with darker rose-red suffusion; markings similar to upper side (see figs 15–17). + + +Male genitalia +( +Fig. 37 +): Uncus long, weakly sclerotised, apex dilated, setose, bilobed, distal margin with small central indentation. Gnathos triangular, strongly sclerotised, median process elongated with slightly blunt tip. Valva symmetrical, not spinulose, ventral margin sclrotised, apical one-third slender, curved, terminally comprised of small, thin, digitiform process. Costa with small protrusion at base, curved, apically rounded, separated from valva, distal dorsal sclerite of valva costa elongated. Sacculus narrow, smooth, sclerotised, folded ventrad over valva. Juxta tongue-shaped. Aedeagus ( +Fig. 44 +) long, thin, slightly curved midway; vesica without cornuti. Posterior margin of the 8 +th +abdominal sternite ( +Fig. 51 +) weakly sclerotised, bilobed with a very low central depression (octavals very short). + + +Female genitalia +( +Fig. 58 +) Papillae anales ovally-elongated, setose, small central notch on posterior margin; posterior apophyses four times the length of anterior apophyses. Ductus bursae narrow, sclerotised except for a small non-sclerotised submedian region, length nearly same as the corpus bursae, broader distal end, moderately curved towards the middle. Corpus bursae oval; signum developed as two flat, horizontal, collar-shaped sclerites, connected posteriorly, located below the junction with ductus bursae. 7 +th +sternite sclerotised, tongue-shaped, posterior margin convex shaped (concave in others except + +R. tristrigalis + +), without lateral processes. + + + + +Differential diagnosis: +The subspecies + +pelloniaria + +has an overall paler outer appearance while its close ally + +R. p. +khasiana + +( +Fig. 18 +) (from Khasis) is comparatively darker with bright rose-red irroration, especially on the markings and cilia. Also, the postmedial band and the submarginal line of the hindwing are much more prominent in + +R. p. +pelloniaria + +than in + +R. p. +khasiana + +. Underside markings and the overall colouration are darker and prominent in + +R. p. +khasiana + +. Male genitalia with apical digitate process of valva comparatively short and the posterior margin of the 8 +th +abdominal sternite with shallow central concavity while rather simple posterior margin in +R. p. + +khasiana +( + +Cui +et al. +2019 + +) + +. Female genitalia with the posterior margin of the 7 +th +sternite simple, outcurved and tongue-shaped (however, with a narrow ‘V-shaped’ central incision in + +R. p. +khasiana + +). + + + + +Remarks: +We have differentiated our specimens by comparing them with the habitus and genitalia illustrations of + +R. pelloniaria + +in + +Cui +et al. +(2019) + +. We have identified the specimens discussed in + +Cui +et al. +(2019) + +as likely belonging to the + +R. pelloniaria khasiana + +subspecies as suggested by its morphological features. + + + + + +Distribution: +India +: + +Jammu and Kashmir +Union Territory (Kashmir), +Himachal Pradesh +(Kullu, Dalhousie), +Uttarakhand +(Kumaon), +Meghalaya +( +Prout 1935 +; Chandra +et al. +2019; Joshi +et al. +2021). +Elsewhere: +Pakistan (Chandra +et al. +2019). + + +Genetic data: +BIN: BOLD:AFI2528 with 8.06% distance to nearest-neighbour + +R. tumulosa + +and 9.96% to + +R. tristrigalis + +(nearest species in the Himalaya). + + +Bionomics: + +R. pelloniaria + +is a typical Himalayan species. Its adults have been documented throughout the Himalaya previously, but the life history and larval stages remain unknown. Adults have been observed to fly over a wide elevational range of +1400–2800 m +in a previous study by Sanyal +et al. +(2017), as well as during our primary field surveys in the DMR. However, they are mostly found at higher elevations inhabiting Himalayan Moist temperate forests (12/C1a, C1c, C2b), and are comparatively more active during the pre-monsoon season. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFECFFB1B48148AC0A6CFAAA.xml b/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFECFFB1B48148AC0A6CFAAA.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..9b97873e763 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFECFFB1B48148AC0A6CFAAA.xml @@ -0,0 +1,953 @@ + + + +Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya + + + +Author + +Kumari, Shabnam +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Uniyal, Virendra Prasad +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. & Graphic Era (Deemed to be) University, Bell Road Clement Town, Dehradun- 248002, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Chandra, Kailash +Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata- 700053, West Bengal, India. + + + +Author + +Hausmann, Axel +Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns (SNSB) - Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), Münchhausenstrasse 21, D- 81247 Munich, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +59 +89 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3 +1175-5326 +13915528 +5F625E12-7F89-46BC-A7DF-2111180CEB87 + + + + + + + +Rhodostrophia borealis +(Swinhoe, 1890) + +, stat. n. + + + + + + +[ +Figs 4–7 +, +34, 41 +, +48, 55 +] + + +[TL: Kashmir; Kulu, +Himachal Pradesh +, +India +] + + + += +bicolor + +rhoda +Prout, 1912–1916, [TL: Chitral, +Pakistan +; Goorais Valley, Kashmir; Koksar, Lahaul and Spiti, Himachal Pradesh]. + + + + + +Phyletis cinerascens borealis +Swinhoe, 1889 + +; +Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London +: 427, pl. 44, fig. 8. + + + +Rhodostrophia cinerascens borealis + +; +Prout, 1913 +; +In +: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1912–1916): +The Macrolepidoptera of the world +, 4: 40. + + + + + +Rhodostrophia cinerascens borealis + +; +Prout, 1938 +; +In +: Seitz, A. (Ed.) (1920–1941): +The Macrolepidoptera of the world +, 12: 143, pl. 15, fig. b. + + + +Rhodostrophia cinerascens borealis + +; +Wiltshire +, 1967; 26: 146, pl. 9, fig. 27 ( +♂ +genitalia). + + + + +Material examined: + + +INDIA +: + +3♂♂ +, +Himachal Pradesh +, +Dist. Lahaul +and +Spiti +, +Lahaul Valley +, +Shashur Gompa +, +32.57913° N +, +077.02896° E +, + +3470 m + +, + + +27. +VI +.2021 + + + +; + +2♂♂ +, +Dhok +, +32.69587° N +, +077.2206° E +, + +3736 m + +, + + +29. +VI +.2021 + + + +; + +2♂♂ +, +1♀ +, +Jispa +, +32.64262° N +, +077.18973° E +, + +3327 m + +, + + +30. +VI +.2021 + + + +; + +1♂ +, +2♀♀ +, +Pyukar +, +32.55355° N +, +077.07565° E +, + +3289 m + +, + +03.VII.2021 + + +; + +3♂♂ +, +1♀ +, +Kolong +, +32.59219° N +, +077.13137° E +, + +3519 m + +, + +02.VII.2021 + + +; + +1♂ +, +2♀♀ +, +Lobar +, +32.71338° N +, +076.66903° E +, + +2773 m + +, + +07.VII.2021 + + +; + +1♂ +, +Naingar +, +32.73166° N +, +076.86569° E +, + +3491 m + +, + +23.VII.2021 + + +; + +2♂♂ +, +2♀♀ +, +Spiti Valley +, +Chicham +, +32.33903° N +, +077.98894° E +, + +4026 m + +, + +04.VIII.2021 + + +; + +3♂♂ +, +1♀ +, +Kibber +, +32.34908° N +, +078.03315° E +, + +4516 m + +, + +05.VIII.2021 + + +; + +6♂♂ +, +Tashigang +, +32.31392° N +, +078.05563° E +, + +4870 m + +, + +06.VIII.2021 + + +; + +2♂♂ +, +2♀♀ +, +Mudh +, +31.95611° N +, +078.03444° E +, + +3737 m + +, + +07.VIII.2021 + +; leg. +S. Kumari. + + + + +Additionally +, +India +: +25♂♂ +and +6♀♀ +, +Himachal Pradesh +; 26 from +Spiti valley +, + +7 km +SE Kaza + +, + +4150 m + +, + +18.VII.1994 + +, leg. +P. Kautt +and +V +. +Weisz +; 5 from +Parahio Valley +, + +3 km +SE Kaza + +, + +3900 m + +, + +30.VI.1994 + +; leg. +P. Kautt +and +V +. +Weisz +(in +SNSB-ZSM +collection) + +. + + +NWR specimens: + + +INDIA +: + +1♂ +, +Himachal Pradesh +, +Dist. Lahaul +and +Spiti +, +Lahaul valley +, +Shashur Gompa +, +32.5806° N +, +077.02552° E +, + +3534 m + +, +26. + + +VI +.2021 ( +BOLD +Sample Id: BC_ +ZSM +_ +Lep +_117572) + +; + +2♂♂ +, +Shashur Gompa +, +32.57913° N +, +077.02896° E +, + +3470 m + +, +27. + +VI +.2021; + +1♂ +, +Dhok +, +32.69587° N +, +077.2206° E +, + +3736 m + +, +29. + +VI +.2021; + +1♂ +, +Dhok +, +32.69587° N +, +077.2206° E +, + +3736 m + +, +29. + + +VI +.2021 ( +BOLD +Sample Id: BC_ +ZSM +_ +Lep +_117584) + +; + +1♂ +, +Jispa +, +32.64262° N +, +077.18973° E +, + +3327 m + +, +30. + +VI +.2021; + +1♂ +, +Trilokinath +, +32.6788° N +, +076.68676° E +, + +3238 m + +, + +06.VII.2021 + +( +BOLD +Sample Id +: BC_ +ZSM +_ +Lep +_117573) + +; + +1♀ +, +Trilokinath +, +32.6788° N +, +076.68676° E +, + +3238 m + +, + +06.VII.2021 + +( +BOLD +Sample Id +: BC_ +ZSM +_ +Lep +_117580) + +; + +1♀ +, +Duling +, +32.65684° N +, +076.80959° E +, + +3047 m + +, + +11.VII.2021 + +( +BOLD +Sample Id +: BC_ +ZSM +_ +Lep +_117581) + +; + +1♂ +, +Spiti Valley +, +Chicham +, +32.33903° N +, +077.98894° E +, + +4026 m + +, + +04.VIII.2021 + + +; + +1♀ +, +Chicham +, +32.33903° N +, +077.98894° E +, + +4026 m + +, + +04.VIII.2021 + +( +BOLD +Sample Id +: BC_ +ZSM +_ +Lep +_117582) + +; + +1♀ +, +Chicham +, +32.33903° N +, +077.98894° E +, + +4026 m + +, + +04.VIII.2021 + +( +BOLD +Sample Id +: BC_ +ZSM +_ +Lep +_117583) + +; + +2♂♂ +, +Kibber +, +32.34908° N +, +078.03315° E +, + +4516 m + +, + +05.VIII.2021 + + +; + +1♂ +, +Tashigang +, +32.31392° N +, +078.05563° E +, + +4870 m + +, + +06.VIII.2021 + +( +BOLD +Sample Id +: BC_ +ZSM +_ +Lep +_117585) + +; leg. S. Kumari. + + + + +Description: + + +Forewing length: Male: +17–19 mm +, Female: +15–17 mm +. + + +Antennae +filiform in female; quadripectinate in male, flagellum slightly dentate and brown ventrally, basal one-third whitish dorsally. Vertex ochreous. Frons reddish-brown. Palpi short, upwardly directed, not reaching the frons and pale ochreous laterally. Collar, tegulae, patagia and thorax greyish-ochreous, sometimes with reddish-brown irroration; abdomen pale ochreous. Ventral side pale ochreous; legs with greyish-brown suffusion; femoral part of the legs and ventral side of the thorax with rose-red or vinous irroration. Legs features typical of the genus; foretibia with a well-developed median epiphysis; hindtibia in males with three tibial spurs; hair pencil absent. +Forewing +greyish-ochreous, sometimes reddish fawn-colour, apically elongated with obliquely straight outer margin; female forewing smaller, narrower and outwardly stretched with acute apex. Costa darker, sometimes with rose-red irrorations. Antemedial line greyish to red-brown, sinuous, often indistinct especially in males. Postmedial band oblique with irregular distal border, proximal border comparatively straight, slightly narrower towards inner margin, dark greyish-brown sometimes with rose-red irroration on the distinctly defined inner side; marginal band light grey, often obscure; area between the two bands paler, concolorous with ground colour. Terminal line dark grey. Cilia greyish-brown, distally paler. Discocellular dot small and black. +Hindwing +pale ochreous, markings as in forewing except antemedial line absent; postmedial band consisting of two distinct greyish-brown outwardly curved lines strongly bent at M1, area in between filled with lighter grey. Discocellular dot blackish-grey. Cilia as in forewing. +Underside +pale ochreous with fuscous suffusion in the forewing up to postmedial band; markings prominent except antemedial line not traceable in both wings; scattered rose-red irroration in hindwing and costal-half of forewing. Cilia darker than upper side (see figs 4–7). + + +Male genitalia +( +Fig. 34 +): Uncus long; apex non-dilated, setose, and bilobed with large central concavity on distal margin. Gnathos non-sclerotised, triangular with small median process. Valva broad, symmetrical; apex sclerotised, spinulose, forming short, digitate process. Costa slightly curved and sclerotised. Sacculus sclerotised, folded ventrally over the valva; basally bulbed; apical half separated from valva, developed as a long, thick, slender, highly curved arm, tip modified as a thick, sclerotised, rounded plate. Juxta sclerotised, tongue-shaped with strongly sclerotised and irregular distal margin. Aedeagus ( +Fig. 41 +) strongly sclerotised, apical half curved; vesica without cornuti. Posterior margin of the 8 +th +abdominal sternite ( +Fig. 48 +) moderately sclerotised, bilobed with deep incision. + + +Female genitalia +( +Fig. 55 +): Papillae anales ovally-elongated, setose, posterior margin with small central concavity; posterior apophyses three times the length of anterior apophyses. Ductus bursae strongly sclerotised, slightly curved, almost the length of corpus bursae. Antrum shallow without any deep invagination. Corpus bursae rounded to oval; signum consists of two strongly sclerotised, parallel, elongated, flat sclerites with acute tips, located anteriorly at the junction with ductus bursae. 7 +th +sternite sclerotised; posterior margin strongly concave, two blunt, short, horn-shaped projections on the sides. + + + + +Remarks: +We encountered a few individuals with similar markings except their overall appearance is distinctly more rose-red. The forewing markings, especially the postmedial band, exhibit a much greater rose-red hue on the inner side than the usual greyish-brown. Both the antemedial line and costal markings showed pronounced rose-red suffusions. Moreover, the cilia on both wings and the underside of these specimens displayed a more prominent suffusion of rose-red. + + +Additionally, we studied the distinct external morphology and genitalia-based diagnostic features of + +R. borealis + +compared to + +R. cinerascens + +. The differences found (listed below) provide sufficient evidence for species-level differentiation. Therefore, here we propose a new taxonomic status for + +R. borealis + +upgrading it from subspecies to species level. However, this change will require future re-consideration following barcode sequencing of + +R. cinerascens + +. + + + + +Differential diagnosis: +Adults of the + +R. borealis + +show a very close morphological resemblance to + +R. cinerascens + +( +Figs 8, 9 +). However, + +R. borealis + +has a slightly paler ground colour, well-developed discocellular dots, a comparatively straighter postmedial band on the forewing and a more distinctly marked postmedial band on the hindwing. Underside with less dark suffusion at the base of the wings and postmedial band better marked on the forewing (cf. +Prout 1913 +). Male genitalia with valva spinulose apically; apical digitate process slightly longer and rounded apical plate of the saccular arm slightly larger (valva not spinulose apically; apical digitate process shorter and rounded apical plate of the saccular arm smaller in + +R. cinerascens +, + +Fig. 35 +). Postmarginal groove of the 8 +th +sternite shallower (thin, deeper and less sclerotised in + +R. cinerascens + +, +Fig. 49 +). Aedeagus is curved in the apical half (only slightly curved apically with straight medial region in + +R. cinerascens + +, +Fig. 42 +). +F +emale genitalia of + +R. borealis + +has a sclerotised ductus bursae without deep invagination at the antrum (more membranous and with a deep Ushaped invagination at the antrum in + +R. cinerascens +, + +Fig. 56 +) and signum somewhat shorter than in the latter. + + + + + +Distribution: +India +: + +Himachal Pradesh +[Kullu and Koksar (Lahaul and Spiti)], +Jammu and Kashmir +(Gurez Valley, Eastern Kashmir), +Uttarakhand +(Mussoorie) ( +Prout 1913 +, +1938 +). +Elsewhere +: Not documented. + + +Genetic data: +BIN: BOLD:AAJ5407. Mean and maximum intraspecific genetic divergences are 0.25% and 0.55% respectively. Two further BINs (AFI0862; AFI5687) preliminarily drawn here because of well-matching genitalia, but showing large distances of 7.0–8.4% from typical + +R. borealis + +(BOLD:AAJ5407) in BOLD barcode gap analysis and thus, require further integrative study. Both these BINs exhibit 6.74% genetic distance from + +R. tumulosa + +and further, AFI0862 is diverging by 6.57% from + +R. adauctata + +. + + +Bionomics: +Adults of this species have been predominantly recorded to the east of the Pir-Panjal Mountain range, primarily in the Trans Himalayan region of +Jammu and Kashmir +, Ladakh and Lahaul and Spiti ( +Himachal Pradesh +) ( +Prout 1913 +, +1938 +). They usually fly from July to September ( +Prout 1913 +) and have been recorded in large abundance in the cold desert of the Spiti valley (as a single dominant species during the primary field surveys of the first author in the region). The elevational distribution ranges from +3000–5000 m +in the Himalayan Dry Temperate forests (13/C2b, C4, C5), Moist Alpine (15/C1) and Alpine Scrub (16/C1, E1) habitats, with a median distribution at ~ +3500 m +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFFFFFA1B4814C7C09FEF987.xml b/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFFFFFA1B4814C7C09FEF987.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..caca036260e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/B3/87/03B38793FFFFFFA1B4814C7C09FEF987.xml @@ -0,0 +1,762 @@ + + + +Integrative taxonomic review of the genus Rhodostrophia Hübner, 1823 and its allied genus Tanaotrichia Warren, 1893 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Western Himalaya + + + +Author + +Kumari, Shabnam +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Bandyopadhyay, Uttaran +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Uniyal, Virendra Prasad +Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun- 248001, Uttarakhand, India. & Graphic Era (Deemed to be) University, Bell Road Clement Town, Dehradun- 248002, Uttarakhand, India. + + + +Author + +Chandra, Kailash +Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata- 700053, West Bengal, India. + + + +Author + +Hausmann, Axel +Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns (SNSB) - Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), Münchhausenstrasse 21, D- 81247 Munich, Germany. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +59 +89 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.3 +1175-5326 +13915528 +5F625E12-7F89-46BC-A7DF-2111180CEB87 + + + + + + + +Tanaotrichia prasonaria trilineata +Warren, 1893 + + + + + + + +[ +Fig. 30–32 +, +40, 47 +, +54, 62 +] + + +[TL: +Sikkim +, +India +] + + + +Tanaotrichia prasonaria trilineata +Warren, 1893 + +, +Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London +: 361. + + +[ + +Tanaotrichia trilineata +; + +Leech, 1897; VIII-Lepidoptera Heterocera from +China +, +Japan +, and +Corea +. –Part 11, Family +Geometriae +; Subfamilies: Oenochromiae, +Orthostixinae, Larentiinae, Acidaliinae, and Geometriae. +Journal of Natural History, Series 6, 20 (115): 65–110. Doi: l O. 1080/00222939708680601.- Later on described as a new species named as + +Tanaotrichia orientis + +by +Prout, 1913 +] + + + + +Material examined: + + +INDIA + +: +1♀ +, +Himachal Pradesh +, +Dist. Kangra +, +Dhauladhar Mountain Range +, +Dhanoti +, +32.23183° N +, +076.27132° E +, + +1170 m + +, + +11.X.2020 + + +; + +1♀ +, +Rakh +, +32.21597° N +, +076.25905° E +, + +849 m + +, + +14.X.2020 + + +; + +1♀ +, +Baladi Mod +, +32.25395° N +, +076.27602° E +, + +1210 m + +, + +30.IX.2021 + + +; + +1♂ +, +Sudher +, +32.214310° N +, +076.291564° E +, + +1064 m + +, + +02.X.2021 + + +; + +1♀ +, +Ghera +, +32.260173° N +, +076.288707° E +, + +1404 m + +, + +04.IV.2021 + + +; +2♀♀ +, + +03. +V +.2021 + +; leg. S. Kumari. + + +NWR specimens: + + +INDIA + +: +1♂ +, +Himachal Pradesh +, +Dist. Kangra +, +Dhauladhar Mountain Range +, +Maiti +, +32.2192° N +, +076.27902° E +, + +1084 m + +, + +01.X.2021 + +( +BOLD +Sample Id +: BC_ +ZSM +_ +Lep +_117599) + +; + +1♀ +, +Sudher +, +32.21431° N +, +076.291864° E +, + +1064 m + +, + +02.X.2021 + + +; + +1♀ +, +Dhanoti +, +32.23183° N +, +076.27132° E +, + +1170 m + +, +02. + +V +.2021; + +1♀ +, +Paroh Bari +, +32.21791° N +, +076.26783° E +, + +1018 m + +, +05. + +V +.2021, leg. +S. Kumari. + + + + +FIGURES 29–33. +Habitus images of + +Rhodostrophia + +and + +Tanaotrichia +spp. + +29. + +R. bisinuata + +(29a–29b: Male, Holotype, NHMUK). +30–32. + +T. prasonaria trilineata + +(30a–30b: Male, 31a–31b: Female, 32a–32b: Male, Syntype, NHMUK), +33. + +T. prasonaria prasonaria + +(33a–33b: Male, Syntype, NHMUK). + + + + +Description: + + +Forewing length: Male: +15 mm +, Female: +15–17 mm +. + + +Antennae +filiform in female; quadripectinate in male, flagellum ventrally dentate and brown, dorsal side with basal one-third whitish and the rest brown. Vertex white. Frons reddish-brown. Palpi short, forwardly directed, and reddish-brown laterally. Collar reddish; tegulae and patagia reddish brown; thorax and abdomen reddish ochreous. Underside pale reddish-ochreous. Foretibia, midtibia and hindtibia features are typical of the genus. +Forewing +elongated, outer margin slightly incurved near apex; reddish-ochreous or reddish or sometimes ochreous, with minute red irroration. Costal margin almost straight except slightly curved near apex, with dark fuscous suffusion in the basal half. Transverse lines narrow, reddish-brown, sometimes with grey suffusion. Antemedial line slightly out curved just below the costa, then almost straight to inner margin. Postmedial line comparatively thicker, obliquely straight, followed by a diffused and indistinct reddish-brown or greyish-fuscous shade. Submarginal line slightly wavy below costa and forms a sinuous between M3 and CuA2, then runs straight to inner margin. Marginal line reddish-brown. Discocellular dot reddish brown and slightly elongated. Cilia concolourous with wings having scattered red scales. +Hindwing +similar to the forewing, except it lacks the antemedial line. +Underside +paler with less reddish irroration; transverse lines prominent except the antemedial which is missing in both wings. Discocellular dot less prominent. Cilia darker than upper side ( +Figs 30–32 +). + + +Male genitalia +( +Fig. 40 +): Uncus flat, sclerotised; apex broad, setose, bilobed with deep central concavity on posterior margin (appearing as a central cleft) and small subapical protrusion on the lateral margins; basally it has two symmetric, laterally placed, triangular sclerotised plates, tapering towards the base of gnathos with their inner edges curved outward. Gnathos triangular, strongly sclerotised, median process elongated with an acute tip. Valva asymmetric with a slightly sclerotised, somewhat inflated, slighly sclerotised fold medially; apically bilobed and not spinulose; right valva apically bilobed with a minor central concavity; left valva apically bilobed, small, thin digitate process ventrad and rather thicker process dorsad, separated by a deep incision. Costa sclerotised, strongly curved medially, sclerotised and covered with thick spines. Sacculus weakly sclerotised, folded ventrad over valva, swollen or highly curved basally. Juxta Y-shaped with rather shallowr depression. Aedeagus ( +Fig. 47 +) long, thin, S-shaped; small scobination in the vesica. Posterior margin of the 8 +th +sternite ( +Fig. 54 +) bilobed with a wide, deep central concavity (octavals shorter). + + +Female genitalia +( +Fig. 62 +) Papillae anales setose, ovally-elongated, posteriorly with small central concavity; posterior apophyses twice the length of anterior apophyses. Ductus bursa sclerotised, curved and shorter than the corpus bursa. Antrum V-shaped with margin strongly sclerotised. Corpus bursae membranous, ovally-elongated; signum as two thin, longitudinal band-like, scobinated, sclerotisation, joined towards ends and located anteriorly below the junction with ductus bursae. 7 +th +sternite sclerotised, M-shaped with arms projecting backward; posterior margin with shallow, wide central concavity. + + + + +Differential diagnosis: + +Tanaotrichia prasonaria trilineata + +looks close to its nominotypical ally, + +T. p. +prasonaria + +(see +Fig. 33 +: Male, +Syntype +, NHMUK). However, the latter has been described from the Khasi Hills and is comparatively darker having warmer wing colouration, darker ashy-grey antennae and costal margin of forewings. Morphologically, + +T. prasonaria + +subspecies look close to + +R. bisinuata + +subspecies ( +Fig. 29 +) but are easily distinguishable as follows: the subspecies in the + +T. prasonaria + +exhibit comparatively brighter forewings with reddish-ochreous yellow ground colour and dense bright red irroration; their forewings have less acute apex and submarginal line with single sinuous curve (double curves in + +R. bisinuata + +subspecies complex). Furthermore, the + +Rhodostrophia bisinuata + +subspecies has a characteristic blackish-brown fasciation on the forewings, starting from the postmedial line on M1 and running towards the apex, which is absent in + +T. prasonaria + +. + + + + + +Distribution: +India +: + +Sikkim +(TL) (Warren 1893), North Western Himalaya ( +Prout 1938 +). + + +Elsewhere: +Not documented. + + +Genetic data: +BIN: BOLD:AFI0500. Its nearest-neighbour is + +R. cuprinaria + +with 6.27% genetic distance. + + +Bionomics: + +Till +now, adults of + +T. prasonaria trilineata + +have only been reported from the +Himalaya +, particularly from +North Western +and +Central Himalayan +( +Sikkim +) regions. +However +, the life history and larval stages remained undocumented. +Our +study has documented adults predominantly in the elevational range of + +800–1400 m + +in the +Tropical Dry Deciduous +forests (5B/C2) and +Subtropical Pine +forests (9/C1a, C1b), whereas occasional encounters occurred up to + +2000 m + +within the +Himalayan Moist Temperate +(12/C1c) forest +types +in +DMR +. The sightings were recorded during both pre- and post-monsoon seasons with nightly average temperature range of 13–23°C + +. + + + + +FIGURES 34–47. +Male genitalia images of + +Rhodostrophia + +and + +Tanaotrichia +spp. + +34–41. +Male Clasping organ (CLA). 34. + +R. borealis +, + +35. + +R. cinerascens +* + +, 36. + +R. herbicolens + +, 37. + +R. pelloniaria + +, 38. + +R. stigmatica + +, 39. + +R. tristrigalis + +, 40. + +T. prasonaria trilineata + +. +41–47. +Male aedeagus. 41. + +R. borealis + +, 42. + +R. cinerascens +* + +, 43. + +R. herbicolens + +, 44. + +R. pelloniaria + +, 45. + +R. stigmatica +, + +46. + +R. tristrigalis + +, 47. + +T. prasonaria trilineata + +. *Specimens and genitalia slide at ZSM-SNSB, Munich; slides and photos prepared by Dr Axel Hausmann. + + + + +FIGURES 48–62. +Male genitalia images of + +Rhodostrophia + +and + +Tanaotrichia +spp. + +48–54. +Male 8 +th +Abdominal Sternite. 48. + +R. borealis +, + +49. + +R. cinerascens +*, + +50. + +R. herbicolens + +, 51. + +R. pelloniaria + +, 52. + +R. stigmatica + +, 53. + +R. tristrigalis + +, 54. + +T. prasonaria trilineata + +. +55–62. +Female genitalia images of + +Rhodostrophia + +and + +Tanaotrichia +spp. + +55. + +R. borealis + +, 56. + +R. cinerascens +* + +, 57. + +R. herbicolens + +, 58. + +R. pelloniaria + +, 59. + +R. stigmatica + +, 60. + +R. tristrigalis + +, 61. + +R. vinacearia + +, 62. + +T. prasonaria trilineata +. + + +*Specimens and genitalia slide at ZSM-SNSB, Munich; slides and photos prepared by Dr Axel Hausmann. + + + +FIGURE 63. +Neighbour-joining tree of COI barcode sequences (570 bp) of different species of the genera + +Rhodostrophia + +and + +Tanaotrichia +. + +The tree was constructed using the Tamura-Nei model, Gamma-distributed (TN93+G) rates, and 1000 bootstrap replications in MEGAX software ( + +Kumar +et al. +2018 + +). The full tree is displayed in 63a, and the + +Rhodostrophia + +clade (with support values) is displayed in 63b. + + + + +FIGURE 64. +Bayesian inference (BI) of the phylogenetic tree for different species of the genus + +Rhodostrophia + +and + +Tanaotrichia + +based on the COI mitochondrial gene sequence. Also, the results of the three species delimitation tests viz., Multi-rate Poisson Tree Processes (mPTP), Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes (bPTP) and Generalized Mixed Yule-Coalescent (GMYC) are shown as vertical color-coded bars. (Numbers on clades indicate posterior probability (PP) for the node. Blue branches are the primary sequences generated during this study from IHR, and the color-coded vertical bars correspond to the species clusters delimited by the respective species delimitation test analysis). + + + + +Remarks: +The male and female genitalia of + +T. prasonaria trilineata + +have been described here for the first time, along with the first DNA barcode data. These observations underscore the historical confusion regarding the taxonomic placement and validity of species in the genus + +Tanaotrichia + +and + +Rhodostrophia bisinuata + +subspecies complex. The detailed morphological and genitalia examination of the species within the two genera points to their taxonomic distinction which is further supported by molecular COI gene sequence divergence information. Both, the NJ tree ( +Fig. 63 +) and Bayesian phylogenetic tree ( +Fig. 64 +) support the phylogenetic distinction between the two genera and delineate the genus + +Tanaotrichia + +as a separate lineage. However, conducting more comprehensive (integrating both morphological and multigene molecular analysis) investigations is crucial before drawing any definitive conclusions on their taxonomic status. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7840F63AFF79FBA61D013C55.xml b/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7840F63AFF79FBA61D013C55.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4035483f5e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7840F63AFF79FBA61D013C55.xml @@ -0,0 +1,359 @@ + + + +Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography + + + +Author + +Barraclough, David A. +School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Natural Science, KwaZulu-Natal Museum, 237 Jabu Ndlovu Street, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa; and Entomology Department, Iziko South African Museum, P. O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa + + + +Author + +Colville, Jonathan F. +Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +1 +37 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1 +1175-5326 +13915454 +27BE71C1-D41A-4A1E-BED3-781B406BE990 + + + + + + + +Moegistorhynchus manningi +Barraclough & Colville + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +( +Figs 5.1–5.10 +, +12 +) + + + + + + +Type +locality. + +Hottentot +Holland +Mountains +(between the +eastern Cape Town +suburbs of +Somerset West +and +Gordon’s Bay +in the west and the +Elgin valley +in the east), +Western Cape province + +. + + +Type material +( +holotype +in +SAMC +and +paratype +in +NMSA +): + +South Africa +: +Western Cape +: +HOLOTYPE +: +♂ +: “Hot Holl. Mtns / East side + +4000 ft + +”; [reverse side of label] “ +K. H. Barnard +/ + +Jan 1933 + +”. The +holotype +is in good condition + +. + +PARATYPE +: +♀ +: “Villiersdorp, Stettynsberg / +33°50’S +19°20’E +/ Date: + +12.i.1999 + +/ Coll: +J. Manning +” + +. + + + + +Etymology +. The species name + +manningi + +celebrates the collector of the female +paratype +, Dr John Manning (Compton Herbarium, SANBI). Dr Manning first referred to this species (then undescribed) in the literature. Dr Manning has made a profound contribution to our understanding of the role of long-proboscid +Nemestrinidae +in South African pollination biology over more than 25 years. + + + + +Diagnosis +. Style with one basal segment. Wing with paler areas a distinctive opaque creamy white and not transparent or hyaline. Postalar callus with a small sharply pointed cuticular projection near its middle (unique to this species). + + + + +Description (both sexes) +. Body length +13.92–14.40 mm +( +Fig. 5.1 +); wing length +14.30–14.40 mm +; proboscis length 21.41–24.00 mm. +Head +( +Figs 5.3–5.4 +): colouring a mixture of yellow-brown to dark brown to black and scape and pedicel medium brown (densely yellow pruinescent in female). Postpedicel mostly black, but with restricted orange ground colouring on inner basal surface. Male with anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli separated by deep transverse groove; anterior ocellus set far forward and therefore further from the posterior ocelli than the posterior ocelli are from each other. Frons with elongate yellow pile; pile largely absent medially. Style of flagellum with one presumably fused and relatively elongate basal segment. Proboscis short, length slightly longer than body length and ranging up to 1.5 x body length. +Thorax +( +Figs 5.5, 5.6, 5.10 +): scutum medium to dark brown to black, although paler (medium to dark brown) on postalar calli and adjacent to wing insertion and on disc of scutellum (here may be yellow-brown). Paired median silver pruinescent vittae extend from anterior margin to scuto-scutellar suture, but interrupted by brown colouring/pruinescence at two-thirds distance between anterior margin and scuto-scutellar suture. Scutellum densely silver pruinescent over lateral parts and sparsely brown to golden pruinescent along posterior margin just posterior to disc. Pile on scutum a mixture of yellow (predominant) and a few black hairs, short but profuse; largely sparse to absent on posterior half (although obviously present on postalar calli and disc of scutellum and otherwise as very sparse, short and yellow hairs). Middle of postalar callus with small but obvious acutely pointed cuticular projection at about middle (apex may be black-tinged) (see +Fig. 5.10 +). +Legs +: fore femur yellow, legs otherwise yellow-brown to medium brown. Fore femur with elongate posterodorsally directed yellow pile reaching about one-third femur length. Mid and hind femora with rather sparse yellow pile ventrally along basal two-thirds of mid femur and basal one-quarter to one-third of hind femur. +Wing +( +Fig. 5.7 +): relatively slender in male only, length about 3.0 x maximum width (broader in female, length about 2,6 x maximum width). Infuscation medium to dark brown, but darker on anterior half. Patterning distributed over much of wing, as in figure; no transparent hyaline areas, instead these areas largely replaced by an opaque creamy white appearance (these areas larger and more extensive/conspicuous in female). +CuP +sometimes with short incomplete crossvein, this not extending to wing margin. +Abdomen +( +Figs 5.8–5.9 +): relatively robust and broad in male, much broader than maximum width of thorax; much more slender in female (same width as thorax). Ground colour brown to black on tergites, but sternites often partly yellow. T1 entirely dark brown to black and silver pruinescence completely lacking; pile dense and short, mostly yellow to white. T2 densely silver pruinescent across entire width (except appearing brown posteromedially, although this may be membrane); pile largely absent. T3 largely medium brown, but with small paired medial silver pruinescent markings (elongate-ovoid and transversely positioned) on anterior half, and extending to lateral margins in female; narrowly silver pruinescent along most of posterior margin; pile relatively sparse and short (longer and more profuse in female), yellow to white, mostly restricted to anterior half (but may be absent from elongate-ovoid markings), longest hairs at most half length of T3 lateral margins. T4 similarly coloured and patterned, but silver pruinescent posterior margin much more extensive, with this pruinescence merging broadly with lateral margins; ground colour paler posteriorly; pile typically sparse and short and present anteriorly only, this yellow, longest hairs reaching half length of T4 lateral margin (pile very sparse and short in female). T5 even more extensively silver pruinescent, with small round brown areas medially; pile barely evident. T6 medium to yellow-brown with single median brown area. Sternites yellow-brown to medium brown to black; pile longer and white on S4. + + + +FIGURE 5 (5.1–5.4). + +Moegistorhynchus manningi + + +sp. nov. + +(male holotype). +1. +Whole body, lateral view. +2. +Label data. +3– 4. +Head. +3. +Frontal view. +4. +Oblique lateral view, showing detail of antennae with style with +only one +short basal segment (arrowed). + + + + +FIGURE 5 (5.5–5.9). + +Moegistorhynchus manningi + + +sp. nov. + +(male holotype). +5–6. +Thorax. +5. +Dorsal view. +6. +Lateral view. +7. +Wing. +8–9. +Abdomen, dorsal view. +8. +Whole abdomen. +9. +Basal tergites. + + + + +FIGURE 5.10. + +Moegistorhynchus manningi + + +sp. nov. + +(male holotype). Postalar callus with a small, sharply pointed cuticular projection (arrowed) near its middle: oblique dorsal view (left) and dorsal view looking posteriorly (right). + + + +Relationships and distribution +( +Fig. 12 +). + +Moegistorhynchus manningi + +does not appear to have close affinity with any of the other + +Moegistorhynchus +species. + +It appears to be a montane species and is known from only two localities. Vegetation +type +: Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos (FFs10); Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs11). + + + + +Discussion +. We have been aware of this species for more than 15 years. Unfortunately, the first collected specimen (the female +paratype +) is in poor condition, with the wings crumpled along much of their length and the right wing apex torn, most of the legs are damaged or missing, and the abdomen is detached and glued back on at its base. It was impossible to describe the species as new based on material in such poor condition, especially since the male was unknown. Fortunately, in 2022, we discovered a conspecific male in good condition in SAMC. The second author has visited the Stettynsberg locality, but unfortunately no additional specimens were collected. + + + +Moegistorhynchus manningi + +was collected pollinating the rare + +Gladiolus rhodanthus +J.C. Manning & Goldblatt + +in the Stettynsberg (see + +Manning +et al. +1999: 218 + +). These authors also noted that it pollinated + +Erica praecox + +, + +Pelargonium radiatum + +and + +Watsonia paucifolia + +at this locality. + +Gladiolus rhodanthus + +deposits pollen on the dorsal surface of the thorax, + +W. paucifolia + +on the top of the head, + +E. praecox + +on the face and + +P. radiatum + +on the underside of the thorax ( + +Manning +et al +. 1999: 218 + +). The SANBI Red List of South African Plants (http://redlist.sanbi.org/species. php?species=1549-608) notes that + +Gladiolus rhodanthus + +has a distribution of less than +5 km +2 +at an altitude of 1800 metres. + + +Given that this species is known only from the male +holotype +and a female +paratype +(in poor condition), the male postabdomen was not dissected. Dissection of the +holotype +could damage the proboscis, which is closely appressed to the abdominal apex. + +Note that this remarkable new species has three features which are unique in the genus: wing with paler areas all a distinctive opaque creamy white and these not transparent or hyaline; postalar callus with a small sharply pointed cuticular projection near its middle; and style of antennal flagellum with only one basal segment. These may be autapomorphies. + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7847F633FF79FD821D263AFC.xml b/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7847F633FF79FD821D263AFC.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..170121244fb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7847F633FF79FD821D263AFC.xml @@ -0,0 +1,290 @@ + + + +Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography + + + +Author + +Barraclough, David A. +School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Natural Science, KwaZulu-Natal Museum, 237 Jabu Ndlovu Street, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa; and Entomology Department, Iziko South African Museum, P. O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa + + + +Author + +Colville, Jonathan F. +Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +1 +37 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1 +1175-5326 +13915454 +27BE71C1-D41A-4A1E-BED3-781B406BE990 + + + + + + + +Moegistorhynchus strillii +Barraclough & Colville + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +( +Figs 7.1–7.9 +, +12 +) + + + + + + +Type +locality. + +Groot Winterhoek mountains +north of +Tulbagh +, +Western Cape province + +. + + +Type material +( + +in +SAMC +): +South Africa +: +Western Cape +: +HOLOTYPE +: +♂ +: “ +Gt. Wint-hoek +/ +Tulbagh +/ + +4,500 ft. + +/ [on reverse side of label] + +Nov. 1916 + +/ Lightfoot”; “Megistorhynchus / brevirostris / +♂ +Wied.”; “ +Moegistorhynchus +/ sp. Not brevi- / rostris (Wied) / [on reverse of label] det / +F.W. Gess. +”; “This is probably not / +M. brevirostris Wied +/ s.str., but separate / species. +M. brevirostris +/ probably another atypical / var. of longirostris / with very short proboscis / +A.J. Hesse +”. The +holotype +is in fairly good condition, although the right wing apex is tattered. + + + + + +Etymology +. The species name + +strillii + +refers to Mrs Strilli Oppenheimer and honours the financial support offered by the Oppenheimer family which made possible the publication of this paper and the description of this species. + + + + +Diagnosis +. Style with two basal segments. Proboscis short, slightly longer than body length. Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. Wing with clear-cut transparent or hyaline markings, such areas never an opaque creamy white; +CuP +with single complete crossvein reaching to hind margin. Ground colour of abdominal dorsum medium brown. Second abdominal tergite almost entirely densely silver pruinescent across its width; pile on T3 and T4 elongate, reaching length of T4 lateral margin, and present over much of surface. + + + + +Description. +Body length +9.34 mm +( +Fig. 7.1 +); wing length +11.51 mm +; proboscis length +8.87 mm +. +Head +( +Figs 7.3–7.4 +): colouring medium to dark brown, except scape and pedicel mostly yellow. Postpedicel mostly dark brown, but with hint of orange ground colouring on inner basal surface. Male with anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli separated by deep transverse groove; anterior and posterior ocelli all about equidistant apart and therefore forming the three corners of an equilateral triangle. Frons with elongate pile, a mixture of creamy and black pile (but mostly pale); pile largely absent medially, here only present anteriorly where it is recumbent. Style of flagellum with two short basal segments, with second segment reaching 1.5 x length of first segment. Proboscis short, length only slightly longer than body length. +Thorax +( +Figs 7.5–7.6 +): scutum medium to very dark brown, although yellow-brown on postalar calli and adjacent to wing insertion and on disc of scutellum, and also irregularly paler posteriorly beneath silver pruinescence just anterior to scuto-scutellar suture. Paired median silver pruinescent vittae (pruinescence somewhat faint) extend uninterrupted from anterior margin to scuto-scutellar suture. Scutellum densely silver pruinescent anterolaterally and less so along posterior margin just posterior to disc. Pile on scutum a mixture of yellow (predominant) and black, short but profuse; largely sparse to absent on posterior half (although present here on postalar calli and disc of scutellum and otherwise as sparse elongate dark hairs). Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. +Legs +: almost entirely yellow. Fore femur with elongate backwardly directed pale pile which is intermixed with a few black hairs, this pile sometimes reaching almost half femur length. Mid and hind femora with sparse ventral pile (a mixture of dark and pale) along entire length of mid femur and along basal two-thirds of hind femur. +Wing +( +Fig. 7.7 +): very slender, length at least 3.5 x maximum width. Infuscation an indistinct pale brown. Patterning therefore rather irregular and distributed over much of wing, as in figure; hyaline areas not strikingly distinguished or delineated and merge into smoky brown colouring. +CuP +with complete crossvein extending entire distance to wing margin (with hint of mid-length appendix on one wing). +Abdomen +( +Figs 7.8–7.9 +): relatively compact and slender, width slightly broader than maximum width of thorax. Ground colour medium brown, but may be partly yellow on several sternites. T1 entirely brown and silver pruinescence completely lacking; pile dense and short, mostly yellow to cream or white. T2 densely silver pruinescent across entire width (except posteromedially, although this may be membrane); pile largely absent. T3 largely medium brown, but with striking paired medial silver pruinescent markings (elongate-ovoid and transversely positioned) on anterior half and silver pruinescent on lateral margins; silver pruinescent along most of posterior margin; pile profuse and very elongate, this pale anteriorly but with more dark pile posteriorly, pile longest anteriorly, length almost reaching length of T3 lateral margins, largely absent over silver pruinescent elongate-ovoid areas. T4 similarly coloured and patterned, but silver pruinescent posterior margin more extensive, with this pruinescence merging broadly with lateral margins; pile typically sparse anteriorly, but then more profuse laterally and posteriorly, this dark in colour, longest hairs reaching length of T4 lateral margin. T5 even more extensively silver pruinescent, with small brown area medially and submedially (the latter very small); pile dense and elongate, laterally only, length here the same as on T4. T6 was part of the dissection of the male postabdomen and cannot be described. Sternites yellow-brown to medium brown with silver pruinescence; pile notably elongate and white on S3. +Male postabdomen +: epandrium moderately robust in dorsal view, maximum width somewhat broader than length with small apical notch above cerci, apicolateral extremities very broadly rounded in lateral view, somewhat flattened apically. Gonostylus with no obvious vestiture along inner medial margin, apical region narrowed and very slightly inwardly curved, sharply pointed at extreme apex. Inner gonocoxal process not sharply pointed apically, here rather broadly rounded, narrowed at mid-length. Phallus apex coincident with gonostylus apices in ventral view, bluntly tapered apically, without dentate subapical margins. + + + +FIGURE 7 (7.1–7.4). + +Moegistorhynchus strillii + + +sp. nov. + +(male holotype). +1. +Whole body, lateral view. +2. +Label data. +3–4. +Head. +3. +Frontal view. +4. +Oblique lateral view, showing detail of antennae. + + + +Relationships and distribution +( +Fig. 12 +). + +Moegistorhynchus strillii + +is most similar to + +M. turneri + + +sp. nov. + +, although it is rapidly distinguished by having the abdominal dorsum with a paler (medium brown) ground colour and strikingly elongate pile. Vegetation +type +: Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos (FFs5). + + + + +FIGURE 7 (7.5–7.9). + +Moegistorhynchus strillii + + +sp. nov. + +(male holotype). +5–6. +Thorax. +5. +Dorsal view. +6. +Lateral view. +7. +Wing: +CuP +with single complete crossvein reaching to hind margin (arrowed). +8–9. +Abdomen, dorsal view. +8. +Whole abdomen, showing noticeably hirsute appearance, elongate pile on T3 and T4 present over much of surface. +9. +Basal tergites. + + + + +Discussion +. This species is known only from the +holotype +, which was collected 108 years ago in the Groot Winterhoek mountains north of Tulbagh at an altitude of about 1370 metres. It is a highly distinctive species and may be extinct. We say this because the Groot Winterhoek mountains are relatively well collected; in fact two other species of + +Moegistorhynchus + +have been collected there. However, no material besides the male +holotype +has ever been collected. Over the years (see label data cited above) the species was misidentified as + +M. brevirostris + +and as a ‘variety’ of + +M. longirostris + +. +Bezzi (1924: 189) +, for example, considered this species to be + +M. brevirostris + +. However, it is clearly neither of these two species given that the second abdominal tergite is almost entirely silver pruinescent. + + +The male postabdomen of the +holotype +had been dissected from the abdomen several decades ago and is stored in a glycerine-filled microvial with the specimen. Although it was possible to describe the postabdomen (see above), its condition was so poor and unstable at the type of imaging that we decided not to image it given the risk of further substantial damage. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B784AF636FF79FE8E1F4A38AC.xml b/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B784AF636FF79FE8E1F4A38AC.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..472aa0910eb --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B784AF636FF79FE8E1F4A38AC.xml @@ -0,0 +1,559 @@ + + + +Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography + + + +Author + +Barraclough, David A. +School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Natural Science, KwaZulu-Natal Museum, 237 Jabu Ndlovu Street, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa; and Entomology Department, Iziko South African Museum, P. O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa + + + +Author + +Colville, Jonathan F. +Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +1 +37 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1 +1175-5326 +13915454 +27BE71C1-D41A-4A1E-BED3-781B406BE990 + + + + + + + +Moegistorhynchus turneri +Barraclough & Colville + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +( +Figs 8.1–8.9 +, +10.3–10.4 +, +11.2–11.3 +, +12 +) + + + + + + +Type +locality. + +Groot Winterhoek mountains +north of +Tulbagh +, +Western Cape province + +. + + +Type material +(all in +SAMC +): +HOLOTYPE + +♂ +: “ +South Africa +, +Western Cape +, +Groot +/ +Winterhoek +, + +1017m + +, / +S34.10185 +E18.3669 +, 11-Nov.- / 2017, +A. Melin +& +J.F. Colville +, / abundant, visiting + +Wachendorfia +/ +paniculata +. + +” The +holotype +is in good condition + +. + +PARATYPES +: +6♂ +8♀ +: same data + +; + +3♀ +, same data but on last two lines of label: “[ +JFC +_GW_06: DNA: 3 / legs: +RHS +].” + +; + +1♀ +, same data but “ +Grootwinterhoek +mtns, nr +Veepos +/ +33 km +E. Porterville +, + +6th Dec. 2010 + +/ Anton Pauw, visiting + +Wachendorfia + +” + +; + +1♂ +1♀ +, same data but “ +Waboomsberg +mtn: +S33 15 14.9 +/ +E19 27 26.2 +; + +28th Nov. 2007 + +/ Anton Pauw; visiting + +Erica junonia + +/ + +var. +minor + +and + +Erica irrorata + +” + +; + +1♂ +1♀ +, same data but “ +S32 59 21.8 +/ +E19 03 57.4 +; + +30th Nov. 2010 + +/ Anton Pauw; visiting + +Erica junonia +/ + + +var. +minor + +& + +E. irrorata +; + +with pollen” + +. + + +Other material +(in +SAMC +): +1♀ +, Waboomsberg mtn, +S33 15 14.9 +/ +E19 27 26.2 +, +28 November 2007 +, Anton Pauw, visiting + +Erica junonia +var. +minor + +and + +Erica irrorata +. + + + + + +Etymology +. The species is named in honour of the botanist Ross Turner who first saw these flies in the field at Waboomsberg near Ceres in 2007 and reported them to Prof. Anton Pauw (University of Stellenbosch), who later first collected and pinned them and drew the species to our attention. + + + + +FIGURE 8 (8.1–8.4). + +Moegistorhynchus turneri + + +sp. nov. + +(male holotype). +1. +Whole body, lateral view. +2. +Label data. +3–4. +Head. +3. +Frontal view. +4. +Oblique lateral view, showing detail of antennae: style of flagellum with +two +short basal segments (arrowed). + + + + +FIGURE 8 (8.5–8.9). + +Moegistorhynchus turneri + + +sp. nov. + +(male holotype). +5–6. +Thorax. +5. +Dorsal view. +6. +Lateral view. +7. +Wing showing +CuP +with 1–2 short and incomplete crossveins, these not reaching hind margin (arrowed). +8–9. +Abdomen, dorsal view. +8. +Whole abdomen, showing T2 almost entirely silvery pruinescent across its width (arrowed) and appearance +not +noticeably hirsute, with short and sparse pile on T3 and T4 which is mainly restricted to marginal areas. +9. +Basal tergites. + + + + +Diagnosis +. Style with two basal segments. Proboscis short, slightly longer than or reaching up to 1.3 x body length. Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. Wing with some or all of paler sections hyaline and these not creamy white; +CuP +without any complete crossveins reaching hind margin. Ground colour of abdominal dorsum dark brown to black. Second abdominal tergite almost entirely densely silver pruinescent; pile on tergites 3 and 4 short, much shorter than length of T4 lateral margin and mainly restricted to marginal areas. + + + + +Description (both sexes) +. Body length 15.50– +11.03 mm +( +Fig. 8.1 +); wing length 15.01– +11.43 mm +; proboscis length 19.14– +13.34 mm +. +Head +( +Figs 8.3–8.4 +): colouring usually very dark brown to black, except scape and pedicel largely yellow-brown (sometimes irregularly darker) and ocellar tubercle and frons occasionally partly or entirely dark yellow to yellow-brown. Postpedicel entirely dark brown to black. Male with anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli separated by broad and deep transverse groove; anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli all about equidistant apart and therefore forming the three corners of an equilateral triangle. Frons with elongate creamy white or yellowish pile, although this often absent medially and, if present medially, then typically recumbent. Style of flagellum with two short basal segments, these subequal in length, but second segment reaching up to 2.0 x length of first segment. Proboscis relatively short, length varies from slightly longer than body length up to 1.3 x body length. +Thorax +( +Figs 8.5–8.6 +): scutum dark brown to black, although sometimes somewhat paler on postalar calli (also rarely adjacent to wing insertion) and on disc of scutellum. Paired median silver pruinescent vittae extend uninterrupted from anterior margin to scuto-scutellar suture (sometimes variably interrupted with dark ground colour at about three-quarters the distance between anterior margin and scuto-scutellar suture). Scutellum densely silver pruinescent anterolaterally and along posterior margin just posterior to disc. Pile on scutum a mixture of yellow and often black, short but profuse; largely sparse to absent on posterior half (although present here on postalar calli and disc of scutellum and occasionally obvious as sparse, elongate, dark hairs). Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. +Legs +: almost entirely yellow-brown to medium brown, but sometimes a darker brown (especially hind legs); tarsi notably often darker brown. Fore femur with elongate backwardly directed pale pile, this sometimes reaching up to almost half femur length. Mid and hind femora with sparse inconspicuous ventral pile (a mixture of dark (sometimes) and pale), best developed on basal half to two-thirds. +Wing +( +Fig. 8.7 +): slender, length 2.8 x to more than 3.0 x maximum width. Infuscation a smoky rather indistinct medium to dark brown. Patterning rather irregular and distributed over much of wing as in figure; hyaline areas not strikingly distinguished or delineated. +CuP +with short incomplete crossvein extending less than half distance to wing margin (occasionally up to three such crossveins which may be variably developed). +Abdomen +( +Figs 8.8–8.9 +): relatively compact and slender, width only slightly broader than maximum width of thorax, although sometimes broader in female. Ground colour typically dark brown to black. T1 entirely black and silver pruinescence completely lacking or barely visible; pile dense and short, mostly yellow to cream or white. T2 black, but densely silver pruinescent across entire width (except sometimes along extreme anteromedial margin and sometimes posteromedially, although this may be membrane); pile largely absent. T3 largely dark brown to black, but with striking silver pruinescence/markings over the dark background on anterior half, this most prominent as paired elongate-oval medial areas (transversely directed) and sometimes along lateral margin; posterior margin sometimes with noticeable golden brown pruinescence; pile short, but elongate along anterior margin (not elongate laterally), mostly pale. T4 similarly coloured and patterned, but with more prominent silver pruinescence laterally and sometimes on posterior half. T5 even more extensively silver pruinescent, with small irregular dark area/areas medially and sometimes submedially. T6 silver pruinescent with darker appearance/ colouring restricted to small median area (sometimes this barely evident). Pile on T4–T6 short and sparse, but this longer laterally (typically black in colour, but may be white or yellow). Sternites densely silver pruinescent; pile sparse, except especially elongate (and white) on S3, and also elongate on S4. +Male postabdomen +( +Figs 10.3–10.4 +): epandrium robust in dorsal view, maximum width somewhat broader than length, with small but prominent apical notch above cerci, apicolateral extremities smoothly and broadly rounded in lateral view. Gonostylus with vestiture along inner medial margin, apical region sharply narrowed and slightly inwardly curved, sharply pointed at extreme apex. Inner gonocoxal process not sharply pointed apically, rather with quadrate apical margin, not narrowed at mid-length. Phallus falling well short of gonostylus apices in ventral view, sharply tapered apically, with dentate subapical margins. + + + +FIGURE 9 (9.1–9.6). +Male terminalia: dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. +1–2. + +Moegistorhynchus braunsi + +(annotated). Abbreviations: cerc—cercus; epand—epandrium; goncx—gonocoxite; gonst—gonostylus; hypd—hypandrium; ph—phallus. Note elongate tuft of pile on hypd. +3–4. + +Moegistorhynchus brevirostris + +. +5–6. + +Moegistorhynchus longirostris + +. + + + + +FIGURE 10 (10.1–10.4). +Male terminalia: dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. 1–2. + +Moegistorhynchus perplexus + +. 3–4. + +Moegistorhynchus turneri + +. + + + + +FIGURE 11 (11.1–11.4). +Photographs of live adult + +Moegistorhynchus + +. +1. + +M. perplexus + +taking up nectar from + +Erica junonia +var. +junonia + +; note the large amount of pollen on the proboscis (photo credit: Steve Johnson). +2. + +M. turneri + +from Waboomsberg taking up nectar from + +Erica irrorata +Guthrie & Bolus + +(photo credit: Ross Turner). +3. + +M. turneri + +from the Matroosberg feeding on + +Erica daphniflora +Salisb var. +daphniflora + +(photo credit: Magriet Brink). +4. +Female + +M. brevirostris + +apparently ovipositing on a rocky substrate (photo credit: Lily Rose). + + + +Relationships and distribution +( +Fig. 12 +). + +Moegistorhynchus turneri + +is most similar to + +M. strillii + +, although it is rapidly distinguished by having the abdominal dorsum with a darker (dark brown to black) ground colour and relatively short pile. It appears to be a montane fynbos species. Vegetation +type +: Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos (FFs10); Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos (FFs11); Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos (FFa1); Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation (FFb1); Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos (FFs5). + + + + +Discussion +. We have been aware of this species since 2008 when Prof. Anton Pauw referred a small series of specimens to the first author. Over the years the number of specimens and localities grew considerably. While still undescribed, it was referred to and figured by +Barraclough (2017) +(see Figs 43.1–43.2). + +Bellstedt +et al +. (2020: 30) + +published (in a popular science article) a picture of + +M. turneri + +visiting + +Erica irrorata + +at Hansiesberg in the +Cape +Winelands and, most recently, it has been featured in a field guide to the Ericas of the fynbos and named as a “tangle-veined fly” visiting + +Erica glandulifera +( + +Manning +et al. +2024: 13 + +) + +. + +The species can be quite abundant in the field at the right time of the year, as recorded by the second author. Based on museum material examined, the species seems to be active between early November and late January. + +Newman & Johnson (2021) +referred to this new species visiting + +Erica junonia +var. +minor + +, + +Erica irrorata + +( +Fig. 11.2 +) and + +Gladiolus inflatus + +at Waboomsberg, and visiting + +Erica daphniflora +Salisb. var. +daphniflora + +via an iNaturalist observation at the Matroosberg ( +Table 2 +; +Fig. 11.3 +). Another iNaturalist observation is of + +M. turneri + +visiting + +Erica + +on the Perdekop trail in Mount Rochelle Nature Reserve north of Franschhoek on +23 January 2021 +. According to Alex Lansdowne (pers. comm.), the + +Erica + +is likely + +E. ventricosa +. + + + + +The Groot Winterhoek Mountain range +where much of the +type +series was collected is north of +Tulbagh +and east of +Porterville +and lies about +120 km +north of +Cape +Town + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7854F62CFF79F9D719CF38B8.xml b/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7854F62CFF79F9D719CF38B8.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..4dc3e71d9ad --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7854F62CFF79F9D719CF38B8.xml @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ + + + +Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography + + + +Author + +Barraclough, David A. +School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Natural Science, KwaZulu-Natal Museum, 237 Jabu Ndlovu Street, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa; and Entomology Department, Iziko South African Museum, P. O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa + + + +Author + +Colville, Jonathan F. +Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +1 +37 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1 +1175-5326 +13915454 +27BE71C1-D41A-4A1E-BED3-781B406BE990 + + + + + + +Key to the species of + +Moegistorhynchus +Macquart + + + + + + + + + +1. Wing with paler areas all a distinctive opaque creamy white and not transparent or hyaline ( +Fig. 5.7 +). Postalar callus with a small sharply pointed cuticular projection near its middle ( +Fig. 5.10 +). Style of antennal flagellum with one relatively short basal segment ( +Fig. 5.4 +)..................................................................... + +M. manningi + + +sp. nov. + + + + + +- Wing with clear-cut transparent or hyaline markings, such areas never all an opaque creamy white (one or two small, isolated creamy white marks sometimes present) (see e.g. +Fig. 4.7 +). Postalar callus smooth over entire surface, without a small sharply pointed cuticular projection. Style of flagellum with two short basal segments (e.g. +Fig. 8.4 +), although these sometimes may appear fused......................................................................................... 2 + + + + + + +2. First abdominal tergite with distinct silver pruinescence along part of anterior margin; second abdominal tergite with silver pruinescence restricted to lateral areas and with medial section appearing variably dark to the naked eye (e.g. +Fig. 4.9 +). Postpedicel typically with a paler (yellow-brown to orange) basal annulation (e.g. +Fig. 4.4 +), this particularly noticeable on inner surface.............................................................................................. 3 + + + + +- First abdominal tergite without obvious silver pruinescence anteriorly; second abdominal tergite almost entirely silvery pruinescent (e.g. +Fig. 8.8 +). Postpedicel typically without a paler (yellow-brown to orange) basal annulation (e.g. +Fig. 8.4 +); if this seemingly apparent then no distinct boundary line between pale and dark ground colour on inner surface............ 4 + + + + + + +3. Proboscis strikingly elongate, 2.0–5.5 x body length. Abdomen (especially in male) with striking dense clusters of backwardly directed (usually) dark pile on posterolateral corners of third to fifth tergites ( +Fig. 4.8 +).... + +M. longirostris +( +Wiedemann, 1819 +) + + + + + +- Proboscis short, length less than body length. Abdomen (especially in male) without obvious dense clustering of backwardly directed dark pile on posterolateral corners of third to fifth tergites (this instead resembling serial black pile) ( +Fig. 3.8 +).............................................................................. + +M. brevirostris +( +Wiedemann, 1821 +) + + + + + + +4. Proboscis short, at most slightly (up to 1.3 x) longer than body length............................................ 5 + + +- Proboscis strikingly elongate, typically more than twice body length............................................. 6 + + + + + +5. Abdominal dorsum noticeably hirsute, with pile on T3 and T4 reaching length of T4 lateral margin and present over much of surface ( +Fig. 7.8 +); ground colour medium brown. +CuP +with single complete crossvein reaching hind margin ( +Fig. 7.7 +)............................................................................................ + +M. strillii + + +sp. nov. + + + + + +- Abdominal dorsum not noticeably hirsute, with short and sparse pile on T3 and T4 which is much shorter than length of T4 lateral margin and is mainly restricted to marginal areas ( +Fig. 8.8 +); ground colour typically dark brown to black. +CuP +with 1 (occasionally 2–3) short and incomplete crossveins, these not reaching hind margin ( +Fig. 8.7 +)........... + +M. turneri + + +sp. nov. + + + + + + + +6. Postpedicel entirely pale. Posterolateral sections of abdominal T3 and T4 with pale pile. Epandrium not divided into two obvious lobes dorsally and with very small apico-medial notch only ( +Fig. 9.1 +). Gonostylus broadly rounded apically...................................................................................... + +M. braunsi +Bequaert, 1935 + + + + + +- Postpedicel typically mostly dark. +1 +Posterolateral sections of abdominal T3 and T4 typically with relatively dense fringe of dark pile, especially in male. Epandrium prominently divided into two obvious lobes dorsally and with broad and extensive medial notch ( +Fig. 10.1 +). Gonostylus sharply pointed apically.................................. + +M. perplexus +Bequaert, 1935 + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7855F621FF79FC931D283F50.xml b/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7855F621FF79FC931D283F50.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..7976f3ab0a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7855F621FF79FC931D283F50.xml @@ -0,0 +1,457 @@ + + + +Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography + + + +Author + +Barraclough, David A. +School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Natural Science, KwaZulu-Natal Museum, 237 Jabu Ndlovu Street, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa; and Entomology Department, Iziko South African Museum, P. O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa + + + +Author + +Colville, Jonathan F. +Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +1 +37 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1 +1175-5326 +13915454 +27BE71C1-D41A-4A1E-BED3-781B406BE990 + + + + + + + +Moegistorhynchus braunsi +Bequaert, 1935 + + + + + + + +( +Figs 2.1–2.9 +, +9.1–9.2 +, +12 +) + + + + + + + +Moegistorhynchus braunsi +Bequaert, 1935: 495 + + +; + +Bernardi, 1973: 269 + +; + +Bowden, 1980: 374 + +. + + + + + + + +Type +locality. + +Stellenbosch +, +Western Cape province + +. + + +Type material. + +Holotype +in +MCZC +and +paratypes +in +NMSA +. +South Africa +: + +Western Cape + + +: + +HOLOTYPE +: +♂ +: “Capland / Stellenbosch / + +Nov 9 1926 + +/ +Dr. H. Brauns. +”; “ +J. G. Bequaert +det., 1933: / +Moegistorhynchus +/ +braunsi J. Beq. +/ +holotype +♂ +”; “ +HOLO TYPE +” [red card]; “ +MCZ +TYPE / 35327 +” [red card]. +Note +that we have not physically seen the +holotype +, which is deposited in +MCZC +. +Instead +, we have relied upon an excellent series of six images taken of the +holotype +( +Museum of Comparative Zoology +, n.d.), which are available online (https://mczbase.mcz.harvard. edu/guid/ +MCZ +: +Ent +:35327). +These +images of the entire body, head, thorax, wing and abdomen, as well as of the label data, confirm that the +holotype +is conspecific with the +paratypes +and +other material +deposited in +NMSA +. +The +label data also tally with the label data cited by +Bequaert +in the original description. +It +should be noted that much of the abdomen of the +holotype +has been detached from the body and is stuck to card pinned beneath the specimen; the postabdomen has also been dissected and is stored in a microvial. +There +is, as stated in the original description, apparently an “ +allotype +” in +MCZC +, but we have not seen images of this specimen + +. +PARATYPES +: +3 ♂ +, +1 ♀ +, with appropriate type labels and dated 4, 5 and 9 November (the Nov. +9 paratype +with a label referring to + +Gladiolus cuspidatus + +). + + +Other material: + +same data but + +1 Nov. 1926 + +( +3 ♂ +, +NMSA +) + +; + + +2 Nov. 1926 + +( +3 ♂ +, +2 ♀ +, +NMSA +) + +; + + +4 Nov. 1926 + +( +3 ♂ +, +NMSA +) + +; + + +5 Nov. 1926 + +( +2 ♂ +, +NMSA +) + +; + + +9 Nov. 1926 + +( +1 ♂ +, +NMSA +) + +; + + +9 Nov. 1926 + +( +1 ♀ +, +SAMC +) + +; + + +25 Oct. 1927 + +( +1 ♂ +, +SAMC +) + +. + + + + +Diagnosis. +Postpedicel entirely pale; style with two basal segments. Proboscis strikingly elongate, more than twice body length. Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. Wing with transparent or hyaline markings, such areas never an opaque creamy white. Second abdominal tergite almost entirely silvery pruinescent across its width. Abdominal dorsum with posterolateral sections of T3 and T4 without obvious dark pile. Epandrium not divided into two obvious lobes dorsally and with small apico-medial notch only; gonostylus broadly rounded apically. + + +1 The postpedicel in +Fig. 6.4 +(that of the female +holotype +) is atypically pale because of fading resulting from the age of the specimen. + + + + +FIGURE 2 (2.1–2.4). + +Moegistorhynchus braunsi +Bequaert, 1935 + +(paratype female). +1. +Whole body, lateral view. +2. +Label data. +3–4. +Head. +3. +Frontal view. +4. +Oblique lateral view, showing detail of antennae. + + + + +Redescription (both sexes) +. Body length +11.97–15.34 mm +( +Fig. 2.1 +); wing length +13.34–15.08 mm +; proboscis length +39.23–44.18 mm +. +Head +( +Figs 2.3–2.4 +): colouring mostly yellow to yellow-brown with scape and pedicel notably yellow or yellow-brown. Postpedicel entirely yellow to yellow-orange. Male with anterior ocellus and posterior ocellus separated by deep transverse groove; anterior ocellus closer to posterior ocellus than posterior ocelli are to each other, therefore delimiting a compressed triangle. Frons with elongate yellow or cream pile, this absent medially, except sometimes typically recumbent anteriorly. Style of flagellum with two short basal segments, these subequal in length but second segment may be slightly longer than first segment; second segment may be very difficult to discern and may be partially fused with adjacent segments. Proboscis elongate, length 2.5–3.0 x body length. +Thorax +( +Figs 2.5–2.6 +): scutum yellow to yellow-brown to medium brown or orange and only ground colour beneath median and submedian vittae dark (this black). Paired median silver pruinescent vittae extend from anterior margin to half to two-thirds distance to scuto-scutellar suture (posterior section a pale to dark orange). Scutellum silver pruinescent anterolaterally and along posterior margin just posterior to disc. Pile on scutum yellow but sometimes whitish on posterior half, short but profuse; largely sparse to absent on posterior half (although present here on postalar callus and especially disc of scutellum and along posterior midline area). Postalar callus lacking a noticeable acute cuticular protrusion near middle. +Legs +: almost entirely yellow. Fore femur with relatively elongate backwardly directed whitish pile, this sometimes reaching up to one-third femur length. Mid and hind femora with sparse ventral pile (similarly coloured) along basal half to two-thirds of mid femur and along basal one-quarter to half of hind femur. +Wing +( +Fig. 2.7 +): very slender, length at least 3.5 x maximum width. Infuscation an indistinct smoky brown, sometimes a darker brown. Patterning rather irregular and distributed over much of the wing as in +Fig. 2.7 +; hyaline areas not strikingly distinguished or delineated. +CuP +with one to three short crossveins, these obviously incomplete and do not reach hind margin of wing; crossveins occasionally absent or very short, very rarely one crossvein complete. +Abdomen +( +Figs 2.8–2.9 +): somewhat compact, width broader than maximum width of thorax, although sometimes broader in female. Ground colour very varied, ranging from dark brown to yellow or yellow-brown or orange. T1 entirely dark and silver pruinescence completely lacking or barely visible; pile dense and short, mostly cream to white or yellow. T2 typically densely silver pruinescent across entire width (except posteromedially or occasionally anteromedially, but this may be membrane); pile largely absent. T3 largely yellow-brown to orange, but with striking silver pruinescence/markings on anterior half as paired elongate-oval areas medially (transversely directed), these areas with dark colour between and/or around them and this sometimes along anterior margin and laterally; silver pruinescence sometimes extending laterally and in female may occur laterally and faintly along posterior margin; pile moderately short and sparse over anterior half to two-thirds, whitish to pale yellow, elongate along anterior margin and occasionally posterolaterally; pile longest anteriorly, this length about one-third to half length of T3 lateral margins, pile sometimes absent over silver pruinescent elongate-ovoid areas. T4 similarly coloured and patterned, but median darker colouring may be more extensive and extend laterally; silver pruinescence sometimes evident laterally and along posterior margin in female; pile typically short and sparse, sometimes more profuse on anterior half and posterolaterally, this white to yellow, longest hairs one-third to half length of T4 lateral margin. T5 medium to dark brown, but with darker brown colouring anteromedially, silver pruinescent markings similar to those on T4; pile whitish, moderately long and restricted to lateral margins (and sometimes on anterior half). T6 medium brown and silver pruinescent, slightly darker medially; pile largely absent. Sternites usually mostly yellow with irregular dark brown markings (restricted), but often darker in female, being mostly dark brown to black; pile notably elongate and white on S3. +Male postabdomen +( +Figs 8.1–8.2 +): epandrium very well developed and hooded in dorsal view, maximum width somewhat broader than length, with very small apical notch above cerci, apicolateral extremities very broadly rounded in lateral view ( +Fig. 8.1 +). Gonostylus with no vestiture along inner medial margin, well developed, broad and squat in appearance, apical region broadly rounded apically and not inwardly curved. Inner gonocoxal process not sharply pointed apically, here rather broadly and bluntly tapered, apical region with very small marginal teeth; prominently arched at mid-length. Phallus apex extending beyond gonostylus apices in ventral view, arrow-like apically with minutely dentate margins. + + + +FIGURE 2 (2.5–2.9). + +Moegistorhynchus braunsi +Bequaert, 1935 + +(paratype female). +5–6. +Thorax. +5. +Dorsal view. +6. +Lateral view. +7. +Wing. +8–9. +Abdomen, dorsal view. +8. +Whole abdomen. +9. +Basal tergites. + + + +Relationships and distribution +( +Fig. 12 +). + +Moegistorhynchus braunsi + +is most similar to + +M. perplexus +Bequaert, 1935 + +(distinguished mainly by colour characters and characters of the male terminalia), although unlike + +M. perplexus + +, + +M. braunsi + +is currently known to occur much further south and only from the Stellenbosch area. Vegetation +type +: Swartland Shale Renosterveld (FRs9). + + + + +Comments. +We have seen a single female in SAMC from +Somerset +West, collected in +October 1940 +by C. H. Lawrence. Unfortunately, both postpedicels and styles are missing. We have excluded this specimen from the redescription of + +M. braunsi + +as the median silver pruinescent vittae on the scutum are complete to the scuto-scutellar suture (incomplete in all other material of the species). There is a small possibility that it could represent a species near + +M. braunsi + +. + + +Otherwise, it appears that this striking, large, and unusually coloured species, known only from the well-collected Stellenbosch area, is possibly or even probably extinct. The entire Stellenbosch area is now an extensively altered landscape (now largely urban and agricultural) and has been heavily collected by entomologists and pollination biologists based at the University of Stellenbosch over many years. However, the species was last collected by Brauns 97 years ago in +October 1927 +. It is unclear where exactly it was collected. + + +Note that according to +Bequaert (1935: 498) +, Dr Brauns, the collector of all the specimens of + +M. braunsi + +, commented that he had collected many specimens visiting “ + +Gladiolus cuspidatus + +” (a synonym of + +Gladiolus carneus +D. Delaroche + +). This is confirmed by a label on a few of Brauns’s specimens. The species was collected in October and November only. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7858F625FF79FA6219D938AC.xml b/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7858F625FF79FA6219D938AC.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0c23f061b0b --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B7858F625FF79FA6219D938AC.xml @@ -0,0 +1,600 @@ + + + +Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography + + + +Author + +Barraclough, David A. +School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Natural Science, KwaZulu-Natal Museum, 237 Jabu Ndlovu Street, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa; and Entomology Department, Iziko South African Museum, P. O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa + + + +Author + +Colville, Jonathan F. +Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +1 +37 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1 +1175-5326 +13915454 +27BE71C1-D41A-4A1E-BED3-781B406BE990 + + + + + + + +Moegistorhynchus brevirostris +( +Wiedemann, 1821 +) + + + + + + + +( +Figs 3.1–3.9 +, +9.3–9.4 +, +11.4 +, +12 +) + + + + + + + +Nemestrina brevirostris +Wiedemann, 1821: 156 + + +. + + + + + +Moegistorhynchus brevirostris + +; + +Bezzi, 1924: 189 + +; + +Bernardi, 1973: 269 + +; + +Bowden, 1980: 374 + +. + + + + + + + +Type +locality. + +Cape +of +Good Hope +, +Western Cape +(assumed) + +. + + +Type material +( + +lectotype +and +paralectotype +in +ZMUC +): +South Africa +: + +Western Cape + +: +LECTOTYPE +: +♂ +: “ +♂ +”; “Mus. / Westerm.”; “ +TYPE +” [red card]; “ +N. brevirostris +/ Wied. / +Cape +Good Hope / Octb. 1817” [handwritten in Wiedemann’s hand]. +PARALECTOTYPE +: +♀ +: “ +♀ +”; “Mus. / Westerm.”; “ +TYPE +” [red card]. The +lectotype +and +paralectotype +are in excellent condition, although the tarsi are missing from two right legs (mid and hind) in both specimens. Both are appropriately labelled. + + + + +FIGURE 3 (3.1–3.4). + +Moegistorhynchus brevirostris +( +Wiedemann, 1821 +) + +(lectotype male). +1. +Whole body, lateral view. +2. +Label data. +3–4. +Head. +3. +Frontal view. +4. +Oblique lateral view, showing detail of antennae. + + + + +Notes on +lectotype +/ +paralectotype +designation + +. We located the male and female + +syntypes +of + +Nemestrina brevirostris +Wiedemann, 1821 + +, in +ZMUC +(male and female are referred to in the original description). +The + +lectotype +is appropriately labelled in Wiedemann’s hand and both +lectotype +and +paralectotype +are appropriately labelled “Mus. Westerman”. The + +lectotype +is also labelled “ +Cape +Good Hope +” as noted (in +Latin +) in the original description. +The + + +lectotype +and +paralectotype +had previously been labelled as “ +TYPE +” on red card. +The + + +lectotype +label is as follows: “ +LECTOTYTPE MALE +[in bold] / + +Nemestrina brevirostris + +/ +Wiedemann, 1821 +/ +Designated +by +D.A. Barraclough +& / +J.F. Colville +” [on red card]. The + +paralectotype +label is identical, except for the wording “ +PARALECTOTYPE +FEMALE”. + + +Other material: + + +Western Cape + +: +1♀ +, +Atlantis +, +Silverstroomstrand +turnoff, +33.56528 +18.38460 +, + +20 October 2015 + +( +NMSA +) + +; + +1♂ +2♀ +, +Ganzekraal +, +S33°35’ +E18°20’ +, + +7 October 1995 + +( +NMSA +) + +; + +1♂ +1♀ +, +6 km +E. +Silverstroomstrand +, +S33°35’ 47.6” +E018°23’15.5” +, + +15 October 2002 + +, B.C. +Anderson +, in +Strandveld +, +1 km +E. of +R27 +, visiting flowers, 10h00 ( +SAMC +) + +; + +1♀ +, +Strandfontein +, +Cape +Flats +, + +5 October 2014 + +, +Andrew Morton +( +SAMC +) + +; + +1♀ +, +Strandfontein +, +False Bay +, + +1 November 1960 + +( +SAMC +) + +. + + +Northern Cape + +: +1♂ +, +Kamieskroon Grootvlei Pass +[ + +577 m + +], +30.21721 +17.769171 +, + +September 2015 + +, +Allan Ellis +( +NMSA +) + +; + +1♀ +, +Leliefontein +, + +15 September 2008 + +, +Timo van der Niet +( +NMSA +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Lelie +[fontein], 10 +October +, + +S. erectum + +(no other data) ( +SAMC +) + +; + +1♂ +, +5 km +from +Leliefontein +on road to +Groenkloof +, + +2 October 1995 + +, F.W., S.K. & +R +. +W. Gess +, on blue flowers of + +Anchusa capensis +(AMGS) + + +. + + + + +FIGURE 3 (3.5–3.9). + +Moegistorhynchus brevirostris +( +Wiedemann, 1821 +) + +(lectotype male). +5–6. +Thorax. +5. +Dorsal view. +6. +Lateral view. +7. +Wing. +8–9. +Abdomen, dorsal view. +8. +Whole abdomen, showing serial black pile at posterolateral extremities of T3–T5. +9. +Basal tergites. + + + + +Diagnosis +. Postpedicel mostly dark, but with striking paler basal annulation; style with two basal segments. Proboscis short, noticeably shorter than body length. Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. Wing with striking transparent or hyaline markings, such areas typically not an opaque creamy white. Second abdominal tergite dark medially and submedially, never entirely silver pruinescent across its width. Abdominal dorsum (especially in male) with posterolateral sections of T3 to T5 without dense clustering of dark pile on posterolateral extremities. + + + + +Redescription (both sexes) +. Body length +14.37–18.02 mm +( +Fig. 3.1 +); wing length +16.23–18.74 mm +; proboscis length +12.33–20.51 mm +. +Head +( +Figs 3.3–3.4 +): colouring yellow-brown to dark brown to black with scape and pedicel mostly yellow or yellow-brown. Postpedicel mostly dark brown to black but with striking yellow to orange basal annulation on both surfaces. Male with anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli separated by deep transverse groove; anterior and posterior ocelli all about equidistant apart and therefore forming the three corners of an equilateral triangle. Frons with elongate yellow pile (sometimes partly black posteriorly), pile over much of surface except sometimes anteromedially. Style of flagellum with two short basal segments, with second segment sometimes slightly longer than first segment or vice versa. Proboscis notably short, length two-thirds body length ranging up to slightly less than body length. +Thorax +( +Figs 3.5–3.6 +): scutum pale (occasionally), medium to dark brown and only ground colour beneath median and submedian vittae very dark (this black) although this mostly obscured by dense silver pruinescence; sometimes appearing dark orange in medial area at two-thirds distance between anterior margin and scuto-scutellar suture, this orange colouring extending to scuto-scutellar suture. Paired median silver pruinescent vittae extend from anterior margin to two-thirds distance to scuto-scutellar suture or entire distance; at this position there is sometimes an inverted V-shaped extension of dark pruinescence. Scutellum very densely and broadly silver pruinescent anterolaterally and along posterior margin just posterior to disc; sometimes this pruinescence evident around entire margin. Pile on scutum sometimes a mixture of yellow and black, but may be mostly yellow; short but profuse but largely sparse to absent on posterior half (although present here on postalar calli and scutellum as sometimes sparse elongate hairs with more black hairs sometimes evident in female). Postalar callus lacking a noticeable acute cuticular protrusion near middle. +Legs +: Mostly medium to darker brown, but sometimes a paler yellow-brown. Fore femur with relatively elongate backwardly directed pale pile, this sometimes reaching up to one-third femur length. Mid and hind femora with sparse ventral pile (similarly coloured) along basal two-fifths to three-quarters of mid femur and along basal half to two-thirds of hind femur. +Wing +( +Fig. 3.7 +): relatively broad, length at most 3.0 x maximum width. Infuscation a relatively dark brown. Patterning irregular and distributed over much of wing as in figure, although hyaline areas dominate apically and posteriorly; hyaline areas strikingly distinguished and clearly separate from brown colouring. +CuP +with one incomplete or complete crossvein (sometimes two complete crossveins in one wing only); if complete to posterior margin then obvious appendix sometimes present. +Abdomen +( +Figs 3.8–3.9 +): relatively broad and obviously broader than width of thorax, sometimes broader in female. Ground colour mostly dark brown to black and sometimes with hints of orange; sometimes partly yellow on several sternites. T1 entirely dark brown to black with obvious silver pruinescence along anterior margin, except at midline or medially and (postero)laterally; pile dense and short, mostly yellow or white but sometimes a few black hairs. T2 dark (brown) medially and submedially, with silver pruinescence obvious (antero)laterally; pile short, sometimes over entire surface. T3 largely dark brown to black but sometimes orange-tinged or obviously orange laterally and posteriorly, and with striking paired silver pruinescence/markings (irregularly quadrate) on anterior two-thirds, these markings extend partly or entirely to lateral margins, meaning that the silver pruinescence can be strikingly confluent and continuous; pile sparse, pale and relatively short to moderately long on anterior oneto two-thirds, with fringe of short serial black pile at posterolateral extremities (this sometimes very short in female). T4 similarly coloured and patterned; pile typically present anteriorly (sometimes virtually absent in female) where very sparse, this pale in colour, longest hairs reaching half length of T4 margin or slightly longer and posterolateral extremities with serial dark pile. T5 usually even more extensively silver pruinescent with large brown area medially (which extends to posterior margin or towards it) and submedially (this area very small); pile sparse and pale or absent; posterolateral extremities with serial dark pile. T6 similarly coloured and patterned but median dark area sometimes with lateral extensions only; pile as on T5 but along entire margins and without serial dark pile on posterolateral extremities. Sternites yellow-brown to dark brown to black; pile notably elongate and white on S3 and sometimes S4. +Male postabdomen +( +Figs 9.3–9.4 +): epandrium very slender in dorsal view, maximum width much broader than length, with obvious apical notch above cerci, apicolateral extremities broadly rounded to flattened in lateral view. Gonostylus with no vestiture along inner medial margin or this vestiture very inconspicuous, presenting as two lobes: a slender but well developed inner lobe and a very short and apically rounded outer lobe, inner lobe with apical region strongly narrowed and sometimes slightly outwardly curved. Inner gonocoxal process straight and very slender, sharply pointed to narrowly rounded apically, apical region without marginal teeth. Phallus apex about coincident with or falling just short of gonostylus apices in ventral view, without obvious marginal dentition (minute dentition sometimes visible). + + +Relationships and distribution +. + +Moegistorhynchus brevirostris + +is most similar to + +M. longirostris + +. It is a more slender and less robust species with a very much shorter proboscis. As with + +M. longirostris + +, it is a lowland species and is widespread. However, it is not as frequently encountered in the field and is distributed between Strandfontein east of Muizenberg on False Bay in the +Western Cape +in the extreme south through to Kamieskroon in the +Northern Cape +in the north ( +Fig. 12 +). Vegetation +type +: Atlantis Sand Fynbos (FFd4); +Cape +Flats Dune Strandveld (FS6); Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld (FRg1); Langebaan Dune Strandveld (FS5); and Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland (SKn1). + + + + +Discussion +. Although fairly variable in colouring across its range, it is unlikely that + +M. brevirostris + +represents a species complex. We have dissected males from the south and north of the geographical range and there is no significant variation in the form of the male terminalia. + + +The species seems to be of little significance in pollination biology and there is little reference to it in the literature. It has been recorded as visiting the blue flowers of + +Anchusa capensis +Thunb. + +in the +Northern Cape +(see material examined). + + +An iNaturalist observation shows a single female of + +M. brevirostris + +apparently ovipositing on a rocky substrate just north of the Wolfgat Nature Reserve and south of Tafelsig in the Khayelitsha area of the +Cape +Town Metro (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/137461195) ( +Fig. 11.4 +). This is the only time we have seen an image of a + +Moegistorhynchus + +ovipositing in the field and this offers clues about the natural history of the genus. + + + +We have previously seen +one male +in +NHMUK +from Raapenburg ( +Little Mowbray +, +Cape +Town +), which was collected by +R +. +E. Turner +from + +1 to 14 October 1920 + +. +However +, this specimen is not included in the redescription + +. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B785CF639FF79FD3E1CAE3E14.xml b/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B785CF639FF79FD3E1CAE3E14.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f87b7b5030a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/03/F6/87/03F6879B785CF639FF79FD3E1CAE3E14.xml @@ -0,0 +1,728 @@ + + + +Revision of the endemic South African genus Moegistorhynchus Macquart (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with a species key, description of three new species and comments on pollination biology and biogeography + + + +Author + +Barraclough, David A. +School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Natural Science, KwaZulu-Natal Museum, 237 Jabu Ndlovu Street, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa; and Entomology Department, Iziko South African Museum, P. O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa + + + +Author + +Colville, Jonathan F. +Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +1 +37 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.1 +1175-5326 +13915454 +27BE71C1-D41A-4A1E-BED3-781B406BE990 + + + + + + + +Moegistorhynchus longirostris +( +Wiedemann, 1819 +) + + + + + + + +( +Figs 1.1–1.3 +, +4.1–4.9 +, +9.5–9.6 +, +12 +) + + + + + + + +Nemestrina longirostris +Wiedemann, 1819: 13 + + +. + + + + + +Moegistorhynchus longirostris + +; + +Bezzi, 1924: 189 + +; + +Bernardi, 1973: 269 + +; + +Bowden, 1980: 374 + +. + + + + + + + +Type +locality. + +Cape +of +Good Hope +, +Western Cape +(assumed) + +. + + +Type material +( + +holotype +in +ZMUC +): +South Africa +: +Western Cape +: +HOLOTYPE +: +♂ +: “ +♂ +”; “Mus. / Westerm.”; “ +TYPE +” [red card]; “ +N. longirostris +/ Wied. / +Cape +Good Hope / Octb. 1817” [handwritten in Wiedemann’s hand]. + +Specimen associated with +holotype + +: +♀ +: “ +♀ +”; “Mus. / Westerm.”; “ +TYPE +” [red card]. The +holotype +and associated specimen are both in excellent condition. Given that the original description refers to a male only, the female is not considered to be part of the type series and is not labelled as a +paratype +. The +holotype +is appropriately labelled. + + + +Notes on the + + +holotype +and associated specimen + +. +We +located the male + + +holotype +of + +Nemestrina longirostris +Wiedemann, 1819 + +, in +ZMUC +. +The + + +holotype +is appropriately labelled in +Wiedemann’s +hand and is also appropriately labelled “Mus. Westerman”. +It +is labelled “ +Cape +Good Hope” as noted (in +Latin +) in the original description. +The + + +holotype +had previously been labelled as “ +TYPE +” on red card + +. + + +Other material +: +Western Cape +: +2♂ +2♀ +, Atlantis, Silverstream, +33.5284 +18.4454 +, +1 December 2017 +, Timo van der Niet, Feeding [on] + +P. longicaule +(NMSA) + +; +1♀ +, +5 km +N Bloubergstrand, +16 November 1975 +, H. Geertsema ( +SANC +); +1♂ +, +Cape +Peninsula, Miss Johns ( +SAMC +); +31♂ +16♀ +, Graafwater, C.P., +October 1947 +, Mus. Exp. ( +SAMC +); +1♂ +, Graafwater, C.P., +October 1947 +, Mus. Exp. ( +NMSA +); +1♂ +, Lamberts Bay, +1 October 2008 +, L. McCleod ( +SAMC +); +10♂ +5♀ +, Leipoldtville, Elands Bay, C.P., +October 1947 +, Mus. Exp. ( +SAMC +); +1♂ +, Mamre, 3318 +CB +, Silverstroomstrand, +26 November 1978 +, +V +.B. Whitehead ( +SAMC +); +1♂ +, “Montague”, 1902, F.C. Purcell ( +SAMC +); +1♀ +, Mowbray, +November 1940 +, Miss Johns ( +SAMC +); +1♀ +, +10 km +NE Muizenberg, 3418AB, +28 November 1981 +, B. +R +. Stuckenberg, coastal macchia ( +NMSA +); +1♂ +, Pella Mission St[ation], +20 October 2011 +, A. Morton ( +SAMC +); +2♂ +, Silverstroom, +6 November 1995 +, on + +Pelargonium +(SAMC) + +; +3♂ +, Silverstroomstrand, +29 October 1993 +, on + +Pelargonium +(SAMC) + +; +6♂ +5♀ +, Strandfontein, False Bay, +1 November 1960 +( +SAMC +); +1♂ +, West Coast National Park, +33°10’56’’S +18°03’45’’E +, +30 m +, +11 September 2001 +, J.G.H. & A. Londt, sandy areas, bushes, flowers ( +NMSA +); +1♂ +, West Coast National Park, +10 October 2010 +, A. Morton ( +SAMC +); +1♂ +, Yzerfontein, +22 October 1993 +, + +Lapeirousia +(SAMC) + +; +1♂ +1♀ +, Yzerfontein, +33°20’S +18°10’E +, +1 November 1992 +, J. Manning, on + +Lapeirousia anceps +(NMSA) + +; +1♀ +, Yzerfontein, +September 1960 +( +SAMC +); +1♂ +, Yzerfontein (rt side of road), +30 October 1992 +, on + +Lapeirousia anceps +(SAMC) + +; +1♀ +, Zeekoevlei, +Cape +Town, +34.0614° S +, +18.5152° E +, +31 Oct. 2023 +, D.A. Barraclough, Visiting + +Pelargonium + +in garden ( +SAMC +). + +Northern Cape + +: +2♂ +1♀ +, +20 km +E. Hondeklip Bay, +5 September 2008 +, L. McCleod ( +SAMC +); +1♂ +, +12 km +E. Hondeklipbaai, +9 September 2006 +, L. McCleod ( +SAMC +); +1♂ +, +8 km +E. Hondeklip Bay, +21 August 2007 +, L. McCleod ( +SAMC +); +1♀ +, Namaqua National Park, +S30.411581 +E17.415748 +, +29 August 2019 +, A. Melin & J.F. Colville, visiting + +Pelargonium praemorsum + +[DNA: 3 legs; +RHS +] ( +SAMC +); +2♀ +, Spektakelberg Pass [about +25 km +W of Springbok], +11 September 1993 +, + +Lapeirousia fabricii +(NMSA) + +; +1♂ +2♀ +, +7 km +WNW of Wallekraal on road to Hondeklip Bay, +14–16 September 1992 +, F.W. and S.K. Gess, visiting cream long tubed fls ( +Iridaceae +), flower: + +Engysiphon longitubus +Lewis (AMGS) + +. + + + + +Diagnosis +. Postpedicel mostly dark, but with striking paler basal annulation; style with two basal segments. Proboscis elongate to remarkably elongate, typically 2.0–5.5 x body length. Postalar callus smooth over entire surface. Wing with striking transparent or hyaline markings, such areas typically not an opaque creamy white. Second abdominal tergite dark medially and submedially, never entirely silver pruinescent across its width. Abdominal dorsum (especially in male) with posterolateral sections of T3 to T5 with dense and prominent clustering of (usually) dark pile on posterolateral extremities. + + + + +FIGURE 4 (4.1–4.4). + +Moegistorhynchus longirostris +( +Wiedemann, 1821 +) + +(male). +1. +Whole body, lateral view. +2. +Label data. +3–4. +Head. +3. +Frontal view. +4. +Oblique lateral view, showing detail of antennae with orange basal annulation of postpedicel arrowed. + + + + +Redescription (both sexes) +. Body length +11.66–17.73 mm +( +Fig. 4.1 +); wing length +11.54–19.90 mm +; proboscis length +32 to 83 mm +and possibly up to +90 mm +(see +Barraclough & Slotow 2010 +). +Head +( +Figs 4.3–4.4 +): colouring yellow-brown to dark brown to black with scape and pedicel mostly yellow or yellow-brown. Postpedicel mostly dark brown to black but usually with striking or obvious yellow/orange basal annulation on both surfaces, although this can be variably developed or reduced. Male with anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli separated by transverse groove; anterior and posterior ocelli all about equidistant apart and therefore forming the three corners of an equilateral triangle, although posterior ocelli may be further apart; long black (pale posteriorly) pile between anterior ocellus and posterior ocelli or a mix of pale and dark pile or (rarely) all dark pile. Frons with elongate yellow pile (sometimes partly black posteriorly) over much of surface. Style of flagellum with two short black basal segments, subequal in length, second segment slightly longer or shorter. Proboscis strikingly elongate, length 2.0–5.5 x body length. +Thorax +( +Figs 4.5–4.6 +): scutum pale, medium to dark brown and only ground colour beneath median and submedian vittae very dark (this black) although this mostly obscured by dense silver pruinescence; sometimes appearing yellow-brown in medial area at two-thirds distance between anterior margin and scuto-scutellar suture, this colouring may extend to scuto-scutellar suture. Paired median silver pruinescent vittae extend from anterior margin to two-thirds distance to scuto-scutellar suture or entire distance; at two-thirds position an inverted V-shaped extension of dark pruinescence extending backwards to scutellum. Scutellum very densely and broadly silver pruinescent anterolaterally and along posterior margin just posterior to disc; sometimes this pruinescence evident around entire margin. Pile on scutum sometimes a mixture of yellow and black, but usually mostly yellow; moderately elongate and profuse but largely sparse to absent (notably absent in Strandfontein specimens) on posterior half (although notably present on postalar calli and scutellum as sometimes sparse elongate hairs with more black hairs sometimes evident in female). Postalar callus lacking a noticeable acute cuticular protrusion near middle. +Legs +: mostly medium to darker brown or dark brown, but sometimes a paler yellow-brown. Fore femur with relatively elongate backwardly directed pale pile, this sometimes reaching up to two-fifths femur length. Mid and hind femora with sparse ventral pile (similarly coloured) along basal two-fifths to three-quarters of mid femur (sometimes very sparse or barely present) and along basal one- to two-thirds of hind femur, although sometimes very sparse or virtually absent. +Wing +( +Fig. 4.7 +): relatively slender, length more than 3.5 x maximum width. Infuscation a medium to darker brown to grey, but sometimes with yellowish tinges. Patterning irregular and distributed over much of wing as in figure, although hyaline areas often dominate posteriorly; hyaline areas clearly distinguished and separate from brown colouring. +CuP +with one complete crossvein (rarely half complete) with appendix often present. +Abdomen +( +Figs 4.8–4.9 +): relatively slender or moderately so and often broader than width of thorax. Ground colour mostly dark yellow-brown or dark brown to black and sometimes with hints of orange, although sometimes extensively orange; sometimes partly yellow on several sternites. T1 entirely dark brown to black with obvious silver pruinescence along anterior margin, except at midline (usually) or medially and (postero)laterally; pile dense and short, mostly yellow or white. T2 dark brown to black medially and submedially (may be faded in older specimens), with obvious silver pruinescence laterally; pile short, sometimes over entire surface. T3 largely medium to dark brown to black but sometimes orange-tinged or orange posteriorly or even laterally and medially, and with paired silver pruinescence/markings (irregularly transversely positioned) on anterior half to two-thirds, these markings may extend to lateral margins, meaning that silver pruinescence is confluent with silver pruinescence along lateral margins although posterior margin also often appearing silver pruinescent; pile sparse (may be mostly absent in female), pale and relatively short to moderately long on anterior one- to two-thirds or on most of surface, but with strikingly dense cluster of golden pile anterolaterally (may be shorter, less dense and yellowish) and dense (sometimes somewhat sparser) cluster of striking elongate black pile at posterolateral extremities (sometimes partly or mostly pale); in female clustering of pile along lateral margins may be reduced. T4 similar except paired silver pruinescent central markings roundish and sometimes mostly separated by brown ground colour from lateral silver pruinescence; pile typically present over much of surface and pale (sparse and mostly short to absent in female), sometimes dense and elongate and yellow or golden along entire posterior margin (except laterally), longest pile reaching up to two-thirds length of lateral margin, lateral margin with short (moderately) dense golden pile anteriorly (may be sparse and yellowish) and typically elongate and striking cluster of black pile posterolaterally (sometimes partly golden). T5 similarly patterned; pile sometimes moderately long on anterior two-thirds, absent along posterior margin and distributed along lateral margins as on T4 (mostly absent in female, except laterally); anterior cluster of golden pile may be barely visible and posterior cluster may be a mixture of golden and black or all golden. T6 with median brown area but otherwise silver pruinescent; pile short and sparse. Sternites yellow-brown to medium or dark brown; pile notably elongate and white on S3. +Male postabdomen +( +Figs 9.5–9.6 +): epandrium moderately developed to very slender in dorsal view, maximum width notably broader than length, with small to moderately developed apical notch above cerci, apicolateral extremities broadly rounded to flattened in lateral view. Gonostylus with variously developed vestiture along inner medial margin, and presenting as two lobes: a slender but well-developed inner lobe and a short to very short and apically rounded outer lobe, inner lobe with apical region strongly narrowed. Inner gonocoxal process mostly straight and very slender, narrowly rounded apically, apical region with or without marginal teeth. Phallus apex typically falling just short of gonostylus apices in ventral view, without obvious marginal dentition (minute dentition sometimes visible). + + + +FIGURE 4 (4.5–4.9). + +Moegistorhynchus longirostris +( +Wiedemann, 1821 +) + +(male). +5–6. +Thorax. +5. +Dorsal view. +6. +Lateral view. +7. +Wing. +8–9. +Abdomen, dorsal view. +8. +Whole abdomen, showing strikingly dense clusters of backwardly directed dark pile on posterolateral corners of T3–T5 (arrowed). +9. +Basal tergites, showing T2 with silver pruinescence restricted to lateral areas and with medial section appearing dark (dark section arrowed). + + + +Relationships and distribution +( +Fig. 12 +). + +Moegistorhynchus longirostris + +is most similar to + +M. brevirostris + +, although it has a very much longer proboscis. As with + +M. brevirostris +, + +it is a lowland species; however, it appears to be more widespread ( +Barraclough & Slotow 2010 +) and is more frequently encountered in the field, in particular in the southern parts of its range. It is distributed across a stretch of more than +700 km +from the southern parts of the +Western Cape +around +Cape +Town northwards to the area around Port Nolloth in the +Northern Cape +( +Fig. 12 +). Note that there is a single record from “Montague”. This old specimen (collected in 1902 and deposited in SAMC) is almost certainly mislabelled. Montagu is about +180 km +east of +Cape +Town in the Little Karoo. +Bequaert (1935: 494) +, for example, referred to this specimen in his important review of the genus. We have not seen any specimens at these latitudes from outside of the +Cape +Town area. Note that many of the localities of + +M. longirostris + +are listed in Table 1 ( +Barraclough & Slotow 2010: 402 +), together with co-ordinates, proboscis length (range and mean), and bioregion (name, protection status and conservation status). Vegetation +type +: Atlantis Sand Fynbos (FFd4); +Cape +Flats Dune Strandveld (FS6); Lambert’s Bay Strandveld (FS1); Langebaan Dune Strandveld (FS5); Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos (FFd2); Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld (FRg1); Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos (FFs9); Peninsula Shale Renosterveld (FRs10); Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld (SKn4); Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland (SKn1); Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld (SKs1). + + + + +Discussion +. Although variable in body colouring (especially of the abdominal dorsum), size, the distribution and length of pile on the abdominal dorsum, and in proboscis length across its extensive lowland range, it seems that + +M. longirostris + +is not a species complex. We have examined more than +100 specimens +and have dissected representative males from across the geographical range and there is no significant variation in the form of the male terminalia, apart from a variably developed epandrium which can range from a slender to moderately developed appearance in dorsal view. We therefore consider + +M. longirostris + +to be a single morphologically variable species. The species has been collected between 21 August and 1 December. + + +More intensive collecting of + +M. longirostris + +in the +Northern Cape +is required. We have not, for example, been able to study males (only females available) of specimens from Namaqua National Park and Spektakelberg Pass. These specimens have a significantly shorter proboscis length ( +45–50 mm +) than specimens from nearby Hondeklip Bay (proboscis length reaching +70 mm +). + + + +Although not listed under ‘Other material’, we have seen images (sent to us by email) of +three specimens +of + +M. longirostris + +( +one male +and +two females +) that were collected from +8 km +E. of +Port Nolloth +in the +Northern Cape +on + +1 October 2009 + +. +The +material was collected by +Dr Torsten Dikow +and +Dr J. Londt +and is deposited in the +National Museum of Natural History +( +USNM +) in +Washington, D.C +. It was not feasible to loan this material, which represents the northernmost limit of the species range. +Given +that +Port Nolloth +is only about +100 km +from the +Namibian +border, + +M. longirostris + +may eventually be found to fringe into the +Succulent Karoo +parts of southern +Namibia + +. + + +Despite very extensive urbanisation and development in the +Cape +Town Metropolitan Municipality, it is gratifying to know that + +M. longirostris + +is still collected in the region. We have seen images on iNaturalist ( +Table 2 +) that can reliably identify the species from the Zeekoeivlei area ( +6 November 2022 +; +18 October 2023 +); Strandfontein area ( +5 November 2022 +); Rocklands between Strandfontein and Wolfgat Nature Reserve ( +5 October 2023 +); Witzands Aquifer Nature Reserve, NE Koeberg Nature Reserve, 10, 12 & +15 October 2023 +), and Blaauwberg Nature Reserve ( +4 November 2012 +, +11 October 2023 +). Furthermore, a locality near Mamre, in the far north of the Municipality, has been a favoured collecting and observation spot that has been used by pollination biology researchers over the last 20 years. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/30/2A/87/302A87B5FFF00D0FFC1CFA9FFA0A13B9.xml b/data/30/2A/87/302A87B5FFF00D0FFC1CFA9FFA0A13B9.xml index 80223423f6a..7f63ae806ca 100644 --- a/data/30/2A/87/302A87B5FFF00D0FFC1CFA9FFA0A13B9.xml +++ b/data/30/2A/87/302A87B5FFF00D0FFC1CFA9FFA0A13B9.xml @@ -1,119 +1,121 @@ - - - -New data on the Permian ecosystem of the Rodez Basin: ichnofauna (traces of protostomians, tetrapods and fishes), jellyfishes and plants from Banassac-Canilhac (Lozère, southern France) + + + +New data on the Permian ecosystem of the Rodez Basin: ichnofauna (traces of protostomians, tetrapods and fishes), jellyfishes and plants from Banassac-Canilhac (Lozère, southern France) - - -Author + + +Author -Moreau, Jean-David +Moreau, Jean-David - - -Author + + +Author -Gand, Georges +Gand, Georges -text - - -Geodiversitas +text + + +Geodiversitas - -2022 - -2022-11-10 + +2022 + +2022-11-10 - -44 + +44 - -31 + +31 - -975 -987 + +975 +987 -journal article -10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a31 -1638-9395 -7342122 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:008AF7BE-28B6-4FB5-A007-45BAB4337BAC +journal article +191623 +10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a31 +59cbff56-4af5-4719-9f80-f8a8812265c6 +1638-9395 +7342122 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:008AF7BE-28B6-4FB5-A007-45BAB4337BAC - - - - - -Scoyenia gracilis + + + + + +Scoyenia gracilis White, 1929 - - + + ( -Fig. 3C, D +Fig. 3C, D ) - - + + MATERIAL EXAMINED. -— +— Two burrows; - + one is preserved as concave epirelief on slab -M486 +M486 _ - -2022.1.3 + +2022.1.3 ; - + the other is preserved as convex hyporelief on slab -M486 +M486 _ - -2022.1.2 + +2022.1.2 . - -DESCRIPTION - + +DESCRIPTION + Burrows are unbranched, and straight to slightly curved. They are circular to oval in transverse section, up to -15 mm +15 mm in diameter and horizontally, obliquely to vertically oriented ( -Fig. 3C, D +Fig. 3C, D ). The surface of burrows shows longitudinal striations. Longitudinal sections of burrows show prominent meniscate backfills ( -Fig. 3C, D +Fig. 3C, D ). - -REMARKS - - -Scoyenia gracilis + +REMARKS + + +Scoyenia gracilis is a very common ichnospecies in non-marine Permian deposits ( - + Buatois -et al. +et al. 1997 ). This ichnotaxon was abundantly reported from some Permian tracksites of the basins of Saint-Affrique and Lodève (e.g. - + Lopez -et al. +et al. 2008 ). diff --git a/data/30/2A/87/302A87B5FFF00D0FFF1EFABFFC5315C4.xml b/data/30/2A/87/302A87B5FFF00D0FFF1EFABFFC5315C4.xml index 6b7a5ad261d..8c055255db7 100644 --- a/data/30/2A/87/302A87B5FFF00D0FFF1EFABFFC5315C4.xml +++ b/data/30/2A/87/302A87B5FFF00D0FFF1EFABFFC5315C4.xml @@ -1,146 +1,148 @@ - - - -New data on the Permian ecosystem of the Rodez Basin: ichnofauna (traces of protostomians, tetrapods and fishes), jellyfishes and plants from Banassac-Canilhac (Lozère, southern France) + + + +New data on the Permian ecosystem of the Rodez Basin: ichnofauna (traces of protostomians, tetrapods and fishes), jellyfishes and plants from Banassac-Canilhac (Lozère, southern France) - - -Author + + +Author -Moreau, Jean-David +Moreau, Jean-David - - -Author + + +Author -Gand, Georges +Gand, Georges -text - - -Geodiversitas +text + + +Geodiversitas - -2022 - -2022-11-10 + +2022 + +2022-11-10 - -44 + +44 - -31 + +31 - -975 -987 + +975 +987 -journal article -10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a31 -1638-9395 -7342122 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:008AF7BE-28B6-4FB5-A007-45BAB4337BAC +journal article +191623 +10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a31 +59cbff56-4af5-4719-9f80-f8a8812265c6 +1638-9395 +7342122 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:008AF7BE-28B6-4FB5-A007-45BAB4337BAC - - - - -Medusina atava + + + + +Medusina atava (Pohlig, 1892) Walcott, 1898 ( -Fig. 3A, B +Fig. 3A, B ) - - + + MATERIAL EXAMINED. -— - +— + One specimen; M486_ -2022.1.9 +2022.1.9 . - -DESCRIPTION - + +DESCRIPTION + The specimen is umbrella-shaped and -16 mm +16 mm in diameter. The velum is locally visible, forming an up to -3.3 mm +3.3 mm wide marginal thickening. The jellyfish bears 10, thin, quite straight and radially arranged furrows originating from the centre and corresponding to radial canals ( -Fig. 3A, B +Fig. 3A, B ). Most furrows join the periphery of the jellyfish. The centre of the jellyfish shows an up to -8 mm +8 mm wide, star-shaped and concave structure corresponding to the manubrium ( -Fig. 3A, B +Fig. 3A, B ). - - + + REMARKS - -Medusina atava + +Medusina atava was reported in Permian deposits from -France +France ( - + Gand -et al. +et al. 1996 ), -Germany +Germany ( -Schüppel 1984 +Schüppel 1984 ) and -Italy +Italy ( -Ronchi & Santi 2003 +Ronchi & Santi 2003 ). In the Saint-Affrique Basin, both species - -Medusina atava + +Medusina atava and - -Medusina limnica + +Medusina limnica Müller, 1978 are known from some Permian sites ( - + Gand -et al. +et al. 1996 ). However, - -Medusina + +Medusina is for the first time reported in the Permian deposits of the Rodez Basin. - -M. limnica + +M. limnica is mainly distinguished from - -M. atava + +M. atava by showing a maximum of four radial canals. Amongst - -M. atava + +M. atava the number of radial canals is variable and can reach a number of ten ( -Schüppel 1984 +Schüppel 1984 ; - + Gand -et al. +et al. 1996 ). diff --git a/data/30/2A/87/302A87B5FFFF0D01FE9EF890FEA415E4.xml b/data/30/2A/87/302A87B5FFFF0D01FE9EF890FEA415E4.xml index 8ad957dc770..0c166ec1e8b 100644 --- a/data/30/2A/87/302A87B5FFFF0D01FE9EF890FEA415E4.xml +++ b/data/30/2A/87/302A87B5FFFF0D01FE9EF890FEA415E4.xml @@ -1,56 +1,56 @@ - - - -New data on the Permian ecosystem of the Rodez Basin: ichnofauna (traces of protostomians, tetrapods and fishes), jellyfishes and plants from Banassac-Canilhac (Lozère, southern France) + + + +New data on the Permian ecosystem of the Rodez Basin: ichnofauna (traces of protostomians, tetrapods and fishes), jellyfishes and plants from Banassac-Canilhac (Lozère, southern France) - - -Author + + +Author -Moreau, Jean-David +Moreau, Jean-David - - -Author + + +Author -Gand, Georges +Gand, Georges -text - - -Geodiversitas +text + + +Geodiversitas - -2022 - -2022-11-10 + +2022 + +2022-11-10 - -44 + +44 - -31 + +31 - -975 -987 + +975 +987 -journal article -191623 -10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a31 -59cbff56-4af5-4719-9f80-f8a8812265c6 -1638-9395 -7342122 -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:008AF7BE-28B6-4FB5-A007-45BAB4337BAC +journal article +191623 +10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a31 +59cbff56-4af5-4719-9f80-f8a8812265c6 +1638-9395 +7342122 +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:008AF7BE-28B6-4FB5-A007-45BAB4337BAC cf. - + Walchia ( @@ -93,11 +93,11 @@ long. The apex of leaves is acute and commonly slightly curved inward. Occasiona REMARKS Plant remains are quite common in the fossiliferous bed from Le Bousquet. However, the plant assemblage is only composed of cf. - + Walchia leafy axes.Regionally, the conifer - + Walchia Sternberg, 1825 diff --git a/data/DD/75/87/DD7587E36415FFFF3ABA54C8E5629339.xml b/data/DD/75/87/DD7587E36415FFFF3ABA54C8E5629339.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..8275da6e7e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/DD/75/87/DD7587E36415FFFF3ABA54C8E5629339.xml @@ -0,0 +1,982 @@ + + + +The genus Siderus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in French Guiana: four newly discovered species and conspicuous male genitalia polymorphism + + + +Author + +Faynel, Christophe +16, rue des Aspres, 34160 Montaud, France + + + +Author + +Fåhraeus, Christer +Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden + + + +Author + +Ramirez, Juan-Jose +Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú + + + +Author + +Robbins, Robert K. +Department of Entomology, NHB Stop 127, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 - 7012, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +38 +58 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.2 +1175-5326 +13915424 +EE97A7C9-AEC1-4A22-BDD0-3977B7B9E92F + + + + + + + +Siderus diringeri +Faynel, Robbins & Fåhraeus + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +( +Figures 8, 9 +, +19 +, +25 +, +29 +) + + + + +Diagnosis and description. +Male mean FW length: +13.2 mm +(n = 2). + +Siderus diringeri + + +sp. nov. + +is the smallest + +Siderus + +in +French Guiana +. Despite few characteristic wing elements ventrally, it is easily distinguished from other + +Siderus +species + +by the following characters. Both sexes ( +Figs 8, 9 +) have a VHW red spot in Cu1–Cu2, otherwise only present in + +S. leucophaeus + +and + +S. parvinotus + +( +Figs 6, 7 +). + +Siderus diringeri + + +sp. nov. + +differs from these two species by (1) a beige ventral ground color (gray in the others); (2) a VHW black anal lobe bordered anteriorly by much fewer red scales compared to + +S. leucophaeus + +and + +S. parvinotus + +; and (3) blue scales in VHW cell Cu2-2A between the anal lobe and the cubital spot (grayish scales in the others). Males are light blue dorsally with a large black apex and the double androconial spot inside and outside the discal cell. Male genitalia ( +Fig. 19 +) have rounded valvae at base with elongate extension, one cornutus at the penis end, a short saccus not pointed at its end. Females ( +Fig. 9 +) are dull blue dorsally with the same ventral wing pattern as the males. Female genitalia ( +Fig. 25 +) look like + +S. leucophaeus + +( +Fig. 23 +) with ductus seminalis arising from the back of the bursa; ostium bursae short and circular; two signa in the middle of the corpus bursae with thorn-shaped spines pointing anteriorly. + + + + +Type material. + +Holotype +♂ +( +Fig. 8 +): “ +Guyane +française +Cacao +// +Sentier +de la source + +37m + +(11h00) // +04°33’36”N +52°27’46”W +// + +24 octobre 2019 + +Coll. DIRINGER” [white rectangular label, printed in black], “prep. gen. CF n°695” [white rectangular label, printed in black], “CF-LYC-1593” [orange rectangular label, printed in black], “ +Holotype +♂ +// + +Siderus diringeri + +// Faynel, Robbins & Fåhraeus, 2024” [red rectangular label, printed in black]. +Will +be deposited in MNHN. + + + + +Paratypes +: + +COSTA RICA +. +Guanacaste +. + +1♀ +, +Area de Conservacion Guanacaste +, +Mundo Nuevo +, +Mamones +, +10.7707 +, +-85.4287 +, + +365 m + +, + +09.X.2014 + +, DNA 14-SRNP-57138 ( +USNM +) + +. + + +Puntarenas +. + +1♂ +, +Miramar Resort +, + +01.IX.1974 + +, +Haber +leg. ( +USNM +) + +. + + +PANAMA +. +Panamá +. + +4♂ +, +Cerro Campana +, + +I.1966 + +( + +150m + +), + +04.I.1964 + +( + +610m + +), + +13.I.1965 + +( + +460m + +), + +26.XII.1963 + +( + +610m + +), +Small +leg. ( +USNM +) + +; + +1♂ +, same locality, + +25.I.1966 + +, +Nicolay +leg., RKR +Genitalia +1990:33 ( +USNM +) + +; + +3♀ +, same locality, + +24.XII.1963 +, +22.II.1964 + +( + +610m + +), + +31.XII.1967 + +( + +460m + +), +Small +leg. ( +USNM +) + +; + +3♀ +, same locality, 28– + +29–30.I.1965 + +, +Nicolay +leg. ( +USNM +) + +. + + +Canal Area + +. +4♂ +, +Farfan +, +8°56’N +, +79°35’W +, + +24–25.XII.1962 +, +06.I.1963 +, +03.II.1963 + +, +Small +leg. ( +USNM +) + +; + +1♂ +, same locality, + +14.II.1963 + +, +Nicolay +leg. ( +USNM +) + +; + +3♀ +, same locality, + +25–26.XII.1962 +, +20.I.1963 + +, +Small +leg. ( +USNM +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Ft Calyton +, + +05.V.1963 + +, +Small +leg. ( +USNM +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Rodman +, +8°58’N +, +79°35’W +, + +11.I.1973 + +, +Small +leg. ( +USNM +) + +. + + +VENEZUELA +. +Bolivar +. + +1♀ +, +Bochinche Res. Forestal Imataca +, + +200m + +, + +6–13.XII.1974 + +( +MIZA +) + +. + + +TRINIDAD +. + +1♂ +, +Forest Reserve +, + +V.2000 + +, +S. Alston-Smith +leg. + + +1♀ +, +Trinidad +, +Lalaja Ridge +, + +X.1990 + +, +S. Alston-Smith +leg. ( +Collection Scott Alston-Smith +, +Trinidad +and +Tobago +) + +; + +1♀ +, +Lalaja Ridge +, + +VII.1999 + +, +S. Alston-Smith +leg. ( +Collection Scott Alston-Smith +, +Trinidad +and +Tobago +) + +; + +1♀ +, +Moreau +, +Nr Moruga +, + +IX.2011 + +, +J. Morrall +leg. ( +Collection John Morrall, UK +) + +. + + +FRENCH GUIANA +. + +1♂ +, +Roura +, route +de Kaw PK +37, sur + +Varronia schomburgkii + +, + +15.XI.2003 + +, +Y. Diringer +leg. ( +Collection Diringer +, +France +) + +; + +1♀ +, +Saül +, +Limonade +, + +29.X.2001 + +, +Coll. C. Faynel +n° 1197, DNA CF-LYC-1125 & BC-MNHN-LEP01314 ( +Fig. 9 +, ex. +CF +, leg. to +MNHN +) + +. + + +ECUADOR +. +Esmeraldas +. + +1♀ +, + +12 km +N of Selva Alegre + +, +0°51.5′N +, +78°51.2′W +, + +165 m + +, + +30.V.2017 + +, +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +. + + +Napo +. + +1♀ +, + +14 km +Tena-Puyo Road + +, +1°06.7′S +, +77°46.9′W +, + +600 m + +, + +13.X.2011 + +, +Aldas +& +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +. + + +PERU +. +Ucayali +. + +2♂ +, +Santa Sofia +, + +150 m + +, + +VIII.2005 + +( +AMC +) + +; + +1♀ +, same locality, + +IX.2005 + +( +AMC +) + +. + + +Madre de Dios +. + +1♂ +, +Parque Manu +, +Pakitza +, +11°55’48”S +, +71°15’18”W +, + +340m + +, + +12.X.1990 + +, +Robbins +leg., RKR +Genitalia +1999:153 ( +USNM +) + +; + +3♀ +, same locality, + +22.IX.1989 + +, +Robbins +leg., + +13.X.1991 + +, +Hauser +leg., 03.X.91, +Mielke +leg. ( +USNM +) + +; + +1♀ +, same locality, 08.IX.89, +Robbins +leg., RKR +Genitalia +1992:168 ( +USNM +) + +. + + +BRAZIL +. +Pará +. + +1♀ +, +Serra do Tiracambu, BR +222 - KM 48, +Ligne +de crêtes, + +13.VI.2004 + +, +Pierre Jauffret +leg., coll. CF n° 10122, DNA RCCFF12 ( +CF +) + +. + + +Rondônia +. + +1♂ +, + +62 km +S Ariquemes + +, +Rancho Grande +, +10.53°S +, +62.80°W +, + +165m + +, + +19–29.IX.1996 + +, +Harris +leg. ( +USNM +) + +; + +1♀ +, + +63 km +S Ariquemes + +, vicinity +Caucaulandia +, +10°32’S +, +62°48’W +, + +160–350m + +, + +10.X.1991 + +, +Kemner +leg. ( +USNM +) + +. + + + + +FIGURES 6–16. + +Siderus + +adults from French Guiana, dorsal face at left. +6. + +S. leucophaeus + +♂. +7. + +S. parvinotus + +♂. +8. + +S. diringeri + + +sp. nov. + +, HT ♂. +9. + +S. diringeri + + +sp. nov. + +, PT ♀. +10. + +S. bisignatus + + +sp. nov. + +, HT ♂. +11. + +S. toussaint + + +sp. nov. + +, HT ♂. +12. + +S. toussaint + + +sp. nov. + +, PT ♀. +13. + +S. athymbra + +♂. +14. + +S. athymbra + +♀. +15. + +S. castelain + + +sp. nov. + +, HT ♂. +16. + +S. castelain + + +sp. nov. + +, PT ♀. + + + + +Distribution. +Costa Rica +, +Panama +, +Venezuela +, +Trinidad +, French Guiana, +Ecuador +, +Peru +(UC, MD), +Brazil +(PA, RO). + + +Natural history +. This species is associated with lowland rainforests. In +Panama +and +Peru +, it occurs in seasonally dry forest. In +French Guiana +, adults feed on flowers of + +Varronia schomburgkii + +( +Boraginaceae +). + + + + +Remarks. +The females have been associated with males based on small size and the same ventral wing pattern. The barcoding of the female from French Guiana did not give a sequence in spite of two attempts (samples ID CF-LYC-1125 and BC-MNHN-LEP01314) but the one from Pará confirmed its identity. This species was listed as + +Siderus + +773 [n. sp.] from +Panama +( +Robbins 2004 +) and cited as a new island record for +Trinidad +as “ +Siderus +n. sp. +8 MS” ( +Cock & Robbins 2016 +, p. 17–18). + + + + +Etymology. +Dedicated to our colleague Louis Diringer who regularly explores +French Guiana +and has a passion for +Lycaenidae +. He and his son Yvan collected the two known male Guianese specimens. The latinized name ‘diringeri’ is considered masculine. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/DD/75/87/DD7587E36419FFF83ABA5778E5FE93A9.xml b/data/DD/75/87/DD7587E36419FFF83ABA5778E5FE93A9.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6003c5caa5f --- /dev/null +++ b/data/DD/75/87/DD7587E36419FFF83ABA5778E5FE93A9.xml @@ -0,0 +1,920 @@ + + + +The genus Siderus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in French Guiana: four newly discovered species and conspicuous male genitalia polymorphism + + + +Author + +Faynel, Christophe +16, rue des Aspres, 34160 Montaud, France + + + +Author + +Fåhraeus, Christer +Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden + + + +Author + +Ramirez, Juan-Jose +Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú + + + +Author + +Robbins, Robert K. +Department of Entomology, NHB Stop 127, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 - 7012, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +38 +58 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.2 +1175-5326 +13915424 +EE97A7C9-AEC1-4A22-BDD0-3977B7B9E92F + + + + + + + +Siderus castelain +Faynel, Fåhraeus & Robbins + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +( +Figures 15, 16 +, +20 +, +26 +, +31 +) + + + + +Diagnosis and description. +Male mean FW length: +13.6 mm +(n = 7). + +Siderus castelain + + +sp. nov. + +is morphologically similar to + +S. guapila + +, with which it was first confused (Faynel 2003). It differs from the latter by more restricted blue dorsally, the androconial spot in the cell larger, and the absence of black-pupiled orange spot in Cu1–Cu2. Compared to the other + +Siderus +species + +, it has a darker ventral ground colour with a characteristic black spot in Cu1–Cu2 surrounded by dark orange scales. Males ( +Fig. 15 +) are light blue dorsally with a large black apex looking like + +S. diringeri + + +sp. nov. + +(which is darker blue) but the discal cell scent patch is larger. Male genitalia ( +Fig. 20 +) are the smallest in the genus with rounded valvae at base and elongate extension, one cornutus at the penis end, a short pointed saccus. Females ( +Fig. 16 +) are dull blue dorsally with the same ventral wing pattern as the males. Female genitalia ( +Fig. 26 +) look like + +S. leucophaeus + +and + +S. diringeri + + +sp. nov. + +( +Figs 23, 25 +) with ductus seminalis arising dorsally; ostium bursae short and circular; two thorn-shaped signa in the middle of the corpus bursae. + + + + +Type material. + +Holotype +♂ +( +Fig. 15 +): “ +GUYANE +FRANCAISE // +Saül Roche Bateau +// + +11. 11. 2008 + +// +Coll. Christian Castelain +” [white rectangular label, printed in black], “CF-LYC-181” [orange rectangular label, printed in black], “prep. gen. CF n°667” [white rectangular label, printed in black], “ +Holotype +♂ +// + +Siderus castelain + +// Faynel, Fåhraeus & Robbins, 2024” [red rectangular label, printed in black]. +Will +be deposited in MNHN. +The +approximative GPS data of the type locality are +3°37′ N +, +53°12′ W +. + + + + +Paratypes +: + +VENEZUELA +. +Bolivar +. + +1♂ +, +ElDorado +, +AndrewNeildleg. +, +BritMus. +1989.167( +NHMUK015203857 +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Rio Surukum +, +Carretera Elena Icabaru +, + +850m + +, + +19–31.I.1985 + +, +Fernandez +leg., RKR +Genitalia +1990:66 ( +MIZA +) + +. + + +GUYANA +. + +1♂ +, +Acarai Mountains +, +Sipu +R., +1°23.2’N +, +58°56.8’W +, + +270–760m + +, + +29.X–12.XI.2000 + +, +Fratello +leg., RKR +Genitalia +1999:155 ( +USNM +) + +; + +1♂ +, +New River +Triangle, +Berbice +River +, + +150m + +, + +05.XI.1980 + +, +Steinhauser +leg. ( +MGCL +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Iwokrama Rainforest Reserve +( +Darwin Butterfly Project +). + +FRENCH GUIANA + + +. + +1♂ +, +Saül +, +Roche Bateau +, +3°37’ N +53°12’ W +, + +8.I.2018 + +, +Sonzogni +leg., DNA CF-LYC-939 ( +CF +) + +; + +1♂ +: +Piste de Bélizon +, + +I.2014 + +( +CF +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Cacao +, + +6.VIII.2014 + +( +Coll. Diringer +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Bonaventure +, rte +de Bélizon +, + +29.X.2019 + +( +Coll. Diringer +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Saül +, + +8.XI.2010 + +( +Coll. Diringer +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Cacao +, +Piste de la Source +, + +23.XII.2018 + +, +N. Page +leg., L258 (coll. +Leroy +& +Page +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Crique Maripas +, RN 2 — PK 70, + +31.IV.2019 + +, +M. Leroy +& +N. Page +leg., L271 (coll. +Leroy +& +Page +) + +; + +1♂ +, RN2 PK70, +Piste +et +Crique Maripas +, + +9.IV.2019 + +, +N. Page +& +M. Leroy +leg., L235 (coll. +Leroy +& +Page +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Route de Kaw +, +Carrefour de Fourgassier +, + +14.I.2019 + +, +N. Page +& +M. Leroy +leg., L357 (coll. +Leroy +& +Page +) + +; + +1♀ +, +Papaïchton +, + +15.X.2001 + +, +J.Y. Gallard +leg., +C. Faynel +n° 1163, DNA CF-LYC-528 ( +Fig. 16 +, +CF +) + +; + +1♀ +, +Papaïchton +, + +15.X.2001 + +, +J.Y. Gallard +leg., +C. Faynel +n° 1162, DNA BC-MNHN-LEP01313 (ex. +CF +, leg. to +MNHN +) + +; + +5♂ +, piste du +Camp Bonaventure +à +Bélizon +, +04°19′41.54″N +52°20′21.9″W +, + +24.IV.2024 + +, +H. Le Menn +leg. ( +CF +) + +. + + +ECUADOR +. +Napo +. + +1♂ +, + +14 km +Tena-Puyo Road + +, +1°06.7′S +, +77°46.9′W +, + +600 m + +, + +13.I.2015 + +, +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +. + + +Morona Santiago +. + +2♂ +, + +54.6 km +Santiago-Puerto Morona Rd + +, +2°54.7′S +, +77°42.4′W +, + +205m + +, 08& + +09.I.2016 + +, +Aldas +& +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +; + +2♀ +, +53.1 km +Santiago-Puerto Morona Rd +, +2°55.0′S +, +77°42.7′W +, + +210m + +, XI& + +XII.2020 + +, +Aldas +& +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +. + + +PERU +. +Loreto +. + +1♂ +, +Iquitos +, +Rio Momón +, + +100 m + +, + +XI.2005 + +, +Coll. C.F. +n° 15661, DNA CF-LYC-174 ( +CF +) + +; + +1♂ +, alto +Río Contaya +, camp I, + +300–400 m + +, 0719/7448, + +20.X.2004 + +, +Ramírez +leg., DNA MHNLXPL1D09 ( +MUSM +) + +. + + +San Martín +. + +1♀ +, +Km +7, +Pongo del Cainarache +, +Barranquita +, +6°18’S +, +76°14’W +, + +250m + +, + +15.XI.1998 + +, +Robbins +leg. ( +USNM +) + +. + + +Ucayali +. + +1♂ +, +Contamana +, + +VII.2007 + +, +Coll. C.F. +n° 15420 ( +CF +) + +. + + +Madre de Dios +. + +1♂ +, +1♀ +, +San Lorenzo +, + +X. 1995 + +( +CF +) + +; + +1♂ +, Boca +Rio Torre +, + +300m + +, + +18.X.1985 + +, +Lamas +leg., RKR +Genitalia +1990:37 ( +MUSM +) + +. + + +BRAZIL +. +Amazonas +. + +1♂ +, +Maués +, + +X–XI. 2008 + +, +Coll. C.F. +n° 10621 ( +CF +) + +. + + +BOLIVIA +. +Chapare +. + +1♂ +, +Chapare +, +Villa Tunari +, + +28.IV.2006 + +, +C. Faynel +n° 20010, +J.Y. Gallard +leg. ( +CF +) + +. + + + +FIGURE 22. +Polymorphism in male genitalia of + +Siderus bisignatus + + +sp. nov. + +From left to right, specimens from French Guiana, Peru and Brazil (PA). Arrows show differences in a) penis posterior end, b) ventral and c) dorsal shape of valvae, d) saccus length. No scale bar but figures at the same magnification. + + + +Other material examined. + +PANAMA +. +Veraguas +. + +1♀ +, Calovebora, +8°48’N +, +81°13’W +, +17.I.1982 +, Small leg., DNA USNMENT00233077 ( +USNM +). The identification of this specimen is uncertain. It is geographically intermediate between the ranges of + +S. guapila + +and + +S. castelain + + +sp. nov. + +Its wing pattern is also intermediate between both species; thus, it could represent a hybrid, a geographical connecting form, or yet another distinct species. + + + + +Distribution. +Venezuela +, +Guyana +, French Guiana, +Ecuador +, +Peru +(LO, SM, UC, MD), +Brazil +(AM), +Bolivia +. + + +Natural history +. This species is associated with lowland rainforests. + + + + +Etymology. +This new species is dedicated to our colleague Christian Castelain who regularly explores +French Guiana +and who collected the first Guianese specimens. It is a name in apposition. + + + + +FIGURES 23–26. + +Siderus + +female genitalia showing very similar aspect. Posterior part on top, left lateral view on the left, ventral view on the right. +23. + +Siderus leucophaeus + +. +24. + +S. toussaint + + +sp. nov. + +, PT (French Guiana). +25. + +Siderus diringeri + + +sp. nov. + +, PT (French Guiana). +26. + +Siderus castelain + + +sp. nov. + +, PT (French Guiana). + + + + +Remarks. +The females have been associated with males because they have a similar size and the same ventral wing pattern, not shared with any other French Guiana +Eumaeini +. Unfortunately, the barcoding on the two different female specimens from French Guiana did not give a sequence that could have collaborated this (samples ID CF-LYC-528 and BC-MNHN-LEP01313). In 2017, as part of a work on butterflies from +Guyana +, Sambhu Hemchandranauth ( +Queensland +, +Australia +) sent the first author a picture of a male from Iwokrama Rainforest Reserve ( +Darwin Butterfly Project 2010 +), presumably + +S. castelain + + +sp. nov. + +He did not report it in his +Guyana +list ( +Sambhu & Nankishore 2018 +). + + +Systematic Placement. +We note that this species is paraphyletic on our best ML analysis ( +Fig. 34 +), although with very low branch support. From a distance perspective the specimens are close to each other in all trees analyzed, maximum likelihood as well as neighbor joining. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/DD/75/87/DD7587E3641BFFFD3ABA54ECE245938D.xml b/data/DD/75/87/DD7587E3641BFFFD3ABA54ECE245938D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6b703ea2bac --- /dev/null +++ b/data/DD/75/87/DD7587E3641BFFFD3ABA54ECE245938D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,451 @@ + + + +The genus Siderus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in French Guiana: four newly discovered species and conspicuous male genitalia polymorphism + + + +Author + +Faynel, Christophe +16, rue des Aspres, 34160 Montaud, France + + + +Author + +Fåhraeus, Christer +Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden + + + +Author + +Ramirez, Juan-Jose +Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú + + + +Author + +Robbins, Robert K. +Department of Entomology, NHB Stop 127, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 - 7012, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +38 +58 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.2 +1175-5326 +13915424 +EE97A7C9-AEC1-4A22-BDD0-3977B7B9E92F + + + + + + + +Siderus bisignatus +Faynel, Ramírez & Robbins + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +( +Figures 10 +, +17, 18 +, +22 +, +30 +) + + + + +Diagnosis and description. +Male mean FW length: +14.3 mm +(n = 5). + +Siderus bisignatus + + +sp. nov. + +is a strange + +Siderus +species + +that differs from its congeners by possessing a small oblique white line at the base of VHW in Sc+R1-Rs ( +Fig. 10 +) and by its male genitalia ( +Figs 17, 18 +, +22 +). Males are dark iridescent blue dorsally with a broad black apex. The DFW androconial spot consists of an oval scent patch in the discal cell and a triangular scent pad at the base of forewing vein M1. The ventral wing pattern is reminiscent of + +S. athymbra + +( +Figs 13, 14 +, +18 +), especially the dark brown basal part of both wings, which is one of the reasons for an initial placement in the genus + +Siderus + +. Male genitalia: valvae without tapered terminal part as in other species but with a central constriction; very long saccus and a stout penis with an enlarged posterior part. The female remains unknown (see DISCUSSION). + + + + +Type material. + +Holotype +♂ +( +Fig. 10 +): “ +GUYANE +// +St Laurent du Maroni +// +Route d’Apatou +// + +17. X. 2012 + +// Mohamed BENMESBAH leg.” [white rectangular label, printed in black], “C. FAYNEL // n° 2338” [white square label, printed in black], “Genitalia CF n° 611” [white rectangular label, printed in black], “CF-LYC-524” [orange rectangular label, printed in black], “ +Holotype +♂ +// + +Siderus bisignatus + +// Faynel, Ramírez & Robbins, 2024” [red rectangular label, printed in black]. +Will +be deposited in MNHN. +The +approximative GPS data of the type locality are +5°29′ N +, +54°02′ W +. + + + + +Paratypes +: + +PERU +. +Loreto +. + +1♂ +, +El Milagro +— km 21, carretera +Iquitos — Nauta +, + +X.2010 + +, +J.J. Ramírez +leg., +Coll. C.F. +n° 15676, DNA CF-LYC-407 ( +CF +) + +; + +1♂ +, +El Milagro +— km 21 route +Iquitos — Nauta +, + +VIII.2011 + +, +J.J. Ramírez +leg., +Coll. C.F. +n° 15784, DNA CF-LYC-1119, +Genitalia +CF n° 612 ( +CF +) + +; + +1♂ +, +El Milagro +, + +XI. 2013 + +, +03°57´S +, +73°22´W +, +J.J. Ramírez +leg., +Coll. C.F. +n° 16302 ( +CF +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Tierra Hermosa +, + +140m + +, + +XI.2023 + +, +03°20´S +, +73°19´W +, +J.J. Ramírez +leg., DNA CF-LYC-2187 ( +CF +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Loreto +, +Agua Blanca +, 0356/ + +7328, 130m + +, + +6.IX.2005 + +, +J.J. Ramírez +( +MUSM +) + +. + + +BRAZIL +. +Pará +. + +1♂ +, +M. de Mathan +leg., +Ex Oberthür Coll. +, +Brit. Mus. +1927-3, genitalia +No. +1990 + +: + +65♂ +, R.K. +Robbins +( +NHMUK015203858 +, on loan +USNM +) + +. + + + + +Distribution. +French Guiana +, +Peru +(LO), +Brazil +(PA). + + +Natural history +. This uncommon species is known from lowland rainforests. + + + + +Etymology. +The latinized name ‘bisignatus’ comes from the VHW basal marks. The name is masculine, in accordance with the genus + +Siderus + +considered as masculine. + + +Systematic Placement. +The specimens from different countries ( +French Guiana +, +Brazil +, +Peru +) have been recognized as belonging to the same species because they are the only +Eumaeini +having a ventral wing pattern with the white comma at the base of VHW. Moreover, the specimens from +Peru +and +French Guiana +share the same sequence BIN (ACK3174), i.e., they are recognized as a single species by the clustering algorithm with only 0.7% divergence (pairwise p-distance). + +S. bisignatus + + +sp. nov. + +shows differences in male androconia and genitalia with the other + +Siderus +species + +, and comes out as sister to the rest of the + +Siderus + +( +Figs 33 +, +34 +). However, we believe it is best placed in + +Siderus + +since it is sharing a long branch with the rest of + +Siderus + +, separating it from all the members of the outgroup. + + + +FIGURES 17–21. + +Siderus + +male genitalia (new species). Posterior part on top, left lateral view with penis (on the left), ventral view with setae drawn only on right uncus and right valva and penis removed (on the right). +17. + +Siderus bisignatus + + +sp. nov. + +, HT (French Guiana). +18. + +Siderus bisignatus + + +sp. nov. + +, PT (Peru, LO). +19. + +Siderus diringeri + + +sp. nov. + +, HT (French Guiana). +20. + +Siderus castelain + + +sp. nov. + +, HT (French Guiana). +21. + +Siderus toussaint + + +sp. nov. + +, HT (French Guiana). + + + +Genitalic Variability +. Besides being distinctive, the male genitalia show variation in the structure of the valvae, saccus and terminal penis ( +Figs 17, 18 +, +22 +) unlike that reported before in the +Eumaeini +. In lateral view, the +holotype +from +French Guiana +( +Fig. 22 +on the left) has a spine at the ventral terminal part of the penis (arrow a) and a ventral step at the ventral edge of the valvae (arrow b), absent in the other two. The specimen from +Brazil +( +Fig. 22 +on the right) has a squared posterior end of the valvae (arrow c), while the others have rounded ones and the end of its penis (arrow a) forms a bump and bears two cornuti while the other have no bump and only one cornutus. Length of the saccus (arrow d) and penis vary also. A hypothesis explaining this variation could be that they represent more than one species. However, for now, we consider it to be intraspecific because of the small study sample (4 dissected specimens) and the limited genetic information with moderate distance divergence (3 barcodes only). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/DD/75/87/DD7587E3641CFFE43ABA571CE6FC90AD.xml b/data/DD/75/87/DD7587E3641CFFE43ABA571CE6FC90AD.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..06ed39f30ca --- /dev/null +++ b/data/DD/75/87/DD7587E3641CFFE43ABA571CE6FC90AD.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1051 @@ + + + +The genus Siderus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in French Guiana: four newly discovered species and conspicuous male genitalia polymorphism + + + +Author + +Faynel, Christophe +16, rue des Aspres, 34160 Montaud, France + + + +Author + +Fåhraeus, Christer +Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden + + + +Author + +Ramirez, Juan-Jose +Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú + + + +Author + +Robbins, Robert K. +Department of Entomology, NHB Stop 127, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 - 7012, USA + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-07 + + +5519 + + +1 + + +38 +58 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.2 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5519.1.2 +1175-5326 +13915424 +EE97A7C9-AEC1-4A22-BDD0-3977B7B9E92F + + + + + + + +Siderus toussaint +Faynel, Robbins & Fåhraeus + +sp. nov. + + + + + + +( +Figures 11, 12 +, +21 +, +24 +, +27 +, +32 +) + + + + +Diagnosis and description. +Male mean FW length: +14.2 mm +(n = 2). + +Siderus toussaint + + +sp. nov. + +is externally similar to + +S. leucophaeus + +and + +S. parvinotus + +, but it is smaller and the dorsal blue color is more muted. Males ( +Fig. 11 +) are dorsally dull blue with dark brown margins. They have, like the other members, a double androconial spot inside and outside (smaller) the discal cell. They have no cubital spot in Cu1–Cu2, like + +S. bisignatus + + +sp. nov. + +and + +S. athymbra + +and no VHW brown color at base as these two species. In the VHW postmedian line, the last element in Sc+R1-Rs is bigger and triangular, similar to + +S. parvinotus + +. Male genitalia ( +Fig. 21 +) have rounded valvae at the base with elongate extension, one cornutus at the penis end, and a pointed saccus. Females ( +Fig. 12 +) are dull blue dorsally with the same ventral wing pattern as the males. Female genitalia ( +Fig. 24 +) look like the other + +Siderus +species + +except that the ostium bursae is less wide and not circular; there are also two thorn-shaped signa in the middle of the corpus bursae. + + + + +FIGURES 27–28. +Female + +Siderus + +in situ in French Guiana. +27. + +Siderus toussaint + + +sp. nov. + +, feeding on + +Varronia schomburgkii + +(on the left). +28. + +Siderus athymbra + +. Images not at the same scale (pictures courtesy of Pascal Bonin). + + + + +Type material. + +Holotype +♂ +( +Fig. 11 +): “ +GUYANE +FR. // Crique Toussaint // 28. 03. 01 // C. FAYNEL”. [white rectangular label, printed in black with date handwritten], “C. FAYNEL // n° 1090”, [white square label, printed in black], “CF-LYC-523” [orange rectangular label, printed in black], “prep. gen. CF n°389” [white rectangular label, printed in black], “ +Holotype +♂ +// + +Siderus toussaint + +// Faynel, Robbins & Fåhraeus, 2024” [red rectangular label, printed in black]. +Will +be deposited in MNHN. +The +approximative GPS data of the type locality are +5°21’ N +, +53°00’ W +. + + + + +Paratypes +: + +FRENCH GUIANA +. + +1♂ +, +1♀ +, +Kourou +, +Route du Degrad Saramaca +pk14.5, +Montagne des Singes +, + +14.VI.2020 + +, +5.0736 +, +-52.6991 +, +N. Page +& +M. Leroy +leg., L422 & L423 ( +Fig. 12 +), DNA CF-LYC-1237 & 1239 (coll. +Leroy +& +Page +) + +; + +1♂ +, +1♀ +, same locality, + +18.VI.2022 + +, +light trap +, +N. Page +& +M. Leroy +leg., L1317 & L1318 (coll. +Leroy +& +Page +) + +; + +1♂ +, same locality, + +25.VI.2022 + +, +N. Page +& +M. Leroy +leg., L1333 (coll. +Leroy +& +Page +) + +; + +1♂ +, same locality, + +29.VIII.2022 + +(found in a spider web), +N. Page +& +M. Leroy +leg., L1387 (coll. +Leroy +& +Page +) + +; + +1♀ +, same locality, + +9.IX.2023 + +, +N. Page +& +M. Leroy +leg., L1937 (coll. +Leroy +& +Page +) + +; + +1♂ +, +1♀ +, same locality, + +19.VIII.2023 + +, +in copula +, +N. Page +& +M. Leroy +leg., L1939 & L1938 (coll. +Leroy +& +Page +) + +; + +1♂ +, +1♀ +, same locality, + +22.IX.2023 + +, +in copula +, +N. Page +& +M. Leroy +leg., L2109 & L2110 (coll. +Leroy +& +Page +) + +; + +1♂ +, +1♀ +, +Kourou +, +Montagne des Singes +, + +176 m + +, + +29.VIII.2022 + +, +05°07’ N +, 52°69’ W, +in copula +, +N. Page +& +M. Leroy +leg., dissections +K. Florczyk +206 & 207 ( +CF +) + +. + + +ECUADOR +. +Sucumbios + +. +1♀ +, +Lumbaqui +, + +1000 m + +, +00°01’42’’ N +, +77°18’55’’ W +, + +18.IX.2013 + +, DNA CFC39452 ( +FILS +) + +; + +2♂ +, +Cerro Lumbaqui Norte +, +0°01.7′N +, +77°19.2′W +, + +900–1000 m + +, + +31.XII.2005 +, +01.I.2007 + +, +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +; + +1♀ +, same locality, + +01.VI.2007 + +( +RCB +) + +. + + +Napo +. + +1♂ +, +Pto. Napo Rd +, + +540m + +, + +20.IX.1990 + +, +Nicolay +leg., RKR +Genitalia +1999:150 ( +USNM +) + +; + +1♂ +, +1♀ +, +14 km +Tena-Puyo Road +, +1°06.7′S +, +77°46.9′W +, + +600 m + +, + +X.2005 + +, +Aldas +& +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +; + +1♂ +, +28 km +Tena-Puyo Road +, +1°11.3′S +, +77°49.9′W +, + +820 m + +, + +04.I.2010 + +, +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +; + +1♀ +, +28 km +Tena-Puyo Road +, +1°11.3′S +, +77°49.9′W +, + +800 m + +, + +12.IX.2006 + +, +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +; + +1♂ +, +12.5 km +Puerto Napo-Ahuano Rd +, +1°04.3′S +, +77°41.9′W +, + +500m + +, + +07.I.2006 + +, +Aldas +& +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +. + + +Pastaza +. + +1♂ +, + +37 km +Puyo Arajuno Rd + +, +1°21.1’S +, +77°42.7’W +, + +1000m + +, + +08.IX.2001 + +, +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +; + +1♀ +, +37 km +Puyo Arajuno Rd +, +1°22.6’S +, +77°42.6’W +, + +1100m + +, + +11.I.2012 + +, +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +. + + +Morona Santiago +. + +1♀ +, + +32.5 km +Santiago-Puerto Morona Rd + +, +2°59.1′S +, +77°48.1′W +, + +650m + +, + +22.IX.2004 + +, +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +; + +1♀ +, +32.8 km +Santiago-Puerto Morona Rd +, +2°58.9′S +, +77°48.1′W +, + +670–750m + +, + +29.IX.2004 + +, +Aldas +& +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +; + +1♀ +, +47.6 km +Santiago-Puerto Morona Rd +, +2°56.2′S +, +77°44.8′W +, + +245m + +, + +24.IX.2014 + +, +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +; + +1♀ +, +53.1 km +Santiago-Puerto Morona Rd +, +2°55.0′S +, +77°42.7′W +, + +210m + +, + +17.IX.2016 + +, +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +; + +1♀ +, +Santiago +( +Hill North of Town +), +3°02.3′S +, +78°00.3′W +, + +350 m + +, + +21.IX.2015 + +, +Busby +leg. ( +RCB +) + +. + + +PERU +. +Loreto +. + +1♂ +, +Picuroyacu +, + +126m + +, +03° 37’ S +, +73° 15’ W +, + +II.2011 + +, +Ramírez +leg., +Coll. C.F. +n° 15865, DNA CF- LYC-410 ( +CF +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Rio Momón +, +Iquitos +— + +100 m + +, + +XI.2005 + +, +Michael Büche +leg., +Collection Faynel +n° 15152 ( +CF +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Iquitos +, +Rio Momón +, + +100 m + +, + +XI.2005 + +, +Coll. C.F. +n° 15656, ( +CF +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Iquitos +, + +100 m + +, + +X.2005 + +, +Michael Büche +leg., +Collection Faynel +n° 15156 ( +CF +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Picuroyacu +, + +VIII.2013 + +, +03°37’ S +, +73°15 ‘ W +, +J.J. Ramírez +leg. ( +CF +) + +; + +1♂ +, +Rio Itaya +, + +120 m + +, +04°16’ S +, +73°34’ W +, + +17.XI.2008 + +, DNA CFCD01294 ( +FILS +) + +. + + +San Martín +. + +1♂ +, +Juanjui +, + +400–800m + +, + +IX.2008 + +, +Coll. C. F. +n° 15535 ( +CF +) + +. + + +Madre de Dios +. + +1♂ +, +Pakitza +, + +400m + +, + +8–14.IX.1989 + +, +Lamas +leg., RKR +Genitalia +1990:116 ( +USNM +) + +. + + + + +FIGURES 29–32. +Distribution map of the new + +Siderus + +new species +. +29. + +Siderus diringeri + + +sp. nov. +30. + + +Siderus bisignatus + + +sp. nov. +31. + + +Siderus castelain + + +sp. nov. +32. + + +Siderus toussaint + + +sp +. nov. + + + + + +FIGURE 33. + +Siderus +NJ + +tree generated with BOLD using 52 COI sequences. Each specimen has the following information: process ID and sample ID, sex, country and department, sequence length, BIN number. Marker: COI; distance model: Pairwise Distance (p-distance); sequence alignment: BOLD Align (Amino Acid based HMM); filter: sequence greater than 400 bp; method of construction of the tree: Neighbor-Joining; colorize tree based on barcode cluster (BIN). Scale: 2% divergence. + + + + +FIGURE 34. + +Siderus + +phylogenetic tree generated with IQ-Tree using 52 COI sequences. Each specimen has the following information: scientific name, sample ID, sex, country and department, elevation. Method of construction of the tree: Maximum- Likelihood. + + + + +Distribution. +French Guiana +, +Ecuador +, +Peru +(LO, SM, MD). + + +Natural history +. This species occurs in lowland rainforest. In +French Guiana +, both sexes are frequently encountered +in copula +on Montagne des Singes hilltop at the end of the day (voucher at +6m +at 18:00). It is believed that the territorial activity of this species is during mid-afternoon in the canopy. Once mated, both individuals fall into the lower vegetation level where they usually spend the rest of the day hung. Thus, three couples have been found after “beating” the leaves at the forest edge with a very long net at the end of the afternoon (Leroy & Page pers. obs.). A couple was attracted by a light trap. A female was photographed by Pascal Bonin feeding on + +Varronia + +’s flowers ( +Fig. 27 +). + + + + +Etymology. +The name of this new species comes from the place called “Crique Toussaint” near Sinnamary where the first specimen in +French Guiana +was found. “Criques” are small rivers crossing the forest. They represent nearly 70% of the hydrographic network of +French Guiana +and appear to be used as dispersal corridors by butterflies. This name is in apposition. + + + + +Remarks. +Specimens from +Ecuador +/ +Peru +and +French Guiana +differ by 1.3% distance (pairwise p-distance) and have been assigned different BINs on BOLD (ACK2438 and AEK1481 respectively). The two populations are allopatric with a huge geographic distance, but in a more realistic model for sequence evolution such as the codon model (vs pairwise p-distance nucleotide model in BOLD) the distance between the population appears not significant in the ML tree. + + + + \ No newline at end of file