From 966450d4d84cd6073775ffc08813a5f8f899e563 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver <ggserver@srv1.plazi.org> Date: Mon, 30 Dec 2024 22:22:57 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2024-12-30 22:16:53 --- .../96/4B49968D3BA35895868151BF67A4FEB6.xml | 1287 +++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 1287 insertions(+) create mode 100644 data/4B/49/96/4B49968D3BA35895868151BF67A4FEB6.xml diff --git a/data/4B/49/96/4B49968D3BA35895868151BF67A4FEB6.xml b/data/4B/49/96/4B49968D3BA35895868151BF67A4FEB6.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..5ae16211a24 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/4B/49/96/4B49968D3BA35895868151BF67A4FEB6.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1287 @@ +<document id="689F68BDE9EE55DEA3C5B4B0423E0EE6" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e126410" ID-ZooBank="95419035-67A1-4977-908F-2B426C42E0DC" ID-publisher-id="126410" URI-arpha="01445C7B-6CEB-58E5-9C4D-18C6F6E9CBF3" URI-zoobank="http://zoobank.org/95419035-67A1-4977-908F-2B426C42E0DC" XM.bibliography_approvedBy="admin" XM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" article-type="research-article" checkinTime="1735585652464" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Smithson, Timothy R., Ruta, Marcello & Clack, Jennifer A." docDate="2024" docId="4B49968D3BA35895868151BF67A4FEB6" docLanguage="en" docName="Fossil Record 27(3): 333-352" docOrigin="Fossil Record 27 (3)" docSource="https://fr.pensoft.net/article/126410/download/xml/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docStyleName="PensoftTaxPub.0000.journal_article.generic" docTitle="Ossirarus kierani Clack & Smithson 2016" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" dtd-version="3.0" lastPageNumber="352" masterDocId="01445C7B6CEB58E59C4D18C6F6E9CBF3" masterDocTitle="On Ossirarus kierani, a stem tetrapod from the Tournaisian of Burnmouth, Berwickshire, Scotland, and the phylogeny of early tetrapods" masterLastPageNumber="352" masterPageNumber="333" pageNumber="333" updateTime="1735597011872" updateUser="admin"> +<mods:mods id="1E35103A9B818786CD5057D282499DFE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3"> +<mods:titleInfo id="D2E96A384FFFCAECD7F98B46957D6AB0"> +<mods:title id="EEEC2B61351A8BAB052606DCF7229A66">On Ossirarus kierani, a stem tetrapod from the Tournaisian of Burnmouth, Berwickshire, Scotland, and the phylogeny of early tetrapods</mods:title> +</mods:titleInfo> +<mods:name id="D1EBBADACD666AB6B12C42F0B7C53773" type="personal"> +<mods:role id="0F5BDBE862B13B5298B73EBE6414C971"> +<mods:roleTerm id="A6553BBE08902CE1CE3E529E3569C8FC">Author</mods:roleTerm> +</mods:role> +<mods:namePart id="B623D1C020B6C1F181F0570ED3B3FAD4">Smithson, Timothy R.</mods:namePart> +<mods:nameIdentifier id="6509BFBD40D12617F697DCB582A58388" type="ORCID">0000-0002-6546-1145</mods:nameIdentifier> +<mods:affiliation id="2AE1C6F6CFE34D74FE55CCCD2E38B23B">University Museum of Zoology Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB 2 3 EJ, UK</mods:affiliation> +</mods:name> +<mods:name id="759275F8AF700A01223D8C966CF71633" type="personal"> +<mods:role id="A984EA83CAEFEBFC2826A9C738AE7023"> +<mods:roleTerm id="D493622A764A540C023D291DD0587581">Author</mods:roleTerm> +</mods:role> +<mods:namePart id="0623DB4D1A6D96F6543CCB71F07E2949">Ruta, Marcello</mods:namePart> +<mods:nameIdentifier id="234EB79FCD247408A24501115159C2F7" type="ORCID">0000-0002-6151-0704</mods:nameIdentifier> +<mods:affiliation id="3A62A85F17CC687DEDB6CE2B2461B9AF">Department of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, Lincoln, LN 6 7 DL, UK</mods:affiliation> +</mods:name> +<mods:name id="CD1A2BE85E9B9B95FC97968B1D2B8EC6" type="personal"> +<mods:role id="454B8B53107B3816C85DA2076BB46033"> +<mods:roleTerm id="CBEB963A05BF096F992D2E4EF0822090">Author</mods:roleTerm> +</mods:role> +<mods:namePart id="06B951ED3A311BC222D70DF9DD318FBC">Clack, Jennifer A.</mods:namePart> +<mods:affiliation id="D4DA708C5D44EF7E91312815E661B43D">Department of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, Lincoln, LN 6 7 DL, UK</mods:affiliation> +</mods:name> +<mods:typeOfResource id="FF40ABF389588A5BD197A67F260DA2F9">text</mods:typeOfResource> +<mods:relatedItem id="F5AD0F5FD16950CB8FAA44D3CFCAD7E4" type="host"> +<mods:titleInfo id="1D9BD2303A9D1C504B96FCBCE2783FB5"> +<mods:title id="EC6CA5422575743AA87C3FEA155257CA">Fossil Record</mods:title> +</mods:titleInfo> +<mods:part id="029D3BAE20A727AF91CB0B06588276BF"> +<mods:date id="C1EE67019DE0C9231E9E605463936572">2024</mods:date> +<mods:detail id="64A6562506EDB4812A6B23EDF667ED65" type="pubDate"> +<mods:number id="7077659640185ABA729FE6BFA38FE6C5">2024-12-30</mods:number> +</mods:detail> +<mods:detail id="7B9F769FBAAF867FA8EDE8B035369D85" type="volume"> +<mods:number id="9F4FF2BAD8F72F4C526A7DA0FFE71A4C">27</mods:number> +</mods:detail> +<mods:detail id="9E74774A8B1C39197BCC0C26C0EAF930" type="issue"> +<mods:number id="BC64A541BACE304E434C1037F805FD79">3</mods:number> +</mods:detail> +<mods:extent id="7B19B7875194AACFF917E72206D77EE1" unit="page"> +<mods:start id="FCED5215641E78431F44AD8AC21C2210">333</mods:start> +<mods:end id="920D7325530B34E3E2BB23448B890B4B">352</mods:end> +</mods:extent> +</mods:part> +</mods:relatedItem> +<mods:classification id="0E0F8EF27FF12377BE8F5C4F7D1BDF97">journal article</mods:classification> +<mods:identifier id="DE64A5D78B9E6C57DB9A013EA8FF75B9" type="DOI">10.3897/fr.27.e126410</mods:identifier> +<mods:identifier id="7E8E93D5F0DC0086668204D0F3750DE4" type="ZooBank">95419035-67A1-4977-908F-2B426C42E0DC</mods:identifier> +</mods:mods> +<treatment id="4B49968D3BA35895868151BF67A4FEB6" ID-arpha="4B49968D-3BA3-5895-8681-51BF67A4FEB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4B49968D3BA35895868151BF67A4FEB6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B49968D3BA35895868151BF67A4FEB6"> +<subSubSection id="78C631DE70D15E3B70B147992324F92C" type="nomenclature"> +<paragraph id="1283B0CA54DC65C9F0D3CFD05E7A6AEF"> +<taxonomicName id="9D72A05EAA7D8A747422EC63855E3856" authority="Clack & Smithson, 2016" authorityName="Clack & Smithson" authorityYear="2016" class="Reptilia" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kierani"> +<emphasis id="EF053DD3FD15AD7213FE55AC0F09DD5C" italics="true">Ossirarus kierani</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="294DC0E32DB4F9AAA190FB80D6ECD210" DOI="10.1038/s41559-016-0002" author="Clack JA & Bennett CE & Carpenter DK & Davies SJ & Fraser NC & Kearsey TI & Marshall JEA & Millward D & Otoo BKA & Reeves EJ & Ross AJ & Ruta M & Smithson KZ & Smithson TR & Walsh SA" journalOrPublisher="Nature Ecology & Evolution" pagination="1-11" refId="B14" refString="Clack JA, Bennett CE, Carpenter DK, Davies SJ, Fraser NC, Kearsey TI, Marshall JEA, Millward D, Otoo BKA, Reeves EJ, Ross AJ, Ruta M, Smithson KZ, Smithson TR, Walsh SA (2016) Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1: 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41559 - 016 - 0002" title="Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna." volume="1" year="2016">Clack & Smithson, 2016</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="SECID0ESJAC" type="Holotype"> +<paragraph id="1863C6F553BC234B760EF08563F57922"> +<heading id="4BF9DEB5CC616536121418E0E157768F" reason="title"> +<typeStatus id="C388A69F5FFF928AC8949BF789161EB7" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus> +. +</heading> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="2417724D5178321FEBAF5C2A5D2FABDF"> +<materialsCitation id="E56BFF700E8BB39824C178147A796EDB" collectionCode="UMZC" country="United Kingdom" location="Ross cliffs" municipality="Burnmouth" specimenCode="UMZC 2016.3" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Scottish Borders Region" typeStatus="holotype"> +<specimenCode id="866356346079988EDB5442C3588CDFC7" collectionCode="UMZC">UMZC 2016.3</specimenCode> +. A single block containing scattered skull and postcranial remains. +</materialsCitation> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="SECID0EXJAC" type="Locality"> +<paragraph id="272D1791BA8019A11FF0646A7671D017"> +<heading id="FFCAE5212DC01BE591F7359C5E66C5DE" reason="title">Locality.</heading> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="0C036E52A9431D8BD341D5FB7FD62E47"> +<location id="F7C451313C03D4159292862B9FE2A113" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4B49968D3BA35895868151BF67A4FEB6:F7C451313C03D4159292862B9FE2A113" country="United Kingdom" municipality="Burnmouth" name="Ross cliffs" stateProvince="Scottish Borders Region">Ross cliffs</location> +, +<collectingMunicipality id="617A85655FEC6E1B46E5E0DED7E09182">Burnmouth</collectingMunicipality> +, +<collectingRegion id="0D3170D9DE0F0B1C7C4BEFA20BD714CA" country="United Kingdom" name="The Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders Region</collectingRegion> +, +<collectingCountry id="19A1219A57999697B87D06A4767F5A0A" name="United Kingdom">Scotland</collectingCountry> +. National grid reference NT 964606. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="SECID0E3JAC" type="Horizon"> +<paragraph id="CD58E2820DCA9C471C325DD29243A170"> +<heading id="26C16F3DCB845343FC06E9CA67322273" reason="title">Horizon.</heading> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="5510E71BB52D55F49BFF46C16EDC096F"> +<quantity id="AC45A48EF0D34B69026CF0EE309A9DC3" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.405" unit="m" value="340.5">340.5 m</quantity> +above the base of the Ballagan Formation. +<abbrev id="ABBRID0ECKAC" xlink_title="Aurospora macra"> +<collectionCode id="ACE78831CE9F7C25F5C81AF78609F891" country="China" name="Chongqing Museum">CM</collectionCode> +</abbrev> +palynozone, mid-Tournaisian, Mississippian. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="SECID0EGKAC" type="Emended diagnosis"> +<paragraph id="589D213675A8CC1B9AD99C8793AB0010"> +<heading id="E7CC082B7371FB5765E7249ED389290A" reason="title">Emended diagnosis.</heading> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="D0D4502362850E1F1C8A2E739054658D">Autapomorphies: tabular elongate triangle forming a conspicuous tabular horn with a convex lateral margin.</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FC3E9DC18C474CA0D201B0708A26B934">Derived characters present in several stem amniotes: tabular-parietal contact; exoccipital separate from basioccipital; multipartite gastrocentrous vertebrae with widely notochordal centra.</paragraph> +<paragraph id="3D0086D34DFBC505152B4F161AEEC1FC"> +Plesiomorphies and characters of uncertain polarity: jugal with extensive postorbital component, with anteriorly placed shallow contribution to orbit; preopercular and intertemporal present; cleithrum with long, narrow, curved stem and expanded dorsal blade; diamond-shaped interclavicle lacking parasternal process; humerus with elongate and oblique pectoralis process comparable with the ventral humeral ridge of elpistostegalians and +<taxonomicName id="472AFF7A13E0406ADDEAA054862F52DD" baseAuthorityName="Clack" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Amphibia" family="Acanthostegidae" genus="Acanthostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="30A8E1AB9BB69487268B9D1FD2C37AEA" italics="true">Acanthostega</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +; brachial foramen piercing posterior edge of humerus at the base of entepicondyle as in +<taxonomicName id="E198C505F6F9AB4142C1DAC8F1335159" baseAuthorityName="Smithson and Clack" baseAuthorityYear="2018" genus="Mesanerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="E908CDF2AE6B0D61ED7D4A5430C29405" italics="true">Mesanerpeton</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +; radius c. 60 % the length of humerus; neural arches as unfused bilateral halves. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="SECID0E3KAC" type="description"> +<paragraph id="71047FA142C04E1BD75F38C2ECA0999A"> +<heading id="1116A898472EDC4B470C7AC874D72623" reason="title">Description.</heading> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="698223F916EC525159E2E785EFAD35DC"> +<emphasis id="8FB9791334A0F0DCD7A682550A6246FE" bold="true"> +Skull. +<emphasis id="CDEE031C233F508E301090D9B2276B26" bold="true" italics="true">General skull preservation</emphasis> +. +</emphasis> +The bones are generally well preserved. They are disarticulated and have drifted apart slightly, so that sutural overlap areas are often very clear. The pre-orbital region is missing, and the lower jaws and other tooth bearing bones are not preserved apart from a fragment of maxilla or premaxilla (Fig. +<figureCitation id="70E84B5B4F177ACE2789DE05DB27B11B" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Skull bones. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: c. r, conical recess; ex, exoccipital; j, jugal; p, parietal, pf, postfrontal; pin, pineal; po, postorbital; pp, postparietal; pro, preopercular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; t, tabular." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206270">2</figureCitation> +). We estimate that the skull was +<quantity id="A7E40B96F931B90213487A00E4FC2437" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" unit="mm" value="54.0">54 mm</quantity> +long and the preserved region made up approximately two thirds of its length. Apart from the tabular and squamosal, which show some ornamentation, the skull roofing bones are essentially smooth. The lateral line system is represented by pores in the jugal, postorbital, postfrontal and preopercular; there are no open lateral line canal grooves. +</paragraph> +<caption id="0D72436FE91403595008943CEE2D960B" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure2" ID-arpha="4D319782-3CAF-5693-B938-8AE6445E875F" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206270" startId="F2"> +<paragraph id="FC2F242F5F467280DB1C3D7F3910BBAA"> +<label id="4408BF5BB61833C7E17C6739DE3AB312">Figure 2.</label> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="1B6127C86C966F8B6A45A34A27E1A22C"> +<taxonomicName id="AD852A01901234B9C268EE1336CE958D" authority="UMZC" authorityName="UMZC" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kierani"> +<emphasis id="35E31FAAABA16C141D0FEA8907FD34CF" italics="true">Ossirarus kierani</emphasis> +UMZC +</taxonomicName> +2016.3. Skull bones. +<emphasis id="F44A3368402F1EEC59472DC76368399E" bold="true">A.</emphasis> +Specimen photograph; +<emphasis id="6F58424681FF361E8ED973D3B73DFAD7" bold="true">B.</emphasis> +Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: c. r, conical recess; ex, exoccipital; j, jugal; p, parietal, pf, postfrontal; pin, pineal; po, postorbital; pp, postparietal; pro, preopercular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; t, tabular. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="6BF6677385A57DC4901A7040821DA499"> +<emphasis id="08A51F4D2F6CA6E2FA15B6BA52868A48" bold="true"> +<emphasis id="0337DB97125731717623A291D636FEE3" bold="true" italics="true">Cheek region</emphasis> +. +</emphasis> +Much of the right cheek is preserved. It comprises the jugal, postorbital, an incomplete right squamosal and a preopercular. The left cheek is represented by the posterior part of the jugal. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="0CBB07E64A1D30B88C47ED620F3239E6"> +The jugal is a large bone. It is c. +<quantity id="91E6D8CA96B905A39DEAFC5792331336" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity> +long, including an extensive area overlapped by the quadratojugal, and has a maximum depth of c. +<quantity id="C779F0F5CD8EA52F6C8A2E0715855569" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity> +behind the orbit margin (Fig. +<figureCitation id="02D2D9FD79D7D44EC93ED841B8B74AD0" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Skull bones. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: c. r, conical recess; ex, exoccipital; j, jugal; p, parietal, pf, postfrontal; pin, pineal; po, postorbital; pp, postparietal; pro, preopercular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; t, tabular." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206270">2</figureCitation> +). The orbit margin is shallow and below it the bone is relatively deep and posteriorly elongated. It most closely resembles the jugal of +<taxonomicName id="0EA820E4BC803DB7BCF388A43897BB3C" authority="(Clack 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Clack" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Amphibia" family="Acanthostegidae" genus="Acanthostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="E54920E26AD9E4F4B1E16A094F406768" italics="true">Acanthostega</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="7079952BEB0298FEA2B44B939A310680" DOI="10.1017/S0263593300000304" author="Clack" firstAuthor="Clack" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences" pagination="17-33" refId="B9" refString="Clack JA (2002) The dermal skull roof of Acanthostega, an early tetrapod from the Late Devonian. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 93: 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300000304" title="The dermal skull roof of Acanthostega, an early tetrapod from the Late Devonian." volume="93" year="2002">Clack 2002</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and colosteids ( +<bibRefCitation id="5708A8F38CEA464BFA151888E9ED5551" DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1982.tb01955.x" author="Smithson" firstAuthor="Smithson" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="29-90" refId="B55" refString="Smithson TR (1982) The cranial morphology of Greererpeton burkemorani Romer (Amphibia: Temnospondyli). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 76: 29–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1982.tb01955.x" title="The cranial morphology of Greererpeton burkemorani Romer (Amphibia: Temnospondyli)." volume="76" year="1982">Smithson 1982</bibRefCitation> +; +<bibRefCitation id="D478BEC4BB5BA5CF95D4ED83C9769273" author="Hook" firstAuthor="Hook" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pagination="1-41" refId="B31" refString="Hook RW (1983) Colosteus scutellatus (Newberry), a primitive temnospondyl amphibian from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Linton, Ohio. American Museum Novitates 2770: 1–41." title="Colosteus scutellatus (Newberry), a primitive temnospondyl amphibian from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Linton, Ohio." volume="2770" year="1983">Hook 1983</bibRefCitation> +). It lacks the tall, vertical orbital margin seen in +<taxonomicName id="AC97ECC1827B383B9389EF10E06E1603" authority="(Clack et al. 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Clack" baseAuthorityYear="2016" genus="Diploradus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="C20574B345833E97B62B7FE6E3BBA758" italics="true">Diploradus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="00F70DDFC35BB850E2664A53DC55AD4E" DOI="10.1038/s41559-016-0002" author="Clack" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Clack" journalOrPublisher="Nature Ecology & Evolution" pagination="1-11" refId="B14" refString="Clack JA, Bennett CE, Carpenter DK, Davies SJ, Fraser NC, Kearsey TI, Marshall JEA, Millward D, Otoo BKA, Reeves EJ, Ross AJ, Ruta M, Smithson KZ, Smithson TR, Walsh SA (2016) Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-016-0002" title="Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna." volume="1" year="2016">Clack et al. 2016</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="E900DFF138D08390432B89BEB1B32B13" authority="(Clack and Finney 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Clack and Finney" baseAuthorityYear="2005" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Pederpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="4A0971E341A21D628D749A99ECC3E464" italics="true">Pederpes</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="C63A94770D07F065F59436AB917B1DDB" DOI="10.1017/S1477201904001506" author="Clack and Finney" firstAuthor="Clack" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pagination="311-346" refId="B12" refString="Clack JA, Finney SM (2005) Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 311–346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477201904001506" title="Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland." volume="2" year="2005">Clack and Finney 2005</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="F6FA8C5421243ECF542BE29609D43F92" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Whatcheeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="ACD9B0778A96089C2EF041F7941CAC24" italics="true">Whatcheeria</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="DADC48232122768752E53E9B8EFB0EA1" author="Lombard and Bolt" firstAuthor="Lombard" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pagination="471-494" refId="B37" refString="Lombard RE, Bolt JR (1995) A new primitive tetrapod Whatcheeria deltae from the Lower Carboniferous of Iowa. Palaeontology 38: 471–494." title="A new primitive tetrapod Whatcheeria deltae from the Lower Carboniferous of Iowa." volume="38" year="1995">Lombard and Bolt 1995</bibRefCitation> +; +<bibRefCitation id="2FE944BC4C5A11EE7C12AD4F8C6F9973" DOI="10.1080/02724634.2021.1927749" author="Rawson" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rawson" refId="B47" refString="Rawson JRG, Porro LB, Martin-Silverstone E, Rayfield EJ (2021) Osteology and digital reconstruction of the skull of the early tetrapod Whatcheeria deltae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41: e 1927749. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1927749" year="2021">Rawson et al. 2021</bibRefCitation> +). The suture with the lacrimal is vertical and judging by the shape of the orbit margin sits under the centre of the orbit. The area behind the orbit is gently concave. It is unclear if this depression is natural or the result of crushing. The dorsal edge of the bone behind the orbit margin is damaged but it appears to have overlapped the ventral edge of the postorbital. The posterior portion of the jugal bears numerous fine ridges and furrows and was probably overlapped by the quadratojugal. This area is large and represents approximately one sixth of the area of the jugal. A much smaller area of ridges and furrows on the posterodorsal edge of the jugal probably formed part of the area overlapped by the squamosal. The incomplete left jugal is represented by the posterior portion bearing the ridges and furrows of the quadratojugal overlap area. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="E47CC5E8545E2A1AB0F571A89A6680FE">The postorbital is almost rectangular in outline with a gently concave orbital margin anteriorly. Its sutural contacts with surrounding bones are well preserved. Ventrolaterally, there is a shallow step from the smooth external surface to an area of fine ridges and grooves marking the area of overlap by the jugal. The ridges and grooves continue onto the posterior edge marking the area of overlap by the squamosal. These ridges and grooves are also found at the anterolateral corner of the postorbital where it was overlapped by the postfrontal. The medial margin of the postorbital is damaged but appears to have formed a thin lamina that overlapped the lateral edge of the intertemporal.</paragraph> +<paragraph id="F113CBD780063BDDE135401C67A9FC81"> +The squamosal is incomplete and appears to have broken into several pieces, most of which have been lost. Two fragments make up part of the posterior edge of the bone and a third formed the anterodorsal portion of the squamosal between the jugal and skull roof, behind the postorbital (Fig. +<figureCitation id="762A03516800F29FA4984B9D74A9D228" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Skull bones. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: c. r, conical recess; ex, exoccipital; j, jugal; p, parietal, pf, postfrontal; pin, pineal; po, postorbital; pp, postparietal; pro, preopercular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; t, tabular." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206270">2</figureCitation> +). The external surface of the bone bears a fine reticulate ornament in contrast with the smooth surface of the jugal. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="E2D6B6820DE01EF76ECA246C3F81D28B"> +The preopercular lies behind the jugal (Fig. +<figureCitation id="0D14D20EC8A3104D440A87A0DF95290C" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Skull bones. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: c. r, conical recess; ex, exoccipital; j, jugal; p, parietal, pf, postfrontal; pin, pineal; po, postorbital; pp, postparietal; pro, preopercular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; t, tabular." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206270">2</figureCitation> +). We initially thought it was part of the quadratojugal but the presence of a lateral line pore and the extent and orientation of the area of sutural overlap, as well as comparisons with the preopecular of +<taxonomicName id="4FA71B2DB7E5C0382E774416A1851542" authority="(Porro et al. 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Porro" baseAuthorityYear="2015" class="Amphibia" family="Acanthostegidae" genus="Acanthostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="F8D98E8259C79E684F88715ACE3EA2E7" italics="true">Acanthostega</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="2511659D9133DED425D85783A52ABA29" DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0118882" author="Porro" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Porro" refId="B45" refString="Porro LB, Rayfield EJ, Clack JA (2015) Descriptive anatomy and three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of the early tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik, 1952. PLOS ONE 10: e 0118882. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118882" year="2015">Porro et al. 2015</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="87C4320AC5330C700A293B2FF3FD4E8D" authority="(Rawson et al. 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Rawson" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Whatcheeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="B2E50860E19A2CD87EE790E1F71AC755" italics="true">Whatcheeria</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="42A4699092C81509B9D13D4DBF814289" DOI="10.1080/02724634.2021.1927749" author="Rawson" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rawson" refId="B47" refString="Rawson JRG, Porro LB, Martin-Silverstone E, Rayfield EJ (2021) Osteology and digital reconstruction of the skull of the early tetrapod Whatcheeria deltae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41: e 1927749. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1927749" year="2021">Rawson et al. 2021</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, convinced us it is the preopercular. The bone is roughly triangular-shaped. It is c. +<quantity id="23BF09F0A9177294A249AD72DD40BFCA" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity> +long and c. +<quantity id="09859FC8C442746B6E9F670486BED7AB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity> +high. Approximately two thirds of the surface is covered with the fine ridges and grooves that mark the area of overlap with the quadratojugal (Fig. +<figureCitation id="907FD4526CA9A514AEEEB9D0440D2BE9" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Skull bones. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: c. r, conical recess; ex, exoccipital; j, jugal; p, parietal, pf, postfrontal; pin, pineal; po, postorbital; pp, postparietal; pro, preopercular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; t, tabular." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206270">2</figureCitation> +) with only about one third exposed on the surface of the skull. The exposed area is roughly quadrangular, and bears a single lateral line canal sulcus in the posteroventral corner. One side of the quadrangle forms part of the posterodorsal edge of the suspensorium. The anterodorsal edge formed a suture with the squamosal and the anteroventral and posteroventral areas were overlapped by the quadratojugal. The preopercular is hypothesized to have occupied a position on the edge of the suspensorium, above the quadratojugal, in a similar position to the preopercular in +<taxonomicName id="6FB9DE5B60E3000D5BBD1E8444051637" authorityName="Säve-Söderbergh" authorityYear="1932" class="Amphibia" family="Ichthyostegidae" genus="Ichthyostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="D910975B6BF254E4453275B8B7CF2377" italics="true">Ichthyostega</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="C1077C1CE7138F768D61D0099BA61DDC" author="Clack and Milner" firstAuthor="Clack" refId="B13" refString="Clack JA, Milner AR (2015) Basal tetrapods. Handbook of Paleoherpetology. Part 3 A 1. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich." year="2015">Clack and Milner 2015</bibRefCitation> +, fig. 8), +<taxonomicName id="083C2D8E6CD4C7866ECBDE8B5441CA6C" authority="(Clack and Finney 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Clack and Finney" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Pederpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="7563F70F8E536AE7B112BF821C1D7010" italics="true">Pederpes</emphasis> +(Clack and Finney 2006) +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="BE10DF5BA01AB2DD7D0CA16B542E7BB6" authority="(Rowson et al. 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Rowson" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Whatcheeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="9D0DB0395DD73C00C433ADAD1557043E" italics="true">Whatcheeria</emphasis> +(Rowson et al. 2021) +</taxonomicName> +, rather than forming the posteroventral corner of the suspensorium as found in +<taxonomicName id="B95BC51935F5A1A85C81B2EDB8DC7EB7" authority="(Porro et al. 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Porro" baseAuthorityYear="2015" class="Amphibia" family="Acanthostegidae" genus="Acanthostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="C756A274A22FB1224453ABAA40A0782B" italics="true">Acanthostega</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="307095FCE2DB0BC958A7111FE92E26B2" DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0118882" author="Porro" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Porro" refId="B45" refString="Porro LB, Rayfield EJ, Clack JA (2015) Descriptive anatomy and three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of the early tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik, 1952. PLOS ONE 10: e 0118882. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118882" year="2015">Porro et al. 2015</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="9F98AE076BAB6EBA92922B96C4925FC2"> +<emphasis id="0757499A467067244AA57C1A92A82DC5" bold="true"> +<emphasis id="CC44CF66A9A4D1D7C9A1A2AC246599D3" bold="true" italics="true">Skull table</emphasis> +. +</emphasis> +Much of the right side of the skull table is preserved (Fig. +<figureCitation id="6DB595532524464DC47A799E0D3A22B0" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Right skull table. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206271">3</figureCitation> +) and comprises the parietal, postparietal, postfrontal, intertemporal, supratemporal and tabular. On the left, parts of the parietal, postparietal, supratemporal and tabular are preserved. +</paragraph> +<caption id="48CC61514A0B5AC9E2A794116D984259" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure3" ID-arpha="16BD36C5-FA6A-5FA1-B6BF-F6146297E5A1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206271" startId="F3"> +<paragraph id="D90E93D7232BD2F8222B038F2323F278"> +<label id="7679EEE8D0A4D5A86FEBDD6152F4D707">Figure 3.</label> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="C259747A9C101DC93F360AE44513D247"> +<taxonomicName id="AE331DCE86933A26F64192D613A8BA70" authority="UMZC" authorityName="UMZC" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kierani"> +<emphasis id="64126EB67B27BFCBEE26125D2FCA3C20" italics="true">Ossirarus kierani</emphasis> +UMZC +</taxonomicName> +2016.3. Right skull table. +<emphasis id="D788EFE137612063B65536E67DDA1327" bold="true">A.</emphasis> +Specimen photograph; +<emphasis id="65B9AF781C020750CCA639158029B64B" bold="true">B.</emphasis> +Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. +<figureCitation id="4B69F12CDE18B8B8B5377318C67D744B" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Skull bones. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: c. r, conical recess; ex, exoccipital; j, jugal; p, parietal, pf, postfrontal; pin, pineal; po, postorbital; pp, postparietal; pro, preopercular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; t, tabular." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206270">2</figureCitation> +. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="68D52929DEA5D1E9C291B8BCE742AC95"> +The parietals have separated along the midline and the left has drifted back relative to the right. The bones are thin and incomplete. The thickened area around the pineal is preserved on both sides. Using information from each bone gives a minimum anteroposterior length of +<quantity id="279A7131EF21C0CA4D9F3FAA0367D234" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity> +. The incomplete lateral edge of the parietal is thin and appears to have had a broad overlapping suture with the bones of the temporal series. On the right, the parietal appears to be partially overlying the supratemporal. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="3E5FB850E17AE5C34E2FCEC1BB7C58A2"> +The incomplete postparietals have separated and drifted backwards. Each is poorly preserved with a fractured dorsal surface and little if any true edge around the bones. The right is the more complete and appears to be approximately square in outline. They are much smaller than the parietals and have an anteroposterior length of c +<quantity id="CDC8EE64B4996BACF67B5365B7E7BFF7" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="94A165DD104964FBB2FADDF0F11617A3"> +The tabular is well preserved on the right. It is a relatively large, approximately triangular-shaped bone and its surface is ornamented with pits and grooves. The anterior edge, where the tabular meets the supratemporal is straight, the medial edge which contacts the midline bones is convex, the posterolateral edge is slightly concave and extends well beyond the posterolateral corner to produce a prominent tabular horn. There is no evidence of sutural contact with the squamosal, the lateral edge of the bone is gently rounded and smooth. The areas of sutural contact with the midline bones are very clear. Along most of the medial edge there is a shallow step down from the external surface to a broad area of ridges and grooves that would have been overlapped by the midline bones. At the posteromedial corner the tabular is thickened and the ridges and grooves form a sloping shelf which extends around on to the posterior edge. This posterior shelf probably marks the area of contact with the postparietal, while the broad flat area probably formed the suture with the overlying parietal. This arrangement suggests that +<taxonomicName id="87E42FF3C6ED1A08DEA644DD097EC8D9" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="A6D097AFB29744B7A0CAA2DD0EC4BDF4" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +had a tabular-parietal suture and is the earliest record of this feature in early tetrapods. The incomplete left tabular shows part of the tabular horn and the two discrete areas of sutural overlap along the medial edge. The pattern of ornament is similar to that on the right. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="97D097436CF3FB79E51617ABB16168EE">The supratemporal is well preserved on the right. It has separated slightly from the tabular and is partially overlapped by the parietal. It is incomplete anteriorly where it meets the intertemporal. The external surface is smooth. The posterior part of the lateral edge is gently rounded and shows no evidence of sutural contact with the squamosal. The anterior part is incomplete. As on the tabular, the exposed part of the medial edge bears a shallow step down from the external surface to a broad area of ridges and grooves that would have been overlapped by the parietal. On the left, the supratemporal has separated from the tabular. It is incomplete anteriorly and damaged along the lateral edge, but the straight, butt suture with the tabular is preserved posteriorly, together with an area of ridges and grooves on the medial edge originally overlapped by the right parietal.</paragraph> +<paragraph id="AE266E9B255E670BE47512FE3EF7F6EB"> +The intertemporal appears to be present on the right between the supratemporal and postorbital and partially overlain posteriorly by the parietal. It is a relatively long bone, c. +<quantity id="72BA7742848E1FB51355DE24664842A8" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity> +is exposed, but its width cannot be determined, because of the overlying parietal. It is incomplete with damaged edges. There appears to be a small area of sutural overlap ridges and grooves at the anterior tip of the bone. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="59B693295F6B4DD8BB990FCB16AB7A8E">The posterior part of the postfrontal is preserved. The slightly concave lateral edge forms part of the orbit margin. The surface of the bone is smooth and shows a number of pores of the lateral line canal system. The thickened medial edge bears the characteristic ridges and grooves of sutural contact with the midline bones and there is a small area of ridges and grooves on the posteromedial edge suggesting it was overlapped by the intertemporal.</paragraph> +<paragraph id="61ACCA4A6F88E49D0E37A7FC0519B54C"> +<emphasis id="BE730F39AFC2BB3F35BCF1F604D9DD13" bold="true"> +<emphasis id="444C394F11975E99868F1C1BD257E4FA" bold="true" italics="true">Palate</emphasis> +. +</emphasis> +Very little of the palate is preserved. Part of the quadrate ramus of the right pterygoid and the right quadrate are present (Fig. +<figureCitation id="D276585928A34A28DCE0A62FD2085922" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Right suspensorium. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206272">4</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<caption id="34D40CD141C84970C1F96435CCB43575" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure4" ID-arpha="0257ACDD-170F-5A89-B1F3-D7CC8CAB1C85" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206272" startId="F4"> +<paragraph id="CBF22E2CBC672C732C1E5473E4059116"> +<label id="FD58F1BB7E43D40E8608DE25E795A302">Figure 4.</label> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="87540E1B8680640D3C73A69216B0D08B"> +<taxonomicName id="0224CC9FD35FB8884055EFA68A4A193F" authority="UMZC" authorityName="UMZC" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kierani"> +<emphasis id="45AAB49DE1ABDEDFB80B9208BF53F91F" italics="true">Ossirarus kierani</emphasis> +UMZC +</taxonomicName> +2016.3. Right suspensorium. +<emphasis id="01D07AD524920CAF9EAC17490536F6AF" bold="true">A.</emphasis> +Specimen photograph; +<emphasis id="44ABF21C76BEF85F60CF9AFD985DA595" bold="true">B.</emphasis> +Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. +<figureCitation id="55868F474D2AEF2C115BDA477B412729" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Skull bones. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: c. r, conical recess; ex, exoccipital; j, jugal; p, parietal, pf, postfrontal; pin, pineal; po, postorbital; pp, postparietal; pro, preopercular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; t, tabular." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206270">2</figureCitation> +. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="43CED8D5AF7853576C34B3F5B4D2F44E"> +The quadrate ramus is represented by a number of pieces which have been displaced posteriorly beyond the tabular horn and squamosal, and medial to the jugal and quadratojugal (Fig. +<figureCitation id="5AA33BA8825E71E27CD6C6DF0907169B" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Right suspensorium. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206272">4</figureCitation> +). The pieces include an anterior portion bearing the conical recess, a central portion with a finished lateral edge marking part of the rim of the adductor fossa, and a posterior portion folded along a crack. This last piece has a ventrolateral part that would have sutured with the quadrate and a dorsomedial part that would have contributed to the medial wall and roof of the adductor chamber, and sutured with the squamosal. All the pieces of the pterygoid, apart from that forming the rim of the adductor fossa, have broken edges. The pieces bearing the conical recess and rim of the adductor fossa have broken along a simple crack and can readily be restored into their relative positions (Fig. +<figureCitation id="20A88EE27E015D255EE79884CC49C8FD" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Right suspensorium. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206272">4</figureCitation> +). The other pieces are more difficult to align. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="97A21E768E2D691A987B3E2790069081">The surface of the bone behind the conical recess is lightly pitted. The surface of other broken pieces of the pterygoid is smooth, apart from the posterior-most portion, which is striated and probably represents an overlap area with the quadrate. None of the pieces of pterygoid bear denticles.</paragraph> +<paragraph id="533DEF6364DDA6CC001CB4E4E94520AE"> +The right quadrate is preserved in internal view. It is roughly triangular-shaped with a central concavity. The lateral edge appears to be broken rather than sutural, and halfway up the medial edge is a notch, which presumably formed the quadrate contribution to the paraquadrate foramen that pierces the quadrate-pterygoid suture in some early tetrapods ( +<bibRefCitation id="FECE7412FCB5366C16135D8676875228" DOI="10.1098/rstb.1977.0099" author="Beaumount EH" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B" pagination="29-101" refId="B3" refString="Beaumount EH (1977) Cranial morphology of the Loxommatidae (Amphibia: Labyrinthodontia). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 280: 29–101. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1977.0099" title="Cranial morphology of the Loxommatidae (Amphibia: Labyrinthodontia)." volume="280" year="1977">Beaumont 1977</bibRefCitation> +, p. 52: +<bibRefCitation id="38B5AC4363C79C27ADF9C10E0B7E6716" DOI="10.1139/e02-065" author="Clack" firstAuthor="Clack" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pagination="483-498" refId="B10" refString="Clack JA (2003) A new baphetid (stem tetrapod) from the Upper Carboniferous of Tyne and Wear, UK, and the evolution of the tetrapod occiput. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40: 483–498. https://doi.org/10.1139/e02-065" title="A new baphetid (stem tetrapod) from the Upper Carboniferous of Tyne and Wear, UK, and the evolution of the tetrapod occiput." volume="40" year="2003">Clack 2003</bibRefCitation> +, p. 488). The ventral edge is unfinished and forms the articulating surface with the articular of the lower jaw. The articulating surface is c. +<quantity id="CD38BCA42EA4679B3E52A3CAAE04EE35" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity> +long, well ossified and has a complicated shape. It is superficially screw-shaped with the axis running along the length of the articulating surface from the lateral to medial edges. It starts on the lateral edge as a ridge, followed by a furrow, and then a larger rounded ridge, followed by a deeper furrow and terminating on the medial edge with a rounded ridge. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="DB1239743F74D8F5DD076C4142982C13"> +Despite its relatively small size (skull length c. +<quantity id="1589830A9F82490D56D9C1E69FC15364" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" unit="mm" value="54.0">54 mm</quantity> +) the degree of ossification of the quadrate and the form of the sutures suggest that this was a mature individual. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="722A256688AC4410E750D5247756DCF7"> +<emphasis id="AA941F818D285C3C5EF120CE8BE5FE7C" bold="true"> +<emphasis id="32BC03F7B6227E4B785E3B96D726DF61" bold="true" italics="true">Braincase</emphasis> +. +</emphasis> +The only part of the braincase that is preserved is a small dumb-bell shaped bone lying behind the right tabular which we interpret as an exoccipital (Fig. +<figureCitation id="257E6AD2186EB0D434E68E9ECAD7157C" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Skull bones. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: c. r, conical recess; ex, exoccipital; j, jugal; p, parietal, pf, postfrontal; pin, pineal; po, postorbital; pp, postparietal; pro, preopercular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; t, tabular." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206270">2</figureCitation> +). For a while we debated whether it might be a stapes, but eventually concluded that it is more likely to be part of the occipital arch. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="B4FDD3470BDA3B31E70229A9F8629764"> +The bone is c. +<quantity id="370A2D5E69EE7CF9659C7A7700B3B000" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity> +high with expanded ends. The end nearest to the tabular is considered to be the dorsal end, the exposed surface is the posterior side of the bone and it is interpreted as the left exoccipital. The dorsal surface is slightly damaged while the central portion is covered with smooth periosteal bone and is pierced on the lateral side by a foramen for the hypoglossal nerve (XII). The ventral end is a triangular-shaped area of unfinished bone which probably formed part of the occipital condyle for articulation with the atlas vertebra. Above and alongside the unfinished area the medial edge is gently curved and formed part of the boundary of the foramen magnum. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="41644E6F46EBF94A4BE9B1C3E28AA163"> +<emphasis id="46FDC07079BE572EA285AB1F12FB4644" bold="true">Restoration of the skull.</emphasis> +The preservation of the skull of +<taxonomicName id="214C5BB36E31ACFC14F74BD6262A366F" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="048B75162ACC2FEEA909607278007D05" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is unusual. The separation of the individual bones and exposure of the sutural overlap areas is rare and the result of its unusual preservation (see below: Discussion). This displacement of the bones has added an extra challenge to the preparation of a reconstruction of the skull (Fig. +<figureCitation id="9BD4945A45E6A1EA38ADE5B05C0B6DAD" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Reconstruction of the skull. A. Restoration of the bones of the postorbital region in the horizontal plane; B. Reconstruction of the skull in dorsal view. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206273">5</figureCitation> +). Here, the patterns of sutural overlap revealed in μct scanning studies of the skulls of +<taxonomicName id="7F923B88CD983A6EF91569CF2557D729" authority="(Porro et al. 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Porro" baseAuthorityYear="2015" class="Amphibia" family="Acanthostegidae" genus="Acanthostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="99E450C96F331FC56408032A0FFC8D02" italics="true">Acanthostega</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="13FDEF900E3BD9D04690CB6D1651CDE5" DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0118882" author="Porro" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Porro" refId="B45" refString="Porro LB, Rayfield EJ, Clack JA (2015) Descriptive anatomy and three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of the early tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik, 1952. PLOS ONE 10: e 0118882. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118882" year="2015">Porro et al. 2015</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="8BBBE28FB9518C59E10AB4719CF3E004" authority="(Rawson et al. 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Rawson" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Whatcheeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="5DFA7FCE455B930C844A987ADB9DDDE8" italics="true">Whatcheeria</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="3C25C923CD768218C7A54BF4AF7DD063" DOI="10.1080/02724634.2021.1927749" author="Rawson" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rawson" refId="B47" refString="Rawson JRG, Porro LB, Martin-Silverstone E, Rayfield EJ (2021) Osteology and digital reconstruction of the skull of the early tetrapod Whatcheeria deltae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41: e 1927749. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1927749" year="2021">Rawson et al. 2021</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +have been used as a guide to the relationship between individual bones. We have also tried to take account of the incomplete preservation on some bones like the parietal and jugal, where the areas of overlap are thin and have been damaged and where the full extent of the bone is not preserved. Fig. +<figureCitation id="62EFEC54B4491A6D43F6441A949A3200" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Reconstruction of the skull. A. Restoration of the bones of the postorbital region in the horizontal plane; B. Reconstruction of the skull in dorsal view. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206273">5 A</figureCitation> +shows the relationships of the preserved bones on the right side of the skull (mirrored on the left) in the horizontal plane, with the sutures shown as thick lines and the areas of overlap shown as thinner lines. Fig. +<figureCitation id="D47E12293407ACE0387624C272AFC0D0" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Reconstruction of the skull. A. Restoration of the bones of the postorbital region in the horizontal plane; B. Reconstruction of the skull in dorsal view. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206273">5 B</figureCitation> +is a partial reconstruction of the skull in dorsal view, based on a model prepared by folding a tracing of the bones in the horizontal plane over a moulded block of plasticine. +</paragraph> +<caption id="1B1F5438C53BA5CA9870E885F810DFE9" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure5" ID-arpha="0B873CC9-DF03-5BF2-BCC7-7346FFBCA388" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206273" startId="F5"> +<paragraph id="F6610B1DE212127A67889A54FE928CD4"> +<label id="C690E07DB6028338B04BC150E577D818">Figure 5.</label> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="D1C5541C2FC4A398F1D9413D61005DFF"> +<taxonomicName id="8FF5DC1CE997EAD326217BE6173EE7A2" authority="UMZC" authorityName="UMZC" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kierani"> +<emphasis id="56E62A6E91A5FE84A82789A6F7650B30" italics="true">Ossirarus kierani</emphasis> +UMZC +</taxonomicName> +2016.3. Reconstruction of the skull. +<emphasis id="D3EB93AEB5EF9C42D11791B0E8B1AE89" bold="true">A.</emphasis> +Restoration of the bones of the postorbital region in the horizontal plane; +<emphasis id="62F6B3EC6A655B3B6E0A2E15EE3D7823" bold="true">B.</emphasis> +Reconstruction of the skull in dorsal view. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. +<figureCitation id="1AFE57E48289494FF06359E4EBCFB0BD" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Skull bones. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: c. r, conical recess; ex, exoccipital; j, jugal; p, parietal, pf, postfrontal; pin, pineal; po, postorbital; pp, postparietal; pro, preopercular; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal; t, tabular." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206270">2</figureCitation> +. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="BD643F70F7CA9CC3926A132E60216DA3"> +In Fig. +<figureCitation id="229AFC886874DAC1E1CF88304266798D" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of tetrapods from the Upper Devonian and early Carboniferous. A. Acanthostega gunnari after Porro et al. (2015); B. Whatcheeria deltae after Rawson et al. (2021); C. Greererpeton burkemorani after Smithson (1982); D. Crassigyrinus scoticus after Porro et al. (2023); E. Ichthyostega watsoni after Clack and Milner (2015); F. Silvanerpeton miripedes after Ruta and Clack (2006); G. Ossirarus kierani; H. Balanerpeton woodi after Milner and Sequeira (1994). Scale bar: 50 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206274">6</figureCitation> +we compare the reconstruction of the skull of +<taxonomicName id="3FB024C26F9E55094F6C12D061410F91" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="18303E13F20BA61D3E14EE4AED860301" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +with those of a representative sample of tetrapods from the Upper Devonian and early Carboniferous. All are drawn to the same scale. In comparison with many early tetrapods, +<taxonomicName id="728B1BBC1443DD309644D6A3641A3999" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="C06940EE32DCE63AF16996AD9B0C1EB6" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +was relatively small. Upper Devonian tetrapods were typically quite large animals with some exceeding one metre in length ( +<bibRefCitation id="CC7566465BAED2A74F0AC3A200F14895" author="Clack and Milner" firstAuthor="Clack" refId="B13" refString="Clack JA, Milner AR (2015) Basal tetrapods. Handbook of Paleoherpetology. Part 3 A 1. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich." year="2015">Clack and Milner 2015</bibRefCitation> +). Many early Carboniferous tetrapods were equally large. The whatcheeriid +<taxonomicName id="04CF869F5EEE771280CE9D1039346FDB" baseAuthorityName="Clack and Finney" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Pederpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="AA4CF30AF49A6C058F1312F107AF2E73" italics="true">Pederpes</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +from the Ballagan Formation near Dumbarton in Scotland was approximately one metre long ( +<bibRefCitation id="4D6AB6CCE0417DE97A64F6A6CF152333" DOI="10.1017/S1477201904001506" author="Clack and Finney" firstAuthor="Clack" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pagination="311-346" refId="B12" refString="Clack JA, Finney SM (2005) Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 311–346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477201904001506" title="Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland." volume="2" year="2005">Clack and Finney 2005</bibRefCitation> +), and +<taxonomicName id="E4F6BACFCDC5CF084239FF56328E6859" baseAuthorityName="Panchen" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Amphibia" family="Crassigyrinidae" genus="Crassigyrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="6461B6FA9261A9EAA87FABBC6E90079D" italics="true">Crassigyrinus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, which may be represented at Burnmouth by an incomplete lower jaw ( +<bibRefCitation id="ED10933A57A47CBEFEDC316393F83113" DOI="10.1017/S1755691018000087" author="Clack" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Clack" journalOrPublisher="Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh" pagination="37-46" refId="B15" refString="Clack JA, Porro LB, Bennett CE (2018) A Crassigyrinus - like jaw from the Tournaisian (Early Mississippian) of Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 108: 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691018000087" title="A Crassigyrinus - like jaw from the Tournaisian (Early Mississippian) of Scotland." volume="108" year="2018">Clack et al. 2018</bibRefCitation> +), attained a length of nearly two metres ( +<bibRefCitation id="BF96169325C15B676743A8FB687A2173" DOI="10.1098/rstb.1985.0095" author="Panchen" firstAuthor="Panchen" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B" pagination="461-568" refId="B43" refString="Panchen AL (1985) On the amphibian Crassigyrinus scoticus Watson from the Carboniferous of Scotland. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 309: 461–568. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1985.0095" title="On the amphibian Crassigyrinus scoticus Watson from the Carboniferous of Scotland." volume="309" year="1985">Panchen 1985</bibRefCitation> +). In contrast, +<taxonomicName id="D354C46E6AAEF094DF2AD75CF104A5DC" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="279760474DF8167DDF0033F72D19E68B" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +was probably little more than +<quantity id="C8D4BD524E08141F7D984C747B9250B2" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="mm" value="300.0">300 mm</quantity> +long, and much more similar in size to the late Viséan tetrapods from East Kirkton like the temnospondyl +<taxonomicName id="ED9F812CA71FBBC6161289A41D3884E4" authority="(Milner and Sequeira 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Milner and Sequeira" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrerpetontidae" genus="Balanerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="57039D5F222A0736A2C8C383905B9E1F" italics="true">Balanerpeton</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="C811020D515F5C5CD8958F49AAA87972" DOI="10.1017/S0263593300006155" author="Milner and Sequeira" firstAuthor="Milner" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences" pagination="331-361" refId="B40" refString="Milner AR, Sequeira SEK (1994) The temnospondyl amphibians from the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences 84: 331–361. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300006155" title="The temnospondyl amphibians from the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland." volume="84" year="1994">Milner and Sequeira 1994</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and the stem amniotes +<emphasis id="5891E6C27BEE4C214251F164D6E4B21F" italics="true">Eldeeceon</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="E78D61FDB5EB33BA4C13BA9CE7816D1E" DOI="10.1017/S1755691020000079" author="Ruta" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ruta" journalOrPublisher="Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh" pagination="173-192" refId="B52" refString="Ruta M, Clack JA, Smithson TR (2020) A review of the stem amniote Eldeceeon rolfei from the Viséan of East Kirkton, Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 111: 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691020000079" title="A review of the stem amniote Eldeceeon rolfei from the Viséan of East Kirkton, Scotland." volume="111" year="2020">Ruta et al. 2020</bibRefCitation> +) and +<taxonomicName id="0346E1C16D413719764360EC1D803148" authority="(Ruta and Clack 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Ruta and Clack" baseAuthorityYear="2006" class="Amphibia" genus="Silvanerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="02171A4A947F8519C6CE9D3FDBA73F5B" italics="true">Silvanerpeton</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="4CF5BE613A3CC0218AD86F50A396453F" DOI="10.1017/S0263593300001395" author="Ruta and Clack" firstAuthor="Ruta" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences" pagination="31-63" refId="B51" refString="Ruta M, Clack JA (2006) A review of Silvanerpeton miripedes, a stem amniote from the Lower Carboniferous of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 97: 31–63. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300001395" title="A review of Silvanerpeton miripedes, a stem amniote from the Lower Carboniferous of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland." volume="97" year="2006">Ruta and Clack 2006</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. However, although the skull of +<taxonomicName id="0FF96CD8D8464D1368E22B9A9DC0DD83" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="B469E60894957F480B670870D08B728E" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +was similar in size to those of the East Kirkton tetrapods, there is one notable difference: the orbits of +<taxonomicName id="3C4CACACEB0628D98B538E2B39850D83" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="0341B02A75130AEEA387C8349ED0780D" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +are much smaller. This was an unexpected variation but may be explained by differences in ecology. The East Kirkton tetrapods are generally considered to be the earliest known example of a terrestrial fauna (e. g. +<bibRefCitation id="5A40C8ACEE02225A22616CE362AF42CA" DOI="10.2307/jj.12638994.5" author="Clack" editor="Fraser NC & Sues HD" firstAuthor="Clack" journalOrPublisher="Dunedin Academic Press, Edinburgh" pagination="39-64" refId="B11" refString="Clack JA (2017) The East Kirkton Lagerstätte: a window onto Early Carboniferous land ecosystems. In: Fraser NC, Sues HD (Eds) Terrestrial conservation lagerstätten: windows into the evolution of life on land. Dunedin Academic Press, Edinburgh, 39–64. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.12638994.5" title="The East Kirkton Lagerstätte: a window onto Early Carboniferous land ecosystems." volumeTitle="Terrestrial conservation lagerstätten: windows into the evolution of life on land." year="2017">Clack 2017</bibRefCitation> +) whereas the presence of lateral line canals in +<taxonomicName id="A8FC6BAE3E8C06F4520D61A346444530" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="ECC5F6B81708136CBD1ADF551AF5B823" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +suggest it was either aquatic or amphibious and less reliant on vision for prey capture. +</paragraph> +<caption id="A7C294B26EF18C8D02557A0093A8FF2B" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure6" ID-arpha="257D5F4F-049B-5C02-A2CB-9133132916C8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206274" startId="F6"> +<paragraph id="73608C5B0CEB5CC377388217622A75BF"> +<label id="C3E8212532A0F15A07F777B9EC5B3732">Figure 6.</label> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="13C73B63A59CB4B05E05E9AB76D33479"> +Skulls of tetrapods from the Upper Devonian and early Carboniferous. +<emphasis id="F89FC2414092941C2CD438B75E7628FA" bold="true">A.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="1E3FE64116687CCA34C330E223602043" authorityName="Jarvik" authorityYear="1952" class="Amphibia" family="Acanthostegidae" genus="Acanthostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gunnari"> +<emphasis id="0DF451D3DEF6B279A1BDE62BBA68A958" italics="true">Acanthostega gunnari</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +after +<bibRefCitation id="9D7A11CCA9247A7F30CD6D1D4434BB32" DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0118882" author="Porro LB & Rayfield EJ & Clack JA" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Porro" refId="B45" refString="Porro LB, Rayfield EJ, Clack JA (2015) Descriptive anatomy and three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of the early tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik, 1952. PLOS ONE 10: e 0118882. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118882" year="2015">Porro et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation> +; +<emphasis id="0E005A455B4ED148739E8301AA0F18AE" bold="true">B.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="CCEF86A850240BEDEADF9714174C5C82" authorityName="Lombard & Bolt" authorityYear="1995" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Whatcheeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deltae"> +<emphasis id="EA1224096A6EF15C4BCAD06C4B15576F" italics="true">Whatcheeria deltae</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +after +<bibRefCitation id="0BB78BC46D162FBCBEB03C1ED0ADB57A" DOI="10.1080/02724634.2021.1927749" author="Rawson JRG & Porro LB & Martin-Silverstone E & Rayfield EJ" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rawson" refId="B47" refString="Rawson JRG, Porro LB, Martin-Silverstone E, Rayfield EJ (2021) Osteology and digital reconstruction of the skull of the early tetrapod Whatcheeria deltae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41: e 1927749. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1927749" year="2021">Rawson et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation> +; +<emphasis id="9DA1219721A5A24AB24ADB237AF63ABD" bold="true">C.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="844923E18ED5AFD72C4E1F852B0F34EE" authorityName="Romer" authorityYear="1969" class="Amphibia" family="Colosteidae" genus="Greererpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="burkemorani"> +<emphasis id="12B96CC19BC8868FB1EFE0EEF6D299CA" italics="true">Greererpeton burkemorani</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +after +<bibRefCitation id="84807107659404B04EE31BA823DA7F2A" DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1982.tb01955.x" author="Smithson TR" firstAuthor="Smithson" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="29-90" refId="B55" refString="Smithson TR (1982) The cranial morphology of Greererpeton burkemorani Romer (Amphibia: Temnospondyli). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 76: 29–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1982.tb01955.x" title="The cranial morphology of Greererpeton burkemorani Romer (Amphibia: Temnospondyli)." volume="76" year="1982">Smithson (1982)</bibRefCitation> +; +<emphasis id="C0824F82CD26D641A6FAFF310C29C854" bold="true">D.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="F267E6299CBC43EF0D3F2736812BDDF9" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="1929" class="Amphibia" family="Crassigyrinidae" genus="Crassigyrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scoticus"> +<emphasis id="9C373845557841726F80765C789F9F68" italics="true">Crassigyrinus scoticus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +after +<bibRefCitation id="068158443E13E61E49324032CF010324" DOI="10.1080/02724634.2023.2183134" author="Porro LB & Rayfield EJ & Clack JA" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Porro" refId="B46" refString="Porro LB, Rayfield EJ, Clack JA (2023) Computed tomography and three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of the stem tetrapod Crassigyrinus scoticus Watson, 1929. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 42: e 2183134. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2023.2183134" year="2023">Porro et al. (2023)</bibRefCitation> +; +<emphasis id="532C739E71D6B04EEC81F519F60B2DBC" bold="true">E.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="84F40F6854FE12AE49D0CD84754C2022" class="Amphibia" family="Ichthyostegidae" genus="Ichthyostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watsoni"> +<emphasis id="3EB655EAEA9F154EA38E93BEC9103271" italics="true">Ichthyostega watsoni</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +after +<bibRefCitation id="C01C93B85A3B30C4572577EE6095B05D" author="Clack JA & Milner AR" firstAuthor="Clack" refId="B13" refString="Clack JA, Milner AR (2015) Basal tetrapods. Handbook of Paleoherpetology. Part 3 A 1. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich." year="2015">Clack and Milner (2015)</bibRefCitation> +; +<emphasis id="317B26EBBA6CF65BE8D39E8B5C35FCCF" bold="true">F.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="2D75D4D219FFBFE20406B7576D01A4C8" authorityName="Clack" authorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" genus="Silvanerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miripedes"> +<emphasis id="1815AB4CF308083313EAAEEBC07A1EB2" italics="true">Silvanerpeton miripedes</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +after +<bibRefCitation id="27C8A94FD4BB4B9B526CE62C5044C955" DOI="10.1017/S0263593300001395" author="Ruta M & Clack JA" firstAuthor="Ruta" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences" pagination="31-63" refId="B51" refString="Ruta M, Clack JA (2006) A review of Silvanerpeton miripedes, a stem amniote from the Lower Carboniferous of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 97: 31–63. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300001395" title="A review of Silvanerpeton miripedes, a stem amniote from the Lower Carboniferous of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland." volume="97" year="2006">Ruta and Clack (2006)</bibRefCitation> +; +<emphasis id="15082E93C46184A2684D68BF9C6537F1" bold="true">G.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="603C8C49BE9F22F57899B93CF54120F8" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kierani"> +<emphasis id="67C1C004E69A4B879FBC35CD9C64A4DC" italics="true">Ossirarus kierani</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +; +<emphasis id="E442A7FF8691317C5D2DAF0B20FA7D87" bold="true">H.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="7227614114C538717C32742402F1E85F" authorityName="Milner & Sequeira" authorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrerpetontidae" genus="Balanerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woodi"> +<emphasis id="350843CB9136D7E37435C47987C47235" italics="true">Balanerpeton woodi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +after +<bibRefCitation id="E7BEA86D9F3F09912FB09DB84AA183F8" DOI="10.1017/S0263593300006155" author="Milner AR & Sequeira SEK" firstAuthor="Milner" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences" pagination="331-361" refId="B40" refString="Milner AR, Sequeira SEK (1994) The temnospondyl amphibians from the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences 84: 331–361. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300006155" title="The temnospondyl amphibians from the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland." volume="84" year="1994">Milner and Sequeira (1994)</bibRefCitation> +. Scale bar: 50 mm. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="3CABA0164C4C930DC5BBD408B1A560C2"> +<emphasis id="D877B5C0E016E469CBF19B502FDC4AA5" bold="true">Axial skeleton.</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="7941615DFD1F7F5140BE8658C173FAD1"> +The axial skeleton of +<taxonomicName id="70DF3C7C1AE53E37DAC5E206CBA6CAC0" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="14E5C0A4D93B870141A04A7AA46D722C" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is represented by a number of disarticulated cervical and trunk centra, neural arches and ribs (Fig. +<figureCitation id="C70C1F378308C7194F4505FC26BAFF97" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Postcranial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: a. cen, atlas intercentrum; cen, centrum; d-h. rib, double-headed rib; f. rib, flattened rib; imp. r. cl, impression of right clavicle; int, interclavicle, l. cl, left clavicle; l. cle, left cleithrum; l. h, left humerus; l. rad, left radius; na, neural arch; r. cle, right cleithrum; r. h, right humerus; rib, rib." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206275">7</figureCitation> +). The vertebrae are multipartite and consist of four parts: two central elements and a neural arch in bilateral halves. None is preserved intact and parts of numerous vertebrae are scattered on the left side of the specimen with most of the bones of the pectoral girdle and forelimbs on the right (Fig. +<figureCitation id="943C1FD59BC3E01784255B58A464C64C" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Postcranial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: a. cen, atlas intercentrum; cen, centrum; d-h. rib, double-headed rib; f. rib, flattened rib; imp. r. cl, impression of right clavicle; int, interclavicle, l. cl, left clavicle; l. cle, left cleithrum; l. h, left humerus; l. rad, left radius; na, neural arch; r. cle, right cleithrum; r. h, right humerus; rib, rib." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206275">7</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<caption id="D8C692E4CFFF3B6E2E61FA9247691F2A" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure7" ID-arpha="F3AAF239-EC70-5D37-986B-6C41FB0D8E05" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206275" startId="F7"> +<paragraph id="C4BE5CB6A1871B6310C50304FE6271EB"> +<label id="BF4AA6BE5D00115955C01C40F607714E">Figure 7.</label> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8F73A8BDA54FB5DFDD6E4383C38005BA"> +<taxonomicName id="93595E2221899E82C2900CC23D9E001B" authority="UMZC" authorityName="UMZC" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kierani"> +<emphasis id="611281BBDD9EC8BD6874DB844E1C0CB7" italics="true">Ossirarus kierani</emphasis> +UMZC +</taxonomicName> +2016.3. Postcranial skeleton. +<emphasis id="D16D7A48F920AE80FF6A9F797FF9B6BD" bold="true">A.</emphasis> +Specimen photograph; +<emphasis id="4BD22C73CE29D256EFA793B6A3E8FFA1" bold="true">B.</emphasis> +Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: a. cen, atlas intercentrum; cen, centrum; d-h. rib, double-headed rib; f. rib, flattened rib; imp. r. cl, impression of right clavicle; int, interclavicle, l. cl, left clavicle; l. cle, left cleithrum; l. h, left humerus; l. rad, left radius; na, neural arch; r. cle, right cleithrum; r. h, right humerus; rib, rib. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="4095A4835E016C2872CD249F7AF8D961"> +<emphasis id="EB46BE8AFA1EF264097B4F2EA3C4C6EB" bold="true"> +<emphasis id="05B6E03AC6E1623EEAF454BABAC13D81" bold="true" italics="true">Centra</emphasis> +. +</emphasis> +The most anterior centrum lies c. +<quantity id="A0967BE55083C30FF46B8ACF5D76E4A3" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity> +behind the postparietals and adjacent to the interclavicle (Fig. +<figureCitation id="1EB745A30AC0C7464A1658E0C9FDE291" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Postcranial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: a. cen, atlas intercentrum; cen, centrum; d-h. rib, double-headed rib; f. rib, flattened rib; imp. r. cl, impression of right clavicle; int, interclavicle, l. cl, left clavicle; l. cle, left cleithrum; l. h, left humerus; l. rad, left radius; na, neural arch; r. cle, right cleithrum; r. h, right humerus; rib, rib." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206275">7</figureCitation> +). It is preserved largely in ventral view but with part of the posterior edge and ‘ aperture’ for the notochord exposed. It is well preserved and appears to be uncrushed, but it is cracked along the ventral midline and one half has slightly overriden the other. The centrum forms a segment of a circle approximately +<quantity id="CA4D7EC61E7A7370532F6FB8C38BEA98" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity> +in diameter. It is c. +<quantity id="F1C8CB9C8DE9116664065342CD75DF23" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity> +long, +<quantity id="8308DBBE5BE077781BCFB497DD6FA514" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity> +high, and +<quantity id="C451CE1AC18F8E096A33704443E4695E" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity> +thick. It would have surrounded a notochord c. +<quantity id="FE98F2F23D82692D726564ED7431B2C8" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity> +in diameter. The outer surface of the centrum is finished in periosteal bone. The centrum most closely resembles the atlas intercentrum of +<taxonomicName id="2AFDE65EEDEB58159E3433396ACE804F" class="Amphibia" family="Acanthostegidae" genus="Acanthostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="F93DFAFE4650CB16FE8385162ED15F8C" italics="true">Acanthostega</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="B246F1B9CA38BD5D367E54475183442C" DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02525.x" author="Clack" firstAuthor="Clack" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="61-97" refId="B7" refString="Clack JA (1998) The neurocranium of Acanthostega gunnari and the evolution of the otic region in tetrapods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 122: 61–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02525.x" title="The neurocranium of Acanthostega gunnari and the evolution of the otic region in tetrapods." volume="122" year="1998">Clack 1998</bibRefCitation> +, fig. 1) and given its position is most likely to be the atlas intercentum of +<taxonomicName id="EB438C93BB0382A19837C151CB9CAC4E" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="17A34B45B1F14CEDA41E4B977B1CA5D3" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="FF713A3890A71DF88C43D4BB899369E9"> +Eleven cervical / trunk centra are preserved. The most complete are crescent-shaped in antero-posterior view and would have formed a thin husk of bone less than +<quantity id="8488EE71789B59316ED936C87A4FDCA5" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity> +thick around a notochord c. +<quantity id="D032A421A74C75EC3AC99E5386F5C762" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity> +in diameter (Fig. +<figureCitation id="4BC3C78FF115F438C08AA06F4A93B713" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Axial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing of vertebral elements in box; C – E. Reconstruction of vertebra; C. Lateral view; D. Anterior view; E. Posterior view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A); 5 mm (B, C). Abbreviations: see Fig. 7." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206276">8</figureCitation> +). In lateral view the centra are roughly triangular-shaped, c. +<quantity id="C56A6BCE453011ACEABE08D41391A71D" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity> +long, with the base the same length as the height of the sides. No facets are preserved for articulation with either the neural arch or the ribs, and there are no other features that may help distinguish the pleurocentra from the intercentra. Judging by the length of the neural arches, two centra would be accommodated beneath each arch, presumably with one occupying the position of the pleurocentrum the other the intercentrum. There is no evidence of paired pleurocentra typically found in rachitomous vertebrae or the dorsally fused pleurocentra of +<taxonomicName id="9ECCA8A7FA97B7B76E6FD8E9DF405B83" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Whatcheeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="1CA4C7BA211CB7CCC4CA6B2538AF30CF" italics="true">Whatcheeria</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="53C60C2813F0C937F7E5F3BDFCB8630D" author="Lombard and Bolt" firstAuthor="Lombard" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pagination="471-494" refId="B37" refString="Lombard RE, Bolt JR (1995) A new primitive tetrapod Whatcheeria deltae from the Lower Carboniferous of Iowa. Palaeontology 38: 471–494." title="A new primitive tetrapod Whatcheeria deltae from the Lower Carboniferous of Iowa." volume="38" year="1995">Lombard and Bolt 1995</bibRefCitation> +; +<bibRefCitation id="4575DAD80CA1334CEC0FCC91D5937955" DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182" author="Otoo" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Otoo" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="700-745" refId="B42" refString="Otoo BKO, Bolt JR, Lombard RE, Angielczyk KD, Coates MI (2021) The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 700–745. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182" title="The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae." volume="182" year="2021">Otoo et al. 2021</bibRefCitation> +). The centra of +<taxonomicName id="4CF23DEAF98543FF1E4F71E514F895C1" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="2EB3F8C073E5AEA76ABDF844A91853E3" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +are probably the earliest known example of the gastrocentrous arrangement found in early tetrapods. +</paragraph> +<caption id="275B38A96D6B6421F8B20A543C3CDDA1" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure8" ID-arpha="2E0603B7-BC4C-51B6-9576-7DCE6A4772BD" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206276" startId="F8"> +<paragraph id="273924B8288352E4BE12EDD8CB56A024"> +<label id="FCE2696D6ADBE6FA2B2CEC3AE8AB05C1">Figure 8.</label> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="192AF80B53272346CD67730D59EEB434"> +<taxonomicName id="77448D393542569EA7C06AEAD6E80DFF" authority="UMZC" authorityName="UMZC" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kierani"> +<emphasis id="B93DC8A62E22E7A37373023FD1402AA1" italics="true">Ossirarus kierani</emphasis> +UMZC +</taxonomicName> +2016.3. Axial skeleton. +<emphasis id="69BC6121672CB6A6E5A84696B728AD16" bold="true">A.</emphasis> +Specimen photograph; +<emphasis id="00AFE8C283D3F98BD366F90F7923A96A" bold="true">B.</emphasis> +Interpretive drawing of vertebral elements in box; +<emphasis id="4FD9582CE74E45790717080EB82B12DD" bold="true">C – E.</emphasis> +Reconstruction of vertebra; +<emphasis id="BB23F80E7783D113FECA9445A8CF9298" bold="true">C.</emphasis> +Lateral view; +<emphasis id="2056D537BE41ECE7687EA653DE05503A" bold="true">D.</emphasis> +Anterior view; +<emphasis id="64D5BE8AF9558CD8698DDF522A100A56" bold="true">E.</emphasis> +Posterior view. Scale bars: 10 mm ( +<emphasis id="3D7E0BB5B019F68B836B99F7DE0558EE" bold="true">A</emphasis> +); 5 mm ( +<emphasis id="06ADC4992E96EA46C5598B11814CA754" bold="true">B, C</emphasis> +). Abbreviations: see Fig. +<figureCitation id="5B1B6225068E87FA00115E5264D3EBAB" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Postcranial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: a. cen, atlas intercentrum; cen, centrum; d-h. rib, double-headed rib; f. rib, flattened rib; imp. r. cl, impression of right clavicle; int, interclavicle, l. cl, left clavicle; l. cle, left cleithrum; l. h, left humerus; l. rad, left radius; na, neural arch; r. cle, right cleithrum; r. h, right humerus; rib, rib." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206275">7</figureCitation> +. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="CE39B8B5D7AEC512D22CC58605583FEC"> +Parts of up to five neural arches are exposed (Fig. +<figureCitation id="331EADCE3D8407FC64BD09C520EFBE15" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Postcranial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: a. cen, atlas intercentrum; cen, centrum; d-h. rib, double-headed rib; f. rib, flattened rib; imp. r. cl, impression of right clavicle; int, interclavicle, l. cl, left clavicle; l. cle, left cleithrum; l. h, left humerus; l. rad, left radius; na, neural arch; r. cle, right cleithrum; r. h, right humerus; rib, rib." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206275">7</figureCitation> +). They are preserved as bilateral halves, separated along the midline. They are approximately +<quantity id="C0326B678C4FAE73DB90DC9F1D8606B8" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity> +long and the body of the neural arch is well ossified with short transverse processes projecting ventrolaterally from midway between the well-developed-zygapopheses (Fig. +<figureCitation id="02F22EEC985A82ED3801CF2016A4267B" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Axial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing of vertebral elements in box; C – E. Reconstruction of vertebra; C. Lateral view; D. Anterior view; E. Posterior view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A); 5 mm (B, C). Abbreviations: see Fig. 7." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206276">8 C</figureCitation> +). In all cases the neural spine has broken off and have failed to be identified amongst the vertebral fragments. Judging by the position and length of the breaks, the neural spines occupied a posterior position and had a basal length of c. +<quantity id="56EC80C04236215899CB8264907DECC0" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity> +. On the underside of each half of the neural arch is an area of unfinished bone, approximately square-shaped (Fig. +<figureCitation id="187EE0B701C6ADB04BDF8DE82E952931" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Axial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing of vertebral elements in box; C – E. Reconstruction of vertebra; C. Lateral view; D. Anterior view; E. Posterior view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A); 5 mm (B, C). Abbreviations: see Fig. 7." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206276">8 B</figureCitation> +), probably marking the area where the neural arch rested on the notochord. A similar scar is present on the neural arches of +<taxonomicName id="882B2987998F6BE1A4D35DE0B5F7D97A" authorityName="Panchen" authorityYear="1975" class="Amphibia" family="Eoherpetontidae" genus="Eoherpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="7119AED3BDF46643B30A33ABD4FCDF7E" italics="true">Eoherpeton</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, where the neural arch contacted the underlying pleurocentrum ( +<bibRefCitation id="D5FAC4EFF8896ACDECC8FD76FF7F1148" DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01517.x" author="Smithson" firstAuthor="Smithson" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="317-410" refId="B56" refString="Smithson TR (1985) The morphology and relationships of the Carboniferous amphibian Eoherpeton watsoni Panchen. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 317–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01517.x" title="The morphology and relationships of the Carboniferous amphibian Eoherpeton watsoni Panchen." volume="85" year="1985">Smithson 1985</bibRefCitation> +, fig 18). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="50A425DA8FA337D19E6E349C9BD1763C"> +<emphasis id="70E61685883C99B522C8A823D47A783F" bold="true"> +<emphasis id="0B9C131E7510EEE6912E139B1541C7D2" bold="true" italics="true">Ribs</emphasis> +. +</emphasis> +Some partial ribs are preserved (Fig. +<figureCitation id="6D8CC63E1DF7440A98B08287E7D93172" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Postcranial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: a. cen, atlas intercentrum; cen, centrum; d-h. rib, double-headed rib; f. rib, flattened rib; imp. r. cl, impression of right clavicle; int, interclavicle, l. cl, left clavicle; l. cle, left cleithrum; l. h, left humerus; l. rad, left radius; na, neural arch; r. cle, right cleithrum; r. h, right humerus; rib, rib." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206275">7</figureCitation> +). Four at the anterior end on the scatter of post cranial bones are stout, straight rods c. +<quantity id="C2016C86C2BE34E4A93BC6A76C33F244" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity> +long, slightly expanded at their proximal ends but not obviously double-headed. There is no evidence of uncinate processes. Given their position behind the skull and beside the interclavicle, they are most probably cervical ribs. Immediately in front of the right humerus is the proximal end of a double-headed rib (Fig. +<figureCitation id="83A7F61BBF0B20C78BE2242918A97060" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Postcranial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: a. cen, atlas intercentrum; cen, centrum; d-h. rib, double-headed rib; f. rib, flattened rib; imp. r. cl, impression of right clavicle; int, interclavicle, l. cl, left clavicle; l. cle, left cleithrum; l. h, left humerus; l. rad, left radius; na, neural arch; r. cle, right cleithrum; r. h, right humerus; rib, rib." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206275">7</figureCitation> +). The rib head is clearly divided into dorsal tuberculum and ventral capitulum. The capitulum extends proximally beyond the tuberculum indicating the presence of a short transverse process on the corresponding vertebra (Fig. +<figureCitation id="A74D58A1C47A3613810B7B89E7603544" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Axial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing of vertebral elements in box; C – E. Reconstruction of vertebra; C. Lateral view; D. Anterior view; E. Posterior view. Scale bars: 10 mm (A); 5 mm (B, C). Abbreviations: see Fig. 7." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206276">8 C</figureCitation> +). Beside the left humerus is a short piece of rib shaft (Fig. +<figureCitation id="E564B4A252B89111782CE5D780417E0E" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Postcranial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: a. cen, atlas intercentrum; cen, centrum; d-h. rib, double-headed rib; f. rib, flattened rib; imp. r. cl, impression of right clavicle; int, interclavicle, l. cl, left clavicle; l. cle, left cleithrum; l. h, left humerus; l. rad, left radius; na, neural arch; r. cle, right cleithrum; r. h, right humerus; rib, rib." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206275">7</figureCitation> +). It is c. +<quantity id="57E1365945C76965088050BD867451B6" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity> +long and c. +<quantity id="5106DCCB02E2F74961D4FD69BD66408E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity> +wide and the exposed surface is gently convex. It probably formed part of the shaft of a broad, flattened rib, of the type found in the pectoral region of +<taxonomicName id="B94C9C7DA1BEE6E2B55B81FF88AFD79E" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Whatcheeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="5C938DA18DF61129731FCF0EA7273CCF" italics="true">Whatcheeria</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="C020F53F94B79FBEAA73A596EA942432" DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182" author="Otoo" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Otoo" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="700-745" refId="B42" refString="Otoo BKO, Bolt JR, Lombard RE, Angielczyk KD, Coates MI (2021) The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 700–745. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182" title="The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae." volume="182" year="2021">Otoo et al. 2021</bibRefCitation> +, figs 2, 3). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="E7250BA1BB9CE32DFB6CF0DAA48AF863"> +<emphasis id="4B0DD8265426B4424C47169B28E9E7A8" bold="true"> +<emphasis id="B9D1A7AB597BB059AA3505EA02411722" bold="true" italics="true">Appendicular skeleton</emphasis> +. +</emphasis> +The appendicular skeleton is represented by much of the dermal pectoral girdle, the left and right humeri and the left radius (Figs +<figureCitation id="C2E4D7BF5B6402A749B910012D0CA908" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Postcranial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: a. cen, atlas intercentrum; cen, centrum; d-h. rib, double-headed rib; f. rib, flattened rib; imp. r. cl, impression of right clavicle; int, interclavicle, l. cl, left clavicle; l. cle, left cleithrum; l. h, left humerus; l. rad, left radius; na, neural arch; r. cle, right cleithrum; r. h, right humerus; rib, rib." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206275">7</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="A64801A6E09BFDE3EA8C647400482D17" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Pectoral girdle and left forelimb. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 7." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206277">9</figureCitation> +– +<figureCitation id="439A2E3FDA2F730453F94119B161B100" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Left humerus, left radius and ventral scale. A. Specimen photograph of left humerus and radius; B. Interpretive drawing of left humerus and radius; C. Specimen photograph of ventral scale; D. Interpretive drawing of ventral scale; E. Restoration of section through ventral scale. Scale bars: 10 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C – E). Abbreviations: see Fig. 11." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206280">12</figureCitation> +). All the bones are disarticulated and displaced, the interclavicle and cleithra are broken, and most of the left clavicle, the anterior portion of the interclavicle and the entepicondyles of each humerus are missing and represented by faint impressions in the matrix. The interclavicle is preserved in internal (dorsal) view, the right clavicle is preserved in external (ventral) view. +</paragraph> +<caption id="647261594B00A5DD42CA1BF577C43E71" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure9" ID-arpha="1081D156-8C9D-5A43-B092-E5C5A9D2EBF1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206277" startId="F9"> +<paragraph id="D0C03C129E474811BA932D4079D3CA3E"> +<label id="2A7A77B30538BA7D3E94E093A5B4B104">Figure 9.</label> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="1658397CA214754F0138DCE6ED2C9BE2"> +<taxonomicName id="5E9FE877883E6F0C7F620DAC49CAC6D1" authority="UMZC" authorityName="UMZC" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kierani"> +<emphasis id="41AA5D03E6EEF98E585FBC55EC1B53CB" italics="true">Ossirarus kierani</emphasis> +UMZC +</taxonomicName> +2016.3. Pectoral girdle and left forelimb. +<emphasis id="8FA231E67BFFCD9304061AD7CDAB87F7" bold="true">A.</emphasis> +Specimen photograph; +<emphasis id="1B21208BD33DE8EE6DF0DCFB6C318AC2" bold="true">B.</emphasis> +Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. +<figureCitation id="67BEFA79F3960E968DDB95F105675B20" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Postcranial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: a. cen, atlas intercentrum; cen, centrum; d-h. rib, double-headed rib; f. rib, flattened rib; imp. r. cl, impression of right clavicle; int, interclavicle, l. cl, left clavicle; l. cle, left cleithrum; l. h, left humerus; l. rad, left radius; na, neural arch; r. cle, right cleithrum; r. h, right humerus; rib, rib." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206275">7</figureCitation> +. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="46880C91738346C60553B838D8592FC3"> +<emphasis id="5688DCFBCC7CC017E5CEFADD6B5C4227" bold="true"> +<emphasis id="62A0018C3E3B55B8A46C23213490BE01" bold="true" italics="true">Cleithrum</emphasis> +. +</emphasis> +The cleithrum is a long, narrow bone, approximately +<quantity id="A36863DF5980915C9AA50E763E54BC0E" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity> +in length, with an expanded dorsal blade (Fig. +<figureCitation id="87019AE3762092C427C7959A1BF0EA36" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Pectoral girdle. A. Recontruction of right cleithrum, lateral view; B. Outline reconstruction of interclavicle, dorsal view; C. Outline reconstruction of intercalvicle and clavicles, ventral view. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206278">10 A</figureCitation> +). The right cleithrum is preserved in external view and broken into two pieces with the dorsal portion slightly overlying the ventral shaft. The posterior part of the dorsal blade is partially concealed by the left humerus. The left cleithrum is preserved in internal view and broken into three pieces slightly separated from one another. The dorsal blade is also partially concealed by the left humerus. +</paragraph> +<caption id="A5506C67D78B66DF6B68447C5272C233" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure10" ID-arpha="D7F1F052-BDAE-5667-A75B-896E019A24F2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206278" startId="F10"> +<paragraph id="DB3C9C03A7AE63E4115547FB909CBD4F"> +<label id="8D5C0243798FB60AC2F24E66B74525A2">Figure 10.</label> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="5373FD77F5B38E6371E863AABE78F8FE"> +<taxonomicName id="D4C6A899D7EFE47803724DCDF133F576" authority="UMZC" authorityName="UMZC" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kierani"> +<emphasis id="3745FC5D39587367FE4D9943F41D700F" italics="true">Ossirarus kierani</emphasis> +UMZC +</taxonomicName> +2016.3. Pectoral girdle. +<emphasis id="4FDDE3597BE6130DCAD78FE70FD80BE8" bold="true">A.</emphasis> +Recontruction of right cleithrum, lateral view; +<emphasis id="098C79F75E116B52788FFBE98050A217" bold="true">B.</emphasis> +Outline reconstruction of interclavicle, dorsal view; +<emphasis id="AEAAB289240F3F4BA3F6A3036DA0FF24" bold="true">C.</emphasis> +Outline reconstruction of intercalvicle and clavicles, ventral view. Scale bars: 10 mm. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="2DAEA60A0C6EFEEF4DBDACB1F0142C51"> +The cleithrum is divisible into two parts: a long narrow stem making up approximately two thirds of its length and an expanded dorsal blade. The stem is approximately +<quantity id="702D79267194CF9AA602182315F8F528" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity> +wide along most of its length but tapers slightly ventrally. In lateral view, it is gently bowed, with a convex posterior edge and a concave anterior edge. The internal surface carries a shallow central groove that fades out dorsally, where the stem expands to form the dorsal blade. The anterior edge is thin and sharp and may represent part of a post-branchial lamina (see +<bibRefCitation id="5B4A5560E05C20C051EBF32CD3E00D1B" DOI="10.1038/352234a0" author="Coates and Clack" firstAuthor="Coates" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pagination="234-236" refId="B20" refString="Coates MI, Clack JA (1991) Fish-like gills and breathing in the earliest known tetrapod. Nature 352: 234–236. https://doi.org/10.1038/352234a0" title="Fish-like gills and breathing in the earliest known tetrapod." volume="352" year="1991">Coates and Clack 1991</bibRefCitation> +; +<bibRefCitation id="AEB9ED9287157CDD0167A7B76BDE5F14" DOI="10.1017/S0263593300006787" author="Coates" firstAuthor="Coates" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences" pagination="363-421" refId="B19" refString="Coates MI (1996) The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod relationships and patterns of skeletal evolution. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 87: 363–421. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300006787" title="The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod relationships and patterns of skeletal evolution." volume="87" year="1996">Coates 1996</bibRefCitation> +), but the posterior edge is gently rounded. Both diverge dorsally to produce the ventral portion of an expanded dorsal blade. The posterior edge of the blade is sinuous and terminates with a blunt dorsal process. In front of this process the dorsal edge is essentially straight and meets the anterior edge almost at right angles. It has a maximum anteroposterior length of c. +<quantity id="58120D27EF023F897780504A990B1A60" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity> +. The edges of the blade are gently rounded and the external surface of the right cleithrum is ornamented with a number of pits and grooves. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="573907B77A5E27F3A0BF1E5DC8CA524C"> +The cleithrum of +<taxonomicName id="2123119EADA7EF8297CE4E44D7ADA566" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="A9658B4E0B2C07C16BF54E294719929C" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is unlike that of most other early tetrapods in having a longer stem and a smaller and more angular dorsal blade. The cleithrum of the earliest known tetrapods +<taxonomicName id="5CB8BDA52E4BB11DDBEDDBCEDEEB607F" class="Amphibia" family="Acanthostegidae" genus="Acanthostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="BEB6FCD1E8C20BE84F4CB2FCC8C983FE" italics="true">Acanthostega</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="74DA6AC75BD0B242BF3FD9ADB9938CFA" authorityName="Säve-Söderbergh" authorityYear="1932" class="Amphibia" family="Ichthyostegidae" genus="Ichthyostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="A200AFA5CAEA3AFCF724BD07B30EC3C5" italics="true">Ichthyostega</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and some specimens of +<taxonomicName id="8406EBF01CD747880936D90C30313581" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Whatcheeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="FA776F52127507C66D5D0FFAB6E8A023" italics="true">Whatcheeria</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is co-ossified with the scapulocoracoid ( +<bibRefCitation id="05CE80D5FBDCF8DC78FF4A59D7D4A35F" DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182" author="Otoo" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Otoo" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="700-745" refId="B42" refString="Otoo BKO, Bolt JR, Lombard RE, Angielczyk KD, Coates MI (2021) The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 700–745. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182" title="The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae." volume="182" year="2021">Otoo et al. 2021</bibRefCitation> +), but in +<taxonomicName id="D201C249E5009524BC823387DD5DA2C1" authority="(Clack and Finney 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Clack and Finney" baseAuthorityYear="2005" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Pederpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="61B332B65319B0835BEC48C51C9A21B4" italics="true">Pederpes</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="E2982F65A96529F719A790CB531BADD8" DOI="10.1017/S1477201904001506" author="Clack and Finney" firstAuthor="Clack" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pagination="311-346" refId="B12" refString="Clack JA, Finney SM (2005) Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 311–346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477201904001506" title="Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland." volume="2" year="2005">Clack and Finney 2005</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and in +<specimenCount id="522FB7ACE1FB0F67401E6D7E17FA1339" count="1" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount> +of +<taxonomicName id="DB9249AF11406B9EFCA566401D123554" authority="(Otoo et al. 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Otoo" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Whatcheeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="6494E354322264919A19F785B7D36150" italics="true">Whatcheeria</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="AA5D7BFFC8E3F83EE4770E743CC57359" DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182" author="Otoo" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Otoo" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="700-745" refId="B42" refString="Otoo BKO, Bolt JR, Lombard RE, Angielczyk KD, Coates MI (2021) The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 700–745. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182" title="The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae." volume="182" year="2021">Otoo et al. 2021</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +the stem is broad and the dorsal blade more circular with a distinct notch on the posterior edge separating the blade from the stem. In +<taxonomicName id="BB2395B9E17EF9CA9186E3CE38C6F82E" authority="(Warren and Turner 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Warren and Turner" baseAuthorityYear="2004" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Ossinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="BC8916B933D12F5D957A71CB61552810" italics="true">Ossinodus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="AD60FFF172FFF5E3DEAA304A93621130" DOI="10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00353.x" author="Warren and Turner" firstAuthor="Warren" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pagination="151-184" refId="B64" refString="Warren AA, Turner S (2004) The first stem tetrapod from the Early Carboniferous of Gondwana. Palaeontology 47: 151–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00353.x" title="The first stem tetrapod from the Early Carboniferous of Gondwana." volume="47" year="2004">Warren and Turner 2004</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, the cleithrum is robust with distinct blade and stem, and it bears facets for articulation with the scapulocoracoid and clavicle. These facets are not developed on the cleithrum of +<taxonomicName id="BC24668FE03CA68308E0DC94555576AA" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="43ABF1B7C12031B8A26FEF66E1BBC5DB" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. In colosteids like +<taxonomicName id="2C0F0664CE91C121A11BE0E7609EA918" authority="(Godfrey 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Godfrey" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Amphibia" family="Colosteidae" genus="Greererpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="1F93E8D0B05E9BE2CE003398D06016E6" italics="true">Greererpeton</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="C154EDFB2C9FC4AC6C1784C7E9378732" DOI="10.1098/rstb.1989.0002" author="Godfrey" firstAuthor="Godfrey" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B" pagination="75-133" refId="B23" refString="Godfrey S (1989) The postcranial skeletal anatomy of the Carboniferous tetrapod Greererpeton burkemorani. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 323: 75–133. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1989.0002" title="The postcranial skeletal anatomy of the Carboniferous tetrapod Greererpeton burkemorani." volume="323" year="1989">Godfrey 1989</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, and in the baphetid +<taxonomicName id="EF5310A6A91C2D3813D8D3F320857442" authority="(Clack 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Clack" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Amphibia" family="Baphetidae" genus="Eucritta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="18A75547F513751AB2E22F886663700F" italics="true">Eucritta</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="C90AEE25CC5124033C5D476E1554084E" DOI="10.1017/S0263593300000055" author="Clack" firstAuthor="Clack" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences" pagination="75-95" refId="B8" refString="Clack JA (2001) Eucritta melanolimnetes from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland, a stem tetrapod showing a mosaic of characteristics. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 92: 75–95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300000055" title="Eucritta melanolimnetes from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland, a stem tetrapod showing a mosaic of characteristics." volume="92" year="2001">Clack 2001</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, the cleithrum is gently curved and expands dorsally but lacks a distinct blade, while in the anthracosaur +<taxonomicName id="D9EA06D26CF77E28F68A2FF1E8AF821A" authority="(Holmes 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Holmes" baseAuthorityYear="1984" class="Amphibia" family="Proterogyrinidae" genus="Proterogyrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="09EBFB13E0C7F893A0485BE0FC7C4F29" italics="true">Proterogyrinus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="B5B0A15EA5BB1197AD15FE756A290CC3" DOI="10.1098/rstb.1984.0103" author="Holmes" firstAuthor="Holmes" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B" pagination="431-527" refId="B29" refString="Holmes RB (1984) The Carboniferous amphibian Proterogyrinus scheelei Romer, and the early evolution of tetrapods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 306: 431–527. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1984.0103" title="The Carboniferous amphibian Proterogyrinus scheelei Romer, and the early evolution of tetrapods." volume="306" year="1984">Holmes 1984</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, the shaft is broad and straight with some slight widening dorsally. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="BC91D53FDD253A95EFF88E39BE7493AD"> +<emphasis id="1B4238DC3D26D7DA7C19E41972374DC4" bold="true"> +<emphasis id="4026A522F1490A24C88B8F0A49F76196" bold="true" italics="true">Clavicle</emphasis> +. +</emphasis> +The left clavicle is represented by impression of the ventral surface of the clavicular blade in the matrix in front of the right humerus (Fig. +<figureCitation id="D9588B8D3D1711F6A6FE73CDB2209F52" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Postcranial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: a. cen, atlas intercentrum; cen, centrum; d-h. rib, double-headed rib; f. rib, flattened rib; imp. r. cl, impression of right clavicle; int, interclavicle, l. cl, left clavicle; l. cle, left cleithrum; l. h, left humerus; l. rad, left radius; na, neural arch; r. cle, right cleithrum; r. h, right humerus; rib, rib." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206275">7</figureCitation> +) together with a short piece of the clavicular stem. The right clavicle is partially exposed between the right cleithrum and left radius (Fig. +<figureCitation id="6E81E62336372171D96F577BE9117A9F" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Pectoral girdle and left forelimb. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 7." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206277">9</figureCitation> +). Much of the clavicular blade of the right clavicle is concealed beneath the right cleithrum and only the lateral part of the blade is visible. The base of the clavicular stem is preserved, but most of the stem is missing. The right clavicle is exposed in ventral view and the surface is ornamented with a well-developed reticulate pattern of ridges and grooves (Fig. +<figureCitation id="0B0863037BF84B4B557FC711DD50B623" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Pectoral girdle and left forelimb. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 7." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206277">9 A</figureCitation> +) that is also faintly visible in the impression of the left clavicle. This pattern of ornament has been found in a number of early tetrapods, including +<taxonomicName id="A5AFEC422C56D6A6B7322FB459596A26" authority="(Coates 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Coates" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Amphibia" family="Acanthostegidae" genus="Acanthostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="8B12FA91E7FD849D72502EA9AE825C10" italics="true">Acanthostega</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="A369134CCA2D3CC345CB3C60568768B4" DOI="10.1017/S0263593300006787" author="Coates" firstAuthor="Coates" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences" pagination="363-421" refId="B19" refString="Coates MI (1996) The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod relationships and patterns of skeletal evolution. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 87: 363–421. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300006787" title="The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod relationships and patterns of skeletal evolution." volume="87" year="1996">Coates 1996</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, colosteids like +<taxonomicName id="DA7BDF57E2F5CEAEBEF576F360573A1E" authority="(Godfrey 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Godfrey" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Amphibia" family="Colosteidae" genus="Greererpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="C66F570730FA821503231BA74388E24B" italics="true">Greererpeton</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="9C2DAB9F29484D228F778A6FB37051EA" DOI="10.1098/rstb.1989.0002" author="Godfrey" firstAuthor="Godfrey" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B" pagination="75-133" refId="B23" refString="Godfrey S (1989) The postcranial skeletal anatomy of the Carboniferous tetrapod Greererpeton burkemorani. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 323: 75–133. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1989.0002" title="The postcranial skeletal anatomy of the Carboniferous tetrapod Greererpeton burkemorani." volume="323" year="1989">Godfrey 1989</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="5BF47FE76E71147FE84721202D064497" authority="(Smithson and Clack 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Smithson and Clack" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Amphibia" family="Trimerorhachidae" genus="Doragnathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="925E908B0456350C4C4EA72D4AD0D2EB" italics="true">Doragnathus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="87CCEBA2B394FFE06980B8B22CD61792" DOI="10.1016/j.crpv.2013.06.006" author="Smithson and Clack" firstAuthor="Smithson" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pagination="405-417" refId="B58" refString="Smithson TR, Clack JA (2013) Tetrapod appendicular skeletal elements from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland. Comptes Rendus Palevol 12: 405–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2013.06.006" title="Tetrapod appendicular skeletal elements from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland." volume="12" year="2013">Smithson and Clack 2013</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and many temnospondyls ( +<bibRefCitation id="50DE18FE0CC363D9B84A8F693E0E7B42" author="Holmes" editor="Heatwole H & Carroll RL" firstAuthor="Holmes" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton NSW" pagination="1081-1120" refId="B30" refString="Holmes R (2000) Palaeozoic Temnospondyls. In: Heatwole H, Carroll RL (Eds) Amphibian Biology, Volume 4. Palaeontology. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton NSW, 1081–1120." title="Palaeozoic Temnospondyls." volumeTitle="Amphibian Biology, Volume 4." year="2000">Holmes 2000</bibRefCitation> +). The base of the clavicular stem is broad with laminae projecting from both the anterior and posterior edges. Together, these probably formed an open tube along the clavicular stem that received the stem of the cleithrum. Judging by the shape of the anterior portion of the interclavicle and the impression of the left clavicle, the clavicular blade was shaped like a long triangle, similar to those of +<taxonomicName id="989373F515F33F78F5743F5F4F42E3FC" authority="(Smithson and Clack 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Smithson and Clack" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Amphibia" family="Trimerorhachidae" genus="Doragnathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="A66C25FCC5AB1ED6375FC7C2DF6B89DF" italics="true">Doragnathus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="E3992DACDEFCC49BFBED12338ACB921E" DOI="10.1016/j.crpv.2013.06.006" author="Smithson and Clack" firstAuthor="Smithson" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pagination="405-417" refId="B58" refString="Smithson TR, Clack JA (2013) Tetrapod appendicular skeletal elements from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland. Comptes Rendus Palevol 12: 405–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2013.06.006" title="Tetrapod appendicular skeletal elements from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland." volume="12" year="2013">Smithson and Clack 2013</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="C354D1CBA2522F6286B20F7A12105A9E" authority="(Godfrey 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Godfrey" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Amphibia" family="Colosteidae" genus="Greererpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="2A1E33D8D4541496C5FF3E5E86F2F842" italics="true">Greererpeton</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="3F41AB84AEA75AB12D99412ACE9E46F4" DOI="10.1098/rstb.1989.0002" author="Godfrey" firstAuthor="Godfrey" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B" pagination="75-133" refId="B23" refString="Godfrey S (1989) The postcranial skeletal anatomy of the Carboniferous tetrapod Greererpeton burkemorani. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 323: 75–133. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1989.0002" title="The postcranial skeletal anatomy of the Carboniferous tetrapod Greererpeton burkemorani." volume="323" year="1989">Godfrey 1989</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +(Fig. +<figureCitation id="729227FCF118113723AD08327CED5947" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Pectoral girdle. A. Recontruction of right cleithrum, lateral view; B. Outline reconstruction of interclavicle, dorsal view; C. Outline reconstruction of intercalvicle and clavicles, ventral view. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206278">10</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="CE4C30EC2BAB1CD48FD4E3DDC10DDDA1"> +<emphasis id="A9621D60EB8D8B83CEAAC319991C6D7F" bold="true"> +<emphasis id="BF43BAD0ADD2081A0FBFC6698CF5C5EB" bold="true" italics="true">Interclavicle</emphasis> +. +</emphasis> +The interclavicle is preserved in dorsal view (Figs +<figureCitation id="55693AC23BE5DA74B3C73C9C6522039D" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Pectoral girdle and left forelimb. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 7." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206277">9</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="D0B1D75F60186F3BDC1B450AC0AA2003" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Pectoral girdle. A. Recontruction of right cleithrum, lateral view; B. Outline reconstruction of interclavicle, dorsal view; C. Outline reconstruction of intercalvicle and clavicles, ventral view. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206278">10</figureCitation> +). Much of the anterior portion is missing and represented by impression in the surface of the matrix, but most of the posterior portion is preserved. It is broken into a number of pieces which have separated slightly, although part of the left lateral edge is missing. The interclavicle is approximately diamond-shaped, slightly longer than wide and lacks a parasternal process. As reconstructed (Fig. +<figureCitation id="BAC1C35FA3BF3E245349B371DA7E14A7" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Pectoral girdle. A. Recontruction of right cleithrum, lateral view; B. Outline reconstruction of interclavicle, dorsal view; C. Outline reconstruction of intercalvicle and clavicles, ventral view. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206278">10 B</figureCitation> +), it is c. +<quantity id="411669F416DF053ECC07426C87CD71CB" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity> +long and c. +<quantity id="FD863090C397572EFCDB22E0AA466B8F" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity> +wide. Judging by the impression of the anterior portion, the ventral surface is ornamented with a reticulate pattern of ridges and grooves seen on the clavicle. The dorsal surface is smooth but not flat. Its contours are similar to those seen in the interclavicles attributed to +<taxonomicName id="F478780E467C1DC83206F9E422630424" authority="(Smithson and Clack 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Smithson and Clack" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Amphibia" family="Trimerorhachidae" genus="Doragnathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="04B6393C2CD54F7962FBA3CF7797517A" italics="true">Doragnathus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EA945F2E4779811C9A4AE8E6B4BCF591" DOI="10.1016/j.crpv.2013.06.006" author="Smithson and Clack" firstAuthor="Smithson" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pagination="405-417" refId="B58" refString="Smithson TR, Clack JA (2013) Tetrapod appendicular skeletal elements from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland. Comptes Rendus Palevol 12: 405–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2013.06.006" title="Tetrapod appendicular skeletal elements from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland." volume="12" year="2013">Smithson and Clack 2013</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. Extending laterally on either side from the centre of the interclavicle is a broad ridge. In +<taxonomicName id="520B1EEB93169A78A4E7239A1874C519" baseAuthorityName="Smithson and Clack" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Amphibia" family="Trimerorhachidae" genus="Doragnathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="09B0CCEC511E5106FC49ECA0B0658C87" italics="true">Doragnathus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +this ridge corresponds with a groove on the ventral surface that accepts a ridge on the dorsal surface of the clavicular plate. Extending posteriorly from behind the centre of the interclavicle is a short midline ridge. This terminates at the posterior edge of the bone. A similar ridge is present on the interclavicles of +<taxonomicName id="E5946F179F506DD19F77799717A8AA01" baseAuthorityName="Smithson and Clack" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Amphibia" family="Trimerorhachidae" genus="Doragnathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="A45469E23929BF5A22F4A86787438549" italics="true">Doragnathus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +as well as on an interclavicle described from Blue Beach, Nova Scotia ( +<bibRefCitation id="0CD8BB18B1B1277F789709016647C9BE" DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0125446" author="Anderson" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Anderson" refId="B2" refString="Anderson JS, Smithson T, Mansky CF, Meyer T, Clack JA (2015) A diverse tetrapod fauna at the base of ‘ Romer’s Gap’. PLOS ONE 10 (4): e 0125446. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125446" year="2015">Anderson et al. 2015</bibRefCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8EF5932CFE4961D9B5E2678877C2C6A1"> +<emphasis id="951D55B69465B3CD0BCD3BD969B18710" bold="true"> +<emphasis id="BCAEE215EE59DD976AAAE7481BECC69F" bold="true" italics="true">Humerus</emphasis> +. +</emphasis> +Both left and right humeri are preserved (Figs +<figureCitation id="9258C9D35FB5CDF40400B9B2C201A05F" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Postcranial skeleton. A. Specimen photograph; B. Interpretive drawing. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: a. cen, atlas intercentrum; cen, centrum; d-h. rib, double-headed rib; f. rib, flattened rib; imp. r. cl, impression of right clavicle; int, interclavicle, l. cl, left clavicle; l. cle, left cleithrum; l. h, left humerus; l. rad, left radius; na, neural arch; r. cle, right cleithrum; r. h, right humerus; rib, rib." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206275">7</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="E159CB7CD3B92EC3D69F30126D4F8167" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Right humerus. A – E. Specimen photographs; A. Posterior view; B. Posterior view detached from the block; C. Dorsal view detached from the block; D. Ventral view; E. Anterior view; F – I. Restoration of right humerus; F. Posterior view; G. Dorsal view; H. Ventral view; I. Anterior view. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: br. for, brachial foramen; d, deltoid process; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; lat. d, latissimus dorsi; pec, pectoral process; rad, radius; rad. c, radial condyle; v. r, ventral ridge." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206279">11</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="BEF6E65D015FB77190E06BD12AA68ECC" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Left humerus, left radius and ventral scale. A. Specimen photograph of left humerus and radius; B. Interpretive drawing of left humerus and radius; C. Specimen photograph of ventral scale; D. Interpretive drawing of ventral scale; E. Restoration of section through ventral scale. Scale bars: 10 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C – E). Abbreviations: see Fig. 11." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206280">12</figureCitation> +). They are embedded in matrix and visible mainly in ventral view. The left humerus appears to have been flattened slightly, but the right is undistorted. The anterior edge and part of the posterior edge of the right humerus are exposed, and part of the dorsal surface was available for study after the bone was temporarily removed from the block. Much of the entepicondyle is missing in both humeri, but impression of the dorsal surface is preserved on the left. Each humerus is c. +<quantity id="A9B4309C6EB9283FE9BD71B5BB169B31" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity> +long. +</paragraph> +<caption id="4EE9BF6ADFC8C035459EE185B8E784AC" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure11" ID-arpha="F5B2CE98-CC9C-50A2-8AE5-866A51B22E49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206279" startId="F11"> +<paragraph id="47D5621D8EBCB1767106F07E98BEF626"> +<label id="BDF51CEA1DC22F513F04AF876B333111">Figure 11.</label> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="67FA4CBB6F107C11DC1EFF550E876DCC"> +<taxonomicName id="D9AF7075150B9019374E21C37CF1055C" authority="UMZC" authorityName="UMZC" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kierani"> +<emphasis id="40478D17505B89E8324CE1FF61FBB2BF" italics="true">Ossirarus kierani</emphasis> +UMZC +</taxonomicName> +2016.3. Right humerus. +<emphasis id="1283E33FD2FDBC0CA4CDEE0EB223DEA3" bold="true">A – E.</emphasis> +Specimen photographs; +<emphasis id="CE9EFE6820B446B78964AB8DBD57D307" bold="true">A.</emphasis> +Posterior view; +<emphasis id="9A6E7B47A320D2E8966EC8ED31D62AC0" bold="true">B.</emphasis> +Posterior view detached from the block; +<emphasis id="2A05BB066BA75E2203425F92E955AB57" bold="true">C.</emphasis> +Dorsal view detached from the block; +<emphasis id="0C7BC46AA0C820A3D8E43245C9CA7AB5" bold="true">D.</emphasis> +Ventral view; +<emphasis id="175CAEADCAA133542BD1621330924A30" bold="true">E.</emphasis> +Anterior view; +<emphasis id="6806BABBF9D236FC4563367DEDDA34B3" bold="true">F – I.</emphasis> +Restoration of right humerus; +<emphasis id="F06359BACBA9F09FA7A7A4D6170347B1" bold="true">F.</emphasis> +Posterior view; +<emphasis id="42A6A91ECC5D1212EEB7BF4BF624BF16" bold="true">G.</emphasis> +Dorsal view; +<emphasis id="9F49C6B2FCD737D5AF5EF2574AC37478" bold="true">H.</emphasis> +Ventral view; +<emphasis id="4E63016213C685D510B980BE3C101DA9" bold="true">I.</emphasis> +Anterior view. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: br. for, brachial foramen; d, deltoid process; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; lat. d, latissimus dorsi; pec, pectoral process; rad, radius; rad. c, radial condyle; v. r, ventral ridge. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="E446458C20A501BF8C7F727A98DDED98" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure12" ID-arpha="125A8607-DFC5-57E5-89EE-27FBE07583B4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206280" startId="F12"> +<paragraph id="4CB71B8B428C5A7D74288CEEBDE878EA"> +<label id="E40A1E327BB8A950BF1A9088421AF2F8">Figure 12.</label> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="296FB0E06844AE000395D3740C63503E"> +<taxonomicName id="75CF9E63146D8BB6090EE6882AFAEC3B" authority="UMZC" authorityName="UMZC" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kierani"> +<emphasis id="59171BCC8A02EBBF7EC7DDD6897D365B" italics="true">Ossirarus kierani</emphasis> +UMZC +</taxonomicName> +2016.3. Left humerus, left radius and ventral scale. +<emphasis id="33D48E1B0C35CADE861BB68E5A0801B8" bold="true">A.</emphasis> +Specimen photograph of left humerus and radius; +<emphasis id="6B6CDCD5F37972FAE9B0065DE919C96D" bold="true">B.</emphasis> +Interpretive drawing of left humerus and radius; +<emphasis id="6EF47C6BC05DF50FD578B44FCD66BFCB" bold="true">C.</emphasis> +Specimen photograph of ventral scale; +<emphasis id="2B5DD7534EF4503FE89F7DB2817AB944" bold="true">D.</emphasis> +Interpretive drawing of ventral scale; +<emphasis id="6D8F69EEA1D6BFAC6435FEE8C5474D8D" bold="true">E.</emphasis> +Restoration of section through ventral scale. Scale bars: 10 mm ( +<emphasis id="8F19BEA7ACD9BFE9494549F50B3FEEC2" bold="true">A</emphasis> +, +<emphasis id="15493D4561E60169B2EED2B3563F34E9" bold="true">B</emphasis> +); 1 mm ( +<emphasis id="ACD706B3F4C1EBB7EFC9649CA3059CA0" bold="true">C – E</emphasis> +). Abbreviations: see Fig. +<figureCitation id="64D196609D464273E9B19D569F7AC87C" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Right humerus. A – E. Specimen photographs; A. Posterior view; B. Posterior view detached from the block; C. Dorsal view detached from the block; D. Ventral view; E. Anterior view; F – I. Restoration of right humerus; F. Posterior view; G. Dorsal view; H. Ventral view; I. Anterior view. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: br. for, brachial foramen; d, deltoid process; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; lat. d, latissimus dorsi; pec, pectoral process; rad, radius; rad. c, radial condyle; v. r, ventral ridge." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206279">11</figureCitation> +. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="A2635C4A313F0D54388532176BB0B78C" ID-DOI="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure13" ID-arpha="BBC4D774-5D42-51F1-A276-0E81B25C7256" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206281" startId="F13"> +<paragraph id="37307B9367A3AAA82FF2EA51556D2E96"> +<label id="02EE6CE7D0184BE7B0615817ABBC810A">Figure 13.</label> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="2897148AF7AF2E0AD107C7A495B551FA"> +<taxonomicName id="2AD576F0CD17595D557142276EF2BF89" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kierani"> +<emphasis id="6D3B7EE3887BC41A49A46930D554FC89" italics="true">Ossirarus kierani</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Reconstruction of anterior half of skeleton. Scale bar: 10 mm. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="BA660B77CEBF7C15FB15F165BB93A6B2"> +The humerus (Fig. +<figureCitation id="687908B65C8643132AF66AE70723C72C" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Right humerus. A – E. Specimen photographs; A. Posterior view; B. Posterior view detached from the block; C. Dorsal view detached from the block; D. Ventral view; E. Anterior view; F – I. Restoration of right humerus; F. Posterior view; G. Dorsal view; H. Ventral view; I. Anterior view. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: br. for, brachial foramen; d, deltoid process; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; lat. d, latissimus dorsi; pec, pectoral process; rad, radius; rad. c, radial condyle; v. r, ventral ridge." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206279">11</figureCitation> +) has the characteristic L-shape of early tetrapods. The proximal articulation is relatively broad and straight. Judging by the impression of the left entepicondyle this was well developed and square-shaped. The right humerus is twisted midway along the shaft and the angle of torsion is between 20–25 degrees. The insertions of the principal locomotory muscles from the shoulder to the proximal end of the humerus are clearly defined. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="25EA8820D15CE35395892D00D842784E"> +The proximal posterior edge is essentially straight and the pre-entepicondylar ridge is absent. The brachial foramen pierces the posterior edge of the humerus at the base of the entepicondyle, as it does in +<taxonomicName id="860D18C5736E481B99A412A5F37416F4" authority="(Smithson and Clack 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Smithson and Clack" baseAuthorityYear="2018" genus="Mesanerpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="818F619107242E2467C6F06C9AEAE1E8" italics="true">Mesanerpeton</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="E48252F7FEC6988DBB4C3E9F0B4A4B6B" DOI="10.1017/S1755691018000075" author="Smithson and Clack" firstAuthor="Smithson" journalOrPublisher="Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh" pagination="89-97" refId="B59" refString="Smithson TR, Clack JA (2018) A new tetrapod from Romer’s Gap reveals an early adaptation for walking. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 108: 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691018000075" title="A new tetrapod from Romer’s Gap reveals an early adaptation for walking." volume="108" year="2018">Smithson and Clack 2018</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. The entrance of the foramen is not visible in dorsal view but it can be seen in ventral view (Fig. +<figureCitation id="5DE20809D9CECBFA4227FF644CA34BEA" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Right humerus. A – E. Specimen photographs; A. Posterior view; B. Posterior view detached from the block; C. Dorsal view detached from the block; D. Ventral view; E. Anterior view; F – I. Restoration of right humerus; F. Posterior view; G. Dorsal view; H. Ventral view; I. Anterior view. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: br. for, brachial foramen; d, deltoid process; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; lat. d, latissimus dorsi; pec, pectoral process; rad, radius; rad. c, radial condyle; v. r, ventral ridge." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206279">11 A, B, F</figureCitation> +). The exit is through the posterior part of the ventral ridge (see below). It is slightly concealed by this ridge and does not form a distinct opening on the ventral surface of the entepicondyle. The insertion for the coracobrachialis muscle is marked by a furrow on the posterior half of the ventral surface of the humeral head. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="E9C641232C9A488F9CDDD680C9B90EB7"> +The ectepicondyle appears to be quite prominent, but the distal part of it is buried in the matrix. In the right humerus, it is visible in posterior view (Fig. +<figureCitation id="8833F60AEED239C6EC48F6B311ED618E" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Right humerus. A – E. Specimen photographs; A. Posterior view; B. Posterior view detached from the block; C. Dorsal view detached from the block; D. Ventral view; E. Anterior view; F – I. Restoration of right humerus; F. Posterior view; G. Dorsal view; H. Ventral view; I. Anterior view. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: br. for, brachial foramen; d, deltoid process; ect, ectepicondyle; ent, entepicondyle; lat. d, latissimus dorsi; pec, pectoral process; rad, radius; rad. c, radial condyle; v. r, ventral ridge." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206279">11 A – C</figureCitation> +). It starts as a swelling level with the entrance of the brachial foramen and develops into a ridge that projects distally into the matrix. The latissimus dorsi process is borne on a low ridge which extends proximally from near the inception of the ectepicondyle. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="8E73EBA1C315EE8F55E333DE125F2A9D"> +The anterior edge of the right humerus is well preserved. The proximal end is marked by a fine ridge which extends distally from the articulating surface. There is no prepectoral space. The ridge swells to form the deltoid process on the anterodorsal surface and the pectoral process on the anteroventral surface. Beyond the pectoral process, the anterior edge bows dorsally and extends towards the radial condyle as a thin bony lamina, similar to that seen in +<taxonomicName id="518D177596096B1E19C8A7CAF17E0A9E" baseAuthorityName="Coates" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Amphibia" family="Acanthostegidae" genus="Acanthostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="5345E044DF40A121416703C0768AD144" italics="true">Acanthostega</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="7E9949FA2D38B1217226788105454686" DOI="10.1017/S1755691018000075" author="Smithson and Clack" firstAuthor="Smithson" journalOrPublisher="Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh" pagination="89-97" refId="B59" refString="Smithson TR, Clack JA (2018) A new tetrapod from Romer’s Gap reveals an early adaptation for walking. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 108: 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691018000075" title="A new tetrapod from Romer’s Gap reveals an early adaptation for walking." volume="108" year="2018">Smithson and Clack 2018</bibRefCitation> +, fig. 6). There is no distinct origin of the supinator muscle. The radial condyle is a relatively large, unfinished swelling on the anterodistal corner of the humerus, which is clearly visible in ventral and anterior views. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="F0A3A7F6CD136B3554264D9636B8D02F"> +On the ventral surface, a ridge extends posterodistally from the distal edge of the pectoral process onto the entepicondyle. It consists of two parts, anteriorly forming the smooth distal slope of the pectoral process and posteriorly the thickened proximal edge of the entepicondyle, pieced by the brachial foramen. The ridge fades between these two parts, turning distally towards the radial condyle. Presumably, it represents the vestige of the ventral ridge of tetrapodomorph fishes like +<taxonomicName id="B8F99774C376569AE62F253B93DA3AED" authority="(Shubin et al. 2006)" baseAuthorityName="Shubin" baseAuthorityYear="2006" family="Elpistostegidae" genus="Tiktaalik" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="0FC5B247A38E05B56877572FA0FF92D3" italics="true">Tiktaalik</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="57A3E5EB4D37A8BDCFF1A57E5D608D6D" DOI="10.1038/nature04637" author="Shubin" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Shubin" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pagination="764-771" refId="B53" refString="Shubin NH, Daeschler EB, Jenkins FA (2006) The pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb. Nature 440: 764–771. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04637" title="The pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb." volume="440" year="2006">Shubin et al. 2006</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="8ECE0DD220882A83D862350FEF3F3A3A" authorityName="Long" authorityYear="1985" family="Osteolepididae" genus="Gogonasus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="1229B74573D151797803AA41CBFF0E6F" italics="true">Gogonasus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="A1F64619A8BB95EE388F3BBCE206C471" DOI="10.1002/jmor.20078" author="Holland" firstAuthor="Holland" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pagination="147-164" refId="B27" refString="Holland T (2013) Pectoral girdle and fin anatomy of Gogonasus andrewsae Long 1985: implications for tetrapodamorph limb evolution. Journal of Morphology 274: 147–164. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20078" title="Pectoral girdle and fin anatomy of Gogonasus andrewsae Long 1985: implications for tetrapodamorph limb evolution." volume="274" year="2013"> +<collectingCountry id="A39E654EB9D9E85D6E8DBA15631564F4" name="Netherlands">Holland</collectingCountry> +2013 +</bibRefCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="D8A13DDB04F331513E9242FCA32D29FF"> +<emphasis id="085241323FA1334372402ACAA59209F0" bold="true"> +<emphasis id="DC017C84DCA84173674318D29B155756" bold="true" italics="true">Radius</emphasis> +. +</emphasis> +The left radius is preserved beside the left humerus (Fig. +<figureCitation id="BFE43BC01BC5405A67F325FCEB22F539" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Left humerus, left radius and ventral scale. A. Specimen photograph of left humerus and radius; B. Interpretive drawing of left humerus and radius; C. Specimen photograph of ventral scale; D. Interpretive drawing of ventral scale; E. Restoration of section through ventral scale. Scale bars: 10 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C – E). Abbreviations: see Fig. 11." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206280">12 A, B</figureCitation> +). It is embedded in matrix and exposed in dorsomesial view. It is c. +<quantity id="31AC88575A6F62160F22247C2B597FF4" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity> +long and approximately 60 % the length of the left humerus. This compares with a radius – humerus ratio of 62 % in +<taxonomicName id="537FBF0BFCDDE9F6371C7281A893985D" authority="(Clack and Finney 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Clack and Finney" baseAuthorityYear="2005" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Pederpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="6DE178E19023F196E59E98C27CA907DA" italics="true">Pederpes</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="0601F2A6D45C4F041FAB48B773781419" DOI="10.1017/S1477201904001506" author="Clack and Finney" firstAuthor="Clack" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pagination="311-346" refId="B12" refString="Clack JA, Finney SM (2005) Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 311–346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477201904001506" title="Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland." volume="2" year="2005">Clack and Finney 2005</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, between 50 % and 60 % in +<taxonomicName id="A652032F71EABD67025CF145BF26D232" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Whatcheeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="7119ECEA7DAC24B25F45ABD1FDC5312B" italics="true">Whatcheeria</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="B052579DD2D5F1AF8118099B2B93AD00" DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182" author="Otoo" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Otoo" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="700-745" refId="B42" refString="Otoo BKO, Bolt JR, Lombard RE, Angielczyk KD, Coates MI (2021) The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 700–745. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182" title="The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae." volume="182" year="2021">Otoo et al. 2021</bibRefCitation> +, fig. 29 A – C), 46 % in +<taxonomicName id="D767ADF03B103DEB482D1C60B78F6497" baseAuthorityName="Holmes" baseAuthorityYear="1984" class="Amphibia" family="Proterogyrinidae" genus="Proterogyrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="A3C3ED751FABA36CC2C619CA56A377CD" italics="true">Proterogyrinus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="F0F7B7C9D37B7646234221F0BCD2DD30" author="Holmes" editor="Panchen AL" firstAuthor="Holmes" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London" pagination="351-376" refId="B28" refString="Holmes R (1980) Proterogyrinus scheelei and the early evolution of the labyrinthodont pectoral limb. In: Panchen AL (Ed.) The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates. Academic Press, London, 351–376." title="Proterogyrinus scheelei and the early evolution of the labyrinthodont pectoral limb." volumeTitle="The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates." year="1980">Holmes 1980</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="D57AF4096688753118D314EF44DFA9DF" DOI="10.1098/rstb.1984.0103" author="Holmes" firstAuthor="Holmes" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B" pagination="431-527" refId="B29" refString="Holmes RB (1984) The Carboniferous amphibian Proterogyrinus scheelei Romer, and the early evolution of tetrapods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 306: 431–527. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1984.0103" title="The Carboniferous amphibian Proterogyrinus scheelei Romer, and the early evolution of tetrapods." volume="306" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation> +) and 49 % in +<taxonomicName id="C749AEA36ADD9ED9D9EA65BFAE365907" authority="(Milner and Lindsey 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Milner and Lindsey" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Amphibia" family="Baphetidae" genus="Baphetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="09D1D5841F535451AAB8EAF7594EBA53" italics="true">Baphetes</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="BF54695FBFBB1C1DFC8AF1DEE47C61A0" DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02530.x" author="Milner and Lindsey" firstAuthor="Milner" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="211-235" refId="B39" refString="Milner AC, Lindsey W (1998) Postcranial remains of Baphetes and their bearing on the relationships of Baphetidae (= Loxommatidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 122: 211–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02530.x" title="Postcranial remains of Baphetes and their bearing on the relationships of Baphetidae (= Loxommatidae)." volume="122" year="1998">Milner and Lindsey 1998</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. The ratio in +<taxonomicName id="2946B176B9EE992EA64FB78C04463BB5" baseAuthorityName="Coates" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Amphibia" family="Acanthostegidae" genus="Acanthostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="6D91813E905F26CB65D3D5C197FCDC4B" italics="true">Acanthostega</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is c. 53 % ( +<bibRefCitation id="F396CBE8492880170D3730FC0CDD527B" DOI="10.1017/S0263593300006787" author="Coates" firstAuthor="Coates" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences" pagination="363-421" refId="B19" refString="Coates MI (1996) The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod relationships and patterns of skeletal evolution. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 87: 363–421. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300006787" title="The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod relationships and patterns of skeletal evolution." volume="87" year="1996">Coates 1996</bibRefCitation> +, fig. 15) and in +<taxonomicName id="5144DFA30A664E27C2D914014C1EAFFA" baseAuthorityName="Panchen" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Amphibia" family="Crassigyrinidae" genus="Crassigyrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="302030C94C9CB43A663C90E341B9F9E7" italics="true">Crassigyrinus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is 72 % ( +<bibRefCitation id="F97CF93F383A0E35ACBEA25DE656AE71" DOI="10.1098/rstb.1985.0095" author="Panchen" firstAuthor="Panchen" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B" pagination="461-568" refId="B43" refString="Panchen AL (1985) On the amphibian Crassigyrinus scoticus Watson from the Carboniferous of Scotland. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 309: 461–568. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1985.0095" title="On the amphibian Crassigyrinus scoticus Watson from the Carboniferous of Scotland." volume="309" year="1985">Panchen 1985</bibRefCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="9188D8589C5C510F1B9E31800D35DC22"> +The radius is approximately square-shaped in section with each of the sides being of similar dimensions. The faces of the exposed ventral and mesial sides are gently concave, and they meet at a sharp ridge. The ventral surface is further excavated below the proximal articulation to form a short groove. There is no evidence of the ventral radial crest figured by +<bibRefCitation id="E48D322AE8612174BDE78B2DCD079A16" DOI="10.1017/S0263593300006787" author="Coates" firstAuthor="Coates" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences" pagination="363-421" refId="B19" refString="Coates MI (1996) The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod relationships and patterns of skeletal evolution. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 87: 363–421. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300006787" title="The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod relationships and patterns of skeletal evolution." volume="87" year="1996">Coates (1996</bibRefCitation> +, fig 17) on the radius of +<taxonomicName id="E412E97650D2FECBB69A38E705281F58" baseAuthorityName="Coates" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Amphibia" family="Acanthostegidae" genus="Acanthostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="38A57502D44DFB816BEA00D2CF88CA6F" italics="true">Acanthostega</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. The junction between the medial surface and the concealed dorsal surface also forms a ridge. A similar ridge is present in +<taxonomicName id="C28E86D9B5731B4D280EFF47C6DB2263" authority="(Romer 1957)" baseAuthorityName="Romer" baseAuthorityYear="1957" family="Terapontidae" genus="Archeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="DE8BE3C67C27418F5E2F934E2BBE0E96" italics="true">Archeria</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="F7BB50880DC8406BA1558E4ECF19B4FC" author="Romer" firstAuthor="Romer" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to the Museum of Geology, University of Michigan" pagination="103-159" refId="B48" refString="Romer AS (1957) The appendicular skeleton of the Permian embolomerous amphibian Archeria. Contributions to the Museum of Geology, University of Michigan 13: 103–159." title="The appendicular skeleton of the Permian embolomerous amphibian Archeria." volume="13" year="1957">Romer 1957</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="9DC2472CE7A9D91920D3EA6D84E94890" authority="(Milner and Lindsey 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Milner and Lindsey" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Amphibia" family="Baphetidae" genus="Baphetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="52CAD1F0BB585E5E7B902C7C704B5BDE" italics="true">Baphetes</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="78E56D60BC533037777651CC2BFA1216" DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02530.x" author="Milner and Lindsey" firstAuthor="Milner" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="211-235" refId="B39" refString="Milner AC, Lindsey W (1998) Postcranial remains of Baphetes and their bearing on the relationships of Baphetidae (= Loxommatidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 122: 211–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02530.x" title="Postcranial remains of Baphetes and their bearing on the relationships of Baphetidae (= Loxommatidae)." volume="122" year="1998">Milner and Lindsey 1998</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, but it is absent on the radius of +<taxonomicName id="78A18017B18351017575B0E4B166113B" authority="(Panchen 1985)" baseAuthorityName="Panchen" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Amphibia" family="Crassigyrinidae" genus="Crassigyrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="561778CEF49E6FA649C82DB8E04F68FF" italics="true">Crassigyrinus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="8CE5026313F1043B84BD5AD44BEF19E7" DOI="10.1098/rstb.1985.0095" author="Panchen" firstAuthor="Panchen" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B" pagination="461-568" refId="B43" refString="Panchen AL (1985) On the amphibian Crassigyrinus scoticus Watson from the Carboniferous of Scotland. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 309: 461–568. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1985.0095" title="On the amphibian Crassigyrinus scoticus Watson from the Carboniferous of Scotland." volume="309" year="1985">Panchen 1985</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="F1803EF9C6861EBFE05E7F9CC9C7C6D4" authority="(Clack and Finney 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Clack and Finney" baseAuthorityYear="2005" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Pederpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="D831D80987E85ACA28E0CCC1CF272A5A" italics="true">Pederpes</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="7D0DC35A3E1B203082A51797D2392D5D" DOI="10.1017/S1477201904001506" author="Clack and Finney" firstAuthor="Clack" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pagination="311-346" refId="B12" refString="Clack JA, Finney SM (2005) Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 311–346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477201904001506" title="Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland." volume="2" year="2005">Clack and Finney 2005</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="07F8D6C615A385C6D728F24E4F07B730" authority="(Otoo et al. 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Otoo" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Whatcheeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="5435BB8AF3877A3695C6B016AAE79570" italics="true">Whatcheeria</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EC64AFC1FF9BE51BF4F29955FD53AB86" DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182" author="Otoo" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Otoo" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="700-745" refId="B42" refString="Otoo BKO, Bolt JR, Lombard RE, Angielczyk KD, Coates MI (2021) The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 700–745. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182" title="The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae." volume="182" year="2021">Otoo et al. 2021</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. The proximal end of the radius of +<taxonomicName id="EB450E5B6267777167EBDE53461FF198" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="2807ACFE35A6475FE6BB18662AEDCF22" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is gently rounded. The shaft tapers distally to an incompletely ossified or broken distal end. In its overall morphology the radius of +<taxonomicName id="DE4CA363EF3D8E143918DDB0DEF43241" authorityName="Clack, Bennett, Carpenter, Davies, Fraser, Kearsey, Marshall, Millward, Otoo, Reeves, Ross, Ruta, Smithson, Smithson & Walsh" authorityYear="2016" genus="Ossirarus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="84508305A71C96C86182834A2A1330F7" italics="true">Ossirarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is more like those of +<taxonomicName id="3632941DE58DB92BAA500C1A43C17FA5" authority="(Godfrey 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Godfrey" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Amphibia" family="Colosteidae" genus="Greererpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="11B19C44641E3AE8C96563396E23A645" italics="true">Greererpeton</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="41D92E018B494DB211C26594CEC1F570" DOI="10.1098/rstb.1989.0002" author="Godfrey" firstAuthor="Godfrey" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B" pagination="75-133" refId="B23" refString="Godfrey S (1989) The postcranial skeletal anatomy of the Carboniferous tetrapod Greererpeton burkemorani. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 323: 75–133. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1989.0002" title="The postcranial skeletal anatomy of the Carboniferous tetrapod Greererpeton burkemorani." volume="323" year="1989">Godfrey 1989</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="84F09EEC902DDAAEA2E2A86EF3D4D302" baseAuthorityName="Holmes" baseAuthorityYear="1984" class="Amphibia" family="Proterogyrinidae" genus="Proterogyrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="4DF95BB41BB189FFE24A243B563FD49D" italics="true">Proterogyrinus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="CF851C16B6044A27BE76204EF13176E9" author="Holmes" editor="Panchen AL" firstAuthor="Holmes" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London" pagination="351-376" refId="B28" refString="Holmes R (1980) Proterogyrinus scheelei and the early evolution of the labyrinthodont pectoral limb. In: Panchen AL (Ed.) The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates. Academic Press, London, 351–376." title="Proterogyrinus scheelei and the early evolution of the labyrinthodont pectoral limb." volumeTitle="The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates." year="1980">Holmes 1980</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="3FC3D4CBF7AD1B37229104688276FB84" DOI="10.1098/rstb.1984.0103" author="Holmes" firstAuthor="Holmes" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B" pagination="431-527" refId="B29" refString="Holmes RB (1984) The Carboniferous amphibian Proterogyrinus scheelei Romer, and the early evolution of tetrapods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 306: 431–527. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1984.0103" title="The Carboniferous amphibian Proterogyrinus scheelei Romer, and the early evolution of tetrapods." volume="306" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation> +), where the four sides of the shaft have similar proportions, than those of +<taxonomicName id="F57DAF22E3CF996327B0B83D8641BF9E" authority="(Coates 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Coates" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Amphibia" family="Acanthostegidae" genus="Acanthostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="3323918D958E2246615426B13BAE94C1" italics="true">Acanthostega</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="87E83FC3E39B61C0827F39BBAF707FAE" DOI="10.1017/S0263593300006787" author="Coates" firstAuthor="Coates" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences" pagination="363-421" refId="B19" refString="Coates MI (1996) The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod relationships and patterns of skeletal evolution. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 87: 363–421. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300006787" title="The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod relationships and patterns of skeletal evolution." volume="87" year="1996">Coates 1996</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="2491552C0DF234336779CBBD5EEB2FEC" authority="(Milner and Lindsey 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Milner and Lindsey" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Amphibia" family="Baphetidae" genus="Baphetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="1950B98356AF9F4C6568CBEBCA90EA76" italics="true">Baphetes</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="AA167AECE5358F5265B11C1DF7599010" DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02530.x" author="Milner and Lindsey" firstAuthor="Milner" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="211-235" refId="B39" refString="Milner AC, Lindsey W (1998) Postcranial remains of Baphetes and their bearing on the relationships of Baphetidae (= Loxommatidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 122: 211–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02530.x" title="Postcranial remains of Baphetes and their bearing on the relationships of Baphetidae (= Loxommatidae)." volume="122" year="1998">Milner and Lindsey 1998</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="A0098DF827A67868C360621F7524E524" authority="(Warren and Turner 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Warren and Turner" baseAuthorityYear="2004" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Ossinodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="EE650FFEB9050F8056E3ECAF7C3BCE45" italics="true">Ossinodus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="5351C643CE163ACA0D3647BCDAF1C1D0" DOI="10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00353.x" author="Warren and Turner" firstAuthor="Warren" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pagination="151-184" refId="B64" refString="Warren AA, Turner S (2004) The first stem tetrapod from the Early Carboniferous of Gondwana. Palaeontology 47: 151–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00353.x" title="The first stem tetrapod from the Early Carboniferous of Gondwana." volume="47" year="2004">Warren and Turner 2004</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="E9FBCF634753BB00F93620589A5D1D81" authority="(Clack and Finney 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Clack and Finney" baseAuthorityYear="2005" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Pederpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="157332C7035DF32FCF8B6E9F38FA548B" italics="true">Pederpes</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="AD964D18B5E79ECF82C99BA1019E0D81" DOI="10.1017/S1477201904001506" author="Clack and Finney" firstAuthor="Clack" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pagination="311-346" refId="B12" refString="Clack JA, Finney SM (2005) Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 311–346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477201904001506" title="Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland." volume="2" year="2005">Clack and Finney 2005</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="F6D29AA6A0DE4E784D86EAA3726EFB30" authority="(Otoo et al. 2021)" baseAuthorityName="Otoo" baseAuthorityYear="2021" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Whatcheeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="6988046A716934BFF01A78884AA7E09E" italics="true">Whatcheeria</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="EAA10D63D3D00ED28A5D6A8E44DB1823" DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182" author="Otoo" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Otoo" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pagination="700-745" refId="B42" refString="Otoo BKO, Bolt JR, Lombard RE, Angielczyk KD, Coates MI (2021) The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 700–745. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa182" title="The postcranial anatomy of Whatcheeria deltae and its implications for the family Whatcheeriidae." volume="182" year="2021">Otoo et al. 2021</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, where the dorsal (extensor) and ventral (flexor) surfaces are much broader than the anterior (mesial of Milner and Lindsay 1998) and posterior (lateral) surfaces, giving the radius a flattened appearance. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="96EB28C938692457644D9C0AA2EC6269"> +<emphasis id="0AA3718B6D6A692B56B0EFF68A270B1F" bold="true"> +<emphasis id="C615BE90059BD8B41CDEBA582D1FFFD3" bold="true" italics="true">Scales</emphasis> +. +</emphasis> +Most of the fragmentary scales were removed during preparation, but one slightly damaged example is preserved in internal view on the left side of the block near the right humerus. It is approximately semi-circular, with a straight side and a gently curved side (Fig. +<figureCitation id="308F03BAFB9F8474E4E58817CA51E41D" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Left humerus, left radius and ventral scale. A. Specimen photograph of left humerus and radius; B. Interpretive drawing of left humerus and radius; C. Specimen photograph of ventral scale; D. Interpretive drawing of ventral scale; E. Restoration of section through ventral scale. Scale bars: 10 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C – E). Abbreviations: see Fig. 11." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206280">12 C, D</figureCitation> +). It is c. +<quantity id="1E4D7348BA2FE49B5286AF5A503E7319" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity> +long and c. +<quantity id="A71A789712EAEE151959A4ED9F79873A" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity> +wide. The straight edge is thickened into a rounded ridge and the remainder of the scale is very thin apart from a narrow lip around the curved edge. In section the scale is gently curved with a concave internal surface and a convex external surface (Fig. +<figureCitation id="07816E7A37B580BB2EC2E50290F9676A" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Ossirarus kierani UMZC 2016.3. Left humerus, left radius and ventral scale. A. Specimen photograph of left humerus and radius; B. Interpretive drawing of left humerus and radius; C. Specimen photograph of ventral scale; D. Interpretive drawing of ventral scale; E. Restoration of section through ventral scale. Scale bars: 10 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C – E). Abbreviations: see Fig. 11." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.27.e126410.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1206280">12 E</figureCitation> +), a form described by +<bibRefCitation id="D26CA17646F923E286194E70761F87D2" author="Clack and Milner" firstAuthor="Clack" refId="B13" refString="Clack JA, Milner AR (2015) Basal tetrapods. Handbook of Paleoherpetology. Part 3 A 1. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich." year="2015">Clack and Milner (2015</bibRefCitation> +, p. 23) as comma-shaped. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="DBAA4BCF1FDD0A4202DAB3F9C3F1F9E4"> +Ventral scales (gastralia) have been described in various early terapods, including +<taxonomicName id="1AA9DE44F044E26A65C427A355857D55" authority="(Coates 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Coates" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Amphibia" family="Acanthostegidae" genus="Acanthostega" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="668357D15A2B02C64B963CEB13247AC2" italics="true">Acanthostega</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="D4ACF23169BE5E9DB4A761695905AE54" DOI="10.1017/S0263593300006787" author="Coates" firstAuthor="Coates" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences" pagination="363-421" refId="B19" refString="Coates MI (1996) The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod relationships and patterns of skeletal evolution. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 87: 363–421. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300006787" title="The Devonian tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik: postcranial anatomy, basal tetrapod relationships and patterns of skeletal evolution." volume="87" year="1996">Coates 1996</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="7363921E4D256A7FE709D273C7BEE7B8" authority="(Panchen 1985)" baseAuthorityName="Panchen" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Amphibia" family="Crassigyrinidae" genus="Crassigyrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="F7FDD455D51CDADF688F33733DD8C4E7" italics="true">Crassigyrinus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="FA752551FA66996522A8F4526DC3B5B0" DOI="10.1098/rstb.1985.0095" author="Panchen" firstAuthor="Panchen" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B" pagination="461-568" refId="B43" refString="Panchen AL (1985) On the amphibian Crassigyrinus scoticus Watson from the Carboniferous of Scotland. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 309: 461–568. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1985.0095" title="On the amphibian Crassigyrinus scoticus Watson from the Carboniferous of Scotland." volume="309" year="1985">Panchen 1985</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="7249091190DBCE561ECC035E2835835B" authority="(Godfrey 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Godfrey" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Amphibia" family="Colosteidae" genus="Greererpeton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="5CAA44CF338466B1C8502FAB10B21355" italics="true">Greererpeton</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="18C32500AA3971EB038FEDEFEC0E5B18" DOI="10.1098/rstb.1989.0002" author="Godfrey" firstAuthor="Godfrey" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B" pagination="75-133" refId="B23" refString="Godfrey S (1989) The postcranial skeletal anatomy of the Carboniferous tetrapod Greererpeton burkemorani. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 323: 75–133. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1989.0002" title="The postcranial skeletal anatomy of the Carboniferous tetrapod Greererpeton burkemorani." volume="323" year="1989">Godfrey 1989</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +<taxonomicName id="0C5AF4F564968BBF013BBDDB4C0BCB13" authority="(Clack and Finney 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Clack and Finney" baseAuthorityYear="2005" class="Amphibia" family="Whatcheeriidae" genus="Pederpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="7479FDFA08493CD31B52F1830567697F" italics="true">Pederpes</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="3BEC4FFF22077F632BC5EA00167B1B7C" DOI="10.1017/S1477201904001506" author="Clack and Finney" firstAuthor="Clack" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pagination="311-346" refId="B12" refString="Clack JA, Finney SM (2005) Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 311–346. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477201904001506" title="Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the Tournaisian of western Scotland." volume="2" year="2005">Clack and Finney 2005</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="5358FF371E4FA93F734A091A833710A9" authority="(Holmes 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Holmes" baseAuthorityYear="1984" class="Amphibia" family="Proterogyrinidae" genus="Proterogyrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="F70314372EB8C6975B072D00D68CDAB5" italics="true">Proterogyrinus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="294EA9A1D687C3396B5D89AC03F1EFAD" DOI="10.1098/rstb.1984.0103" author="Holmes" firstAuthor="Holmes" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B" pagination="431-527" refId="B29" refString="Holmes RB (1984) The Carboniferous amphibian Proterogyrinus scheelei Romer, and the early evolution of tetrapods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B 306: 431–527. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1984.0103" title="The Carboniferous amphibian Proterogyrinus scheelei Romer, and the early evolution of tetrapods." volume="306" year="1984">Holmes 1984</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. None is triangular-shaped, but each has a rounded ventral ridge along their axis and, apart from the spindle-shaped scales of +<taxonomicName id="DBAF354EDBB91FB3D2356DAD418C0218" baseAuthorityName="Panchen" baseAuthorityYear="1985" class="Amphibia" family="Crassigyrinidae" genus="Crassigyrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="3B708C125725E570EEB6A9DE20B8D11C" italics="true">Crassigyrinus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, each is externally convex. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +</treatment> +</document> \ No newline at end of file