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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="157330215" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6B2B520D7E0341CBD307E05FDA1448C0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6B2B520D7E0341CBD307E05FDA1448C0" lastPageId="89" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
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14.
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<taxonomicName LSID="3FB5EA8B-9A85-5545-844C-4D88A23D569D" authority="Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 50. 1852" authorityName="Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 50." authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">Solanum retroflexum Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 50. 1852</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Solanum retroflexum Dunal. A Habit B flower. Drawing by M. L. Szent-Ivany, first published in Symon (1981), courtesy of the Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium (Adelaide, South Australia), reproduced with permission (previously also published in " PhytoKeys 106 ")." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305341" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Figures 42</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="F43" captionText="Figure 43. Solanum retroflexum Dunal. A Habit B glandular indumentum present in some individuals C flowers D mature, slightly ellipsoid matte black-purple fruits with reflexed calyx lobes (A, C Nijmegen accession A 1450022 B Nijmegen accession 944750163 C Nijmegen accession A 14750023 D Nijmegen accession A 14750025). Photos by S. Knapp and G. van der Weerden (previously published in " PhytoKeys 106 ")." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure43" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305342" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">, 43</figureCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="7B312A7B9679D88A31FF1E304DA815EF" ID-CoL="4Y3Z2" LSID="3FB5EA8B-9A85-5545-844C-4D88A23D569D" authority="Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 50. 1852" authorityName="Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 50." authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">Solanum retroflexum Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 50. 1852</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation id="FAFF21952516F669694B52C34F8BDB47" captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Solanum retroflexum Dunal. A Habit B flower. Drawing by M. L. Szent-Ivany, first published in Symon (1981), courtesy of the Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium (Adelaide, South Australia), reproduced with permission (previously also published in " PhytoKeys 106 ")." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305341" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Figures 42</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="D1785900F512E62E9F68456A6B5AC23F" captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="F43" captionText="Figure 43. Solanum retroflexum Dunal. A Habit B glandular indumentum present in some individuals C flowers D mature, slightly ellipsoid matte black-purple fruits with reflexed calyx lobes (A, C Nijmegen accession A 1450022 B Nijmegen accession 944750163 C Nijmegen accession A 14750023 D Nijmegen accession A 14750025). Photos by S. Knapp and G. van der Weerden (previously published in " PhytoKeys 106 ")." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure43" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305342" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">, 43</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<pageBreakToken pageId="85" pageNumber="86" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
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.5
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<paragraph id="C1FE45248B145FEE5C4D7BBDF5475E3A" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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South Africa. Eastern Cape: Graaff Reinet (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Graafeynet”">"Graafeynet"</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken id="3E4C90E3A4DE9E166F8B0517E9E63EF7" originalValue="“Graafeynet”">"Graafeynet"</normalizedToken>
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), 3000-4000 ft, 1838,
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<emphasis id="E189CE4053D08D58C3B322B8160324FC" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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J.F.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken id="A68EE95AC22FD4D0D7A7157AA5E7A97F" originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
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7864b
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(lectotype designated by
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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<bibRefCitation id="75C34C33A9E8DF376FF5371313FC6531" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
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<normalizedToken id="557077762975A8A4D066A0E562A65A6C" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2018
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|
||||
, pg. 134: G-DC [G00144331]; isolectotypes: K [K000414172], S [acc. # S-G-5707]).
|
||||
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|
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<pageBreakToken pageId="86" pageNumber="87" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
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<pageBreakToken id="8812A3404847403A23119F9E6886CF46" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
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.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||||
<paragraph id="A3026C4CC1AD9B38BC69DDDEC2CCE50C" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
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||||
Annual to perennial herbs to 0.6 m tall, often woody at the base. Stems terete or ridged, 0.3-0.6 cm in diameter, green to yellowish-brown, prostrate or erect, the lowermost lateral branches usually spreading, if stems ridged the ridges sometimes spinescent, not markedly hollow; new growth sparsely to densely pubescent with glandular and/or eglandular simple spreading uniseriate 1
|
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–5(–">-5(-</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken id="1F4715A1ABFF3FCF939D1A7C1E46E32A" originalValue="–5(–">-5(-</normalizedToken>
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||||
8)-celled trichomes 0.1-0.8 mm long; older stems glabrescent, straw coloured. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="87" pageNumber="88" start="start">not</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
<pageBreakToken id="14F37273A6D8D3A315E2653C8AAECCC2" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" start="start">not</pageBreakToken>
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||||
geminate. Leaves simple, (0.5-) 1.5-7.5 cm long, 1.5-5.5 cm wide, rhomboidal to lanceolate, slightly discolorous; adaxial surface green sparsely to densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stem evenly spread along lamina and veins; abaxial surface slightly paler, more densely pubescent along veins and lamina; major veins 3-7 pairs, pairs not strictly opposite, not prominent; base truncate then abruptly attenuate along the petiole; margins shallowly toothed, the teeth rounded; apex acute, the tip sometimes rounded; petioles (0.5-) 1.5-3.5 cm long, sparsely to densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems. Inflorescences 1.8-3.0 cm long, internodal, unbranched, with 3-7 flowers clustered towards the tip of the rhachis (sub-umbelliform), sparsely to densely pubescent with glandular and /or eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stems; peduncle 1.5-3.5 cm long, erect, green; pedicels 1.0-1.5 cm long, 0.3-0.6 mm in diameter at the base, 0.4-0.6 mm in diameter at the apex, recurving but not fully reflexed, pubescent like the peduncle, becoming woody, green or yellow-brown, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 0-0.5 mm apart. Buds globose, the corolla 1/3 exserted from the calyx before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 1.0-1.7 mm long, campanulate, the lobes equal, 1.0-1.5 mm long, less than 1 mm wide, oblong with rounded tips, green, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like of the inflorescence. Corolla 11-16 mm
|
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<pageBreakToken pageId="88" pageNumber="89" start="start">in</pageBreakToken>
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<pageBreakToken id="37174ACFE80D3E4DDCD6EF01D74F3111" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" start="start">in</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
diameter, white, with a yellow basal star, stellate, lobed to 1/2-2/3 towards the base, the lobes 5.0-6.0 mm long, 2.5-2.7 mm wide, spreading to reflexed, densely papillate-pubescent abaxially with simple uniseriate trichomes, these denser on tips and margins. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 1.2-1.5 mm long, glabrous or adaxially pubescent with tangled 6-8-celled simple uniseriate trichomes; anthers 1.3-1.8(-2.0) mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying, the connective becoming brownish in dry material. Ovary rounded, glabrous; style 1.9-2.2 mm long, slightly curved, pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes 0.2-0.5 mm long in the basal 1/3 where included in the anther cone, exserted 0.5-1.5 mm beyond anther cone; stigma capitate, the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a globose to ellipsoid berry, 6-10 mm in diameter, purple-black at maturity, opaque, the pericarp thin, matte with a glaucous cast; fruiting pedicels 10-15 mm long, 0.4-0.6 mm in diameter at the base, 1.0-1.2 mm in diameter at the apex, becoming woody, recurving to deflexed, pale green to yellow-brown, persistent, spaced 0-0.5 mm apart, not falling with the fruit, remaining on the plant and persistent on older inflorescences; fruiting calyx not accrescent, the tube 1.0-1.5 mm long, the lobes 1.5-2.0 mm long, strongly reflexed. Seeds (5
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–)12–">-)12-</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="AEBD7411B89057DADD6CC61B487477F9" originalValue="–)12–">-)12-</normalizedToken>
|
||||
35 per berry, 1.3-1.5 mm long, 1.6-1.8 mm wide, flattened and tear-drop shaped with a subapical hilum, yellow to brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells rectangular to pentagonal in outline. Stone cells absent. Chromosome number:
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">2n</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="BDB7128476D8B7B60B46F1CCC796FFC1" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">2n</emphasis>
|
||||
=4
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="BC02681F35917A28DE6539176D5D3E1A" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||||
=48 (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="4B8FD82136D51D9C8657A6C7FC624300" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="431157BA743ADB47DDB2AD50E4769A3C" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||||
et al. 2018
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240832" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305341" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 42" startId="F42">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Figure 42.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
<caption id="25E984A081DE2E705737F7DA94383A1D" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240832" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305341" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 42" startId="F42">
|
||||
<paragraph id="39FFBC2D686E88C6C8EBB58D5FDC6AD5" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<emphasis id="11316C05398D31D8A4E9CBD5B34DF973" bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Figure 42.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4E1CAC0AB26C290B283E4380AA43E805" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7E94346E90741D7205B98F13BADB6F3B" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Dunal.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">A</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="6553BBA2A1DB26EF627871601483D073" bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">A</emphasis>
|
||||
Habit
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">B</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="9DB36EC7F6ADDB4E96FA9683D7A87027" bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">B</emphasis>
|
||||
flower. Drawing by M.L. Szent-Ivany, first published in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B236" refString="Symon, DE, 1981. A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 4: 1 - 367" title="A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia." volume="4" year="1981">Symon (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="6CE72C7E8234D7FFE612E8A091BB3DD6" author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B236" refString="Symon, DE, 1981. A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 4: 1 - 367" title="A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia." volume="4" year="1981">Symon (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
, courtesy of the Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium (Adelaide, South Australia), reproduced with permission (previously also published in "PhytoKeys 106").
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240834" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure43" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305342" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 43" startId="F43">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Figure 43.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
<caption id="CB31E7B002E2D7085BC885988B6377F8" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240834" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure43" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305342" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 43" startId="F43">
|
||||
<paragraph id="687CBA94BF6DAA8469EA8E6E9CB2C207" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<emphasis id="1E7D5B0748EC634A5DE740E07CF50AE8" bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Figure 43.</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="57A7BB57B280AAD0C2834A06419AEF82" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="7F46204C224566BB6BA81C9FC7369D7C" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Dunal.
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">A</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="31CFE0EA0A3671AE9C202646268B7841" bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">A</emphasis>
|
||||
Habit
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">B</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="206B7686A134C026256D12F294346391" bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">B</emphasis>
|
||||
glandular indumentum present in some individuals
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">C</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="5B40556581636E5E5C28E65DB58F0F54" bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">C</emphasis>
|
||||
flowers
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">D</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="FD0743D5AA7B39563758CA525CE3D9AF" bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">D</emphasis>
|
||||
mature, slightly ellipsoid matte black-purple fruits with reflexed calyx lobes (
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">A, C</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="870878447117207C6143E3D4C7327BB6" bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">A, C</emphasis>
|
||||
Nijmegen accession A1450022
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">B</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="0C4C15B68F4297573E25C6231245AD21" bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">B</emphasis>
|
||||
Nijmegen accession 944750163
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">C</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="06737C6CCF0E97D151AD4B8C8E0AD73D" bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">C</emphasis>
|
||||
Nijmegen accession A14750023
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">D</emphasis>
|
||||
<emphasis id="D6E2E75904BA101F3000FC5325E49AD8" bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">D</emphasis>
|
||||
Nijmegen accession A14750025). Photos by S. Knapp and G. van der Weerden (previously published in "PhytoKeys 106").
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="B4201EB19694FD325C8C29E3016D3BF7" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="distribution">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BA536B0CD35D94A15AF04F084859304E" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="C58B9ADA023D5ADBEB311B098F371B66" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
(Figure
|
||||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 44" captionStartId="F44" captionText="Figure 44. Distribution of Solanum retroflexum Dunal (specimens mapped are both cultivated and adventive)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure44" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305343" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">44</figureCitation>
|
||||
<figureCitation id="2DA2A74A63F38923FCB2BA4F72226938" captionStart="Figure 44" captionStartId="F44" captionText="Figure 44. Distribution of Solanum retroflexum Dunal (specimens mapped are both cultivated and adventive)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure44" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305343" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">44</figureCitation>
|
||||
)
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="3EEABD12386FF23937BDB393A2A67D96" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="D3E89C43BB38965FEB83314D2676F34A" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is native to southern Africa but introduced to North America as a garden plant. In North America it is mostly cultivated.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240836" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure44" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305343" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 44" startId="F44">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Figure 44.</emphasis>
|
||||
<caption id="236D85EBBF0EFDFD6E2C394A22C4EDE6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240836" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure44" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305343" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" start="Figure 44" startId="F44">
|
||||
<paragraph id="93C8B08722D1ED5B5332B029ACAB1BF7" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<emphasis id="AE00EB0CE6C406A2F91C6D6C66DB1A2E" bold="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Figure 44.</emphasis>
|
||||
Distribution of
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="FF54D9380BB2D536E34540560F959305" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="2DFCFF5C7B04B4083632F73A132A4D48" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
Dunal (specimens mapped are both cultivated and adventive).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</caption>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">A cultivated plant or a rare adventive in flower beds and other cultivated areas.</paragraph>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="F1ABBC5C6C627A18736016418B1F6740" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="ecology">
|
||||
<paragraph id="9B9E22BF8246C0008DA961CFCD3A4F02" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="C65FF9E46ADA56017BC3A3660D413E1E" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">A cultivated plant or a rare adventive in flower beds and other cultivated areas.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="common names">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Common names.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="EB58F396CC87DCC4BCF4771401BA55FE" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="common names">
|
||||
<paragraph id="F8DA275E9C823439513C0A085B3484C2" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Common names.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="A87B3384CA47A784CEC0FAAED56A07E0" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
United States of America. Sunberry (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2418547" author="Schilling, EE" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="172 - 185" refId="B207" refString="Schilling, EE, 1981. Systematics of Solanum sect. Solanum (Solanaceae) in North America. Systematic Botany 6 (2): 172 - 185, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2418547" title="Systematics of Solanum sect. Solanum (Solanaceae) in North America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2418547" volume="6" year="1981">Schilling 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="6AC9E58701AB2393E303BAC01D7C1C01" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2418547" author="Schilling, EE" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="172 - 185" refId="B207" refString="Schilling, EE, 1981. Systematics of Solanum sect. Solanum (Solanaceae) in North America. Systematic Botany 6 (2): 172 - 185, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2418547" title="Systematics of Solanum sect. Solanum (Solanaceae) in North America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2418547" volume="6" year="1981">Schilling 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
), Wonderberry (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B107" refString="Heiser, CB, 1969. Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." title="Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." year="1969">Heiser 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="E54E2F09507B8D72DCFBD84AFA438F02" author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B107" refString="Heiser, CB, 1969. Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." title="Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." year="1969">Heiser 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="uses">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Uses.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="3FF06C2DBCBB8D501CF4D2A863A9293C" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="uses">
|
||||
<paragraph id="BE9B406C186B63368749606D762922EE" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Uses.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="64488EDA9FEA9A7056F04B496F511AE9" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
In its native South Africa, the berries are used for jam or as a fruit (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B107" refString="Heiser, CB, 1969. Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." title="Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." year="1969">Heiser 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="9C4F52E52FEBB0B5ECDB46DE20644368" author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B107" refString="Heiser, CB, 1969. Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." title="Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." year="1969">Heiser 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
,
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="27165E7E1FFA05F479306785840BBA1E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="3D33B10B409714DA28DFD2E9CC684C9D" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||||
et al. 2018
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
); its cultivation by Luther Burbank was also as a jam fruit (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B107" refString="Heiser, CB, 1969. Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." title="Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." year="1969">Heiser 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="C70E42C30E99A9E09B4C1E1164194079" author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B107" refString="Heiser, CB, 1969. Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." title="Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." year="1969">Heiser 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="preliminary conservation status (iucn 2017)">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="6B07E8152BF0DC2D55A4DD7D3C69C917" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="preliminary conservation status (iucn 2017)">
|
||||
<paragraph id="D2D49A9DD012547CF277CF92C7C68F75" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
Preliminary conservation status (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Alaska Park Science" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B115" refString="IUCN, 2017. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2017">IUCN 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="EB48905669D2A703B64E3D80E3F3AEC6" author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Alaska Park Science" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B115" refString="IUCN, 2017. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2017">IUCN 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
).
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<paragraph id="5E872D7713305AE77D58916BB9BA6D0B" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
Least Concern (LC).
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="15A38C5E585A8743A09715F0561DAF58" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="618168559CFF3979C3DB4FAF86CD895C" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a rare adventive species in North America; for conservation status in its native range see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="78996258E8420784F9C9C85836A792B2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="3AA64475B042C6B20AE761C00E7987A6" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||||
et al. (2018)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection lastPageId="89" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<subSubSection id="CC6A05128B4A105557D56294B4B39248" lastPageId="89" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="discussion">
|
||||
<paragraph id="DDD89608271B18A55E869EC01BA2212F" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="8259D1DDBE4EC6C59CD88335447F020D" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
In its native range
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="42F9675C82D8BC0842029DFEBEDB2A37" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="EC15D0058869803C889A3D439FF70264" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a species that shows great variation in its indumentum, the trichomes varying from eglandular to glandular and the leaves from nearly glabrous to densely pubescent. In the geographic region treated here, it has only been collected sporadically from cultivation and appears not to escape or naturalise. The species can be distinguished from other morelloids in North America based on a character combination of inflorescences with 1-4 flowers, filaments 1.2-1.5 mm long, strongly reflexed calyx lobes in fruit, and matte purple berries that lack stone cells and drop without the pedicels.
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="4C85CC7A6493C3D9E0E10759A5D89455" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="D5B88AC9740EA45AA77FB4A70CDB437C" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Solanum americanum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
has similar small anthers and persistent pedicels, but the berries are very shiny and contain stone cells.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph lastPageId="89" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
<paragraph id="DDC030AC439A58378E0036CF5363DE47" lastPageId="89" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="C8DA66FBF72F989D718D4FEA26A47435" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="718D44E6226DF8FF648D6005C03B2C43" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
is a tetraploid of uncertain parentage (see discussion in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="28A7BC799E7469E08C0F9AFE75CA36DD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="A38C60C8BCD97391EBDEA2248BC89760" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||||
et al. 2018
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The berries are used in a local jam industry in South Africa (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Viljoen, E" journalOrPublisher="Genetica" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" refId="B249" refString="Viljoen, E, 2011. Morphology and genetic relationships in members of the Solanumnigrum L. complex used for jam production in the Highveld of South Africa. MSc thesis, Biotechnology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 1-242." title="Morphology and genetic relationships in members of the Solanumnigrum L. complex used for jam production in the Highveld of South Africa. MSc thesis, Biotechnology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 1 - 242." year="2011">Viljoen 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="652999C9D9AFD2143C9A0BF25B7DE577" author="Viljoen, E" journalOrPublisher="Genetica" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" refId="B249" refString="Viljoen, E, 2011. Morphology and genetic relationships in members of the Solanumnigrum L. complex used for jam production in the Highveld of South Africa. MSc thesis, Biotechnology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 1-242." title="Morphology and genetic relationships in members of the Solanumnigrum L. complex used for jam production in the Highveld of South Africa. MSc thesis, Biotechnology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 1 - 242." year="2011">Viljoen 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) and this is the species introduced as the
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“wonderberry”">"wonderberry"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="067973195825BFA4AD22DE19B9B74392" originalValue="“wonderberry”">"wonderberry"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
by Luther Burbank in the 1930s (
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B107" refString="Heiser, CB, 1969. Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." title="Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." year="1969">Heiser 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="992E8F0F2AA43CC8A707D47C14913B5A" author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B107" refString="Heiser, CB, 1969. Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." title="Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." year="1969">Heiser 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
). The story of the mystery surrounding the identity of
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Burbank’s">Burbank's</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<pageBreakToken pageId="89" pageNumber="90" start="start">"</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="8AF7E06FB4AB80A66B59652FA0E43922" originalValue="Burbank’s">Burbank's</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<pageBreakToken id="2880A640B430CA73D5D76354EDBDCC88" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" start="start">"</pageBreakToken>
|
||||
wonderberry" is told in detail in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B107" refString="Heiser, CB, 1969. Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." title="Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." year="1969">Heiser (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="1A063A21F0E6A0F0CC569B6D806A6AC4" author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B107" refString="Heiser, CB, 1969. Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." title="Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." year="1969">Heiser (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
; it was variously considered a fraud or a case of mistaken identity. Burbank contended he had created the
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“wonderberry”">"wonderberry"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="FE2D94B637E0DD320703974CEF2B5866" originalValue="“wonderberry”">"wonderberry"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
through hybridisation of "
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. guineense" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" rank="species" species="guineense">S. guineense</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1F97BB1E2BC59D08810077727C8DC555" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. guineense" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guineense">S. guineense</taxonomicName>
|
||||
" (=
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. scabrum</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="455FF92EC100D218761ABD0EE599EA9D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="B2C981CFD539C0D79551E2E9E6BF2256" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. scabrum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) and "
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" rank="species" species="villosum">S. villosum</taxonomicName>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="0DD43A671C09C21A6B1609008DBDCBBF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosum">S. villosum</taxonomicName>
|
||||
" (probably =
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nitidibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" rank="species" species="nitidibaccatum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. nitidibaccatum</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="467F9A0B67B97F4CC601EBBE644EB806" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nitidibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitidibaccatum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="4ABFCB9EC0AF0EB9826EFD96CE17B636" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. nitidibaccatum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
). Various correspondents (see
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B107" refString="Heiser, CB, 1969. Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." title="Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." year="1969">Heiser 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="79F762311AF0F5A8BA94C7EA102B189E" author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="B107" refString="Heiser, CB, 1969. Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." title="Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman, San Francisco." year="1969">Heiser 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
) suggested it was actually the "garden huckleberry" (
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. scabrum</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="E02C00C800CFBE25E916EBF4FBD1600A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabrum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="F5F7F5A724C067EC4552B77D9311F6B6" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. scabrum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
) or one of the native black nightshades from North America.
|
||||
<bibRefCitation author="Stebbins, GL" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" pagination="70 - 81" refId="B228" refString="Stebbins, GL, Paddock, EF, 1949. The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America. Madrono 10: 70 - 81" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America." volume="10" year="1949">Stebbins and Paddock (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="0257482D98FC55CA4C47DCD5507C1FA0" author="Stebbins, GL" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" pagination="70 - 81" refId="B228" refString="Stebbins, GL, Paddock, EF, 1949. The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America. Madrono 10: 70 - 81" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America." volume="10" year="1949">Stebbins and Paddock (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
suggested that the true identity of the
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“wonderberry”">"wonderberry"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="8D7FEC81F5C031DFDFCCF8CAD5863160" originalValue="“wonderberry”">"wonderberry"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
was
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. nigrum</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="CA79F24098288CB45E5B78B30183E926" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="2EEB7F98479357DD77C356E424E37F16" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. nigrum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, a species occasionally found in agricultural fields in the western United States. Examination of specimens grown from the original seeds sold by John Childs, the sole distributor of
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Burbank’s">Burbank's</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“wonderberry”">"wonderberry"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="FD36D84519030943CFE528B8419C3983" originalValue="Burbank’s">Burbank's</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="C8776B410E2816DD7DE8FFBCBB34FE8C" originalValue="“wonderberry”">"wonderberry"</normalizedToken>
|
||||
, have shown that these were plants of
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="B60922F5290817CA6E471FC420D930A3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="05EF46ED14807A272E8CABD2F24FF129" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
, but how Burbank came to grow them is still not known. Typification details for the synonyms of
|
||||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
<taxonomicName id="1CF016514EE86B3A657B99FE064B3245" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
|
||||
<emphasis id="8A442C4CF199DDC84385E12A44D06822" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
|
||||
</taxonomicName>
|
||||
can be found in
|
||||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||||
<bibRefCitation id="AEA829412473CCED801E58C27E8E66B9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" author="Saerkinen, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="116" pageNumber="117" pagination="1 - 223" refId="B204" refString="Saerkinen, T, Poczai, P, Barboza, GE, van der Weerden, GM, Baden, M, Knapp, S, 2018. A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 106: 1 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" title="A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" volume="106" year="2018">
|
||||
<normalizedToken id="4242A25C33AFB4DE98C07A8D0E4F8661" originalValue="Särkinen">Saerkinen</normalizedToken>
|
||||
et al. (2018)
|
||||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||||
.
|
||||
</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
<subSubSection pageId="89" pageNumber="90" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph pageId="89" pageNumber="90">See Suppl. materials 1 and 3.</paragraph>
|
||||
<subSubSection id="019E6C600A6D0120775D8396C4B7A929" pageId="89" pageNumber="90" type="materials_examined">
|
||||
<paragraph id="079EB7367149A8C4DD625A0316E7F332" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||||
<paragraph id="84C861E50F6359B11BD566DA16525E2F" pageId="89" pageNumber="90">See Suppl. materials 1 and 3.</paragraph>
|
||||
</subSubSection>
|
||||
</treatment>
|
||||
</document>
|
||||
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