From 9690a6e36d13037672757104bb14b1416a84c652 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver Date: Thu, 19 Dec 2024 13:42:18 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-12-19 13:36:14 --- .../48/640F48744542FFD3A3D2497B108A2B5D.xml | 1222 ++++++++++++++ .../48/640F4874454AFFD7A3D24FDA16602D87.xml | 1463 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 2685 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/64/0F/48/640F48744542FFD3A3D2497B108A2B5D.xml create mode 100644 data/64/0F/48/640F4874454AFFD7A3D24FDA16602D87.xml diff --git a/data/64/0F/48/640F48744542FFD3A3D2497B108A2B5D.xml b/data/64/0F/48/640F48744542FFD3A3D2497B108A2B5D.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c2ec177bbc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/64/0F/48/640F48744542FFD3A3D2497B108A2B5D.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1222 @@ + + + +Paracossulus thrips (Hübner, 1818) (Cossidae) and Lignyoptera fumidaria (Hübner, 1825) (Geometridae) - two Lepidoptera genera new for Serbia with a review of the distribution of these two Habitats Directive species in the Balkan Peninsula + + + +Author + +Beshkov, Stoyan +stoyan.beshkov@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Nahirnić-Beshkova, Ana +0000-0002-5459-0101 +* Corresponding author. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5459 - 0101; E-mail: stoyan. beshkov @ gmail. com + +text + + +Ecologica Montenegrina + + +2022 + +2022-02-18 + + +51 + + +65 +80 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2022.51.8 + +journal article +10.37828/em.2022.51.8 +2336-9744 +13239881 + + + + + +Lignyoptera fumidaria +(Hübner, 1825) + + + + + + +L. fumidaria + +is another species listed in +Annexes II +and IV of the +Council Directive +92/43/EEC, +Code +4037. +It +is also included in +Annexes +2 and 3 of the +Biodiversity Protection Act +of the Republic of Bulgaria. +In +the +Balkan Peninsula +( +Fig. 11 +) + +L. fumidaria + +was known only from +Bulgaria +. +The +first report for +Bulgaria +was from +Baba +and +Ostritsa +summits in +Golo Bardo Mt. +, Pernik Region at altitude of + +800-1000 m + +( +Vihodcevsky, 1958 +). Subsequently +Ganev (1982 +, +1983a +) reported it from Skakavitsa railway station in Zemen gorge – Koniavska mn., + +500 m + +[Kyustendil Region]. These localities were not confirmed (Beshkov & Nahirnić-Beshkova, 2021; +Beshkov, 2017a +; +Hristova, 2019 +), although the species was searched for there. Areas where + +L. fumidaria + +has been searched for in the past are listed below. +Beshkov (2011) +reported + +L. fumidaria + +from the area +between Beledie Han and Ponor +villages, Kostinbrod Municipality at an altitude of + +740-920 m + +. +Beshkov (2017a) +published again these findings of + +L. fumidaria + +with coordinates from “Ponorite” near the crossroad to +Ponor village +. +Some +more localities in this area ( + +Dragoman +Natura + +2000 +Protected Area +) are presented in +Beshkov +& Nahirnić- +Beshkova +(2021). +Outside +the +Balkan Peninsula in Europe + +L. fumidaria + +is known from +Stânca +near +Iaşi town +in +Central +Moldova +, +Romania +( + +Manci +et al., +2015 + +, +Rákosy +et al., +2021, +Rákosy & Goia, 2021 +). +According +to +Rákosy & Goia (2021) +the IUCN +Category +in +Romania +is +Data Deficient +- DD. +In Europe +it is also known from eastern +Austria, Hungary +and +Ukraine +, steppe regions of +European +Russia +, the +Caucasus +and in +Asia in Transcaucasus +across +Siberia +and as far as the +Altai +Mountains +( +Scou & Sihvonen, 2015 +, +Petrányi, 2014 +, + +Manci +et al., +2015 + +, +Rákosy +et al. +, 2021). +According +to +Rákosy +et al., +(2021) the habitat of + +L. fumidaria + +is steppes or steppe-like meadows on soils with loess or that are loamy ( + +Stipo-Festucetalia + +), calcareous ( + +Festuco-Brometali + +a) or slightly salty, sometimes even on limestone cliffs ( +Petrányi, 2014 +). +Attraction +to light is also mentioned by +Rákosy +et al. +(2021). + +Achillea +sp. + +is the larval host-plant. +The +overwintering stage is the egg. +The +larva feeds on flowers of the host-plant from +April +to +June +/ +July +( +Scou & Sihvonen, 2015 +, + +Manci +et al., +2015 + +, +Rákosy +et al., +2021). + +Achillea millefolium + +L. is mentioned as the caterpillar’s food plant in +Nestorova (1998) +, but the source of this data is not original. + + +Here +one new locality for +Bulgaria +, from + +Dragoman +Natura + +2000 protected area, is reported: +Kostinbrod district +, +between Ponor and Bezden Villages +, + +913 m + +, +N42.91343 +, +E023.09819 +, + +05.XI.2021 + +, +S. Beshkov +& A. Nahirnić- +Beshkova +leg. A single specimen of + +L. fumidaria + +was observed there flying in the evening at 17:00 (sunset 17:14), as well as +3 specimens +that were attracted to a +Finnish +“ +tent trap +” with a 160 watt MV bulb and a 20 watt “blacklight”; one more specimen was seen flying at 7:00, exactly at sunrise (7:06). +The +habitat in this locality is 02E1 +Mountain +petrophytic steppes. +At Chepan Hill +, +Petrovski Kurst +, + +1167 m + +, + +L. fumidaria + +was also observed at a +Finnish +“ +tent trap +” in + +November 2020 + +, as well as flying early in the morning ( +Beshkov +& Nahirnić- +Beshkova +, 2021; personal observation). +At +the same locality it was not seen active in the afternoon and in the evening, perhaps because of the wind. +Our +observations show that + +L. fumidaria + +is active daily from the early morning, as well as in the night, and the activity depends on the sun, and the temperature and wind respectively. +According +to +Scou & Sihvonen (2015) +copulation takes place in the morning between 9 and 12 a.m. +Sympatric +and synchronic species, collected at light are: + +Geometridae +: + + +Crocallis tusciaria +(Borkhausen, 1793) + +, + +Colotois pennaria +(Linnaeus, 1761) + +, + +Erannis declinans +(Staudinger, 1879) + +, + +Agriopis budashkini +Kostjuk, 2009 + +, + +Peribatodes rhomboidaria + +([ +Denis +& +Schiffermüller +], 1775), + +Aplocera plagiata +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Chloroclysta siterata +(Hufnagel, 1767) + +, + +Epirrita dilutata + +([ +Denis +& +Schiffermüller +], 1775); + +Noctuidae +: + + +Chrysodeixis chalcites +(Esper, 1789) + +, + +Diloba caeruleocephala +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Allophyes oxyacanthae +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Asteroscopus sphinx +(Hufnagel, 1766) + +, + +Mesogona acetosellae + +([ +Denis +& +Schiffermüller +], 1775), + +Anchoscelis litura +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Leptologia macilenta +(Hübner, [1809]) + +, + +Sunira circellaris +(Hufnagel, 1766) + +, + +Conistra vaccinii +(Linnaeus, 1761) + +, + +Conistra erythrocephala + +([ +Denis +& +Schiffermüller +], 1775), + +Lithophane ornitopus +(Hufnagel, 1766) + +, + +Eupsilia transversa +(Hufnagel, 1766) + +, + +Ammoconia caecimacula + +([ +Denis +& +Schiffermüller +], 1775), + +Ammoconia senex +(Geyer, [1828]) + +, + +Dasypolia templi vecchimontium +Ronkay & Varga, 1985 + +, + +Polymixis rufocincta +(Geyer, 1828) + +, + +Agrotis ipsilon +(Hufnagel, 1766) + +, + +Noctua pronuba +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +. + + + + +Serbian record: +Vidlič Mt. +, +Pirot +municipality, above +Krupac Village +, +Rumenac +, +N43.12068 +, +E022.68643 +( +Fig. 8 +), + +525 m + +, + +21.XI.2021 + +, +1 male +( +Fig. 9 +), during daytime, local time 15:15 (sunset 15:59). Regarding +Lepidoptera +at that time, only a single specimen of + +Colias croceus + +( +Geoffroy in Fourcroy +, 1785) was observed resting and some flying Microlepidoptera, cf. +Tortricidae +. Here we propose the Serbian vernacular name for + +L. fumidaria + +as “dimni jesenji glasnik” (English: smoky autumn herald), “dimni” is for + +fumidaria + +(Latin: +fumus +- smoke) as its scientific name is given according to the smoky colour pattern of male moths and “jesenji glasnik” is for its occurrence in autumn. + + +The bedrock of this locality is limestone. The slope is exposed to the W-SW and is of inclination 10- 15°. The moth was found flying from the grassland where + +Bothriochloa ischaemum + +(L.) Keng, + +Satureja montana + +L., + +Chrysopogon gryllus + +(L.) Trin., + +Festuca +sp. + +and + +Stipa +sp. + +were dominant. It was ca +10 m +from + +Carpinus orientalis +Mill. + +stands. Several small trees and bushes were present in the exact place: + +P. spinosa + +, + +C. orientalis + +and + +Q. pubescens + +. The weather was sunny and slightly windy. Sympatric and synchronic +Lepidoptera +species were not found. This locality is ca +5 km +from the border of “Stara planina” Nature Park. + + + +Figure 9 +. + +Lignyoptera fumidaria + +male from Vidlič Mt., above Krupac Village, 525 m. Scale bar = 1 cm. + + + +General threats for this species are: burning of dry vegetation in autumn and spring, plantations of pine or black locust on slopes with steppe vegetation, grazing during the winter months, the expansion of shrubs due to lack of land use, and pesticides on nearby agricultural land ( +Petrányi, 2014 +, + +Manci +et al., +2015 + +, Rákosy +et al. +, 2021), which can also be considered as potential threats at the locality in +Serbia +. We recommend + +L. fumidaria + +to be included in the list of the protected species in +Serbia +and its habitat to be protected. Species on Annex II of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC, such as + +P. thrips + +and + +L. fumidaria + +require “the designation of special areas of conservation”. Such a protected area can be included in nearby “Stara planina” Nature Park or a new protected area on Vidlič Mt. can be designated. According to +Hristova (2019) +in +Bulgaria + +L. fumidaria + +is IUCN Category Critically Endangered, +CR B2ab(iii) +with a Сhorological index CI = 14. Taking into account the situation in +Bulgaria +when + +L. fumidaria + +was evaluated and the present knowledge for this species in +Serbia +, it is clear that, in the latter country, it will fall in the same IUCN category. + + +Chepan seems to be the highest locality of the range of the species. According to +Scou & Sihvonen (2015) + +L. fumidaria + +is restricted to lowlands, in +Austria +from + +120 to 300 m + +altitude, in +southern Ural +found at + + +220 m + +. + +The Romanian specimen was also collected at only + +50 m + +elevation ( +Manci et al. 2015 +). In +Bulgaria +it occurs from ca. + +600 m + +in Zemen Gorge up to + +1167 m + +on +Chepan Ridge +(Beshkov & Nahirnić- Beshkova, 2021). +It +is possible that only the localities in +West Caucasus +and +Altai +( +Belljaev & Mironov, 2019 +) are of higher elevation. +The Serbian +locality is the lowest one in the Balkan Peninsula. Under the discussion for + +P. thrips + +above, we tried to explain why in +Bulgaria +and +Serbia +we find the highest localities of this steppe species. + + +Areas where + +L. fumidaria + +was searched for, but not found: + + +In +Bulgaria +: + +Ponor Planina Mt., above Breze Village + +NW +Bulgaria +, Pastrina Natura 2000 Protected Area + +Vrachanski Balkan Natura 2000 Protected Area +Dobrogea, Rositsa-Loznitsa Natura 2000 Protected Area + +NE +Bulgaria +, Durankulak Lake Natura 2000 Protected Area + + +NE +Bulgaria +, Kraymorska Dobrudzha Natura 2000 Protected Area + +Golo Bardo Mt., Ostritsa Natura 2000 Protected Area +E Stara Planina Mts, Sinite Kamani Natura 2000 Protected Area +Strandzha Mts, Strandzha Natura 2000 Protected Area +Ossogovska Planina Mts Natura 2000 Protected Area +Zemen Natura 2000 Protected Area +Skrino Natura 2000 Protected Area +Etropole-Baylovo Natura 2000 Protected Area + +In +Serbia +: + + +near Gornji Krivodol Village, Sveta Petka Chapel near Smilovci and between these destinations, +20.X.2010 +, SB; + + +Dimitrovgrad (Caribrod) district, Zabrđe Mt., Kozarica pass, Vištni Kamen on the road to Bačevo Village, +763m +, Sveta Petka Chapel near Smilovci and near Smilovska jezera lakes, +09.XI.2013 +, SB & VG; + + +Svrljiški Planini Mts +, +Rinjska Planina +above +Bela Palanka +Town +, + +10.XI.2014 + +, SB & AN; + + +Vidlič +, +Crni Vrh +above +Pirot +Town +, + +11.XI.2014 + +, SB & AN; + + +above +Trnava Village +, +Preševo district +, + +11.XI.2015 + +, SB & AN; + + +Vranje Region +, +Starac Mt. +, around +Turski Grob +, + +12.XI.2015 + +, SB & AN; + + +Pčinja River Valley +, +Vražji Kamen +near +Trgovište +Village +, + +13.XI.2015 + +, SB & AN; + + +Šljivovički Vis Mt. +, above +Šlivovik Village +, +Bela Palanka district +, + +06.XI.2016 + +; + + +Dimitrovgrad (=Caribrod) district, Zabrđe Mt., Kozarica pass, Vištni Kamen on the road to Bačevo Village, +06.XI.2021 +, SB & A. N-B; + + +Vidlič, Kapana above Gulenovci Village, +06.XI.2021 +, SB & AN-B; + + +Vidlič, above Smilovci Village, gorge of Jankov dol stream, +06.XI.2021 +, SB & AN- B. + + + + +Figure 10 +. Distribution of + +Paracossulus thrips + +in the Balkan Peninsula. Red dots represent the new localities; black dots – published localities; yellow dot – false published locality. + + + + +Figure 11 +. Distribution of + +Lignyoptera fumidaria + +in the Balkan Peninsula. Red dots represent the new localities; black dots – recently published localities; yellow dots – old published localities. + + + +The most interesting species from Vidlič Mt. are listed below: + +Beshkov (2015a) +: + +Poecilocampa populi +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Dasypolia templi +(Thunberg, 1792) + +; +Beshkov (2015b) +: + +Trichiura crataegi +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Asovia maeoticaria +(Alphéraky, 1876) + +, + +Nychiodes dalmatina +Wagner, 1909 + +, + +Charissa obscurata + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Aspilates gilvaria + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Idaea trigeminata +(Haworth, 1809) + +, + +Paradrymonia vittata +(Staudinger, 1892) + +, + +Rhyparia purpurata +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, +Orectes proboscidata +(Herrich-Schäffer, 1851), + +Chelis maculosa + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Drasteria cailino +(Lefebvre, 1827) + +, + +Lamprosticta culta + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Caradrina terrea +Freyer, [1839] + +, + +Calamia tridens +(Hufnagel, 1766) + +, + +Apamea syriaca tallosi +Kovacs & Varga, 1969 + +, + +Apamea sublustris +(Esper, [1788]) + +, + +Oligia versicolor +(Borkhausen, 1792) + +, + +Dryobotodes monochroma +(Esper, [1790]) + +, + +Cucullia formosa +Rogenhofer, 1860 + +, + +Cucullia santonici +(Hübner, [1813]) + +, + +Sideridis turbida +(Esper, 1790) + +, + +Hadena drenowskii +(Rebel, 1930) + +, + +Dichagyris nigrescens ( +Höfner, 1888) + +, + +Dichagyris forcipula + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Divaena haywardi +(Tams, 1926) + +, + +Chersotis rectangula + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Chersotis margaritacea +(de Villers, 1789) + +, + +Spaelotis senna contorta +(Rebel & Zerny, 1931) + + +Eugnorisma depuncta +(Linnaeus, 1761) + +; +Jakšić (2015) +: + +Erebia alberganus +(Prunner, 1798) + +; +Jakšić (2017) +: + +Abraxas grossulariata +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Heliomata glarearia + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Cleorodes lichenaria +(Hufnagel, 1767) + +, + +Epirrhoe tristata +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Perizoma hydrata +(Treitschke 1829) + +, + +Nola cucullatella +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +; +Beshkov (2017b) +: + +Pharmacis lupulina +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Muschampia cribrellum +(Eversmann, 1841) + +, + +Narraga tessularia +(Metzner, 1845) + +, + +Lycia graecarius +(Staudinger, 1861) + +, + +Charissa onustaria +(Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) + +, + +Dyscia innocentaria +(Christoph, 1885) + +, + +Catarhoe putridaria +(Herrich-Schäffer, 1852) + +, + +Catarhoe permixtaria +(Herrich-Schäffer, 1856) + +, + +Eupithecia breviculata +(Donzel, 1837) + +, + +Nola confusalis +(Herrich-Schäffer, [1847]) + +, + +Watsonarcta deserta +(Bartel, 1902) + +, + +Euplagia quadripunctaria +(Poda, 1761) + +, + +Euchalcia variabilis +(Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783) + +, + +Epimecia ustula +(Freyer, [1835]) + +, + +Caradrina suscianja +(von Mentzer, 1981) + +, + +Pseudoxestia apfelbecki +(Rebel, 1901) + +, + +Apamea illyria +Freyer, 1846 + +, + +Sideridis lampra +(Schawerda, 1913) + +, + +Conisania renati meszarosi +Varga & Ronkay, 1991 + +; +Beshkov & Nahirnić (2017) +: + +Amphipyra tetra +(Fabricius, 1787) + +; +Nahirnić et al. (2019) +: + +Adscita albanica +(Naufock, 1926) + +, + +Jordanita graeca + +( +Jordan +, 1907) and + +Zygaena brizae +(Esper, 1800) + +; +Jakšić & Milošević (2021) +: + +Dysstroma citrata +(Linnaeus, 1761) + +, + +Fagivorina arenaria +(Hufnagel, 1767) + +, unpublished data of the authors: + +Dyscia conspersaria + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/64/0F/48/640F4874454AFFD7A3D24FDA16602D87.xml b/data/64/0F/48/640F4874454AFFD7A3D24FDA16602D87.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3adf8a682f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/64/0F/48/640F4874454AFFD7A3D24FDA16602D87.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1463 @@ + + + +Paracossulus thrips (Hübner, 1818) (Cossidae) and Lignyoptera fumidaria (Hübner, 1825) (Geometridae) - two Lepidoptera genera new for Serbia with a review of the distribution of these two Habitats Directive species in the Balkan Peninsula + + + +Author + +Beshkov, Stoyan +stoyan.beshkov@gmail.com + + + +Author + +Nahirnić-Beshkova, Ana +0000-0002-5459-0101 +* Corresponding author. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5459 - 0101; E-mail: stoyan. beshkov @ gmail. com + +text + + +Ecologica Montenegrina + + +2022 + +2022-02-18 + + +51 + + +65 +80 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2022.51.8 + +journal article +10.37828/em.2022.51.8 +2336-9744 +13239881 + + + + + +Paracossulus thrips +(Hübner, 1818) + + + + + +In the Balkan Peninsula + +Paracossulus + +(= + +Catopta + +) + +thrips + +was known only from +Bulgaria +and +Romania +(Beshkov & Nahirnić- Beshkova, 2021), Fauna Europaea: https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/132e6f9c-78c2-47cd-9c43-06997fcb1952. In +Bulgaria +known localities are summarized in +Beshkov +& Nahirnić- +Beshkova +(2021): +Sliven +, +Plovdiv +, +Burgas +and +Balchik-Topola +on the +northern Black Sea +coast. +Beshkov +& Nahirnić- +Beshkova +(2021) added one new remote locality: +Tri Ushi Hills +between Slivnitsa and Dragoman +towns, above +Aldomirovsko Blato Swamp +, + +739 m + +, +N42.90403 +, +E022.98705 +, + +10.VIII.2020 + +. They determined the habitat there as 02E1 Mountain petrophytic steppes with + +Stipa, Silene, Saturea +, +Artemisia alba +, +Amygdalus nana, Centaurea, Limonium +, +Crataegus +, + +and + +Rosa + +. According to Beshkov & Nahirnić- Beshkova (2021) the locality Resselets near Tcherven Bryag ( +Beshkov, 1995 +) is doubtful and should be discounted. Over the last eighty years + +P. thrips + +was collected in the early and middle 1990s only in +Balchik area +( +Beshkov, 2011 +) and recently in +Dragoman +Natura 2000 protected area (Beshkov & Nahirnić- Beshkova, 2021). All these localities are at altitudes from sea level up to about + + +740m + +. + +During more than 120 years of survey on the Bulgarian +Lepidoptera +, there are only seven recorded specimens from +Bulgaria +( +Beshkov, 2011 +, Beshkov & Nahirnić- Beshkova, 2011). +Sliven +, +Burgas +and +Plovdiv +are big cities from where + +P. thrips + +was reported long ago. Nowadays, without any doubt, these localities are urban areas or agricultural fields. In the surroundings of +Sliven +(Sinite Kamani) and +Burgas +( +Atanassovsko Ezero lake +) towns, + +P. thrips + +was searched for in suitable habitats several times, but without results. Areas where + +P. thrips + +was searched for before are listed below. For a long time, localities near Balchik represented 100% of the population of + +P. thrips + +in +Bulgaria +and a great part of the Balkan population. In the Balkan Peninsula + +P. thrips + +is also present in the Romanian part of Dobrogea ( +Székely, 2010 +, + +Iacob +et al +., 2021 + +) and with some doubt apparently also in the Greek mainland (Fauna Europaea website). According to +Székely (2016) +in the Romanian part of Dobrogea this species has the status “Data deficient”, known only from Babadag, Beştepe Hill, Izvoarele, Visterna (Gura Dobrogei) and Hagieni-Limanu (in total +6 specimens +)”. +The +localities for this species in +Romania +are presented on the distributional map in Rákosy +et al. +(2021) and summarized in +Rákosy & Goia (2021) +and + +Iacob +et al +. (2021) + +. In the +Balchik area +it has not been confirmed for more than 22 years, although it was intensively searched for during the Natura 2000 mapping project and several more times, including in 2021. The reason for this is altered or completely destroyed habitats by three golf-courses and accompanying infrastructure ( +Beshkov, 2011 +). The last steppes of the +northern Black Sea +coast and Bulgarian part of Dobrogea that represent potential habitat of + +P. thrips + +are also strongly affected or destroyed by wind-generators and infrastructure (Beshkov & Nahirnić- Beshkova, 2021). + +Paracossulus thrips + +has been the subject of intensive field survey in other parts of Dobrogea with potential habitats visited several times, but it has not been found. According to +Hristova & Beshkov (2016) +“the Bulgarian subpopulation is marginal, strongly isolated and habitats are fragmented. This species has been subject of unsuccessful field survey. Very likely it is already regionally extinct or is on the way to become extinct in +Bulgaria +. +CI +[chronological index]= 7; +CR +B2ab(iii)”. Very likely this is why Fauna Europaea https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/132e6f9c-78c2-47cd-9c43- 06997fcb1952 lists + +P. thrips + +as absent for +Bulgaria +. + + + +Paracossulus thrips + +is a steppe species regarded as a post-glacial relict associated with cold + +Artemisia + +steppes, originating in Central Asia (Rákosy +et al. +, 2021). Habitats are open steppe or semi steppe areas (Rákosy +et al. +, 2021). According to +Schnaider (1978) +, in the steppe areas in +Poland +the moth is collected near + +Artemisia + +plants. In some other literature sources (Macek, 2000) the larva is mentioned to feed within the roots of the food plant – + +Artemisia absinthium +, +A. glacialis +, +A. vulgaris + +and other + +Artemisia +species. + +In more recent literature sources, + +Phlomis +sp. + +is mentioned as a food plant, with the larvae developing inside stems and roots of the plants ( +Sum, 2014 +, Rákosy +et al. +, 2021). In the Bükk National Park in +Hungary +, Tamás Korompai has found that the larvae feed in the roots of + +Phlomis tuberosa + +; the supposed + +Artemisia + +feeding is based only on literature and requires confirmation in the field (Ádam Kiss, e- mail to SB February, 1 +st +2021). In a recent study + +P. tuberosa + +was confirmed as a larval food plant in +Romania +( + +Iacob +et al +., 2021 + +). + +Phlomis tuberosa + +is rare in +Serbia +and is protected by the Law on Nature Protection ( +Anonymous, 2010 +–2016). It is known from Vidlič Mt. ( + +Marković +et al +., 2015 + +). In the localities in Western +Bulgaria +and +Serbia +, where + +P. thrips + +was recorded by us, it is very possible that + +P. tuberosa + +is also present, but + +Artemisia alba + +is frequent and abundant. We have no opinion yet which is the larval food plant in +Bulgaria +and +Serbia +. + + +The species, particularly in the Balkans, has a strongly disjunctive range ( +Fig. 10 +). Localities are remote from each other and, after extinction of the species from a particular locality, re-colonization is practically impossible. At present, only BG0000322 Dragoman Natura 2000 protected area from EEC 92/43 Habitat Directive (Approved on +12.XII.2008 +by the European Commission) seems to have stable populations and a large area of occupancy. + + +In Europe apart from the Balkan Peninsula + +P. thrips + +is known from several more localities in +Romania +(Transylvanian Plain and +Moldavia +) ( +Rákosy & Goia, 2021 +, Rákosy +et al., +2021) and from +Hungary +and South +Poland +( +Schnaider, 1978 +, + +Macek +et al., +2007 + +). The range of + +P. thrips + +to the south is extended to +Armenia +, eastern +Turkey +to Prov. +Hakkari +in Kurdistan (de +Freina & Witt, 1990 +), south-west of the former USSR, Caucasus, west Kazakhstan, west Siberia ( +Zagulajev, 1978 +), southern Ural Region, +Krasnoyarsk Region +, Prae-Altai Region to the east of +Russia +( +Yakovlev, 2019 +). Without any doubt, the new localities reported here with an altitude of +913-1167 m +are the highest in Europe. In Central Asia it reaches an altitude up to +2000 m +( +Macek, 2007 +). The phenomenon of such “mountain” localities in the Balkans can be explained by the fact that these localities are the most southern ones in the range of the species, much more southerly than are those in Central and Eastern Europe. Moreover, these localities are on stony and steep slopes which have survived change from agriculture and other land usage, while the potential habitats in lowland have been completely destroyed long ago by human activities. The south-western exposition of slopes further contributes to the xerothermic character of the habitats and this enables thermophilous species to occur at higher altitudes. + + + + +In August, 2021 the authors worked on a Species Action Plan for + +P. thrips + +in +Bulgaria +and made a survey in Dragoman Natura 2000 area and surrounding areas with potential habitats for + +P. thrips + +. During the survey + +P. thrips + +was found in several new localities as follows: + + +1. +Kostinbrod district +, +between Ponor and Bezden Villages +, + +913 m + +, +N42.91343 +, +E023.09819 +, + +07.VIII.2021 + +, +4 males +, +S. Beshkov +, A. Nahirnić- +Beshkova, Z +. Tokar & +L. Srnka +leg.; + + +2. +Kostinbrod district +, +between Ponor and Bezden Villages +, + +912 m + +, +N42.9146 +, +E023.1023 +( +Fig. 1 +), + +07.VIII.2021 + +, +1 male +( +Fig. 2 +), +S. Beshkov +& A. Nahirnić- +Beshkova +leg.; + + +3. Above Aldomirovsko Blato Swamp, +700 m +, 42°54'6.79" +N 22°59'12.08" +E, +06.VIII.2021 +, +1 male +, Z. Tokar & L. Srnka leg.; + + +4. 1 km +SW of +Ponor Village +, + +920 m + +, 42°54'47.34" +N 23°7'36.13" +E, + +11.VIII.2021 + +, +3 males +, +Z. Tokar +& +L. Srnka +leg. + + +5. Chepan Hill, below Petrovski Krust summit, +1167 m +, +N42.94797 +, +E022.95211 +( +Fig. 3 +), +10.VIII.2021 +, +1 male +( +Fig. 4 +), S. Beshkov & A. Nahirnić- Beshkova leg. + + + +Figure 1 +. Habitat of + +Paracossulus thrips + +between Ponor and Bezden Villages, 912 m. + + + +Finding + +P. thrips + +in these localities suggested its possible presence over the border in +Serbia +. +The +authors continued their survey in the neighbouring territories in +Serbia +in the same habitat +types +– steppe-like grasslands. + + +Serbian record: +Dimitrovgrad +(=Caribrod) district, +Vidlič Mt. +, above +Gulenovci Village +, +Kapana +, + +967 m + +, +N43.1190 +, +E022.8019 +( +Fig. 5 +), + +12.VIII.2021 + +, +S. Beshkov +& A. Nahirnić- +Beshkova +leg., at lamps on generator, +1 male +( +Figs 6 +and +7 +) at 22:30 h local time. +It +is ca +22.5 km +distant from the nearest locality in +Bulgaria +, +Chepan Hill. It +is a large limestone slope with south-western exposition and inclination of ca 20- 30°. +The +habitat can be described as dry rocky grassland with + +Artemisia alba +Turra + +and + +Satureja montana + +L. with scattered trees and bushes: + +Cornus mass + +L., + +Prunus spinosa + +L., + +Crataegus pentagyna +Waldst. & Kit. ex Wild. + +, + +Syringa vulgaris + +L., + +Quercus pubescens +Wild. + +, + +Fraxinus ornus + +L., + +Acer campestre + +L. and + +Rosa +sp. + +The +habitat +type +can be identified as 02E1 +Mountain +petrophytic steppes. +Relationships +with habitat classifications: EUNIS: +E1.21 +Helleno-Balkan +[ + +Satureja montana + +] steppes; PAL. CLASS.: 34.311 +Helleno-Balkan +savory steppes; HD 92/43: 62A0 +Eastern +sub-Mediterranean dry grasslands ( +Scorzoneretalia villosae +) ( +Tzonev, Dimitrov & Gussev, 2015 +). +The +habitat in the +Serbian +locality is the same as in +Chepan Hill +and in the other localities in + +Dragoman +Natura + +2000 protected area which is steppe-like grasslands. + +Paracossulus thrips + +is a species listed in +Annexes II +and IV of the +Council Directive +92/43/EEC, +Code +4028. +The +species from +Annex II +of the +Directive +are species of community interest, thus it “requires the designation of special areas of conservation”. +The +locality is ca +2-3 km +distant from the protected area “Stara planina” +Nature Park. Syntopic +and synchronic species to + +P. thrips + +in the +Serbian +locality are: + + + +Geometridae + +: +Lygdia adustata +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Narraga tessularia +(Metzner, 1845) + +, + +Heliomata glarearia + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Isturgia murinaria + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Ematurga atomaria +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Idaea elongaria +(Rambur, 1833) + +(genitalia checked), + +Scopula decorata + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Scopula incanata +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Scopula marginepunctata +(Goeze, 1781) + +, + +Anticollix sparsata +(Treitschke, 1828) + +, + +Scotopteryx moeniata +(Scopoli, 1763) + +, + +Cataclysme riguata +(Hübner, 1813) + +, + +Euphyia frustata +(Treitschke, 1828) + +, + +Horisme vitalbata + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Horisme corticata +(Treitschke, 1828) + +, + +Eupithecia semigraphata +Bruand, 1851 + +(genitalia checked); + + + +Sphingidae +: + + +Sphinx ligustri +Linnaeus, 1758 + +; + +Notodontidae +: + + +Thaumetopoea processionea +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Phalera bucephaloides +(Ochsenheimer, 1810) + +; + +Erebidae +: + + +Gynaephora fascelina +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Phragmatobia fuliginosa +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Eilema caniola +(Hübner, [1808]) + +, + +Eilema palliatella +(Scopoli, 1763) + +(genitalia checked), + +Eilema pygmaeola pallifrons +(Zeller, 1847) + +(genitalia checked), + +Setina irrorella +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Lygephila craccae + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Odice arcuinna +(Hübner, 1790) + +; + + + +Noctuidae +: + + +Acronicta auricoma + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Acronicta euphorbiae + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Pyrrhia umbra +(Hufnagel, 1766) + +, + +Helicoverpa armigera +(Hübner, [1808]) + +, + +Cryphia algae +(Fabricius, 1775) + +, + +Bryophila raptricula + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Caradrina terrea +Freyer, [1839] + +, + +Caradrina aspersa +Rambur, 1834 + +, + +Holpodrina blanda + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Hoplodrina superstes +(Ochsenheimer, 1816) + +, + +Actinotia polyodon +(Clerck, 1759) + +, + +Chloantha hyperici + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Calamia tridens +(Hufnagel, 1766) + +, + +Mesoligia furuncula + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Sideridis lampra +(Schawerda, 1913) + +, + +Sideridis reticulata +(Goeze, 1781) + +, + +Mythimna conigera + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Mythimna vitellina +(Hübner, [1808]) + +, + +Mythimna alopecuri +(Boisduval, 1840) + +, + +Mythimna albipuncta + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Mythimna ferrago +(Fabricius, 1787) + +, + +Ochropleura plecta +(Linnaeus, 1761) + +, + +Chersotis multangula +(Hübner, [1803]) + +, + +Noctua fimbriata +(Schreber, 1759) + +, + +Noctua interposita +(Hübner, 1790) + +, + +Noctua janthina + +[Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Xestia baja + +([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), + +Xestia stigmatica +(Hübner, [1813]) + +, + +Xestia c-nigrum +(Linnaeus, 1758) + +, + +Eugnorisma depuncta +(Linnaeus, 1761) + +. + + +Areas where + +P. thrips + +was searched for, but not found, in +Bulgaria +: + + +Above Kostinbrod Town +, +between Ponor and Bezden +villages, + +915 m + +, +N42.91422 +, +E023.10242 +, + +16.VIII.2020 + +; + + +Above Kostinbrod Town +, near +Ponor Village +, + +949 m + +, +N42.91642 +, +E023.12922 +, + +16.VIII.2020 + +; + + +Above Kostinbrod Town +, +Beledie Han Village +surroundings, above +Lyulyaka Chalet +, + +847 m + +, +N42.89910 +, +E023.16802 +, + +16.VIII.2020 +, +22.VIII.2020 + +;; + + +Above Kostinbrod Town +, +Beledie Han Village +surroundings, above +Lyulyaka Chalet +, + +846 m + +, +N42.8996 +, +E023.16666 +, + +31.VII.2021 + +; + + +Above Kostinbrod Town +, near +Ponor Village +, + +949 m + +, +N42.91642 +, +E023.12922 +, + +22.VIII.2020 + +; + + +Above Kostinbrod Town +, above +Beledie Han Village +, + +775 m + +, +N42.89210 +, +E023.15772 + +22.VIII.2020 +, +31.VII.2021 + +; + + +Above Kostinbrod Town +, above +Beledie Han Village +, + +800 m + +, +N42.89231 +, +E023.15850 +, + +08.VIII.2021 + +; + + +Above Buchin Prohod Village +, +Godech district +, + +900 m + +, +N42.95841 +, +E023.16046 +, + +08.VIII.2021 + +; + + +Above Komshtitsa Village +, +Godech district +, + +1163 m + +, +N43.1017 +, +E023.0096 +, + +09.VIII.2021 + +; + + + +E +Stara Planina Mts + +, Sinite Kamani above +Sliven +Town, + +420 m + +, +N42.71023 +, +E026.39693 +, + +16.VIII.2021 + +; + + +S. Black Sea Coast +, +Atanassovsko Ezero lake +, + +13 m + +, +N42.57490 +, +E027.49409 +, + +17.VIII.2021 + +; + + +N. Black Sea Coast +, Silvercoast, between Balchik and +Topola +, + +165 m + +, +N43.40717 +, +E028.20929 +, + +18.VIII.2021 + +; + + +N. Black Sea Coast +, Silvercoast, above +Balchik town +, + +177 m + +, +N43.40689 +, +E028.17666 +, + +19.VIII.2021 + +; + + +N. Black Sea Coast +, +Kavarna district +, +SW Cape Kaliakra +, + +73 m + +, +N43.38065 +, +E028.45163 +, + +20.VIII.2021 + +; + + +N. Black Sea Coast +, +Shabla district +, +Durankulak lake +near +Vaklino Village +, + +22 m + +, +N43.6468 +, +E028.52067 +, + +21.VIII.2021 + +; + + +Areas where + +P. thrips + +was searched for, but not found, in +Serbia +: + + +Dimitrovgrad +(=Caribrod) district, +Vištin Kamen +above +Bačevo Village +, + +763 m + +, +N43.0271 +, +E022.8239 +, + +11.VIII.2021 + +; + + +Bela Palanka district +, +Šljivovički Vis Mt. +, above +Šljivovik Village +, + +1043 m + +, +N43.1519 +; +E022.3848 +, + +13.VIII.2021 + +; + + + + +Figure 2 +. + +Paracossulus thrips + +male, between Ponor and Bezden Villages, 912 m. + + + + +Figure 3 +. Habitat of + +Paracossulus thrips + +at Chepan Hill, below Petrovski Krust Summit, 1167 m. + + + + +Figure 4 +. + +Paracossulus thrips + +male at Chepan Hill, below Petrovski Krust Summit, 1167 m. + + + + +Figure 5 +. Habitat of + +Paracossulus thrips + +at Vidlič Mt., above Gulenovci Village, 967 m. + + + + +Figure 6 +. + +Paracossulus thrips + +male at Vidlič Mt., above Gulenovci Village, 967 m. + + + + +Figure 7 +. + +Paracossulus thrips + +male from Vidlič Mt., above Gulenovci Village, 967 m. Scale bar = 1 cm. + + + + +Figure 8 +. Habitat of + +Lignyoptera fumidaria + +at Vidlič Mt., above Krupac Village, 525 m. + + + + +According to Rákosy +et al. +(2021) its habitats are altered by replacement with pine or black locust plantations, overgrazing or overgrowing by shrubs. Burning of dry vegetation and overgrowing by natural succession are the main potential threats at the Serbian locality. The most serious threat is land use for agricultural purposes or for infrastructure in +Bulgaria +. The historical localities in the lowlands in +Bulgaria +( +Plovdiv +, +Sliven +and +Burgas +) without any doubt were destroyed long ago; ploughing would not only destroy the habitats, but also directly crush the preimaginal stages of the species, which live in the roots of the host-plant in the ground. The locality near Balchik is destroyed by three golf courses and the accompanying infrastructure. We recommend + +P. thrips + +to be included in the list of protected species in +Serbia +. As a species on Annex II of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC, + +P. thrips + +“requires the designation of special areas of conservation”. + + +Here we propose the vernacular Serbian name for + +P. thrips + +– stepski pelinkovac. Stepski (Eng.: steppic) derives from its habitats which are steppe and steppe-like grasslands, the latter being its habitat in +Serbia +, while “pelinkovac” derives from “pelin” which is Serbian vernacular name for + +Artemisia +spp. + +, bearing in mind that + +P. thrips + +occurs in habitats where + +Artemisia +spp. + +are abundant, although it is not proven that they are its larval host-plant. + + + + \ No newline at end of file