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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c78f07a8-c6ec-4490-a8a4-d17697b29e6b" ID-PMC="PMC3264415" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-148-293" ID-PubMed="22287902" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-148-293" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 148" ModsDocTitle="Brachyceran Diptera (Insecta) in Cretaceous ambers, Part IV, Significant New Orthorrhaphous Taxa" checkinTime="1451249597577" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Grimaldi, David A., Arillo, Antonio, Cumming, Jeffrey M. &amp; Hauser, Martin" docDate="2011" docId="57C9184451AD7B230EBBAEFDB2D9963E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 148: 293-332" docOrigin="ZooKeys 148" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809" docTitle="Hilarimorphites burmanica Grimaldi &amp; Cumming, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="318" masterDocId="FF87FFED073F016AFFA1FF97FFD3590E" masterDocTitle="Brachyceran Diptera (Insecta) in Cretaceous ambers, Part IV, Significant New Orthorrhaphous Taxa" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="293" pageNumber="317" updateTime="1668152765975" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Brachyceran Diptera (Insecta) in Cretaceous ambers, Part IV, Significant New Orthorrhaphous Taxa</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Grimaldi, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Arillo, Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Cumming, Jeffrey M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Hauser, Martin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number>148</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809</mods:url>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032196" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BAEACD0A-8879-4761-95DB-4AF8297CADA0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/57C9184451AD7B230EBBAEFDB2D9963E" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="24" pageNumber="317">
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="317" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="317">
<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BAEACD0A-8879-4761-95DB-4AF8297CADA0" authority="Grimaldi &amp; Cumming" class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites burmanica" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanica">Hilarimorphites burmanica Grimaldi &amp; Cumming</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="24" pageNumber="317">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Fig. 9
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="317" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="317">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="317">
Distinguished from the 4 other species in the genus (known only in New Jersey amber) by venation: vein C ending just slightly beyond apex of R4 (not at apex of R5); Sc long, distally incomplete (more so than in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hilarimorphidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites superba" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superba">Hilarimorphites superba</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Grimaldi, DA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="31" pageNumber="324" pagination="1 - 124" title="Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura." volume="239" year="1999">Grimaldi and Cumming 1999</bibRefCitation>
, the only other species with this trait); veins CuA2 and A1 not joined before meeting wing margin (anal cell open distally). Distinguished from
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomimus" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomimus</taxonomicName>
by the larger (normal-sized) wings, with an open cup (anal) cell. Also, basal flagellomere is more elongate and triangular in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites burmanica" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanica">Hilarimorphites burmanica</taxonomicName>
, and the antennal stylus longer than in the other species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="24" pageNumber="317" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="317">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="24" pageNumber="317">
Based on a virtually complete, well-preserved female. Body length (excluding antennae) 1.40 mm; thorax length 0.50 mm; wing length 0.95 mm. Head: Antenna with first flagellomere an elongate triangle in lateral view; apical antennal article(s) form a thin style, with possibly a minute apical article. Eyes large, glabrous. Frons with sparse, scattered setae. Proboscis with broad, flat labellum (palps not visible). Thorax: Notum dome-shaped, with sparse, fine, stiff setae;
<pageBreakToken pageId="25" pageNumber="318" start="start">scutellum</pageBreakToken>
with 2 pairs of erect setae. Legs very slender, of moderate length, without distinctive spines or tibial spurs. Wing: typical of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
, except as given in diagnosis above [also, anal lobe may be less developed than in other species, but this area slightly folded under and obscured]. Halter of moderate length, knob slender. Abdomen: Slender, tergites unmodified, cerci and genitalia not fully visible.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="25" pageNumber="318">
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">
Figure 9.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites burmanica" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanica">Hilarimorphites burmanica</taxonomicName>
Grimaldi &amp; Cumming, sp. n. (
<taxonomicName family="Apystomyiiidae" lsidName="" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" rank="family">Apystomyiiidae</taxonomicName>
) in Burmese amber, as preserved. Holotype, AMNH 098.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="318" type="type">
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">
Holotype female, AMNH Bu-098, in amber from Myanmar: Kachin, Tanai Village (on Ledo Rd. ca. 105 km Myitkyna). Amber is a deep, clear yellow, 15
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
10
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5 mm, and was embedded in epoxy and trimmed to a wedge shape in order to maximize a full lateral view of the fly and its venation. The piece also contains a male chironomid and a thrips (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Thysanoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Thysanoptera" order="Malvales" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Thysanoptera</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="318" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">From Burma (Myanmar).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="318" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
was known only from Turonian-aged amber of central New Jersey, USA, and besides the new species in Burmese amber a very similar taxon is also now known from the Upper Jurassic of Kazakhstan.
<bibRefCitation author="Mostovski, MB" journalOrPublisher="Paleontological Journal" pageId="33" pageNumber="326" pagination="406 - 408" title="On an interesting find of a brachycerous fly (Diptera, Brachycera) in the Jurassic of Kazakhstan." volume="33" year="1999">Mostovski (1999)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomimus zaitzevi" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zaitzevi">Apystomimus zaitzevi</taxonomicName>
, preserved as a compression from the Karabastau Formation (Upper Jurassic) of the famous Karatau-Mikhailova
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lagerstätte">Lagerstaette</normalizedToken>
. That well-preserved specimen has a venation indistinguishable from that of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
Grimaldi &amp; Cumming, 1999.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomimus" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomimus</taxonomicName>
differs from that genus by having small, brachypterous wings (ca. 0.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
length of the body) and very long cerci (nearly 0.5x length of wing;
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
has very small cerci typical of lower Brachycera). Since these are autapomorphic features of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomimus" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomimus</taxonomicName>
, it could be appropriate to synonymize one of the genera (although
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomimus" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomimus</taxonomicName>
is more aptly named,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
has date precedence by two months).
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
was originally placed in the
<taxonomicName family="Hilarimorphidae" lsidName="" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" rank="family">Hilarimorphidae</taxonomicName>
, and Mostovski placed
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomimus" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomimus</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Saxifragaceae" genus="Asilomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Asilomorpha" order="Saxifragales" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Asilomorpha</taxonomicName>
family-incertae sedis (but near the extant genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomyia</taxonomicName>
). Recent
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hilarimorphidae" genus="Hilarimorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorpha" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorpha</taxonomicName>
lack the discal cell, they have the cup cell closed, and lack a well-developed anal lobe while retaining a vestige of the anal vein, so the venation of the fossils is far more easily derived from
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomyia</taxonomicName>
. Thus, we agree that
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName genus="Apystomima" lsidName="Apystomima" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" rank="genus">Apystomima</taxonomicName>
should both be classified in
<taxonomicName family="Apystomyiidae" lsidName="" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" rank="family">Apystomyiidae</taxonomicName>
. The wing of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
differs from that of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomyia</taxonomicName>
by the following: slightly shorter R1 and R2+3 veins; fork of R4+R5 less divergent, the branches slightly longer; cells br and bm significantly larger; cell cup significantly larger, with veins CuA2 and CuP meeting just before or at the wing margin, or not all (vs. CuA2+CuP with a long stem in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomyia</taxonomicName>
); anal lobe of wing not protruding; and cell d much shorter, its length ca. 3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
the width in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hilarimorphites</taxonomicName>
(vs. 5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
the width in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Apystomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apystomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apystomyia</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="318">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apystomyiidae" genus="Hilarimorphites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hilarimorphites burmanica" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanica">Hilarimorphites burmanica</taxonomicName>
is intermediate in age between the previously known fossils, and greatly extends the geographic range. An extinct clade or grade of
<taxonomicName family="Apystomyiidae" lsidName="" pageId="25" pageNumber="318" rank="family">Apystomyiidae</taxonomicName>
occurred minimally throughout Laurasia from the Upper Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous, which is an age that is consistent with its hypothesized sister-group relationship near Eremoneura (Grimaldi and Cumming, 1999; Grimaldi and Engel, 2005; Wiegmann et al., 2011). Oddly, there are no other fossils as yet known of the family, not even from prolific and diverse Tertiary deposits like Baltic amber.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:identifier id="0546BF404410D9371A4538FCD86F077C" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1193.110188</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="57C9B984A7E3550BAFE44E60FF973C9A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:57C9B984A7E3550BAFE44E60FF973C9A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/57C9B984A7E3550BAFE44E60FF973C9A" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
<subSubSection id="3FDD519F25B129D3278F9BC7472629CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="EF6B9CD2DA1D7838FFFCD0301DFFC112" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="DF61FB23A840152E77DBDD9C8C141D97" ID-CoL="8FYTY" LSID="57C9B984-A7E3-550B-AFE4-4E60FF973C9A" authority="Andrassy, 2006" authorityName="Andrassy" authorityYear="2006" class="Chromadorea" family="Monhysteridae" genus="Halomonhystera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halomonhystera" order="Monhysterida" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
Halomonhystera
<normalizedToken id="51B44976FDA9FE362085DDA35AC69B71" originalValue="Andrássy">Andrassy</normalizedToken>
, 2006
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="5E08E630E035243E45841A3BCF2D2993" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="C54639A1F064A1CCA278EA48A56DAF3D" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D63D36295233D5AEFD648D3FAC5CB72" pageId="0" pageNumber="63">
Cuticle thin, smooth with few somatic setae; labial region not or only slightly off-set; outer labial and cephalic setae short, usually no longer than one-quarter of labial width; buccal cavity cuticularized, cup-shaped or funnel-shaped; amphidial fovea circular, located one to three head diameters from anterior end; pharynx relatively short, without basal bulb; secretory-excretory system well developed with large ventral gland and opening in anterior third of pharynx; females with single anterior ovary to the right of intestine; vulva usually close to anus; males with single outstretched testis; spicules thin, arcuate, with or without a capitulum; gubernaculum short, often with caudal apophysis; one or two ventral precloacal papillae and two or three pairs of smaller caudal papillae; rectum short and thin; tail conical, usually shorter in males than females; three or two caudal glands; spinneret surrounded by tube-like structure (modified from
<bibRefCitation id="93CFE98308F28CAE591680995C24444F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2013.827581" author="Leduc, D" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="63" pagination="46 - 57" refId="B15" refString="Leduc, D, 2014. Free-living nematodes of the genus Halomonhystera (Monhysteridae) from the Southwest Pacific region and Ross Sea. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 41 (1): 46 - 57, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2013.827581" title="Free-living nematodes of the genus Halomonhystera (Monhysteridae) from the Southwest Pacific region and Ross Sea." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2013.827581" volume="41" year="2014">Leduc 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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