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<mods:title id="711FE21C65B21EBA413BDC9F1C8E4390">A taxonomic review of the genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in Panama: Description of Two New Species, Resurrection of Hemiphractus panamensis (Stejneger, 1917), and Discussion of Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF9356A2FF5CFE2BF1E1" ID-CoL="3KRRX" authority="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii, 2018" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,391,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti" status="sp. nov.">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF9356A2FF5CFE2BF1E1" ID-CoL="3KRRX" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson III" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,391,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9356A2FF5CFE2BF1E1" bold="true" box="[151,391,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Hemiphractus elioti</emphasis>
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(
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF9356ABFF70FEA7F183" box="[158,267,187,211]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1708,1730]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1121,1143]" captionTargetBox-0="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetBox-1="[200,1402,209,1680]" captionTargetBox-2="[383,1207,217,1071]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[185,1409,193,1692]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[352,1235,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Photographs of live specimens of Hemiphractus from Panama. (A) Specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. (B) Specimen of H. panamensis displaying mouth gaping behavior while being handled (E. Baitchman); sex and SVL unknown. (C) Live specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. Specimens of H. panamensis all found at Cerro Brewster, Panama, Panama. (D, E) Adults of H. elioti, from Altos de María, near El Valle de Antón, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); probably males, SVL unknown. (F) Captive adult female of H. elioti with eggs (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); SVL unknown." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the heads and dorsal and ventral views of preserved specimens of Hemiphractus spp. from Panama. (A) Hemiphractus elioti (adult male holotype, SVL = 25.4 mm, head length = 12.0 mm). (B) H. kaylockae (adult female holotype, SVL = 54.2 mm, head length = 24.3 mm). (C) H. panamensis (adult female KU 116353, SVL = 40.4 mm, head length = 20.0 mm). The outline of the subtemporal fossae of the skulls typically are visible (and palpable) in preserved specimens; here they are delineated by dashed lines. Photographs by A. Thompson, courtesy of Zoo Atlanta." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1285050/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1285052/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">FIgS. 2–4</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF9356ABFF70FEA7F183" box="[158,267,187,211]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1708,1730]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1121,1143]" captionTargetBox-0="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetBox-1="[200,1402,209,1680]" captionTargetBox-2="[383,1207,217,1071]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[185,1409,193,1692]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[352,1235,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Photographs of live specimens of Hemiphractus from Panama. (A) Specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. (B) Specimen of H. panamensis displaying mouth gaping behavior while being handled (E. Baitchman); sex and SVL unknown. (C) Live specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. Specimens of H. panamensis all found at Cerro Brewster, Panama, Panama. (D, E) Adults of H. elioti, from Altos de María, near El Valle de Antón, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); probably males, SVL unknown. (F) Captive adult female of H. elioti with eggs (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); SVL unknown." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the heads and dorsal and ventral views of preserved specimens of Hemiphractus spp. from Panama. (A) Hemiphractus elioti (adult male holotype, SVL = 25.4 mm, head length = 12.0 mm). (B) H. kaylockae (adult female holotype, SVL = 54.2 mm, head length = 24.3 mm). (C) H. panamensis (adult female KU 116353, SVL = 40.4 mm, head length = 20.0 mm). The outline of the subtemporal fossae of the skulls typically are visible (and palpable) in preserved specimens; here they are delineated by dashed lines. Photographs by A. Thompson, courtesy of Zoo Atlanta." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285050" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285052" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1285050/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1285052/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Figs. 2–4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF935723FF71FE89F183" box="[278,293,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF935723FF71FE89F183" box="[278,293,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">6</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
@ -137,109 +141,126 @@ Castroviejo-Fisher
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D7234FF9356A2FE74FDE1F3E3" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3A6236A67234FF9356A2FE74FB39F0AF" blockId="4.[151,1438,447,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7234FF9356A2FE74FC09F088" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1848580535" box="[151,933,447,472]" collectionCode="UTACV, SMALL, ADULT, MALE, OBTAINED, AT" country="Panama" location="PANAMa" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" specimenCode="A-64827" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7234FF9356A2FE74FB3DF0AF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1848580535" collectingDate="2005-05-20" collectionCode="UTACV" collectorName="Edgardo Griffith &amp; Heidi Ross" country="Panama" elevation="875" latitude="0.13333334" location="Rio Maria, Altos de Maria" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" specimenCode="A-64827" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Panama" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9356A2FE74FEA7F088" bold="true" box="[151,267,447,472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<typeStatus id="E56688047234FF9356A2FE74FEAAF088" box="[151,262,447,472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF935724FE0BFEC3F088" box="[273,367,448,472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">UTACV</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD7234FF935740FE74FE70F088" box="[373,476,447,472]" collectionCode="A-" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">A-64827</specimenCode>
, A
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF9357CCFE0BFD96F088" box="[505,570,448,472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">SMALL</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF935476FE0BFD11F088" box="[579,701,448,472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">ADULT MALE</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF9354F3FE0BFCECF088" box="[710,832,448,472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">OBTAINED AT</collectionCode>
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367234FF935572FE0BFC09F088" box="[839,933,448,472]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">PANAMá</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
: PROV.
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7234FF9355DBFE0BFB3DF0AF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1848580533" collectingDate="2005-05-20" collectionCode="MARIA, ALTOS, AND, HEIDI, ROSS" country="Panama" latitude="0.13333334" location="PANAMa" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367234FF9355DBFE0BFBE0F088" box="[1006,1100,448,472]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">PANAMá</collectingCountry>
: RíO
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF9352B1FE0BFB67F088" box="[1156,1227,448,472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">MARIA</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF9352E1FE0BFABDF088" box="[1236,1297,448,472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">ALTOS</collectionCode>
DE
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF93530DFE0BFAD3F088" box="[1336,1407,448,472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">MARIA</collectionCode>
,
<geoCoordinate id="5FE950617234FF9353BDFE0BFF1FF0AF" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" precision="925" value="0.13333334">N 0 8</geoCoordinate>
o 38.585’, W 0 80o 04.357’, 875 M, ON
, a small,
<specimenCount id="2CDBFD2F7234FF935476FE0BFD11F088" box="[579,701,448,472]" count="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="male">adult male</specimenCount>
, obtained at
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367234FF935572FE0BFC09F088" box="[839,933,448,472]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Panamá</collectingCountry>
: Prov.
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF9355DBFE0BFBE0F088" box="[1006,1100,448,472]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Panamá</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="3F02607D7234FF935260FE0BFAD3F088" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B07234FF9F56A2FF5CFD07F298:3F02607D7234FF935260FE0BFAD3F088" box="[1109,1407,448,472]" country="Panama" latitude="0.13333334" name="Rio Maria, Altos de Maria" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" stateProvince="Panama">Río Maria, Altos de Maria</location>
, N 0 8o 38.585’, W 0 80o 04.357’,
<quantity id="FD259B437234FF9357D4FE2DFD87F0AF" box="[481,555,486,511]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" unit="m" value="875.0">
<elevation id="B1F0D1957234FF9357D4FE2DFD87F0AF" box="[481,555,486,511]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" unit="m" value="875.0">875 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, on
<collectingDate id="5E27E98E7234FF93546CFE2CFD5DF0AF" box="[601,753,486,511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" value="2005-05-20">
<date id="4E6310667234FF93546CFE2CFD5DF0AF" box="[601,753,486,511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" value="2005-05-20">20 MAY 2005</date>
<date id="4E6310667234FF93546CFE2CFD5DF0AF" box="[601,753,486,511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" value="2005-05-20">20 May 2005</date>
</collectingDate>
, BY EDgARDO GRIFFITh
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF9355D4FE2CFB3DF0AF" box="[993,1169,487,511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">AND HEIDI ROSS</collectionCode>
, by
<collectorName id="972853707234FF93552AFE2CFC76F0AF" box="[799,986,486,511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Edgardo Griffith</collectorName>
and
<collectorName id="972853707234FF935225FE23FB3DF0AF" box="[1040,1169,487,511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Heidi Ross</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A6236A67234FF9356F2FDC1FDE1F3E3" blockId="4.[151,1438,447,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7234FF9356F2FDC1FA30F372" box="[199,1436,522,547]" collectionCode="Females" country="Panama" elevation="700" location="6 mi [9.7 km] NNW El Cope" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" specimenCode="UMMZ 152622, 152623" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cocle" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9356F2FDC1FEEAF373" bold="true" box="[199,326,522,547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<typeStatus id="E56688047234FF9356F2FDC1FEEDF373" box="[199,321,522,547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF935765FDC0FE1FF373" box="[336,435,523,547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">FEMALES</collectionCode>
<specimenCount id="2CDBFD2F7234FF935765FDC0FE1FF373" box="[336,435,523,547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="female">Females</specimenCount>
:
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF93578AFDC0FDBAF372" box="[447,534,523,546]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">UMMZ</collectionCode>
152622, 152623,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF9354DEFDC0FCE5F373" box="[747,841,523,547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF9354DEFDC0FCE5F373" box="[747,841,523,547]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367234FF9354DEFDC0FCE5F373" box="[747,841,523,547]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD7234FF93578AFDC0FDDBF373" box="[447,631,522,547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">UMMZ 152622</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD7234FF9354B3FDC1FD71F373" box="[646,733,522,547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">152623</specimenCode>
,
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367234FF9354DEFDC0FCE5F373" box="[747,841,523,547]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Panama</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF935560FDC0FC37F373" box="[853,923,523,547]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">COCLé</collectingRegion>
: 6 MI [9.7 kM] NNW EL COPé, 600–800 M;
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF9356A2FDE4FF40F317" box="[151,236,559,583]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">AMNH</collectionCode>
A124114,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF93575FFDE4FE64F317" box="[362,456,559,583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF93575FFDE4FE64F317" box="[362,456,559,583]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367234FF93575FFDE4FE64F317" box="[362,456,559,583]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
</collectionCode>
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF935560FDC0FC37F373" box="[853,923,523,547]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Coclé</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF9357E6FDE5FD99F317" box="[467,565,558,583]" country="Panama" name="Chiriqui" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">ChIRIqUI</collectingRegion>
<location id="3F02607D7234FF93559CFDC1FAA8F373" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B07234FF9F56A2FF5CFD07F298:3F02607D7234FF93559CFDC1FAA8F373" box="[937,1284,522,547]" country="Panama" name="6 mi [9.7 km] NNW El Cope" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" stateProvince="Cocle">
<quantity id="FD259B437234FF93559CFDC1FC73F372" box="[937,991,522,547]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.656064" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" unit="mi" value="6.0">6 mi</quantity>
[
<quantity id="FD259B437234FF9355DAFDC0FBEAF373" box="[1007,1094,522,547]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" unit="km" value="9.7">9.7 km</quantity>
] NNW El Copé
</location>
,
<quantity id="FD259B437234FF935326FDC1FA34F372" box="[1299,1432,522,547]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" unit="m" value="700.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="600.0">
<elevation id="B1F0D1957234FF935326FDC1FA34F372" box="[1299,1432,522,547]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" unit="m" value="700.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="600.0">600–800 m</elevation>
</quantity>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7234FF9356A2FDE4FB47F317" box="[151,1259,558,583]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="Panama" elevation="1250" location="continental divide above Quebrada de Arena" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" specimenCode="A124114" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Chiriqui" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF9356A2FDE4FF40F317" box="[151,236,559,583]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">AMNH</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD7234FF9356C1FDE4FEF3F317" box="[244,351,559,583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">A124114</specimenCode>
,
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367234FF93575FFDE4FE64F317" box="[362,456,559,583]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Panama</collectingCountry>
:
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF935475FDE4FC66F317" box="[576,970,559,583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">CONTINENTAL DIVIDE ABOVE QUEBRADA</collectionCode>
DE
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF9355C0FDE4FB92F317" box="[1013,1086,559,583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">ARENA</collectionCode>
, 1200–1300 M.
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF9352C6FDE4FA91F317" box="[1267,1341,559,583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">MALES</collectionCode>
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF9357E6FDE5FD99F317" box="[467,565,558,583]" country="Panama" name="Chiriqui" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Chiriqui</collectingRegion>
:
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF935372FDE4FA30F317" box="[1351,1436,559,583]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">AMNH</collectionCode>
A124113, A124115,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF9357B8FD98FE47F33B" box="[397,491,595,619]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF9357B8FD98FE47F33B" box="[397,491,595,619]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367234FF9357B8FD98FE47F33B" box="[397,491,595,619]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
</collectionCode>
<location id="3F02607D7234FF935475FDE4FB92F317" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B07234FF9F56A2FF5CFD07F298:3F02607D7234FF935475FDE4FB92F317" box="[576,1086,559,583]" country="Panama" name="continental divide above Quebrada de Arena" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" stateProvince="Chiriqui">continental divide above Quebrada de Arena</location>
,
<quantity id="FD259B437234FF93527DFDE4FB4BF317" box="[1096,1255,559,583]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="1300.0" valueMin="1200.0">
<elevation id="B1F0D1957234FF93527DFDE4FB4BF317" box="[1096,1255,559,583]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="1300.0" valueMin="1200.0">1200–1300 m</elevation>
</quantity>
.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7234FF9352C6FDE4FA94F33A" collectionCode="AMNH" country="Panama" elevation="1250" location="continental divide above Quebrada de Arena" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" specimenCode="A124113, A124115" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Chiriqui" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="2CDBFD2F7234FF9352C6FDE4FA91F317" box="[1267,1341,559,583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="male">Males</specimenCount>
:
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF9357CFFD99FDF0F33B" box="[506,604,594,619]" country="Panama" name="Chiriqui" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">ChIRIqUI</collectingRegion>
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF935372FDE4FA30F317" box="[1351,1436,559,583]" collectionName="USA, New York, New York, American Museum of Natural History" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">AMNH</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD7234FF9356A2FD98FEADF33B" box="[151,257,595,619]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">A124113</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD7234FF935727FD99FED7F33B" box="[274,379,594,619]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">A124115</specimenCode>
,
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367234FF9357B8FD98FE47F33B" box="[397,491,595,619]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Panama</collectingCountry>
:
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF935459FD98FBA8F33B" box="[620,1028,595,619]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">CONTINENTAL DIVIDE ABOVE QUEBRADA</collectionCode>
DE
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF93520DFD98FB2DF33B" box="[1080,1153,595,619]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">ARENA</collectionCode>
, 1200–1300 M;
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF935370FD98FA30F33A" box="[1349,1436,595,618]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">UMMZ</collectionCode>
153118,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF9356C9FDBCFEF9F3DF" box="[252,341,631,655]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF9356C9FDBCFEF9F3DF" box="[252,341,631,655]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367234FF9356C9FDBCFEF9F3DF" box="[252,341,631,655]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
</collectionCode>
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF935754FDBCFE0BF3DF" box="[353,423,631,655]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">COCLé</collectingRegion>
: 6 MI [9.7 kM] NNW EL COPé, ON
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF935564FDBCFB93F3DF" box="[849,1087,631,655]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">CONTINENTAL DIVIDE AT</collectionCode>
SAwMILL, 600–800 M,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF93537EFDBCFA30F3DF" box="[1355,1436,631,655]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">USNM</collectionCode>
572599,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637234FF9356CCFD50FEFBF3E3" box="[249,343,667,691]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF9356CCFD50FEFBF3E3" box="[249,343,667,691]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367234FF9356CCFD50FEFBF3E3" box="[249,343,667,691]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
</collectionCode>
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF9357CFFD99FDF0F33B" box="[506,604,594,619]" country="Panama" name="Chiriqui" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Chiriqui</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF935755FD50FE0AF3E3" box="[352,422,667,691]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">COCLé</collectingRegion>
: N OF EL COPé.
<location id="3F02607D7234FF935459FD98FB2DF33B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B07234FF9F56A2FF5CFD07F298:3F02607D7234FF935459FD98FB2DF33B" box="[620,1153,595,619]" country="Panama" name="continental divide above Quebrada de Arena" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" stateProvince="Chiriqui">continental divide above Quebrada de Arena</location>
,
<quantity id="FD259B437234FF9352A5FD98FA98F33A" box="[1168,1332,595,619]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="1300.0" valueMin="1200.0">
<elevation id="B1F0D1957234FF9352A5FD98FA98F33A" box="[1168,1332,595,619]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="1300.0" valueMin="1200.0">1200–1300 m</elevation>
</quantity>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7234FF935370FD98FA90F3DF" collectionCode="UMMZ" country="Panama" elevation="700" location="6 mi [9.7 km] NNW El Cope" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" specimenCode="UMMZ 153118" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cocle" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD7234FF935370FD98FF41F3DF" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">UMMZ 153118</specimenCode>
,
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367234FF9356C9FDBCFEF9F3DF" box="[252,341,631,655]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Panama</collectingCountry>
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF935754FDBCFE0BF3DF" box="[353,423,631,655]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Coclé</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="3F02607D7234FF935780FDBDFCB6F3DF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B07234FF9F56A2FF5CFD07F298:3F02607D7234FF935780FDBDFCB6F3DF" box="[437,794,630,655]" country="Panama" name="6 mi [9.7 km] NNW El Cope" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" stateProvince="Cocle">
<quantity id="FD259B437234FF935780FDBDFE40F3DF" box="[437,492,630,655]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.656064" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" unit="mi" value="6.0">6 mi</quantity>
[
<quantity id="FD259B437234FF9357CAFDBCFDFBF3DF" box="[511,599,630,655]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" unit="km" value="9.7">9.7 km</quantity>
] NNW El Copé
</location>
, on continental divide at sawmill,
<quantity id="FD259B437234FF935280FDBDFA90F3DF" box="[1205,1340,630,655]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" unit="m" value="700.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="600.0">
<elevation id="B1F0D1957234FF935280FDBDFA90F3DF" box="[1205,1340,630,655]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" unit="m" value="700.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="600.0">600–800 m</elevation>
</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7234FF93537EFDBCFDE5F3E3" collectionCode="USNM" country="Panama" location="N of El Cope" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" specimenCode="USNM 572599" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cocle" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD7234FF93537EFDBCFF42F3E3" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">USNM 572599</specimenCode>
,
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367234FF9356CCFD50FEFBF3E3" box="[249,343,667,691]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Panama</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447234FF935755FD50FE0AF3E3" box="[352,422,667,691]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Coclé</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="3F02607D7234FF935785FD50FDE5F3E3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B07234FF9F56A2FF5CFD07F298:3F02607D7234FF935785FD50FDE5F3E3" box="[432,585,667,691]" country="Panama" name="N of El Cope" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" stateProvince="Cocle">N of El Copé</location>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D7234FF9356F2FD75FC99F4D3" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="diagnosis">
@ -248,11 +269,11 @@ SAwMILL, 600–800 M,
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF93577DFD74FD8BF387" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[328,551,703,727]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF93577DFD74FD8BF387" box="[328,551,703,727]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Hemiphractus elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MAY BE DISTINgUIShED FROM ALL SPECIES OF
may be distinguished from all species of
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF9355CDFD74FB3AF387" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1828" box="[1016,1174,703,727]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9355CDFD74FB3AF387" box="[1016,1174,703,727]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Hemiphractus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
EXCEPT
except
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF9352D8FD0BFADFF387" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[1261,1395,703,727]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9352D8FD0BFADFF387" box="[1261,1395,703,727]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. fasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
@ -263,34 +284,34 @@ EXCEPT
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935722FD28FE6FF3AA" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[279,451,739,762]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">H. panamensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
AND
and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935436FD28FD2FF3AA" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[515,643,739,762]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF935436FD28FD2FF3AA" box="[515,643,739,762]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
BY NOT hAVINg A POSTORBITAL INDENTATION.
by not having a postorbital indentation.
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935269FD28FA93F3AB" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[1116,1343,739,763]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF935269FD28FA93F3AB" box="[1116,1343,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Hemiphractus elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MAY BE DISTINgUIShED FROM
may be distinguished from
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF93575AFCC3FE58F24F" box="[367,500,776,799]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF93575AFCC3FE5CF24F" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[367,496,776,799]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">H. scutatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
AN AMAzONIAN SPECIES NOT OCCURRINg IN PANAMA, BY ITS SMALLER SIzE (MAXIMUM SVL IN MALES 52.5 MM VS. 57.4 MM IN
an Amazonian species not occurring in Panama, by its smaller size (maximum SVL in males 52.5 mm vs. 57.4 mm in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF93542AFCE0FD31F212" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[543,669,811,834]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF93542AFCE0FD31F212" box="[543,669,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; FEMALES 64.7 MM VS. 80.5 MM IN
; females 64.7 mm vs. 80.5 mm in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935218FCE0FB01F212" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1069,1197,811,834]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF935218FCE0FB01F212" box="[1069,1197,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; DATA FOR
; data for
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935329FCE0FA30F212" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1308,1436,811,834]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF935329FCE0FA30F212" box="[1308,1436,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
FROM
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B577234FF9356E8FC9BFEC6F237" box="[221,362,847,871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refId="ref10105" refString="Trueb, L. (1974) Systematic relationships of Neotropical horned frogs, genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hylidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 29, 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 11750" type="journal article">TRUEB 1974</bibRefCitation>
), AND BY hAVINg SMALL EXPANDED PADS ON ThE FINgERS AND TOES (ABSENT IN
from
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B577234FF9356E8FC9BFEC6F237" box="[221,362,847,871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" refId="ref10105" refString="Trueb, L. (1974) Systematic relationships of Neotropical horned frogs, genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hylidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 29, 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 11750" type="journal article">Trueb 1974</bibRefCitation>
), and by having small expanded pads on the fingers and toes (absent in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935330FC9BFA27F237" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1285,1419,848,871]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF935330FC9BFA27F237" box="[1285,1419,848,871]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
@ -298,7 +319,7 @@ FROM
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF9356A2FCB8FEDAF2DB" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,374,883,907]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9356A2FCB8FEDAF2DB" box="[151,374,883,907]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Hemiphractus elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DIFFERS FROM
differs from
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF93543DFCB8FD21F2DB" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[520,653,883,907]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF93543DFCB8FD21F2DB" box="[520,653,883,907]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. fasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
@ -307,136 +328,133 @@ DIFFERS FROM
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF9354AFFCB8FC83F2DB" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[666,815,883,907]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">H. kaylockae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
AND
and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF93555DFCB8FBA2F2DA" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[872,1038,883,906]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF93555DFCB8FBA2F2DA" box="[872,1038,883,906]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
BY hAVINg NEOPALATINE ODONTOIDS IN CONTACT wITh VOMERINE TEETh AT ThE CENTER OF ThE PALATAL REgION (NARROwLY SEPARATED IN
by having neopalatine odontoids in contact with vomerine teeth at the center of the palatal region (narrowly separated in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF9352B1FC53FAB6F2FF" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[1156,1306,919,943]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9352B1FC53FAB6F2FF" box="[1156,1306,919,943]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
VS. wIDELY SEPARATED IN BOTh
vs. widely separated in both
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF93576AFC70FDAAF282" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[351,518,955,978]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF93576AFC70FDAAF282" box="[351,518,955,978]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AND
and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF93540BFC70FD69F283" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[574,709,955,979]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF93540BFC70FD69F283" box="[574,709,955,979]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. fasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; CONDITION UNkNOwN IN
; condition unknown in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF9355E1FC70FBFEF282" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[980,1106,955,978]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9355E1FC70FBFEF282" box="[980,1106,955,978]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF935257FC70FB0BF283" box="[1122,1191,954,979]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">FIg. 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF935257FC70FB0BF283" box="[1122,1191,954,979]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935289FC70FA30F283" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[1212,1436,955,979]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF935289FC70FA30F283" box="[1212,1436,955,979]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Hemiphractus elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
FURThER DIFFERS FROM
further differs from
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF9357B3FC2BFD9DF2A7" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[390,561,992,1015]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9357B3FC2BFD9DF2A7" box="[390,561,992,1015]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AND
and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935447FC2BFD51F2A7" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[626,765,991,1015]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF935447FC2BFD51F2A7" box="[626,765,991,1015]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. fasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
BY hAVINg APPROXIMATELY SEVEN VOMERINE ODONTOIDS (VS. APPROXIMATELY TwO; CONDITION UNkNOwN IN
by having approximately seven vomerine odontoids (vs. approximately two; condition unknown in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF93544FFBC8FD54F54A" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[634,760,1027,1050]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF93544FFBC8FD54F54A" box="[634,760,1027,1050]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF93553DFBC8FCE0F54B" box="[776,844,1026,1051]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">FIg. 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF93553DFBC8FCE0F54B" box="[776,844,1026,1051]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935556FBC8FBEFF54B" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[867,1091,1027,1051]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF935556FBC8FBEFF54B" box="[867,1091,1027,1051]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Hemiphractus elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MAY BE DISTINgUIShED FROM
may be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF9353B4FBC8FEABF56F" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9353B4FBC8FEABF56F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
BY hAVINg STRAIghT MARgIN OF ThE LATERAL MARgINS OF ThE PARAOCCIPITAL hORNS (wITh DISTINCT INDENTATION, FORMINg AN ANgULAR MARgIN IN
by having straight margin of the lateral margins of the paraoccipital horns (with distinct indentation, forming an angular margin in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF9357C6FB80FD24F533" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[499,648,1099,1123]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9357C6FB80FD24F533" box="[499,648,1099,1123]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF9354ACFB80FD73F533" box="[665,735,1099,1123]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">FIg. 2</figureCitation>
); SUPRAORBITAL RIDgES ABSENT (EVIDENT, DISTINCT IN
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF9354ACFB80FD73F533" box="[665,735,1099,1123]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
); supraorbital ridges absent (evident, distinct in
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF935339FB80FA30F533" box="[1292,1436,1099,1123]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935339FB80FA34F533" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[1292,1432,1099,1123]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">H. fasciatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
wEAkLY DEVELOPED IN
weakly developed in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF9357BDFBBBFD83F5D7" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[392,559,1136,1159]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9357BDFBBBFD83F5D7" box="[392,559,1136,1159]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF93540AFBA4FD22F5D7" box="[575,654,1135,1159]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">FIgS. 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF93540AFBA4FD22F5D7" box="[575,654,1135,1159]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF9354AEFBA4FD07F5D7" box="[667,683,1135,1159]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">9</figureCitation>
); CANThAL RIDgES USUALLY ABSENT OR INDISTINCT (EVIDENT, DISTINCT IN
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF9354AEFBA4FD07F5D7" box="[667,683,1135,1159]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">9</figureCitation>
); canthal ridges usually absent or indistinct (evident, distinct in
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9353B4FBBBFE1EF5FB" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF9353B4FBBBFF52F5FB" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">H. fasciatus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935724FB58FE03F5FB" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[273,431,1171,1195]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">H. kaylockae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
AND SLIghTLY DEVELOPED IN
and slightly developed in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935530FB58FC1FF5FA" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[773,947,1171,1194]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF935530FB58FC1FF5FA" box="[773,947,1171,1194]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF9355FEFB58FB8EF5FB" box="[971,1058,1171,1195]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">FIgS. 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF9355FEFB58FB8EF5FB" box="[971,1058,1171,1195]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF935203FB58FBEAF5FB" box="[1078,1094,1171,1195]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">9</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF935203FB58FBEAF5FB" box="[1078,1094,1171,1195]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">9</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935251FB58FAE0F5FB" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[1124,1356,1171,1195]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF935251FB58FAE0F5FB" box="[1124,1356,1171,1195]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Hemiphractus elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hAS A SUBTEMPORAL FENESTRA VERY SMALL IN MALES, APPROXIMATELY ONE-hALF OF ORBIT IN FEMALES, whEREAS ThE FENESTRAE ARE APPROXIMATELY ONE-ThIRD DIAMETER OF ThE ORBIT IN BOTh MALES AND FEMALES OF
has a subtemporal fenestra very small in males, approximately one-half of orbit in females, whereas the fenestrae are approximately one-third diameter of the orbit in both males and females of
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF9355D6FB10FBD9F5A3" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[995,1141,1243,1267]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9355D6FB10FBD9F5A3" box="[995,1141,1243,1267]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF9352B1FB10FB64F5A3" box="[1156,1224,1243,1267]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">FIg. 2</figureCitation>
), APPROXIMATELY ½ DIAMETER OF ThE ORBIT OF FEMALES IN
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF9352B1FB10FB64F5A3" box="[1156,1224,1243,1267]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), approximately ½ diameter of the orbit of females in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935422FACBFD31F447" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[535,669,1279,1303]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF935422FACBFD31F447" box="[535,669,1279,1303]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. fasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF93549EFB34FD43F447" box="[683,751,1279,1303]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">FIg. 9</figureCitation>
; MALES UNkNOwN), VERY LARgE, APPROXIMATELY 1.5 TIMES SIzE OF ORBIT, IN FEMALES OF
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF93549EFB34FD43F447" box="[683,751,1279,1303]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
; males unknown), very large, approximately 1.5 times size of orbit, in females of
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935745FAE8FDBAF46A" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[368,534,1315,1338]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF935745FAE8FDBAF46A" box="[368,534,1315,1338]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF935410FAE8FDC6F46B" box="[549,618,1315,1339]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">FIg. 9</figureCitation>
; MALES UNkNOwN); LATERAL MARgINS OF ThE qUADRATOjUgALS EXTEND TO LEVEL OF ThE LATERAL TIPS OF, OR VERY SLIghTLY BEYOND, ThE PARAOCCIPITAL hORNS IN DORSAL VIEw (EXTENDINg FAR BEYOND ThE LATERAL TIPS OF ThE PARAOCCIPITAL hORNS IN
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF935410FAE8FDC6F46B" box="[549,618,1315,1339]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
; males unknown); lateral margins of the quadratojugals extend to level of the lateral tips of, or very slightly beyond, the paraoccipital horns in dorsal view (extending far beyond the lateral tips of the paraoccipital horns in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257234FF935432FAA0FD02F4D2" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[519,686,1387,1410]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF935432FAA0FD02F4D2" box="[519,686,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF935489FAA0FCA7F4D3" box="[700,779,1387,1411]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">FIgS. 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF935489FAA0FCA7F4D3" box="[700,779,1387,1411]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF935522FAA0FC8BF4D3" box="[791,807,1387,1411]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">9</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237234FF935522FAA0FC8BF4D3" box="[791,807,1387,1411]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D7234FF9F56F2FA45FF5DF010" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="503" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="description">
<paragraph id="3A6236A67234FF9356F2FA45FA30F6BA" blockId="4.[151,1438,447,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<paragraph id="3A6236A67234FF9256F2FA45FA26F3D5" blockId="4.[151,1438,447,2026]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="500" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47234FF9356F2FA45FDBEF4F7" bold="true" box="[199,530,1422,1447]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499">
Description of the
<typeStatus id="E56688047234FF935791FA45FDA1F4F7" box="[420,525,1422,1447]" pageId="4" pageNumber="499" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
SMALL, ADULT MALE, SNOUT–VENT LENgTh (SVL) 40.5 MM (NOT INCLUDINg PROBOSCIS); TIBIA LENgTh 22.3 MM (NOT INCLUDINg CALCAR); FOOT LENgTh 19.6 MM; hEAD LENgTh 20.3 MM (NOT INCLUDINg PROBOSCIS); hEAD wIDTh 20.2 MM; SNOUT–PARAOCCIPITAL PROCESS LENgTh 20.2 MM; TYMPANUM OVOID, 5.4 MM hIgh X 3.8 MM wIDE; EYE DIAMETER 5.5 MM; INTERORBITAL DISTANCE 6.9 MM; EYE–TYMPANUM DISTANCE 3.1 MM; BODY MODERATE; hEAD LARgE, wIDER ThAN BODY, gREATEST wIDTh AT LEVEL OF PARS ARTICULARIS, BEARINg PROMINENT PARAOCCIPITAL PROCESSES; PARAOCCIPITAL PROCESSES PROjECTINg POSTEROLATERALLY IN DORSAL VIEw, EXTENDINg POSTERIOR TO LEVEL OF PARS ARTICULARIS; SkIN CO-OSSIFIED OVER DORSAL SURFACE OF SkULL; OCCIPITAL AND PARAOCCIPITAL RIDgES PRESENT, wEAkLY DEVELOPED; SUPRAORBITAL, zYgOMATIC RIDgES ABSENT; PREORBITAL, CANThAL RIDgES BARELY EVIDENT, LESS PROMINENT ThAN OCCIPITAL AND PARAOCCIPITAL RIDgES; CANThUS ROSTRALIS INDISTINCT; LOREAL REgION FLAT; PROBOSCIS ShORT, FLEShY, POINTED, TRIANgULAR IN CROSS SECTION; SNOUT ANgLINg POSTERIORLY AT LESS ThAN 45o FROM hORIzONTAL; NOSTRILS OVOID, SLIghTLY PROTUBERANT, PROjECTINg DORSALLY, SLIghTLY LATERALLY; LIPS NOT FLARED. TOP OF hEAD RELATIVELY FLAT; INTERORBITAL REgION 34 % hEAD wIDTh; EYE DIAMETER 27 % hEAD wIDTh; TYMPANUM VERTICALLY OVOID, ORIENTED POSTERIORLY AND SLIghTLY LATERALLY, VISIBLE BELOw PARAOCCIPITAL PROCESSES IN DORSAL VIEw, gREATEST DIAMETER 1.5 TIMES EYE DIAMETER; wIDTh OF TYMPANUM 1.2 TIMES EYE–TYMPANUM DISTANCE; UPPER EYELID BEARINg SINgLE ENLARgED POINTED PROjECTION AND SCATTERED SMALLER TUBERCLES; INTERORBITAL, POSTORBITAL TUBERCLES ABSENT; SkIN OVER POSTERIOR SURFACE OF PARS ARTICULARIS BEARINg ONE SMALL, FLEShY TUBERCLE. TONgUE LARgE, OVOID; VOCAL SLITS ABSENT; MANDIBLE BEARINg SERRATIONS ALONg ENTIRE LENgTh OF LOwER jAw, wITh TwO PROMINENT, TUSk- LIkE ODONTOIDS PROjECTINg FROM MENTOMECkELIAN BONES. AXILLARY MEMBRANE ABSENT; ThORACIC FOLD ABSENT; DERMAL
Small, adult male, snout–vent length (SVL) 40.5 mm (not including proboscis); tibia length 22.3 mm (not including calcar); foot length 19.6 mm; head length 20.3 mm (not including proboscis); head width 20.2 mm; snout–paraoccipital process length 20.2 mm; tympanum ovoid, 5.4 mm high x 3.8 mm wide; eye diameter 5.5 mm; interorbital distance 6.9 mm; eye–tympanum distance 3.1 mm; body moderate; head large, wider than body, greatest width at level of pars articularis, bearing prominent paraoccipital processes; paraoccipital processes projecting posterolaterally in dorsal view, extending posterior to level of pars articularis; skin co-ossified over dorsal surface of skull; occipital and paraoccipital ridges present, weakly developed; supraorbital, zygomatic ridges absent; preorbital, canthal ridges barely evident, less prominent than occipital and paraoccipital ridges; canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region flat; proboscis short, fleshy, pointed, triangular in cross section; snout angling posteriorly at less than 45o from horizontal; nostrils ovoid, slightly protuberant, projecting dorsally, slightly laterally; lips not flared. Top of head relatively flat; interorbital region 34 % head width; eye diameter 27 % head width; tympanum vertically ovoid, oriented posteriorly and slightly laterally, visible below paraoccipital processes in dorsal view, greatest diameter 1.5 times eye diameter; width of tympanum 1.2 times eye–tympanum distance; upper eyelid bearing single enlarged pointed projection and scattered smaller tubercles; interorbital, postorbital tubercles absent; skin over posterior surface of pars articularis bearing one small, fleshy tubercle. Tongue large, ovoid; vocal slits absent; mandible bearing serrations along entire length of lower jaw, with two prominent, tusk-like odontoids projecting from mentomeckelian bones. Axillary membrane absent; thoracic fold absent; dermal folds on wrists absent; fingers long, slender, bearing enlarged distal pads; finger pads 2.6 times diameter outer metacarpal tubercle low, tripartite, diffuse; inner metacarpal tubercle ovoid, raised; relative lengths of fingers: III&gt; IV&gt; II&gt; I; lateral flanges absent on fingers; forearm with scattered tubercles, low, round, bearing weakly developed lateral fringe; webbing on hands absent. Heels of adpressed hind limbs overlap; tibiotarsal articulation extending to snout when hindlimb extended; tarsal fold present, weakly developed; tibia length 55 % SVL; foot length 48 % SVL; outer metatarsal tubercle weakly developed, diffuse; inner metatarsal tubercle present, raised, ovoid; toes II–IV with prominent, lateral fringe; fringe of Toe V extending onto outer surface of base of tarsus; dorsal surface of hind limb relatively smooth, bearing irregular sets of tubercles concentrated on three transverse bands of dark-brown coloration on shank; calcar present, small; relative lengths of toes: IV&gt; V&gt; III&gt; II&gt; I; toe pads
<date id="4E6310667235FF9256E1FE17FF56F0A4" box="[212,250,476,500]" pageId="5" pageNumber="500">2 x</date>
width of penultimate phalanges of digits; webbing basal. Cloacal opening directed posteroventrally at midlevel of thigh. Dorsum and flanks smooth; ventral surfaces and throat and chin irregularly granular; sacral diapophyses projecting laterally beyond transverse processes of all vertebrae; lateral termini of transverse processes of presacral vertebrae VI–VIII not co-ossified with skin (nearly to level of sacral diapophyses) and visible externally; six neural spines projecting dorsally, co-ossified with skin, visible externally. Pupil horizontal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A6236A67235FF9256A2FF53FA26F3D5" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="500">
FOLDS ON wRISTS ABSENT; FINgERS LONg, SLENDER, BEARINg ENLARgED DISTAL PADS; FINgER PADS 2.6 TIMES DIAMETER OUTER METACARPAL TUBERCLE LOw, TRIPARTITE, DIFFUSE; INNER METACARPAL TUBERCLE OVOID, RAISED; RELATIVE LENgThS OF FINgERS: III&gt; IV&gt; II&gt; I; LATERAL FLANgES ABSENT ON FINgERS; FOREARM wITh SCATTERED TUBERCLES, LOw, ROUND, BEARINg wEAkLY DEVELOPED LATERAL FRINgE; wEBBINg ON hANDS ABSENT. HEELS OF ADPRESSED hIND LIMBS OVERLAP; TIBIOTARSAL ARTICULATION EXTENDINg TO SNOUT whEN hINDLIMB EXTENDED; TARSAL FOLD PRESENT, wEAkLY DEVELOPED; TIBIA LENgTh 55 % SVL; FOOT LENgTh 48 % SVL; OUTER METATARSAL TUBERCLE wEAkLY DEVELOPED, DIFFUSE; INNER METATARSAL TUBERCLE PRESENT, RAISED, OVOID; TOES II–IV wITh PROMINENT, LATERAL FRINgE; FRINgE OF TOE V EXTENDINg ONTO OUTER SURFACE OF BASE OF TARSUS; DORSAL SURFACE OF hIND LIMB RELATIVELY SMOOTh, BEARINg IRREgULAR SETS OF TUBERCLES CONCENTRATED ON ThREE TRANSVERSE BANDS OF DARk-BROwN COLORATION ON ShANk; CALCAR PRESENT, SMALL; RELATIVE LENgThS OF TOES: IV&gt; V&gt; III&gt; II&gt; I; TOE PADS
<date id="4E6310667235FF9256E1FE17FF56F0A4" box="[212,250,476,500]" pageId="5" pageNumber="500">2 X</date>
wIDTh OF PENULTIMATE PhALANgES OF DIgITS; wEBBINg BASAL. CLOACAL OPENINg DIRECTED POSTEROVENTRALLY AT MIDLEVEL OF ThIgh. DORSUM AND FLANkS SMOOTh; VENTRAL SURFACES AND ThROAT AND ChIN IRREgULARLY gRANULAR; SACRAL DIAPOPhYSES PROjECTINg LATERALLY BEYOND TRANSVERSE PROCESSES OF ALL VERTEBRAE; LATERAL TERMINI OF TRANSVERSE PROCESSES OF PRESACRAL VERTEBRAE VI–VIII NOT CO-OSSIFIED wITh SkIN (NEARLY TO LEVEL OF SACRAL DIAPOPhYSES) AND VISIBLE EXTERNALLY; SIX NEURAL SPINES PROjECTINg DORSALLY, CO-OSSIFIED wITh SkIN, VISIBLE EXTERNALLY. PUPIL hORIzONTAL.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6EA2662E7235FF9256A2F99AFA8AF7D6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="500" startId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" targetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" targetPageId="5">
<caption id="6EA2662E7235FF9256A2F99AFA8AF7D6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="500" startId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" targetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="3A6236A67235FF9256A2F99AFA8AF7D6" blockId="5.[151,1437,1617,1670]" pageId="5" pageNumber="500">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47235FF9256A2F99AFEBEF736" bold="true" box="[151,274,1617,1639]" pageId="5" pageNumber="500">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of
@ -453,11 +471,11 @@ High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="3A6236A67235FF9256F2F978FCFCF6BB" blockId="5.[151,1437,1714,2027]" pageId="5" pageNumber="500">
IN ALCOhOL, DORSUM BEIgE wITh MINUTE BLACk PUNCTATIONS (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237235FF925551F978FC01F79B" box="[868,941,1715,1739]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1121,1143]" captionTargetBox="[383,1207,217,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[352,1235,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the heads and dorsal and ventral views of preserved specimens of Hemiphractus spp. from Panama. (A) Hemiphractus elioti (adult male holotype, SVL = 25.4 mm, head length = 12.0 mm). (B) H. kaylockae (adult female holotype, SVL = 54.2 mm, head length = 24.3 mm). (C) H. panamensis (adult female KU 116353, SVL = 40.4 mm, head length = 20.0 mm). The outline of the subtemporal fossae of the skulls typically are visible (and palpable) in preserved specimens; here they are delineated by dashed lines. Photographs by A. Thompson, courtesy of Zoo Atlanta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285052/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="500">FIg. 4</figureCitation>
). ThIgh AND ShANk BEARINg ThREE INDISTINCT TRANSVERSE BANDS OF IRREgULAR, BROwN MOTTLINg ON DORSAL SURFACES, CORRESPONDINg wITh ThREE BANDS OF TUBERCLES ON ShANk ONLY; ULTIMATE AND PENULTIMATE PhALANgES OF TOES IV–V DARk BROwN; FOREARM BEARINg BROAD, BROwN, TRANSVERSE BAND ON DORSAL SURFACE; DORSAL SURFACE OF MANUS MORE PALE ThAN FOREARM, ULTIMATE AND PENULTIMATE PhALANgES OF FINgERS V–IV DARk BROwN. UPPER AND LOwER LIPS wITh NARROw, TRANSVERSE, DARk BROwN BANDS, NOT EXTENDINg ONTO PROXIMAL SURFACES. FLANkS BEIgE wITh DIFFUSE BROwN PUNCTATIONS; VENTER BEIgE wITh SCATTERED DIFFUSE, FINE BROwN MARkINgS; ThROAT BEIgE wITh FINE BROwN MOTTLINg. VENTRAL SURFACE OF FOREARM BEIgE wITh FINE, BROwN MOTTLINg; VENTRAL SURFACE OF hAND BEIgE. VENTRAL SURFACES OF hIND LIMB AND FOOT BEIgE wITh FINE, PALE BROwN MOTTLINg; TOES I AND II ARE UNIFORMLY BEIgE, TOES III–V UNIFORMLY BROwN.
In alcohol, dorsum beige with minute black punctations (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237235FF925551F978FC01F79B" box="[868,941,1715,1739]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1121,1143]" captionTargetBox="[383,1207,217,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[352,1235,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the heads and dorsal and ventral views of preserved specimens of Hemiphractus spp. from Panama. (A) Hemiphractus elioti (adult male holotype, SVL = 25.4 mm, head length = 12.0 mm). (B) H. kaylockae (adult female holotype, SVL = 54.2 mm, head length = 24.3 mm). (C) H. panamensis (adult female KU 116353, SVL = 40.4 mm, head length = 20.0 mm). The outline of the subtemporal fossae of the skulls typically are visible (and palpable) in preserved specimens; here they are delineated by dashed lines. Photographs by A. Thompson, courtesy of Zoo Atlanta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285052/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="500">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Thigh and shank bearing three indistinct transverse bands of irregular, brown mottling on dorsal surfaces, corresponding with three bands of tubercles on shank only; ultimate and penultimate phalanges of toes IV–V dark brown; forearm bearing broad, brown, transverse band on dorsal surface; dorsal surface of manus more pale than forearm, ultimate and penultimate phalanges of fingers V–IV dark brown. Upper and lower lips with narrow, transverse, dark brown bands, not extending onto proximal surfaces. Flanks beige with diffuse brown punctations; venter beige with scattered diffuse, fine brown markings; throat beige with fine brown mottling. Ventral surface of forearm beige with fine, brown mottling; ventral surface of hand beige. Ventral surfaces of hind limb and foot beige with fine, pale brown mottling; toes I and II are uniformly beige, toes III–V uniformly brown.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6EA2662E7236FF9156A2F967FE20F62A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285050/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" startId="6.[151,250,1708,1730]" targetBox="[200,1402,209,1680]" targetPageId="6">
<caption id="6EA2662E7236FF9156A2F967FE20F62A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285050/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="501" startId="6.[151,250,1708,1730]" targetBox="[200,1402,209,1680]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="3A6236A67236FF9156A2F967FE20F62A" blockId="6.[151,1436,1708,1914]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47236FF9156A2F967FEBFF791" bold="true" box="[151,275,1708,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="501">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Photographs of live specimens of
@ -499,7 +517,7 @@ Adults of
with eggs (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); SVL unknown.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6EA2662E7237FF9056A2FBAAFF45F441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285052/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="502" startId="7.[151,250,1121,1143]" targetBox="[383,1207,217,1071]" targetPageId="7">
<caption id="6EA2662E7237FF9056A2FBAAFF45F441" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285052/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="502" startId="7.[151,250,1121,1143]" targetBox="[383,1207,217,1071]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="3A6236A67237FF9056A2FBAAFF45F441" blockId="7.[151,1436,1121,1297]" pageId="7" pageNumber="502">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47237FF9056A2FBAAFEB5F526" bold="true" box="[151,281,1121,1143]" pageId="7" pageNumber="502">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the heads and dorsal and ventral views of preserved specimens of
@ -523,82 +541,82 @@ spp. from Panama. (A)
</caption>
<paragraph id="3A6236A67237FF9F56F2FAF3FF5DF010" blockId="7.[151,1436,1336,2009]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,968]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="503" pageId="7" pageNumber="502">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47237FF9056F2FAF3FE90F401" bold="true" box="[199,316,1336,1361]" pageId="7" pageNumber="502">Variation.</emphasis>
CONSISTENT SEXUAL DIMORPhISM IN COLORATION OR SkIN TEXTURE wAS NOT EVIDENT. GRANULATION OF ThE ThROAT IN
Consistent sexual dimorphism in coloration or skin texture was not evident. Granulation of the throat in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257237FF905736FA97FE4BF424" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[259,487,1372,1396]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47237FF905736FA97FE4BF424" box="[259,487,1372,1396]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="502">Hemiphractus elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
IS VARIABLE AMONg SPECIMENS EXAMINED, VARYINg FROM SMOOThLY gRANULAR wITh NO TUBERCULATION (E.g., USNM 153118, 297543, 572600, 572601) TO SMOOThLY gRANULAR wITh DISCRETE TUBERCLES PRESENT (E.g., AMNH 107955, 124113, 124115, UMMZ 167358, 297542, 572599). TEXTURE OF ThE VENTER RANgES FROM SMOOTh (E.g., UMMZ 152622,152623) TO UNIFORMLY gRANULAR (E.g., UMMZ 297543); SOME SPECIMENS (E.g., AMNH 107955, 124113, 124114, UMMZ 153118, USNM 297541, 297542, 572599) wITh gRANULAR VENTERS ALSO hAD VARIABLE NUMBERS OF DISCRETE TUBERCLES PRESENT. ThROAT COLORATION IS hIghLY VARIABLE, INCLUDINg SPECIMENS wITh UNIFORM TAN (E.g., AMNH 107955, USNM 297542, 297543) TO UNIFORM DARk BROwN (E.g., AMNH 124113–15, UMMZ 152622, 152623, USNM 572599); EIThER PATTERN MAY INCLUDE A FAINT TO PROMINENT PALE-COLORED STRIPE EXTENDINg FROM ThE SYMPhYSIS OF ThE LOwER jAw ONTO ThE PECTORAL REgION, A SPECkLED PATTERN OF whITE AND BROwN (E.g., USNM 572600), OR A gENERALLY whITE gROUND COLORATION, wITh DISTINCT MARgINAL gRAY MARBLINg (E.g., USNM 572601). VENTRAL COLORATION IN MOST SPECIMENS TYPICALLY IS A CONTINUATION OF ThE gULAR COLORATION OF DARk BROwN OR TAN EXTENDINg TO APPROXIMATELY MID-ABDOMEN whERE IT ABRUPTLY ChANgES TO A TAN COLORATION (E.g., AMNH 107955, 124113–15, UMMZ 153118, 152622, 152623, USNM 572599). VENTRAL COLORATION OF SOME SPECIMENS (E.g., USNM 297541–43) IS UNIFORMLY PALE TAN, OR whITE (E.g., UMMZ 167358, 572600, USNM 572601); ONE SPECIMEN (USNM 572600) IS UNIqUE IN hAVINg A SPECkLED VENTRAL PATTERN OF BROwN AND whITE. ThE DORSUM IS UNIFORMLY SMOOThLY gRANULAR IN ALL SPECIMENS AND OVERALL A UNIFORM ShADE OF BROwN. MOST SPECIMENS ShOw A SINgLE DARk BAND ON ThE FOREARM (ABSENT OR BARELY DISCERNIBLE IN AMNH 107955, UMMZ 152623, USNM 297542, 297543, 572599, 572600); TwO OR ThREE DARk TRANSVERSE BANDS ON ThE FEMORAL AND TIBIAL REgIONS (ABSENT OR BARELY DISCERNIBLE ON AMNH 10795, UMMZ 152623, 297541–43, 572599–601), AND A DARk BAND OR ChEVRON PRESENT ON ThE SACRAL REgION (E.g., AMNH 124113–15, UMMZ 152623); IN ADDITION, SPECIMEN AMNH 124113 hAS A DARk IRREgULAR VERTEBRAL STRIPE EXTENDINg FROM ThE SACRAL BAND TO ThE OCCIPUT. ThE POSTERIOR SURFACE OF ThE ThIgh OF USNM 572599 BEARS A PATTERN OF TAN SPOTS OVER A BROwN BACkgROUND COLORATION, AND UMMZ 152623 hAS A DISTINCT whITE STRIPE ALONg ThIS SURFACE.
is variable among specimens examined, varying from smoothly granular with no tuberculation (e.g., USNM 153118, 297543, 572600, 572601) to smoothly granular with discrete tubercles present (e.g., AMNH 107955, 124113, 124115, UMMZ 167358, 297542, 572599). Texture of the venter ranges from smooth (e.g., UMMZ 152622,152623) to uniformly granular (e.g., UMMZ 297543); some specimens (e.g., AMNH 107955, 124113, 124114, UMMZ 153118, USNM 297541, 297542, 572599) with granular venters also had variable numbers of discrete tubercles present. Throat coloration is highly variable, including specimens with uniform tan (e.g., AMNH 107955, USNM 297542, 297543) to uniform dark brown (e.g., AMNH 124113–15, UMMZ 152622, 152623, USNM 572599); either pattern may include a faint to prominent pale-colored stripe extending from the symphysis of the lower jaw onto the pectoral region, a speckled pattern of white and brown (e.g., USNM 572600), or a generally white ground coloration, with distinct marginal gray marbling (e.g., USNM 572601). Ventral coloration in most specimens typically is a continuation of the gular coloration of dark brown or tan extending to approximately mid-abdomen where it abruptly changes to a tan coloration (e.g., AMNH 107955, 124113–15, UMMZ 153118, 152622, 152623, USNM 572599). Ventral coloration of some specimens (e.g., USNM 297541–43) is uniformly pale tan, or white (e.g., UMMZ 167358, 572600, USNM 572601); one specimen (USNM 572600) is unique in having a speckled ventral pattern of brown and white. The dorsum is uniformly smoothly granular in all specimens and overall a uniform shade of brown. Most specimens show a single dark band on the forearm (absent or barely discernible in AMNH 107955, UMMZ 152623, USNM 297542, 297543, 572599, 572600); two or three dark transverse bands on the femoral and tibial regions (absent or barely discernible on AMNH 10795, UMMZ 152623, 297541–43, 572599–601), and a dark band or chevron present on the sacral region (e.g., AMNH 124113–15, UMMZ 152623); in addition, specimen AMNH 124113 has a dark irregular vertebral stripe extending from the sacral band to the occiput. The posterior surface of the thigh of USNM 572599 bears a pattern of tan spots over a brown background coloration, and UMMZ 152623 has a distinct white stripe along this surface.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D7238FF9F56F2FE87FB99F080" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="3A6236A67238FF9F56F2FE87FB99F080" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47238FF9F56F2FE87FEE2F035" bold="true" box="[199,334,332,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Etymology.</emphasis>
EDgARDO GRIFFITh AND HEIDI ROSS hAVE gREATLY CONTRIBUTED TO ThE kNOwLEDgE BASE OF ThE NATURAL hISTORY, REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOgY, AND CONSERVATION OF PANAMANIAN AMPhIBIANS, INCLUDINg
Edgardo Griffith and Heidi Ross have greatly contributed to the knowledge base of the natural history, reproductive biology, and conservation of Panamanian amphibians, including
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47238FF9F526CFEBBFB53F0D8" box="[1113,1279,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257238FF9F526CFEBBFB57F0D8" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1828" box="[1113,1275,368,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemiphractus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
WE ARE PROUD TO ACkNOwLEDgE ThE EFFORTS OF OUR FRIENDS AND COLLEAgUES BY NAMINg ThIS NEw SPECIES OF
We are proud to acknowledge the efforts of our friends and colleagues by naming this new species of
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257238FF9F524DFE5FFABAF0FC" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1828" box="[1144,1302,404,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47238FF9F524DFE5FFABAF0FC" box="[1144,1302,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Hemiphractus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
IN hONOR OF ThEIR SON, ELIOT. ThE SPECIFIC EPIThET IS ThE SINgULAR gENITIVE CASE OF ThE NAME ELIOT.
in honor of their son, Eliot. The specific epithet is the singular genitive case of the name Eliot.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D7238FF9F56F2FE17FD07F298" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3A6236A67238FF9F56F2FE17FD07F298" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47238FF9F56F2FE17FE5DF0A5" bold="true" box="[199,497,476,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
SPECIMENS OF
Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257238FF9F54A0FE17FCDFF0A4" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[661,883,476,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47238FF9F54A0FE17FCDFF0A4" box="[661,883,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Hemiphractus elioti</emphasis>
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hAVE BEEN COLLECTED FROM VARIOUS LOCALITIES IN ThE CORDILLERA DE TALAMANCA, INCLUDINg SITES IN ThE PROVINCES OF
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447238FF9F5551FDCBFBB7F348" box="[868,1051,512,536]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">BOCAS DEL TORO</collectingRegion>
have been collected from various localities in the Cordillera de Talamanca, including sites in the provinces of
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447238FF9F5551FDCBFBB7F348" box="[868,1051,512,536]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447238FF9F521FFE34FB27F348" box="[1066,1163,511,536]" country="Panama" name="Chiriqui" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">ChIRIqUI</collectingRegion>
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447238FF9F521FFE34FB27F348" box="[1066,1163,511,536]" country="Panama" name="Chiriqui" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Chiriqui</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447238FF9F52AFFDCBFB73F348" box="[1178,1247,512,536]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">COCLé</collectingRegion>
, AND
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447238FF9F52AFFDCBFB73F348" box="[1178,1247,512,536]" country="Panama" name="Cocle" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Coclé</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447238FF9F5317FDCBFAD7F348" box="[1314,1403,512,536]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367238FF9F5317FDCBFAD7F348" box="[1314,1403,512,536]" name="Panama" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">PANAMá</collectingCountry>
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367238FF9F5317FDCBFAD7F348" box="[1314,1403,512,536]" name="Panama" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Panamá</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
IN
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447238FF9F56A2FDEFFF42F36C" box="[151,238,548,572]" country="American Samoa" name="Western" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">wESTERN</collectingRegion>
in
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447238FF9F56A2FDEFFF42F36C" box="[151,238,548,572]" country="American Samoa" name="Western" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">western</collectingRegion>
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447238FF9F56CCFDEFFEFEF36C" box="[249,338,548,572]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367238FF9F56CCFDEFFEFEF36C" box="[249,338,548,572]" name="Panama" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367238FF9F56CCFDEFFEFEF36C" box="[249,338,548,572]" name="Panama" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Panama</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237238FF9F5751FDEFFE01F36D" box="[356,429,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1517,1539]" captionTargetBox="[355,1232,1034,1482]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[340,1247,1021,1496]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. A map of the known distributions of the three species of Hemiphractus recognized herein, from Panama. Type localities are white symbols, black symbols represent localities for museum vouchers and photographic records (see Fig. 3). Symbols represent H. elioti (triangles); H. panamensis (circles), and H. kaylockae (square). At this time, we know of no confirmed records of these species from neighboring Costa Rica or Colombia, and we posit that H. fasciatus Peters, 1862, does not occur in Panama, but more likely is restricted to Ecuador and perhaps part of Colombia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285054/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">FIg. 5</figureCitation>
). HABITAT IS PRE-MONTANE MOIST PRIMARY FOREST RANgINg IN ELEVATION FROM 600–1600 M. LIVINg SPECIMENS hAVE BEEN OBSERVED FROM gROUND LEVEL TO &lt;1 M IN VEgETATION AT NIghT. COLORATION AND MORPhOLOgICAL FEATURES PROVIDE EXCELLENT CAMOUFLAgE AMONgST LEAF LITTER ON ThE FOREST FLOOR. CAPTIVE SPECIMENS AT ThE EL VALLE AMPhIBIAN CONSERVATION CENTER FED READILY ON OThER ANURANS, gECkOS (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237238FF9F5751FDEFFE01F36D" box="[356,429,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1517,1539]" captionTargetBox="[355,1232,1034,1482]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[340,1247,1021,1496]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. A map of the known distributions of the three species of Hemiphractus recognized herein, from Panama. Type localities are white symbols, black symbols represent localities for museum vouchers and photographic records (see Fig. 3). Symbols represent H. elioti (triangles); H. panamensis (circles), and H. kaylockae (square). At this time, we know of no confirmed records of these species from neighboring Costa Rica or Colombia, and we posit that H. fasciatus Peters, 1862, does not occur in Panama, but more likely is restricted to Ecuador and perhaps part of Colombia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285054/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Habitat is pre-montane moist primary forest ranging in elevation from 600–1600 m. Living specimens have been observed from ground level to &lt;1 m in vegetation at night. Coloration and morphological features provide excellent camouflage amongst leaf litter on the forest floor. Captive specimens at the El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center fed readily on other anurans, geckos (
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257238FF9F5265FD5BFB46F3F8" box="[1104,1258,656,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Hemidactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47238FF9F5265FD5BFB46F3F8" box="[1104,1258,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Hemidactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
SPP.), NEwBORN MICE (
spp.), newborn mice (
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257238FF9F56D5FD7EFE2DF39C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[224,385,692,716]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47238FF9F56D5FD7EFE2DF39C" box="[224,385,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Mus musculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), AND EARThwORMS (H. ROSS AND E. GRIFFITh PERS. COMM., RLH PERS. OBS.). WhILE DISSECTINg SPECIMENS TO DETERMINE SEX, UNIDENTIFIED ANURANS wERE EVIDENT IN ThE STOMAChS OF SPECIMENS. NUMEROUS UNIDENTIFIED NEMATODE wORMS wERE ALSO OBSERVED IN ThE COELOM AND IMBEDDED IN ThE PERITONEUM AND TISSUES OF OThER ABDOMINAL ORgANS.
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B577238FF9F5785FCEBFDE6F268" box="[432,586,799,824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refId="ref9759" refString="Myers, C. (1966) The distribution and behavior of a tropical horned frog Cerathyla panamensis Stejneger. Herpetologica, 22, 68 - 71." type="journal article">MYERS (1966)</bibRefCitation>
DESCRIBED A DISTINCTIVE MOUTh gAPINg BEhAVIOR, YELLOw ORAL COLORATION, AND DEFENSIVE BITINg IN SPECIMENS REFERABLE TO
), and earthworms (H. Ross and E. Griffith pers. comm., RLH pers. obs.). While dissecting specimens to determine sex, unidentified anurans were evident in the stomachs of specimens. Numerous unidentified nematode worms were also observed in the coelom and imbedded in the peritoneum and tissues of other abdominal organs.
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B577238FF9F5785FCEBFDE6F268" box="[432,586,799,824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refId="ref9759" refString="Myers, C. (1966) The distribution and behavior of a tropical horned frog Cerathyla panamensis Stejneger. Herpetologica, 22, 68 - 71." type="journal article">Myers (1966)</bibRefCitation>
described a distinctive mouth gaping behavior, yellow oral coloration, and defensive biting in specimens referable to
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257238FF9F5440FC8EFCB0F20C" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[629,796,837,860]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47238FF9F5440FC8EFCB0F20C" box="[629,796,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237238FF9F5518FC8FFC2FF20C" box="[813,899,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1708,1730]" captionTargetBox="[200,1402,209,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1409,193,1692]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of live specimens of Hemiphractus from Panama. (A) Specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. (B) Specimen of H. panamensis displaying mouth gaping behavior while being handled (E. Baitchman); sex and SVL unknown. (C) Live specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. Specimens of H. panamensis all found at Cerro Brewster, Panama, Panama. (D, E) Adults of H. elioti, from Altos de María, near El Valle de Antón, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); probably males, SVL unknown. (F) Captive adult female of H. elioti with eggs (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); SVL unknown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285050/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">FIg. 3B</figureCitation>
) AND
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237238FF9F5518FC8FFC2FF20C" box="[813,899,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1708,1730]" captionTargetBox="[200,1402,209,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1409,193,1692]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of live specimens of Hemiphractus from Panama. (A) Specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. (B) Specimen of H. panamensis displaying mouth gaping behavior while being handled (E. Baitchman); sex and SVL unknown. (C) Live specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. Specimens of H. panamensis all found at Cerro Brewster, Panama, Panama. (D, E) Adults of H. elioti, from Altos de María, near El Valle de Antón, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); probably males, SVL unknown. (F) Captive adult female of H. elioti with eggs (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); SVL unknown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285050/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257238FF9F55F1FC8EFBFBF20C" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[964,1111,836,860]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47238FF9F55F1FC8EFBFBF20C" box="[964,1111,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">H. kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237238FF9F5252FC8FFB11F20C" box="[1127,1213,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[255,1332,529,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[245,1341,519,1562]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Live specimens of Hemiphractus kaylockae. (A, B) Adult specimens from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probable males, SVL unknown. (C) Photograph (KUDA 003746) of specimen KU 93506 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 54.2 mm. (D) Photograph (KUDU 003744) of specimen KU 93505 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 40. 5 mm. (E) Adult specimen from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probably female, SVL unknown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285060/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">FIg. 8C</figureCitation>
). SIMILAR BEhAVIORS hAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237238FF9F5252FC8FFB11F20C" box="[1127,1213,836,860]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[255,1332,529,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[245,1341,519,1562]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Live specimens of Hemiphractus kaylockae. (A, B) Adult specimens from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probable males, SVL unknown. (C) Photograph (KUDA 003746) of specimen KU 93506 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 54.2 mm. (D) Photograph (KUDU 003744) of specimen KU 93505 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 40. 5 mm. (E) Adult specimen from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probably female, SVL unknown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285060/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
). Similar behaviors have been observed in
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47238FF9F579DFCA2FDA3F2D0" box="[424,527,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257238FF9F579DFCA2FDA7F2D0" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[424,523,872,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">H. elioti</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
REPEATED OBSERVATIONS OF CAPTIVE REPRODUCTION OF ThIS SPECIES AT ThE EL VALLE AMPhIBIAN CONSERVATION CENTER hAVE ShOwN ThAT FEMALES CARRY EggS AND YOUNg ON ThEIR BACkS,
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367238FF9F52C7FC47FAA5F2F4" box="[1266,1289,908,932]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">AS</collectingCountry>
IS kNOwN TO OCCUR IN ALL DESCRIBED SPECIES OF
Repeated observations of captive reproduction of this species at the El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center have shown that females carry eggs and young on their backs,
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367238FF9F52C7FC47FAA5F2F4" box="[1266,1289,908,932]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">as</collectingCountry>
is known to occur in all described species of
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47238FF9F5431FC7BFD07F298" box="[516,683,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257238FF9F5431FC7BFD0AF298" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1828" box="[516,678,944,968]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemiphractus</taxonomicName>
.

519
data/B2/74/87/B27487B07238FF9C56A2F905FE22F7C8.xml
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@ -1,89 +1,92 @@
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<mods:title id="3B8E2DEA5F3ECC6310891F3B650BF8A0">A taxonomic review of the genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in Panama: Description of Two New Species, Resurrection of Hemiphractus panamensis (Stejneger, 1917), and Discussion of Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862</mods:title>
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<treatment id="B27487B07238FF9C56A2F905FE22F7C8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5993154" ID-GBIF-Taxon="145927893" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5993154" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B07238FF9C56A2F905FE22F7C8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B27487B07238FF9C56A2F905FE22F7C8" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="506" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
<subSubSection id="72C7652D7238FF9F56A2F905FEE5F65A" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" type="nomenclature">
<treatment id="B27487B07238FF9C56A2F905FE22F7C8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5993154" ID-GBIF-Taxon="145927893" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5993154" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B07238FF9C56A2F905FE22F7C8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B27487B07238FF9C56A2F905FE22F7C8" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="506" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" scope_family="Hemiphractidae" scope_order="Anura">
<subSubSection id="72C7652D7238FF9F56A2F905FDF6F7B9" box="[151,602,1742,1769]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" type="nomenclature">
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<heading id="612A81CA7238FF9F56A2F905FDF6F7B9" bold="true" box="[151,602,1742,1769]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" reason="1">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47238FF9F56A2F905FDF6F7B9" bold="true" box="[151,602,1742,1769]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257238FF9F56A2F905FE6FF7B8" ID-CoL="3KRS3" authority="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii, 2018" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,451,1742,1768]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae" status="sp. nov.">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257238FF9F56A2F905FE6FF7B8" ID-CoL="3KRS3" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson III" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,451,1742,1768]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47238FF9F56A2F905FE6FF7B8" bold="true" box="[151,451,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Hemiphractus kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="139A57CF7238FF9F57FFF904FDF6F7B9" box="[458,602,1743,1769]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D7238FF9F56A2F939FEE5F65A" box="[151,329,1777,1802]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" type="description">
<paragraph id="3A6236A67238FF9F56A2F939FEE5F65A" blockId="8.[151,602,1742,1802]" box="[151,329,1777,1802]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
(
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237238FF9F56ABF939FF42F65A" box="[158,238,1778,1802]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">FIgS. 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237238FF9F56ABF939FF42F65A" box="[158,238,1778,1802]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237238FF9F56CFF939FEA6F65A" box="[250,266,1778,1802]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1121,1143]" captionTargetBox="[383,1207,217,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[352,1235,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the heads and dorsal and ventral views of preserved specimens of Hemiphractus spp. from Panama. (A) Hemiphractus elioti (adult male holotype, SVL = 25.4 mm, head length = 12.0 mm). (B) H. kaylockae (adult female holotype, SVL = 54.2 mm, head length = 24.3 mm). (C) H. panamensis (adult female KU 116353, SVL = 40.4 mm, head length = 20.0 mm). The outline of the subtemporal fossae of the skulls typically are visible (and palpable) in preserved specimens; here they are delineated by dashed lines. Photographs by A. Thompson, courtesy of Zoo Atlanta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285052/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">4</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237238FF9F56CFF939FEA6F65A" box="[250,266,1778,1802]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1121,1143]" captionTargetBox="[383,1207,217,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[352,1235,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the heads and dorsal and ventral views of preserved specimens of Hemiphractus spp. from Panama. (A) Hemiphractus elioti (adult male holotype, SVL = 25.4 mm, head length = 12.0 mm). (B) H. kaylockae (adult female holotype, SVL = 54.2 mm, head length = 24.3 mm). (C) H. panamensis (adult female KU 116353, SVL = 40.4 mm, head length = 20.0 mm). The outline of the subtemporal fossae of the skulls typically are visible (and palpable) in preserved specimens; here they are delineated by dashed lines. Photographs by A. Thompson, courtesy of Zoo Atlanta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285052/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237238FF9F5723F93AFE8AF65A" box="[278,294,1777,1802]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237238FF9F5723F93AFE8AF65A" box="[278,294,1777,1802]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237238FF9F5707F939FEECF65A" box="[306,320,1778,1802]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[255,1332,529,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[245,1341,519,1562]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Live specimens of Hemiphractus kaylockae. (A, B) Adult specimens from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probable males, SVL unknown. (C) Photograph (KUDA 003746) of specimen KU 93506 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 54.2 mm. (D) Photograph (KUDU 003744) of specimen KU 93505 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 40. 5 mm. (E) Adult specimen from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probably female, SVL unknown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285060/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">8</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237238FF9F5707F939FEECF65A" box="[306,320,1778,1802]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[255,1332,529,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[245,1341,519,1562]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Live specimens of Hemiphractus kaylockae. (A, B) Adult specimens from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probable males, SVL unknown. (C) Photograph (KUDA 003746) of specimen KU 93506 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 54.2 mm. (D) Photograph (KUDU 003744) of specimen KU 93505 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 40. 5 mm. (E) Adult specimen from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probably female, SVL unknown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285060/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">8</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D7238FF9F56A2F8F2FE4BF69A" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3A6236A67238FF9F56A2F8F2FA8CF61F" blockId="8.[151,1437,1849,1994]" box="[151,1312,1849,1871]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7238FF9F56A2F8F2FA8CF61F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1848580534" box="[151,1312,1849,1871]" country="Panama" location="Darien" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Darien">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257238FF9F56A2F8F2FDEBF61F" ID-CoL="3KRS5" authority="Duellman 1970" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[151,583,1849,1871]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47238FF9F56A2F8F2FE08F61F" box="[151,420,1849,1871]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Hemiphractus panamensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B577238FF9F579FF8F2FDEBF61F" box="[426,583,1849,1871]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" refId="ref9430" refString="Duellman, W. (1970) The hylid frogs of Middle America. Vol. 1. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1, 1 - 427." type="journal article">Duellman 1970</bibRefCitation>
@ -93,7 +96,6 @@
,
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367238FF9F52FDF8F2FAB7F61F" box="[1224,1307,1849,1871]" name="Panama" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">Panamá</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A6236A67238FF9F56A2F893FE4BF69A" blockId="8.[151,1437,1849,1994]" pageId="8" pageNumber="503">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257238FF9F56A2F893FDAAF63E" ID-CoL="3KRRY" authority="Trueb 1974" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,518,1880,1902]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
@ -141,157 +143,138 @@ Castroviejo-Fisher
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D7239FF9E56A2FF5CFF18F0FF" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3A6236A67239FF9E56A2FF5CFBFFF187" blockId="9.[151,1438,151,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7239FF9E56A2FF5CFCB1F1E0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1848580532" box="[151,797,151,176]" collectionCode="ADULT, FEMALE, OBTAINED, AT" collectorName="Holotype. KU" country="Panama" location="PANAMa" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="PANAMa" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectorName id="972853707239FF9E56A2FF5CFE96F1FF" box="[151,314,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7239FF9E56A2FF5CFBE3F187" collectingDate="1966-01-17" collectionCode="KU" collectorName="Charles W. Myers" elevation="0" location="N ridge of Cerro Cituro, Sierra de Pirre" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" specimenCode="KU 107409" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Panama" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E56A2FF5CFEA7F1E0" bold="true" box="[151,267,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<typeStatus id="E56688047239FF9E56A2FF5CFEAAF1E0" box="[151,262,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
KU
</collectorName>
107409,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E5796FF53FD9EF1E0" box="[419,562,152,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">ADULT FEMALE</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD7239FF9E5727FF53FE34F1E0" box="[274,408,152,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">KU 107409</specimenCode>
,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E5409FF53FD14F1E0" box="[572,696,152,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">OBTAINED AT</collectionCode>
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E548AFF53FCB1F1E0" box="[703,797,152,176]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367239FF9E548AFF53FCB1F1E0" box="[703,797,152,176]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">PANAMá</collectingCountry>
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<specimenCount id="2CDBFD2F7239FF9E5796FF53FD9EF1E0" box="[419,562,152,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" type="adult">adult female</specimenCount>
, obtained at Panamá: Prov.
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E5552FF53FC14F1E0" box="[871,952,152,176]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Darién</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="3F02607D7239FF9E55F7FF53FAD2F1FF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B07238FF9C56A2F905FE22F7C8:3F02607D7239FF9E55F7FF53FAD2F1FF" box="[962,1406,152,176]" name="N ridge of Cerro Cituro, Sierra de Pirre" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" stateProvince="Panama">N ridge of Cerro Cituro, Sierra de Pirre</location>
, N 0 7o 56’, W 77o 42’ (approx.),
<elevation id="B1F0D1957239FF9E57EAFF74FDC0F187" box="[479,620,191,215]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<quantity id="FD259B437239FF9E57EAFF74FDC0F187" box="[479,620,191,215]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" unit="m" value="950.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="900.0">900–1000 m</quantity>
</elevation>
on
<date id="4E6310667239FF9E54A3FF74FCFEF187" box="[662,850,190,215]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" value="1966-01-17">
<collectingDate id="5E27E98E7239FF9E54A3FF74FCFEF187" box="[662,850,190,215]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" value="1966-01-17">17 January 1966</collectingDate>
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, by
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: PROV.
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: N RIDgE OF
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,
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DE
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,
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N
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o 56’
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, W 77o 42’ (APPROX.), 900–1000 M ON
<date id="4E6310667239FF9E54A3FF74FCFEF187" box="[662,850,190,215]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" value="1966-01-17">17 JANUARY 1966</date>
, BY ChARLES W. MYERS.
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A6236A67239FF9E56F2FF29FF18F0FF" blockId="9.[151,1438,151,2018]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
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<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E56F2FF29FEE9F1AB" bold="true" box="[199,325,226,251]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
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,
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: KU 107411, 107414
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:
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<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E54CDFF28FCE5F1AB" box="[760,841,227,251]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">DARIEN</collectingRegion>
</collectionCode>
: N
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E5545FF28FB9BF1AB" box="[880,1079,227,251]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">RIDE CERRO CITURO</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD7239FF9E5797FF28FD84F1AB" box="[418,552,227,251]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">KU 107411</specimenCode>
,
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DE
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E52FCFF28FAAFF1AA" box="[1225,1283,227,250]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">PIRRE</collectionCode>
, 1000 M; KU 107419
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<collectingCountry id="42CA76367239FF9E54A5FF28FD42F1AB" box="[656,750,227,251]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Panama</collectingCountry>
:
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<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E5755FECCFE1DF04F" box="[352,433,263,287]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">DARIEN</collectingRegion>
</collectionCode>
: N
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E57E8FEC3FD05F04F" box="[477,681,263,287]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">RIDE CERRO CITURO</collectionCode>
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E54CDFF28FCE5F1AB" box="[760,841,227,251]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Darien</collectingRegion>
:
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,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E5480FECCFCBEF04F" box="[693,786,263,287]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">SERRANIA</collectionCode>
DE
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E5577FEC3FCD1F04F" box="[834,893,264,287]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">PIRRE</collectionCode>
, 900 M; KU 154992,
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<collectingCountry id="42CA76367239FF9E524BFECCFB70F04F" box="[1150,1244,263,287]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
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;
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7239FF9E5341FF28FC74F04F" collectionCode="KU 107419" country="Panama" elevation="900" location="N ride Cerro Cituro, Serrania de Pirre" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Darien">
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E5341FF28FF47F04F" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">KU 107419</collectionCode>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E52DCFECCFA96F04F" box="[1257,1338,263,287]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">DARIEN</collectingRegion>
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: S
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E5354FECCFE9CF013" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">SLOPE CERRO CITURO</collectionCode>
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E5755FECCFE1DF04F" box="[352,433,263,287]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Darien</collectingRegion>
:
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,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E570AFEE0FE30F013" box="[319,412,299,323]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">SERRANIA</collectionCode>
DE
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E57E5FEE0FDA7F012" box="[464,523,299,322]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">PIRRE</collectionCode>
, 1100 M.
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E54BDFEE0FD47F013" box="[648,747,299,323]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">FEMALES</collectionCode>
:
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E54CFFEE0FCFCF013" box="[762,848,299,323]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">AMNH</collectionCode>
A92668,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E55FEFEE0FB85F013" box="[971,1065,299,323]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E55FEFEE0FB85F013" box="[971,1065,299,323]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367239FF9E55FEFEE0FB85F013" box="[971,1065,299,323]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E520DFEE0FB25F013" box="[1080,1161,299,323]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">DARIEN</collectingRegion>
</collectionCode>
: N RIDgE
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E5334FEE0FA36F013" box="[1281,1434,299,323]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">CERRO CITURO</collectionCode>
<quantity id="FD259B437239FF9E55BFFECCFC74F04F" box="[906,984,263,287]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" unit="m" value="900.0">
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</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7239FF9E55D3FEC3FDD4F012" collectionCode="KU 154992" country="Panama" elevation="1100" location="S slope Cerro Cituro, Serrania de Pirre" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Darien">
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E55D3FEC3FBDCF04F" box="[998,1136,262,287]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">KU 154992</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E56A2FE84FF58F037" box="[151,244,335,359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">SERRANIA</collectionCode>
DE
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E5711FE9BFEF3F037" box="[292,351,336,359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">PIRRE</collectionCode>
, 1100 M; KU 93506,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E5456FE84FD6DF037" box="[611,705,335,359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E5456FE84FD6DF037" box="[611,705,335,359]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367239FF9E5456FE84FD6DF037" box="[611,705,335,359]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
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<collectingCountry id="42CA76367239FF9E524BFECCFB70F04F" box="[1150,1244,263,287]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Panama</collectingCountry>
:
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E54FBFE84FCB3F037" box="[718,799,335,359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E54FBFE84FCB3F037" box="[718,799,335,359]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">DARIEN</collectingRegion>
</collectionCode>
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E52DCFECCFA96F04F" box="[1257,1338,263,287]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Darien</collectingRegion>
:
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E5518FE84FB85F037" box="[813,1065,335,359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">SE SLOPE CERRO PIRRE</collectionCode>
, 1440 M; KU 107413,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E5309FE84FA36F037" box="[1340,1434,335,359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E5309FE84FA36F037" box="[1340,1434,335,359]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367239FF9E5309FE84FA36F037" box="[1340,1434,335,359]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
</collectionCode>
:
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<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E56A2FEB8FF45F0DB" box="[151,233,371,395]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">DARIEN</collectingRegion>
</collectionCode>
: N RIDgE
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E5764FEB8FE48F0DB" box="[337,484,371,395]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">CERRO CITURO</collectionCode>
<location id="3F02607D7239FF9E5372FECCFDA7F012" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B07238FF9C56A2F905FE22F7C8:3F02607D7239FF9E5372FECCFDA7F012" country="Panama" name="S slope Cerro Cituro, Serrania de Pirre" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" stateProvince="Darien">S slope Cerro Cituro, Serrania de Pirre</location>
,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E57DAFEB8FDE0F0DB" box="[495,588,371,395]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">SERRANIA</collectionCode>
DE
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E5442FEB8FD1EF0DA" box="[631,690,371,394]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">PIRRE</collectionCode>
, 1000 M; KU 93507,
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<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E5592FEB8FBA9F0DB" box="[935,1029,371,395]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367239FF9E5592FEB8FBA9F0DB" box="[935,1029,371,395]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
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<elevation id="B1F0D1957239FF9E542EFEE0FDD4F012" box="[539,632,299,323]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</elevation>
</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7239FF9E54BDFEE0FE65F037" collectionCode="AMNH" country="Panama" elevation="1100" location="N ridge Cerro Cituro, Serrania de Pirre" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" specimenCode="AMNH A92668" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Darien">
<specimenCount id="2CDBFD2F7239FF9E54BDFEE0FD47F013" box="[648,747,299,323]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" type="female">Females</specimenCount>
:
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<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E5225FEB8FBCCF0DB" box="[1040,1120,371,395]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">DARIEN</collectingRegion>
</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD7239FF9E54CFFEE0FC16F013" box="[762,954,298,323]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">AMNH A92668</specimenCode>
,
<collectionCode id="5CCCAE637239FF9E525EFEB8FAF6F0DA" box="[1131,1370,371,395]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">SE SLOPE CERRO PIRRE</collectionCode>
, 1440 M.
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367239FF9E55FEFEE0FB85F013" box="[971,1065,299,323]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Panama</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E520DFEE0FB25F013" box="[1080,1161,299,323]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Darien</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="3F02607D7239FF9E52ACFEE0FEF3F037" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B07238FF9C56A2F905FE22F7C8:3F02607D7239FF9E52ACFEE0FEF3F037" country="Panama" name="N ridge Cerro Cituro, Serrania de Pirre" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" stateProvince="Darien">N ridge Cerro Cituro, Serrania de Pirre</location>
,
<quantity id="FD259B437239FF9E5758FE84FE65F037" box="[365,457,335,359]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" unit="m" value="1100.0">
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;
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<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD7239FF9E57E2FE9BFDF8F037" box="[471,596,334,359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">KU 93506</specimenCode>
,
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367239FF9E5456FE84FD6DF037" box="[611,705,335,359]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Panama</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E54FBFE84FCB3F037" box="[718,799,335,359]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Darien</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="3F02607D7239FF9E5518FE84FB85F037" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B07238FF9C56A2F905FE22F7C8:3F02607D7239FF9E5518FE84FB85F037" box="[813,1065,335,359]" country="Panama" name="SE Slope Cerro Pirre" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" stateProvince="Darien">SE Slope Cerro Pirre</location>
,
<quantity id="FD259B437239FF9E5202FE84FB3FF037" box="[1079,1171,335,359]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" unit="m" value="1440.0">
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;
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7239FF9E5297FE9BFCB9F0DA" collectionCode="KU" country="Panama" elevation="1000" location="N ridge Cerro Cituro, Serrania de Pirre" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" specimenCode="KU 107413" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Darien">
<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD7239FF9E5297FE9BFA81F037" box="[1186,1325,335,359]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">KU 107413</specimenCode>
,
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367239FF9E5309FE84FA36F037" box="[1340,1434,335,359]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Panama</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E56A2FEB8FF45F0DB" box="[151,233,371,395]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Darien</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="3F02607D7239FF9E56C6FEB8FD1EF0DA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B07238FF9C56A2F905FE22F7C8:3F02607D7239FF9E56C6FEB8FD1EF0DA" box="[243,690,371,395]" country="Panama" name="N ridge Cerro Cituro, Serrania de Pirre" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" stateProvince="Darien">N ridge Cerro Cituro, Serrania de Pirre</location>
,
<quantity id="FD259B437239FF9E5489FEB8FCB9F0DA" box="[700,789,371,395]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" unit="m" value="1000.0">
<elevation id="B1F0D1957239FF9E5489FEB8FCB9F0DA" box="[700,789,371,395]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</elevation>
</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB7239FF9E5517FEB8FF1DF0FF" collectionCode="KU" country="Panama" elevation="1440" location="SE slope Cerro Pirre" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" specimenCode="KU 93507" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Darien">
<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD7239FF9E5517FEB8FC37F0DB" box="[802,923,370,395]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">KU 93507</specimenCode>
,
<collectingCountry id="42CA76367239FF9E5592FEB8FBA9F0DB" box="[935,1029,371,395]" name="Panama" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Panama</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="F819F8447239FF9E5225FEB8FBCCF0DB" box="[1040,1120,371,395]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Darien</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="3F02607D7239FF9E525EFEB8FAF6F0DA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B07238FF9C56A2F905FE22F7C8:3F02607D7239FF9E525EFEB8FAF6F0DA" box="[1131,1370,371,395]" country="Panama" name="SE slope Cerro Pirre" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" stateProvince="Darien">SE slope Cerro Pirre</location>
,
<quantity id="FD259B437239FF9E5351FEB8FF1DF0FF" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" unit="m" value="1440.0">
<elevation id="B1F0D1957239FF9E5351FEB8FF1DF0FF" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" unit="m" value="1440.0">1440 m</elevation>
</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D7239FF9E56F2FE71FCFBF50B" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" type="diagnosis">
@ -300,11 +283,11 @@ DE
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E577CFE70FDCDF083" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[329,609,443,467]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E577CFE70FDCDF083" box="[329,609,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Hemiphractus kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MAY BE DISTINgUIShED FROM ALL SPECIES OF
may be distinguished from all species of
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E520AFE70FB71F083" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1828" box="[1087,1245,443,467]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E520AFE70FB71F083" box="[1087,1245,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Hemiphractus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
EXCEPT
except
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E530DFE70FE8FF0A7" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E530DFE70FA3BF083" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[1336,1431,443,467]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">H. elioti</taxonomicName>
,
@ -314,36 +297,36 @@ EXCEPT
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E5703FE2BFE4EF0A7" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[310,482,480,503]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E5703FE2BFE4EF0A7" box="[310,482,480,503]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AND
and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E5411FE2BFD04F0A7" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[548,680,480,503]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E5411FE2BFD04F0A7" box="[548,680,480,503]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
BY NOT hAVINg A POSTORBITAL INDENTATION (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E52ADFE14FB4EF0A7" box="[1176,1250,479,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">FIg. 2</figureCitation>
by not having a postorbital indentation (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E52ADFE14FB4EF0A7" box="[1176,1250,479,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E52C8FE14FEABF34B" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E52C8FE14FEABF34B" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Hemiphractus kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MAY BE DISTINgUIShED FROM
may be distinguished from
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E5472FDC8FD61F34A" box="[583,717,515,538]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E5472FDC8FD66F34A" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[583,714,515,538]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">H. scutatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
AN AMAzONIAN SPECIES NOT OCCURRINg IN PANAMA, BY ITS SMALLER SIzE (MAXIMUM SVL IN MALES 52.5 MM VS. 57.4 MM IN
an Amazonian species not occurring in Panama, by its smaller size (maximum SVL in males 52.5 mm vs. 57.4 mm in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E5539FDE3FC26F36F" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[780,906,552,575]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E5539FDE3FC26F36F" box="[780,906,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; FEMALES 64.7 MM VS. 80.5 MM IN
; females 64.7 mm vs. 80.5 mm in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E5320FDE3FA38F36F" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1301,1428,552,575]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E5320FDE3FA38F36F" box="[1301,1428,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; DATA FOR
; data for
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E56C2FD80FEDBF332" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[247,375,587,610]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E56C2FD80FEDBF332" box="[247,375,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
FROM
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B577239FF9E5788FD80FDE7F333" box="[445,587,587,611]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" refId="ref10105" refString="Trueb, L. (1974) Systematic relationships of Neotropical horned frogs, genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hylidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 29, 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 11750" type="journal article">TRUEB, 1974</bibRefCitation>
), AND BY hAVINg SMALL EXPANDED PADS ON ThE FINgERS AND TOES (ABSENT IN
from
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B577239FF9E5788FD80FDE7F333" box="[445,587,587,611]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" refId="ref10105" refString="Trueb, L. (1974) Systematic relationships of Neotropical horned frogs, genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hylidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 29, 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 11750" type="journal article">Trueb, 1974</bibRefCitation>
), and by having small expanded pads on the fingers and toes (absent in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E53B4FD80FF5FF3D7" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E53B4FD80FF5FF3D7" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
@ -351,45 +334,45 @@ FROM
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E573EFDA4FD8EF3D7" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[267,546,623,647]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E573EFDA4FD8EF3D7" box="[267,546,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Hemiphractus kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DIFFERS FROM
differs from
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E548DFDBBFCBAF3D7" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[696,790,623,647]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E548DFDBBFCBAF3D7" box="[696,790,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
BY hAVINg NEOPALATINE AND VOMERINE ODONTOIDS NARROwLY SEPARATED (IN CONTACT IN
by having neopalatine and vomerine odontoids narrowly separated (in contact in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E5792FD58FDAFF3FB" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[423,515,659,683]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E5792FD58FDAFF3FB" box="[423,515,659,683]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; CONDITION UNkNOwN IN
; condition unknown in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E5521FD58FC3FF3FA" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[788,915,659,682]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E5521FD58FC3FF3FA" box="[788,915,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), whEREAS ThESE ROwS OF ODONTOIDS ARE wIDELY SEPARATED IN
), whereas these rows of odontoids are widely separated in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E5710FD73FE60F39F" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[293,460,696,719]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E5710FD73FE60F39F" box="[293,460,696,719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AND
and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E5431FD73FD27F39F" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[516,651,695,719]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E5431FD73FD27F39F" box="[516,651,695,719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. fasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E54AFFD7CFD73F39F" box="[666,735,694,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">FIg. 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E54AFFD7CFD73F39F" box="[666,735,694,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E54C0FD7CFBA0F39F" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[757,1036,695,719]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E54C0FD7CFBA0F39F" box="[757,1036,695,719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Hemiphractus kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
FURThER DIFFERS FROM
further differs from
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E52C0FD73FA30F39F" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[1269,1436,696,719]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E52C0FD73FA30F39F" box="[1269,1436,696,719]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AND
and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E56F0FD10FEE7F3A3" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[197,331,731,755]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E56F0FD10FEE7F3A3" box="[197,331,731,755]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. fasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
BY hAVINg APPROXIMATELY SEVEN VOMERINE ODONTOIDS (VS. APPROXIMATELY TwO IN BOTh
by having approximately seven vomerine odontoids (vs. approximately two in both
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E52C3FD10FA30F3A2" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[1270,1436,731,754]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E52C3FD10FA30F3A2" box="[1270,1436,731,754]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AND
and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E56FDFCCBFEFCF247" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[200,336,767,791]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E56FDFCCBFEFCF247" box="[200,336,767,791]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. fasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
@ -397,69 +380,69 @@ AND
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E575DFD34FDD3F247" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[360,639,767,791]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E575DFD34FDD3F247" box="[360,639,767,791]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Hemiphractus kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MAY BE DISTINgUIShED FROM
may be distinguished from
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E55F5FCCBFB17F247" box="[960,1211,767,791]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E55F5FCCBFBB3F247" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[960,1055,767,791]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">H. elioti</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E5218FCCBFB1BF247" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[1069,1207,767,791]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">H. fasciatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
AND
and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E52C1FCCBFA30F247" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[1268,1436,768,791]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E52C1FCCBFA30F247" box="[1268,1436,768,791]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
BY hAVINg A DISTINCT INDENTATION ON ThE paraoccipital hORMS, FORMINg AN ANgULAR MARgIN OF ThE PARAOCCIPITAL hORNS (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E56ABFC8CFF5CF20F" box="[158,240,839,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">FIgS. 2</figureCitation>
by having a distinct indentation on the paraoccipital horms, forming an angular margin of the paraoccipital horns (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E56ABFC8CFF5CF20F" box="[158,240,839,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E56CBFC8CFEA2F20F" box="[254,270,839,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">9</figureCitation>
); SUPRAORBITAL RIDgES ABSENT (EVIDENT, DISTINCT IN
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E56CBFC8CFEA2F20F" box="[254,270,839,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">9</figureCitation>
); supraorbital ridges absent (evident, distinct in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E5502FC83FC13F20F" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[823,959,839,863]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E5502FC83FC13F20F" box="[823,959,839,863]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. fasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AND wEAkLY DEVELOPED IN
and weakly developed in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E52D9FC83FA38F20F" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[1260,1428,840,863]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E52D9FC83FA38F20F" box="[1260,1428,840,863]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E56A2FCA0FF47F2D3" box="[151,235,875,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">FIgS. 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E56A2FCA0FF47F2D3" box="[151,235,875,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E56C8FCA0FEA1F2D3" box="[253,269,875,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">9</figureCitation>
); CANThAL RIDgES EVIDENT, DISTINCT (ABSENT OR wEAkLY DEVELOPED IN
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E56C8FCA0FEA1F2D3" box="[253,269,875,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">9</figureCitation>
); canthal ridges evident, distinct (absent or weakly developed in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E5217FCA0FB28F2D3" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[1058,1156,875,899]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E5217FCA0FB28F2D3" box="[1058,1156,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E52ADFCA0FB4FF2D3" box="[1176,1251,875,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">FIg. 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E52ADFCA0FB4FF2D3" box="[1176,1251,875,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E52C8FCA0FEABF2F7" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E52C8FCA0FEABF2F7" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Hemiphractus kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hAS A SUBTEMPORAL FENESTRA APPROXIMATELY ONE-ThIRD DIAMETER OF ThE ORBIT IN BOTh MALES AND FEMALES, APPROXIMATELY ONE-hALF DIAMETER OF ORBIT IN FEMALES IN
has a subtemporal fenestra approximately one-third diameter of the orbit in both males and females, approximately one-half diameter of orbit in females in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E553DFC78FCCAF29B" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[776,870,947,971]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E553DFC78FCCAF29B" box="[776,870,947,971]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(VERY SMALL IN MALES;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E5250FC78FB06F29B" box="[1125,1194,947,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">FIg. 2</figureCitation>
), APPROXIMATELY ONEhALF DIAMETER OF ThE ORBIT IN FEMALES OF
(very small in males;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E5250FC78FB06F29B" box="[1125,1194,947,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), approximately onehalf diameter of the orbit in females of
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E5461FC13FD77F2BF" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[596,731,983,1007]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E5461FC13FD77F2BF" box="[596,731,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. fasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E54DEFC1CFC9CF2BF" box="[747,816,983,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">FIg. 9</figureCitation>
; MALES UNkNOwN), VERY LARgE, APPROXIMATELY 1.5 X SIzE OF ORBIT, IN FEMALES OF
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E54DEFC1CFC9CF2BF" box="[747,816,983,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
; males unknown), very large, approximately 1.5 x size of orbit, in females of
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E57BBFC30FD99F542" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[398,565,1019,1042]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E57BBFC30FD99F542" box="[398,565,1019,1042]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E5477FC30FD2AF543" box="[578,646,1019,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">FIg. 9</figureCitation>
; MALES UNkNOwN); LATERAL MARgINS OF ThE qUADRATOjUgALS EXTEND TO LEVEL OF LATERAL TIPS OF, OR SLIghTLY LESS ThAN, BEYOND ThE PARAOCCIPITAL hORNS IN DORSAL VIEw (EXTENDINg FAR BEYOND ThE PROFILE OF ThE PARAOCCIPITAL hORNS IN
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E5477FC30FD2AF543" box="[578,646,1019,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
; males unknown); lateral margins of the quadratojugals extend to level of lateral tips of, or slightly less than, beyond the paraoccipital horns in dorsal view (extending far beyond the profile of the paraoccipital horns in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D257239FF9E541FFB88FD7CF50A" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[554,720,1091,1114]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E541FFB88FD7CF50A" box="[554,720,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E54EAFB88FC81F50B" box="[735,813,1091,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">FIgS. 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E54EAFB88FC81F50B" box="[735,813,1091,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E550CFB88FCE5F50B" box="[825,841,1091,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">9</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A237239FF9E550CFB88FCE5F50B" box="[825,841,1091,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
@ -470,11 +453,11 @@ Description of the
<typeStatus id="E56688047239FF9E5791FBADFDA1F52F" box="[420,525,1126,1151]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
AN ADULT FEMALE: SVL 54.2 MM (NOT INCLUDINg PROBOSCIS); TIBIA LENgTh 28.4 MM (NOT INCLUDINg CALCAR); FOOT LENgTh 25.3 MM; hEAD LENgTh 24.3 MM (NOT INCLUDINg PROBOSCIS); hEAD wIDTh 26.5 MM; SNOUT-PARAOCCIPITAL PROCESS LENgTh 25.1 MM; TYMPANUM OVOID, 6.6 MM hIgh X 3.6 MM wIDE; EYE DIAMETER 6.5 MM; INTERORBITAL DISTANCE 10.2 MM; EYE
An adult female: SVL 54.2 mm (not including proboscis); tibia length 28.4 mm (not including calcar); foot length 25.3 mm; head length 24.3 mm (not including proboscis); head width 26.5 mm; snout-paraoccipital process length 25.1 mm; tympanum ovoid, 6.6 mm high x 3.6 mm wide; eye diameter 6.5 mm; interorbital distance 10.2 mm; eye
<emphasis id="08A9EAB47239FF9E541DFB19FD9AF5BB" bold="true" box="[552,566,1234,1259]" pageId="9" pageNumber="504">–</emphasis>
TYMPANUM DISTANCE 5.4 MM; BODY MODERATE; hEAD LARgE, wIDER ThAN BODY, gREATEST wIDTh AT LEVEL OF PARS ARTICULARIS, BEARINg PROMINENT PARAOCCIPITAL PROCESSES; PARAOCCIPITAL PROCESSES PROjECTINg POSTEROLATERALLY IN DORSAL VIEw, EXTENDINg POSTERIOR TO LEVEL OF PARS ARTICULARIS; SkIN CO-OSSIFIED OVER DORSAL SURFACE OF SkULL; OCCIPITAL RIDgE PRESENT, wELL-DEVELOPED; PARAOCCIPITAL RIDgES PRESENT, wEAkLY DEVELOPED; SUPRAORBITAL, zYgOMATIC, PREORBITAL, AND CANThAL RIDgES ABSENT; CANThUS ROSTRALIS INDISTINCT; LOREAL REgION FLAT; PROBOSCIS ShORT, FLEShY, POINTED, LATERALLY FLATTENED IN CROSS SECTION; SNOUT ANgLINg POSTERIORLY AT LESS ThAN 45o FROM hORIzONTAL; NOSTRILS OVOID, SLIghTLY PROTUBERANT, PROjECTINg DORSALLY; LIPS NOT FLARED. TOP OF hEAD RELATIVELY FLAT; INTERORBITAL REgION 38 % OF hEAD wIDTh; EYE DIAMETER 25 % hEAD wIDTh; TYMPANUM VERTICALLY OVOID, ORIENTED POSTERIORLY AND SLIghTLY LATERALLY, VISIBLE BELOw PARAOCCIPITAL PROCESSES IN DORSAL VIEw, gREATEST DIAMETER EqUIVALENT TO EYE DIAMETER; wIDTh OF TYMPANUM 1.6 TIMES EYE–TYMPANUM DISTANCE; UPPER EYELID wITh ONE ENLARgED POINTED PROjECTION AND SCATTERED SMALLER TUBERCLES; INTERORBITAL TUBERCLE ABSENT; POSTORBITAL TUBERCLE ABSENT; SkIN OVER POSTERIOR SURFACE OF PARS ARTICULARIS BEARINg ONE SMALL, FLEShY TUBERCLE. TONgUE LARgE, OVOID; VOCAL SLITS ABSENT; MANDIBLE BEARINg SERRATIONS ALONg ENTIRE LENgTh OF LOwER jAw, wITh TwO PROMINENT, TUSk-LIkE ODONTOIDS PROjECTINg FROM MENTOMECkELIAN BONES. AXILLARY MEMBRANE ABSENT; ThORACIC FOLD ABSENT; DERMAL FOLDS ON wRISTS ABSENT; FINgERS LONg, SLENDER, BEARINg ENLARgED DISTAL PADS; FINgER PADS ABOUT 1.8 TIMES wIDTh OF DIgITS AT PENULTIMATE PhALANgE; RELATIVE LENgThS OF FINgERS: III&gt; IV&gt; II&gt; I; LATERAL FRINgE ON FINgERS ABSENT; OUTER METACARPAL TUBERCLE LOw, OVOID; INNER METACARPAL TUBERCLE OVOID, DIFFUSE; FOREARM wITh SCATTERED TUBERCLES, LARgE, POINTED, VARIOUSLY FUSED TO PRODUCE AN EVIDENT LATERAL FRINgE; wEBBINg ON hANDS ABSENT. HEELS OF ADPRESSED hIND LIMBS OVERLAP; TIBIOTARSAL ARTICULATION EXTENDINg TO SNOUT whEN hIND LIMB EXTENDED; TARSAL FOLD PRESENT, wEAkLY DEVELOPED; TIBIA LENgTh 52 % SVL; FOOT LENgTh 47 % SVL; OUTER METATARSAL TUBERCLE ABSENT; INNER METATARSAL TUBERCLE PRESENT, LARgE, OVOID; TOES IV AND V wITh LATERAL FRINgE, PROMINENT ON TOE V; FRINgE OF TOE V EXTENDINg ONTO OUTER SURFACE OF BASE OF TARSUS; DORSAL SURFACE OF hIND LIMB RELATIVELY SMOOTh, BEARINg IRREgULAR SETS OF TUBERCLES ALONg ThREE TRANSVERSE BANDS ON ShANk; CALCAR PRESENT, SMALL; RELATIVE LENgThS OF TOES: IV&gt; V&gt; III&gt; II&gt; I; TOE PADS ABOUT 1.5 TIMES wIDTh OF PENULTIMATE PhALANgE; wEBBINg BASAL. CLOACAL OPENINg DIRECTED POSTEROVENTRALLY AT MIDLEVEL OF ThIgh. DORSUM SMOOTh wITh SCATTERED, LOw, DIFFUSE TUBERCLES; FLANkS SMOOTh; VENTRAL SURFACES AND ThROAT SMOOTh wITh SCATTERED LOw, DIFFUSE TUBERCLES; SACRAL DIAPOPhYSES PROjECTINg LATERALLY, SLIghTLY NARROwER ThAN POSTERIORMOST TRANSVERSE PROCESSES OF ALL VERTEBRAE; LATERAL TERMINI OF TRANSVERSE PROCESSES OF PRESACRAL VERTEBRAE VI–VIII NOT CO-OSSIFIED wITh SkIN; FIVE NEURAL SPINES PROjECTINg DORSALLY, CO-OSSIFIED wITh SkIN, VISIBLE EXTERNALLY. PUPIL hORIzONTAL.
tympanum distance 5.4 mm; body moderate; head large, wider than body, greatest width at level of pars articularis, bearing prominent paraoccipital processes; paraoccipital processes projecting posterolaterally in dorsal view, extending posterior to level of pars articularis; skin co-ossified over dorsal surface of skull; occipital ridge present, well-developed; paraoccipital ridges present, weakly developed; supraorbital, zygomatic, preorbital, and canthal ridges absent; canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region flat; proboscis short, fleshy, pointed, laterally flattened in cross section; snout angling posteriorly at less than 45o from horizontal; nostrils ovoid, slightly protuberant, projecting dorsally; lips not flared. Top of head relatively flat; interorbital region 38 % of head width; eye diameter 25 % head width; tympanum vertically ovoid, oriented posteriorly and slightly laterally, visible below paraoccipital processes in dorsal view, greatest diameter equivalent to eye diameter; width of tympanum 1.6 times eye–tympanum distance; upper eyelid with one enlarged pointed projection and scattered smaller tubercles; interorbital tubercle absent; postorbital tubercle absent; skin over posterior surface of pars articularis bearing one small, fleshy tubercle. Tongue large, ovoid; vocal slits absent; mandible bearing serrations along entire length of lower jaw, with two prominent, tusk-like odontoids projecting from mentomeckelian bones. Axillary membrane absent; thoracic fold absent; dermal folds on wrists absent; fingers long, slender, bearing enlarged distal pads; finger pads about 1.8 times width of digits at penultimate phalange; relative lengths of fingers: III&gt; IV&gt; II&gt; I; lateral fringe on fingers absent; outer metacarpal tubercle low, ovoid; inner metacarpal tubercle ovoid, diffuse; forearm with scattered tubercles, large, pointed, variously fused to produce an evident lateral fringe; webbing on hands absent. Heels of adpressed hind limbs overlap; tibiotarsal articulation extending to snout when hind limb extended; tarsal fold present, weakly developed; tibia length 52 % SVL; foot length 47 % SVL; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; inner metatarsal tubercle present, large, ovoid; toes IV and V with lateral fringe, prominent on Toe V; fringe of Toe V extending onto outer surface of base of tarsus; dorsal surface of hind limb relatively smooth, bearing irregular sets of tubercles along three transverse bands on shank; calcar present, small; relative lengths of toes: IV&gt; V&gt; III&gt; II&gt; I; toe pads about 1.5 times width of penultimate phalange; webbing basal. Cloacal opening directed posteroventrally at midlevel of thigh. Dorsum smooth with scattered, low, diffuse tubercles; flanks smooth; ventral surfaces and throat smooth with scattered low, diffuse tubercles; sacral diapophyses projecting laterally, slightly narrower than posteriormost transverse processes of all vertebrae; lateral termini of transverse processes of presacral vertebrae VI–VIII not co-ossified with skin; five neural spines projecting dorsally, co-ossified with skin, visible externally. Pupil horizontal.
</paragraph>
<caption id="6EA2662E723AFF9D56A2FB20FD96F4CA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" startId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" targetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" targetPageId="10">
<caption id="6EA2662E723AFF9D56A2FB20FD96F4CA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" startId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" targetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723AFF9D56A2FB20FD96F4CA" blockId="10.[151,1437,1259,1434]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723AFF9D56A2FB20FEBFF450" bold="true" box="[151,275,1259,1281]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the
@ -510,88 +493,88 @@ Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723AFF9D56F2FA09FD30F7AA" blockId="10.[151,1437,1473,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">
ALL DORSAL SURFACES UNIFORMLY BROwN (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723AFF9D54B5FA09FD66F48A" box="[640,714,1474,1498]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1121,1143]" captionTargetBox="[383,1207,217,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[352,1235,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the heads and dorsal and ventral views of preserved specimens of Hemiphractus spp. from Panama. (A) Hemiphractus elioti (adult male holotype, SVL = 25.4 mm, head length = 12.0 mm). (B) H. kaylockae (adult female holotype, SVL = 54.2 mm, head length = 24.3 mm). (C) H. panamensis (adult female KU 116353, SVL = 40.4 mm, head length = 20.0 mm). The outline of the subtemporal fossae of the skulls typically are visible (and palpable) in preserved specimens; here they are delineated by dashed lines. Photographs by A. Thompson, courtesy of Zoo Atlanta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285052/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">FIg. 4</figureCitation>
). ThIgh BEARINg TwO, ShANk BEARINg ThREE INDISTINCT TRANSVERSE BANDS OF IRREgULAR, BROwN MOTTLINg ON DORSAL SURFACES, CORRESPONDINg wITh ThREE BANDS OF TUBERCLES ON ThESE BANDS; TOES I AND II ARE UNIFORMLY BEIgE, TOES III–V UNIFORMLY BROwN; FOREARM DARk BROwN, BEARINg BROAD, BROwN, TRANSVERSE BAND ON DORSAL SURFACE; DORSAL SURFACE OF MANUS MORE PALE ThAN FOREARM, ULTIMATE AND PENULTIMATE PhALANgES OF FINgERS I AND II BEIgE, FINgERS III AND IV DARk BROwN. UPPER AND LOwER LIPS wITh NARROw, TRANSVERSE, DARk BROwN BANDS, NOT EXTENDINg ONTO PROXIMAL SURFACES. FLANkS BEIgE wITh DIFFUSE BROwN PUNCTATIONS; VENTER BEIgE wITh SCATTERED DIFFUSE, FINE BROwN MARkINgS; ThROAT DARk BROwN, EXTENDINg ONTO PECTORAL REgION. VENTRAL SURFACES OF FOREARMS BEIgE wITh FINE, BROwN MOTTLINg; VENTRAL SURFACES OF hANDS BEIgE. VENTRAL SURFACES OF hIND LIMB AND FOOT BEIgE wITh FINE, PALE BROwN MOTTLINg.
All dorsal surfaces uniformly brown (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723AFF9D54B5FA09FD66F48A" box="[640,714,1474,1498]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1121,1143]" captionTargetBox="[383,1207,217,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[352,1235,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the heads and dorsal and ventral views of preserved specimens of Hemiphractus spp. from Panama. (A) Hemiphractus elioti (adult male holotype, SVL = 25.4 mm, head length = 12.0 mm). (B) H. kaylockae (adult female holotype, SVL = 54.2 mm, head length = 24.3 mm). (C) H. panamensis (adult female KU 116353, SVL = 40.4 mm, head length = 20.0 mm). The outline of the subtemporal fossae of the skulls typically are visible (and palpable) in preserved specimens; here they are delineated by dashed lines. Photographs by A. Thompson, courtesy of Zoo Atlanta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285052/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Thigh bearing two, shank bearing three indistinct transverse bands of irregular, brown mottling on dorsal surfaces, corresponding with three bands of tubercles on these bands; toes I and II are uniformly beige, toes III–V uniformly brown; forearm dark brown, bearing broad, brown, transverse band on dorsal surface; dorsal surface of manus more pale than forearm, ultimate and penultimate phalanges of fingers I and II beige, fingers III and IV dark brown. Upper and lower lips with narrow, transverse, dark brown bands, not extending onto proximal surfaces. Flanks beige with diffuse brown punctations; venter beige with scattered diffuse, fine brown markings; throat dark brown, extending onto pectoral region. Ventral surfaces of forearms beige with fine, brown mottling; ventral surfaces of hands beige. Ventral surfaces of hind limb and foot beige with fine, pale brown mottling.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723AFF9C56F2F8CEFABFF2BC" blockId="10.[151,1437,1473,2038]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,1688]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="506" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723AFF9D56F2F8CEFE90F64E" bold="true" box="[199,316,1797,1822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Variation.</emphasis>
CONSISTENT SEXUAL DIMORPhISM IN COLORATION OR SkIN TEXTURE wAS NOT EVIDENT (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723AFF9D52A3F8CDFB4AF64E" box="[1174,1254,1798,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1121,1143]" captionTargetBox="[383,1207,217,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[352,1235,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the heads and dorsal and ventral views of preserved specimens of Hemiphractus spp. from Panama. (A) Hemiphractus elioti (adult male holotype, SVL = 25.4 mm, head length = 12.0 mm). (B) H. kaylockae (adult female holotype, SVL = 54.2 mm, head length = 24.3 mm). (C) H. panamensis (adult female KU 116353, SVL = 40.4 mm, head length = 20.0 mm). The outline of the subtemporal fossae of the skulls typically are visible (and palpable) in preserved specimens; here they are delineated by dashed lines. Photographs by A. Thompson, courtesy of Zoo Atlanta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285052/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">FIgS. 4</figureCitation>
Consistent sexual dimorphism in coloration or skin texture was not evident (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723AFF9D52A3F8CDFB4AF64E" box="[1174,1254,1798,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1121,1143]" captionTargetBox="[383,1207,217,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[352,1235,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the heads and dorsal and ventral views of preserved specimens of Hemiphractus spp. from Panama. (A) Hemiphractus elioti (adult male holotype, SVL = 25.4 mm, head length = 12.0 mm). (B) H. kaylockae (adult female holotype, SVL = 54.2 mm, head length = 24.3 mm). (C) H. panamensis (adult female KU 116353, SVL = 40.4 mm, head length = 20.0 mm). The outline of the subtemporal fossae of the skulls typically are visible (and palpable) in preserved specimens; here they are delineated by dashed lines. Photographs by A. Thompson, courtesy of Zoo Atlanta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285052/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723AFF9D52C4F8CDFAADF64E" box="[1265,1281,1798,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[255,1332,529,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[245,1341,519,1562]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Live specimens of Hemiphractus kaylockae. (A, B) Adult specimens from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probable males, SVL unknown. (C) Photograph (KUDA 003746) of specimen KU 93506 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 54.2 mm. (D) Photograph (KUDU 003744) of specimen KU 93505 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 40. 5 mm. (E) Adult specimen from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probably female, SVL unknown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285060/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">8</figureCitation>
). GRANULATION ON ThE ThROAT IN
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723AFF9D52C4F8CDFAADF64E" box="[1265,1281,1798,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[255,1332,529,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[245,1341,519,1562]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Live specimens of Hemiphractus kaylockae. (A, B) Adult specimens from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probable males, SVL unknown. (C) Photograph (KUDA 003746) of specimen KU 93506 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 54.2 mm. (D) Photograph (KUDU 003744) of specimen KU 93505 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 40. 5 mm. (E) Adult specimen from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probably female, SVL unknown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285060/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">8</figureCitation>
). Granulation on the throat in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723AFF9D577BF8E2FDC9F611" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[334,613,1833,1857]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="505" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723AFF9D577BF8E2FDC9F611" box="[334,613,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="505">Hemiphractus kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
IS VARIABLE AMONg SPECIMENS EXAMINED, VARYINg FROM SMOOTh (E.g., KU 93506, 93507, 107411, 107417, 154992) TO SMOOTh wITh TUBERCLES (E.g., AMNH 92668, KU 107419), SMOOThLY gRANULAR wITh NO TUBERCLES (E.g., KU 107412, 107413), TO SMOOThLY gRANULAR wITh TUBERCLES PRESENT (E.g., KU 107408, 107414, 107422, 107423, 154991, UMMZ 152624). GRANULATION OF ThE VENTER RANgES FROM SMOOTh TO UNIFORMLY gRANULAR (E.g., KU, 107411, 107422, 154992, UMMZ 152624); SOME SPECIMENS wITh SMOOTh OR UNIFORMLY gRANULAR VENTERS ALSO hAD VARIABLE NUMBERS OF DISCRETE TUBERCLES PRESENT (E.g., AMNH 92668, KU 93506, 93507, 107412, 107413, 107414, 107417, 107419, 107423, 154991). ThROAT COLORATION IN MOST SPECIMENS IS TAN (E.g. KU 107417) TO BROwN OR DARk BROwN (E.g., AMNH 92668, KU 93506, 107408, 107411, 107412, 107419, 107422, 154992) wITh SOME ShOwINg PROMINENT whITE MOTTLINg, STRIPINg, AND/OR PROMINENT LABIAL BARRINg (E.g. KU 93506, 107412, 107422, 154992) AND KU 93507, 107413, 107414, 107417, 107423, 154991, UMMZ 152624 DISPLAYINg STIPPLINg OR SPECkLINg OF BROwN AND whITE. VENTRAL COLORATION IN MOST SPECIMENS TYPICALLY IS A CONTINUATION OF ThE gULAR COLORATION OF DARk BROwN OR TAN EXTENDINg TO APPROXIMATELY MID-ABDOMEN whERE IT ABRUPTLY ChANgES TO A BEIgE COLORATION ThAT TYPICALLY CONTAINS VARIABLE AMOUNTS OF DARkER BROwN STIPPLINg (E.g., AMNH 92668, KU 93507, 107408, 107411, 107414, 107417, 107419, 107423, 154992); KU 93506 AND KU 107413 ShOw A SIMILAR PATTERN hOwEVER ALSO DISPLAY whITE MOTTLINg IN ThE PECTORAL REgION whILE KU 107422 DISPLAYS whITE SPOTTINg POSTERIORLY. ThE DORSUM OF
is variable among specimens examined, varying from smooth (e.g., KU 93506, 93507, 107411, 107417, 154992) to smooth with tubercles (e.g., AMNH 92668, KU 107419), smoothly granular with no tubercles (e.g., KU 107412, 107413), to smoothly granular with tubercles present (e.g., KU 107408, 107414, 107422, 107423, 154991, UMMZ 152624). Granulation of the venter ranges from smooth to uniformly granular (e.g., KU, 107411, 107422, 154992, UMMZ 152624); some specimens with smooth or uniformly granular venters also had variable numbers of discrete tubercles present (e.g., AMNH 92668, KU 93506, 93507, 107412, 107413, 107414, 107417, 107419, 107423, 154991). Throat coloration in most specimens is tan (e.g. KU 107417) to brown or dark brown (e.g., AMNH 92668, KU 93506, 107408, 107411, 107412, 107419, 107422, 154992) with some showing prominent white mottling, striping, and/or prominent labial barring (e.g. KU 93506, 107412, 107422, 154992) and KU 93507, 107413, 107414, 107417, 107423, 154991, UMMZ 152624 displaying stippling or speckling of brown and white. Ventral coloration in most specimens typically is a continuation of the gular coloration of dark brown or tan extending to approximately mid-abdomen where it abruptly changes to a beige coloration that typically contains variable amounts of darker brown stippling (e.g., AMNH 92668, KU 93507, 107408, 107411, 107414, 107417, 107419, 107423, 154992); KU 93506 and KU 107413 show a similar pattern however also display white mottling in the pectoral region while KU 107422 displays white spotting posteriorly. The dorsum of
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723BFF9C54EBFE16FCDEF0A4" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[734,882,476,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723BFF9C54EBFE16FCDEF0A4" box="[734,882,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">H. kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
IS SMOOTh OR UNIFORMLY SMOOThLY gRANULAR IN ALL SPECIMENS wITh KU 93506, 107423, 154991, 154992, AND UMMZ 152624 hAVINg SOME TUBERCLES. DORSAL COLORATION IN MOST IS AN OVERALL TAN OR BEIgE ThAT MAY OR MAY NOT INCLUDE SOME LEVEL OF DARkER BROwN STIPPLINg OR MOTTLINg (E.g. KU 107408, 107412, 107413, 107417, 107419, 107422, 107423, 154991, 154992) whILE SOME SPECIMENS DISPLAY AN OVERALL UNIFORM BROwN COLOR (E.g. AMNH 92668, KU 93506, 93507, 107411, 107414). SOME SPECIMENS ShOw A PROMINENT DARk BAND ON ThE FOREARM (E.g. KU 107408, 107412, 107422, 107423, 154992). HOwEVER, ThIS BAND IS DIFFUSE OR wEAkLY DEVELOPED IN ALL OThER SPECIMENS. TwO OR ThREE DARk TRANSVERSE BANDS ARE PRESENT ON ThE FEMORAL AND TIBIAL REgIONS (ABSENT OR BARELY DISCERNIBLE ON AMNH 92668, KU 93506, 107411, 107419, 154991), AND A DIFFUSE OR VERY EVIDENT DARk BAND OR ChEVRON PRESENT ON ThE SACRAL REgION (E.g., KU 107408 [wEAkLY DEVELOPED], 107412, 107414, 107417, 107422, 154992, UMMZ 152624); IN SPECIMENS KU 107422 AND 154992 ThERE ARE TwO ChEVRONS PRESENT; IN ADDITION, SPECIMENS KU 107414, 107417, 107422, AND 154992 hAVE A DARk IRREgULAR VERTEBRAL STRIPE EXTENDINg FROM ThE SACRAL BAND CONNECTINg TO A DARk BLOTCh AT ThE OCCIPUT. ThE POSTERIOR SURFACE OF ThE ThIgh OF KU 107412–14 AND UMMZ 152624 BEARS A PATTERN OF TAN OR BROwN MOTTLED wITh whITE OR BEIgE whILE ALL OThER SPECIMENS BEAR A DIFFUSE (E.g., KU 93506, 93507, 107411, 107422, 107423, 154991, 154992) OR DISTINCT whITE STRIPE ALONg ThIS SURFACE (E.g., AMNH 92668, KU 107408, 107417, 107419).
is smooth or uniformly smoothly granular in all specimens with KU 93506, 107423, 154991, 154992, and UMMZ 152624 having some tubercles. Dorsal coloration in most is an overall tan or beige that may or may not include some level of darker brown stippling or mottling (e.g. KU 107408, 107412, 107413, 107417, 107419, 107422, 107423, 154991, 154992) while some specimens display an overall uniform brown color (e.g. AMNH 92668, KU 93506, 93507, 107411, 107414). Some specimens show a prominent dark band on the forearm (e.g. KU 107408, 107412, 107422, 107423, 154992). However, this band is diffuse or weakly developed in all other specimens. Two or three dark transverse bands are present on the femoral and tibial regions (absent or barely discernible on AMNH 92668, KU 93506, 107411, 107419, 154991), and a diffuse or very evident dark band or chevron present on the sacral region (e.g., KU 107408 [weakly developed], 107412, 107414, 107417, 107422, 154992, UMMZ 152624); in specimens KU 107422 and 154992 there are two chevrons present; in addition, specimens KU 107414, 107417, 107422, and 154992 have a dark irregular vertebral stripe extending from the sacral band connecting to a dark blotch at the occiput. The posterior surface of the thigh of KU 107412–14 and UMMZ 152624 bears a pattern of tan or brown mottled with white or beige while all other specimens bear a diffuse (e.g., KU 93506, 93507, 107411, 107422, 107423, 154991, 154992) or distinct white stripe along this surface (e.g., AMNH 92668, KU 107408, 107417, 107419).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D723BFF9C56F2FC3CFE6DF5B8" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723BFF9C56F2FC3CFE6DF5B8" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1688]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723BFF9C56F2FC3CFEE2F540" bold="true" box="[199,334,1015,1040]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Etymology.</emphasis>
ThIS SPECIES IS NAMED IN hONOR AND MEMORY OF JULIA KAYLOCk. ShE wAS A COLLEAgUE AND FRIEND, BELOVED BY MANY, whO wAS PASSIONATE ABOUT ThE CONSERVATION OF ThE wORLD’S BIODIVERSITY, ESPECIALLY ThAT OF AMPhIBIANS. ShE SPENT ThE LATTER PART OF hER LIFE wORkINg TIRELESSLY TO IMPROVE AND DOCUMENT hUSBANDRY TEChNIqUES FOR ThREATENED PANAMANIAN AMPhIBIANS (E.g., HILL
This species is named in honor and memory of Julia Kaylock. She was a colleague and friend, beloved by many, who was passionate about the conservation of the world’s biodiversity, especially that of amphibians. She spent the latter part of her life working tirelessly to improve and document husbandry techniques for threatened Panamanian amphibians (e.g., Hill
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723BFF9C54E7FBAEFCA1F52C" box="[722,781,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">et al.</emphasis>
2012) MAINTAINED IN
2012) maintained in
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723BFF9C5230FBAEFBFCF52C" box="[1029,1104,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">ex situ</emphasis>
FACILITIES. ShE LOST A LIFELONg BATTLE wITh
<typeStatus id="E5668804723BFF9C5715FB42FEFBF5F0" box="[288,343,1161,1184]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">TYPE</typeStatus>
I DIABETES AT ThE AgE OF 28 ON
<date id="4E631066723BFF9C54D7FB43FC2BF5F0" box="[738,903,1160,1184]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" value="2009-06-12">12 JUNE 2009</date>
. WE gRACIOUSLY ACkNOwLEDgE hER PASSION FOR AMPhIBIAN CONSERVATION IN ThE NAMINg OF ThIS SPECIES OF
facilities. She lost a lifelong battle with
<typeStatus id="E5668804723BFF9C5715FB42FEFBF5F0" box="[288,343,1161,1184]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Type</typeStatus>
I Diabetes at the age of 28 on
<date id="4E631066723BFF9C54D7FB43FC2BF5F0" box="[738,903,1160,1184]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" value="2009-06-12">12 June 2009</date>
. We graciously acknowledge her passion for amphibian conservation in the naming of this species of
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723BFF9C553BFB67FC18F594" box="[782,948,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723BFF9C553BFB67FC1CF594" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1828" box="[782,944,1196,1220]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemiphractus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
ThE SPECIFIC EPIThET IS ThE SINgULAR gENITIVE CASE OF ThE NAME KAYLOCk.
The specific epithet is the singular genitive case of the name Kaylock.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D723BFF9C56F2FB3FFE22F7C8" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723BFF9C56F2FB3FFE22F7C8" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1688]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723BFF9C56F2FB3FFE43F45D" bold="true" box="[199,495,1268,1293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Distribution and ecology</emphasis>
. SPECIMENS OF
. Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723BFF9C5494FB3FFC14F45C" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[673,952,1268,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723BFF9C5494FB3FFC14F45C" box="[673,952,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Hemiphractus kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hAVE BEEN COLLECTED ONLY IN ONE REgION OF FAR
<collectingRegion id="F819F844723BFF9C56F6FAD3FEBEF460" box="[195,274,1304,1328]" country="American Samoa" name="Eastern" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">EASTERN</collectingRegion>
have been collected only in one region of far
<collectingRegion id="F819F844723BFF9C56F6FAD3FEBEF460" box="[195,274,1304,1328]" country="American Samoa" name="Eastern" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">eastern</collectingRegion>
<collectingRegion id="F819F844723BFF9C572AFAD3FED0F460" box="[287,380,1304,1328]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723BFF9C572AFAD3FED0F460" box="[287,380,1304,1328]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723BFF9C572AFAD3FED0F460" box="[287,380,1304,1328]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Panama</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
, IN ThE SERRANíA DE PIRRE, PROV.
<collectingRegion id="F819F844723BFF9C54CAFAD3FCE7F460" box="[767,843,1304,1328]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">DARIEN</collectingRegion>
, in the Serranía de Pirre, Prov.
<collectingRegion id="F819F844723BFF9C54CAFAD3FCE7F460" box="[767,843,1304,1328]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Darien</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723BFF9C5555FAD3FC04F460" box="[864,936,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1517,1539]" captionTargetBox="[355,1232,1034,1482]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[340,1247,1021,1496]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. A map of the known distributions of the three species of Hemiphractus recognized herein, from Panama. Type localities are white symbols, black symbols represent localities for museum vouchers and photographic records (see Fig. 3). Symbols represent H. elioti (triangles); H. panamensis (circles), and H. kaylockae (square). At this time, we know of no confirmed records of these species from neighboring Costa Rica or Colombia, and we posit that H. fasciatus Peters, 1862, does not occur in Panama, but more likely is restricted to Ecuador and perhaps part of Colombia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285054/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">FIg. 5</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723BFF9C5555FAD3FC04F460" box="[864,936,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1517,1539]" captionTargetBox="[355,1232,1034,1482]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[340,1247,1021,1496]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. A map of the known distributions of the three species of Hemiphractus recognized herein, from Panama. Type localities are white symbols, black symbols represent localities for museum vouchers and photographic records (see Fig. 3). Symbols represent H. elioti (triangles); H. panamensis (circles), and H. kaylockae (square). At this time, we know of no confirmed records of these species from neighboring Costa Rica or Colombia, and we posit that H. fasciatus Peters, 1862, does not occur in Panama, but more likely is restricted to Ecuador and perhaps part of Colombia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285054/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723BFF9C559DFADCFC1DF460" bold="true" box="[936,945,1303,1328]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">)</emphasis>
. ThIS REgION REMAINS POORLY DOCUMENTED BIOLOgICALLY, AND ThIS SPECIES IS EXPECTED TO OCCUR SOMEwhAT MORE BROADLY—AT LEAST UNTIL ThE RECENT INVASION OF ThE AMPhIBIAN PAThOgEN
. This region remains poorly documented biologically, and this species is expected to occur somewhat more broadly—at least until the recent invasion of the amphibian pathogen
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723BFF9C57BFFAABFCAFF428" box="[394,771,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.</emphasis>
ThIS FROg hAS BEEN FOUND ONLY IN MOIST, LOwER MONTANE FORESTS AT ELEVATIONS FROM 900 TO 1550 M (
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723BFF9C545BFA4FFD50F4CD" box="[622,764,1412,1437]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" refId="ref9759" refString="Myers, C. (1966) The distribution and behavior of a tropical horned frog Cerathyla panamensis Stejneger. Herpetologica, 22, 68 - 71." type="journal article">MYERS 1966</bibRefCitation>
). SPECIMENS COLLECTED AT NIghT AT CERRO PIRRE (PROV.
<collectingRegion id="F819F844723BFF9C5372FA4FFA3BF4CC" box="[1351,1431,1412,1436]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">DARIEN</collectingRegion>
) BY
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723BFF9C568CFA63FED0F490" box="[185,380,1447,1472]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" refId="ref9759" refString="Myers, C. (1966) The distribution and behavior of a tropical horned frog Cerathyla panamensis Stejneger. Herpetologica, 22, 68 - 71." type="journal article">MYERS (1966: 70)</bibRefCitation>
wERE OBSERVED “…ON LOw PERChES (LOg, STICkS, DEAD PALM FRONDS) ONLY ONE-hALF TO 2 FEET ABOVE gROUND, AND TwO wERE ON PALM FRONDS 3 TO 4 FEET ABOVE ThE FOREST FLOOR.
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723BFF9C558CFA07FBFEF4B5" box="[953,1106,1484,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" refId="ref9759" refString="Myers, C. (1966) The distribution and behavior of a tropical horned frog Cerathyla panamensis Stejneger. Herpetologica, 22, 68 - 71." type="journal article">MYERS (1966)</bibRefCitation>
ALSO PROVIDED IN ThIS ACCOUNT A DESCRIPTION OF A MOUTh gAPINg BEhAVIOR IN whICh ThE YELLOwISh ORANgE TONgUE IS DISPLAYED FOLLOwED BY A PAINFUL BITE wITh CONTINUED AgITATION
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723BFF9C57E8F9DFFE58F77C" box="[477,500,1556,1580]" name="American Samoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">AS</collectingCountry>
wELL
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723BFF9C5404F9DFFDE4F77C" box="[561,584,1556,1580]" name="American Samoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">AS</collectingCountry>
A “LOUD CATLIkE SqUALL EMITTED whEN REMOVINg AN INDIVIDUAL FROM A BAg (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723BFF9C535AF9DFFF17F700" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[255,1332,529,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[245,1341,519,1562]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Live specimens of Hemiphractus kaylockae. (A, B) Adult specimens from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probable males, SVL unknown. (C) Photograph (KUDA 003746) of specimen KU 93506 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 54.2 mm. (D) Photograph (KUDU 003744) of specimen KU 93505 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 40. 5 mm. (E) Adult specimen from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probably female, SVL unknown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285060/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">FIg. 8C</figureCitation>
). IT IS LIkELY ThAT FEMALES OF ThIS SPECIES CARRY EggS ON ThE BACk
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723BFF9C55BFF9F3FC0DF700" box="[906,929,1592,1616]" name="American Samoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">AS</collectingCountry>
hAS BEEN DOCUMENTED FOR ALL OThER DESCRIBED SPECIES OF
This frog has been found only in moist, lower montane forests at elevations from 900 to 1550 m (
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723BFF9C545BFA4FFD50F4CD" box="[622,764,1412,1437]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" refId="ref9759" refString="Myers, C. (1966) The distribution and behavior of a tropical horned frog Cerathyla panamensis Stejneger. Herpetologica, 22, 68 - 71." type="journal article">Myers 1966</bibRefCitation>
). Specimens collected at night at Cerro Pirre (Prov.
<collectingRegion id="F819F844723BFF9C5372FA4FFA3BF4CC" box="[1351,1431,1412,1436]" country="Panama" name="Darien" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Darien</collectingRegion>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723BFF9C568CFA63FED0F490" box="[185,380,1447,1472]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" refId="ref9759" refString="Myers, C. (1966) The distribution and behavior of a tropical horned frog Cerathyla panamensis Stejneger. Herpetologica, 22, 68 - 71." type="journal article">Myers (1966: 70)</bibRefCitation>
were observed “…on low perches (log, sticks, dead palm fronds) only one-half to 2 feet above ground, and two were on palm fronds 3 to 4 feet above the forest floor.
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723BFF9C558CFA07FBFEF4B5" box="[953,1106,1484,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" refId="ref9759" refString="Myers, C. (1966) The distribution and behavior of a tropical horned frog Cerathyla panamensis Stejneger. Herpetologica, 22, 68 - 71." type="journal article">Myers (1966)</bibRefCitation>
also provided in this account a description of a mouth gaping behavior in which the yellowish orange tongue is displayed followed by a painful bite with continued agitation
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723BFF9C57E8F9DFFE58F77C" box="[477,500,1556,1580]" name="American Samoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">as</collectingCountry>
well
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723BFF9C5404F9DFFDE4F77C" box="[561,584,1556,1580]" name="American Samoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">as</collectingCountry>
a “loud catlike squall emitted when removing an individual from a bag (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723BFF9C535AF9DFFF17F700" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[255,1332,529,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[245,1341,519,1562]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Live specimens of Hemiphractus kaylockae. (A, B) Adult specimens from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probable males, SVL unknown. (C) Photograph (KUDA 003746) of specimen KU 93506 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 54.2 mm. (D) Photograph (KUDU 003744) of specimen KU 93505 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 40. 5 mm. (E) Adult specimen from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probably female, SVL unknown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285060/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
). It is likely that females of this species carry eggs on the back
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723BFF9C55BFF9F3FC0DF700" box="[906,929,1592,1616]" name="American Samoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">as</collectingCountry>
has been documented for all other described species of
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723BFF9C573AF997FE19F724" box="[271,437,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723BFF9C573AF997FE1DF724" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1828" box="[271,433,1628,1652]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemiphractus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723BFF9C5788F997FE70F724" box="[445,476,1628,1652]" name="American Samoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">AS</collectingCountry>
ALL DOCUMENTED OBSERVATIONS hAVE OCCURRED AT NIghT, IT IS INFERRED ThAT ThIS SPECIES IS MOST LIkELY NOCTURNAL.
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723BFF9C5788F997FE70F724" box="[445,476,1628,1652]" name="American Samoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">As</collectingCountry>
all documented observations have occurred at night, it is inferred that this species is most likely nocturnal.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>

291
data/B2/74/87/B27487B0723BFF9956A2F92BFA98F080.xml
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@ -1,119 +1,119 @@
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<mods:title id="C325A1DA5A76AC58CB18AAF5E0F688AE">A taxonomic review of the genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in Panama: Description of Two New Species, Resurrection of Hemiphractus panamensis (Stejneger, 1917), and Discussion of Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="6C19EBB09359482F101C2E296F64818A">A taxonomic review of the genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in Panama: Description of Two New Species, Resurrection of Hemiphractus panamensis (Stejneger, 1917), and Discussion of Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862</mods:title>
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<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723BFF9C56ABF8CFFF41F64C" box="[158,237,1796,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1708,1730]" captionTargetBox="[200,1402,209,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1409,193,1692]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of live specimens of Hemiphractus from Panama. (A) Specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. (B) Specimen of H. panamensis displaying mouth gaping behavior while being handled (E. Baitchman); sex and SVL unknown. (C) Live specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. Specimens of H. panamensis all found at Cerro Brewster, Panama, Panama. (D, E) Adults of H. elioti, from Altos de María, near El Valle de Antón, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); probably males, SVL unknown. (F) Captive adult female of H. elioti with eggs (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); SVL unknown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285050/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">FIgS. 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723BFF9C56ABF8CFFF41F64C" box="[158,237,1796,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1708,1730]" captionTargetBox="[200,1402,209,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1409,193,1692]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of live specimens of Hemiphractus from Panama. (A) Specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. (B) Specimen of H. panamensis displaying mouth gaping behavior while being handled (E. Baitchman); sex and SVL unknown. (C) Live specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. Specimens of H. panamensis all found at Cerro Brewster, Panama, Panama. (D, E) Adults of H. elioti, from Altos de María, near El Valle de Antón, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); probably males, SVL unknown. (F) Captive adult female of H. elioti with eggs (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); SVL unknown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285050/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723BFF9C56CFF8CFFEA6F64C" box="[250,266,1796,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1121,1143]" captionTargetBox="[383,1207,217,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[352,1235,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the heads and dorsal and ventral views of preserved specimens of Hemiphractus spp. from Panama. (A) Hemiphractus elioti (adult male holotype, SVL = 25.4 mm, head length = 12.0 mm). (B) H. kaylockae (adult female holotype, SVL = 54.2 mm, head length = 24.3 mm). (C) H. panamensis (adult female KU 116353, SVL = 40.4 mm, head length = 20.0 mm). The outline of the subtemporal fossae of the skulls typically are visible (and palpable) in preserved specimens; here they are delineated by dashed lines. Photographs by A. Thompson, courtesy of Zoo Atlanta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285052/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">4</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723BFF9C56CFF8CFFEA6F64C" box="[250,266,1796,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1121,1143]" captionTargetBox="[383,1207,217,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[352,1235,193,1100]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the heads and dorsal and ventral views of preserved specimens of Hemiphractus spp. from Panama. (A) Hemiphractus elioti (adult male holotype, SVL = 25.4 mm, head length = 12.0 mm). (B) H. kaylockae (adult female holotype, SVL = 54.2 mm, head length = 24.3 mm). (C) H. panamensis (adult female KU 116353, SVL = 40.4 mm, head length = 20.0 mm). The outline of the subtemporal fossae of the skulls typically are visible (and palpable) in preserved specimens; here they are delineated by dashed lines. Photographs by A. Thompson, courtesy of Zoo Atlanta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285052/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">4</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723BFF9C5723F8CFFE8AF64D" box="[278,294,1796,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723BFF9C5723F8CFFE8AF64D" box="[278,294,1796,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">6</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723BFF9C5707F8CEFEEEF64C" box="[306,322,1797,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1726,1748]" captionTargetBox="[425,1161,193,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[425,1161,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Preserved holotype of Cerathyla (= Hemiphractus) panamensis Stejneger, 1917. Specimen (USNM 55320) is an adult female, SVL = 59.3 mm. Photographs courtesy of USNM curatorial staff." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285058/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">7</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723BFF9C5707F8CEFEEEF64C" box="[306,322,1797,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1726,1748]" captionTargetBox="[425,1161,193,1705]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[425,1161,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Preserved holotype of Cerathyla (= Hemiphractus) panamensis Stejneger, 1917. Specimen (USNM 55320) is an adult female, SVL = 59.3 mm. Photographs courtesy of USNM curatorial staff." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285058/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">7</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723BFF9C577BF8CFFEF1F64C" box="[334,349,1796,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">9</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="72C7652D723BFF9B56A2F88DFA9CF561" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="507" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723BFF9C56A2F88DFC18F62B" blockId="11.[151,1436,1862,2038]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB723BFF9C56A2F88DFCA4F62B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1848580530" collectionCode="USNM" country="Panama" county="Prov" location="Signal Loma" municipality="Santa Isabel" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" specimenCode="USNM 55320" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
<subSubSection id="72C7652D723BFF9C56A2F88DFDB2F60C" box="[151,542,1862,1885]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723BFF9C56A2F88DFDB2F60C" blockId="11.[151,1436,1862,2038]" box="[151,542,1862,1885]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723BFF9C56A2F88DFDB7F60C" ID-CoL="SL7Z" authority="Stejneger 1917" authorityName="Stejneger" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,539,1862,1885]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Cerathyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723BFF9C56A2F88DFED5F60D" box="[151,377,1862,1885]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Cerathyla panamensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723BFF9C57B5F88DFDB7F60C" box="[384,539,1862,1884]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" refId="ref10075" refString="Stejneger, L. (1917) A new species of horned tree-toad from Panama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 301, 31 - 34." type="journal article">Stejneger 1917</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D723BFF9C5411F88DFC18F62B" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723BFF9C5411F88DFC18F62B" blockId="11.[151,1436,1862,2038]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB723BFF9C5411F88DFC1CF62B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1848580530" collectionCode="USNM" country="Panama" county="Prov" location="Signal Loma (Loma Peak)" municipality="Santa Isabel" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" specimenCode="USNM 55320" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colon" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="E5668804723BFF9C5411F88DFD2AF60C" box="[548,646,1862,1884]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCode id="6A7B9EDD723BFF9C54BAF88DFC8DF60C" box="[655,801,1862,1884]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">USNM 55320</specimenCode>
.
<typeStatus id="E5668804723BFF9C551FF88CFCF0F60C" box="[810,860,1863,1884]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
<location id="3F02607D723BFF9C558EF88DFB91F60C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B0723BFF9956A2F92BFA98F080:3F02607D723BFF9C558EF88DFB91F60C" box="[955,1085,1862,1884]" country="Panama" county="Prov" municipality="Santa Isabel" name="Signal Loma" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Signal Loma</location>
(
<location id="3F02607D723BFF9C527FF88DFB6CF60C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B0723BFF9956A2F92BFA98F080:3F02607D723BFF9C527FF88DFB6CF60C" box="[1098,1216,1862,1884]" country="Panama" county="Prov" municipality="Santa Isabel" name="Loma Peak" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Loma Peak</location>
) on the north coast of
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723BFF9C56F2F8ADFEB6F62B" box="[199,282,1894,1915]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Panama</collectingCountry>
, three miles [
. Type locality:
<location id="3F02607D723BFF9C558EF88DFB6BF60C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B27487B0723BFF9956A2F92BFA98F080:3F02607D723BFF9C558EF88DFB6BF60C" box="[955,1223,1862,1884]" country="Panama" county="Prov" municipality="Santa Isabel" name="Signal Loma (Loma Peak)" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" stateProvince="Colon">Signal Loma (Loma Peak)</location>
on the north coast of Panama, three miles [
<quantity id="FD259B43723BFF9C5795F8AEFE47F62B" box="[416,491,1893,1915]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" unit="km" value="4.8">4.8 km</quantity>
] south of
<collectingMunicipality id="DA06ACDC723BFF9C5465F8AEFD61F62B" box="[592,717,1893,1915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Santa Isabel</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCounty id="D3034E2A723BFF9C54E2F8ADFCA4F62B" box="[727,776,1894,1915]" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Prov</collectingCounty>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="8AB53CFB723BFF9C5527F8AEFC1CF62B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1848580531" box="[786,944,1893,1915]" country="Panama" location="Colon" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colon" typeStatus="holotype">
, Prov.
<collectingRegion id="F819F844723BFF9C5527F8AEFCFEF62B" box="[786,850,1893,1915]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Colón</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723BFF9C5568F8ADFC1CF62B" box="[861,944,1894,1915]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Panama</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D723BFF9B56A2F84FFE59F1FE" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="507" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723BFF9B56A2F84FFE59F1FE" blockId="11.[151,1436,1862,2038]" lastBlockId="12.[199,501,152,174]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="507" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723BFF9C56A2F84FFDAEF6CA" ID-CoL="3KRRY" authority="Trueb 1974" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,514,1924,1946]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="506" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723BFF9C56A2F84FFE2AF6CA" box="[151,390,1924,1946]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="506">Hemiphractus fasciatus</emphasis>
@ -163,18 +163,18 @@ Castroviejo-Fisher
</collectingRegion>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D723CFF9B56A2FF11FD40F401" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" type="description">
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723CFF9B56A2FF11FA9CF561" blockId="12.[151,1438,218,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B56A2FF11FDA7F1A3" bold="true" box="[151,523,218,243]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Re-description of the Holotype.</emphasis>
MEDIUM-SIzED ADULT FEMALE, SVL 59.3 MM (NOT INCLUDINg PROBOSCIS); TIBIA LENgTh 31.2 MM (NOT INCLUDINg CALCAR); FOOT LENgTh 27.3 MM; hEAD LENgTh 26.6 MM (NOT INCLUDINg PROBOSCIS); hEAD wIDTh 31.4 MM; SNOUT–PARAOCCIPITAL PROCESS LENgTh 25.8 MM; TYMPANUM OVOID, 5.2 MM hIgh X 2.6 MM wIDE; EYE DIAMETER 7.4 MM; INTERORBITAL DISTANCE 12.0 MM; EYE–TYMPANUM DISTANCE 3.3 MM; BODY MODERATE; hEAD LARgE, wIDER ThAN BODY, gREATEST wIDTh AT LEVEL OF PARS ARTICULARIS, BEARINg PROMINENT PARAOCCIPITAL PROCESSES; PARAOCCIPITAL PROCESSES PROjECTINg POSTEROLATERALLY IN DORSAL VIEw, EXTENDINg POSTERIOR TO LEVEL OF PARS ARTICULARIS; SkIN CO-OSSIFIED OVER DORSAL SURFACE OF SkULL; OCCIPITAL RIDgES INDISTINCT, PARAOCCIPITAL RIDgES PRESENT, wEAkLY DEVELOPED; SUPRAORBITAL AND CANThAL RIDgES SLIghTLY DEVELOPED; zYgOMATIC AND PREORBITAL RIDgES ABSENT; CANThUS ROSTRALIS INDISTINCT; LOREAL REgION FLAT; PROBOSCIS ShORT, FLEShY, POINTED, TRIANgULAR IN CROSS SECTION; SNOUT ANgLINg POSTERIORLY AT APPROXIMATELY 45o FROM hORIzONTAL; NOSTRILS OVOID, SLIghTLY PROTUBERANT, PROjECTINg DORSALLY, SLIghTLY LATERALLY; LIPS NOT FLARED. TOP OF hEAD RELATIVELY FLAT; INTERORBITAL REgION 38 % hEAD wIDTh; EYE DIAMETER 24 % hEAD wIDTh; gREATEST DIAMETER 70 % TIMES EYE DIAMETER; wIDTh OF TYMPANUM 84 % TIMES EYE–TYMPANUM DISTANCE; UPPER EYELID APPEARINg TO BEAR ONLY A SINgLE ENLARgED POINTED PROjECTION, SCATTERED SMALLER TUBERCLES ABSENT; INTERORBITAL, POSTORBITAL TUBERCLES ABSENT; SkIN OVER POSTERIOR SURFACE OF PARS ARTICULARIS BEARINg ONE LARgE, FLEShY TUBERCLE. TONgUE LARgE, OVOID; MANDIBLE BEARINg SERRATIONS ALONg ENTIRE LENgTh OF LOwER jAw, wITh TwO PROMINENT, TUSk-LIkE ODONTOIDS PROjECTINg FROM MENTOMECkELIAN BONES. AXILLARY MEMBRANE ABSENT; ThORACIC FOLD ABSENT; DERMAL FOLDS ON wRISTS ABSENT; FINgERS LONg, SLENDER, BEARINg SLIghTLY ENLARgED DISTAL PADS; INNER OUTER METACARPAL TUBERCLES PRESENT, BUT CONDITION OF SPECIMEN DOES NOw ALLOw FOR ACCURATE DESCRIPTION; RELATIVE LENgThS OF FINgERS: III&gt; IV&gt; II&gt; I; LATERAL FLANgES APPEAR TO BE ABSENT ON FINgERS; CONDITION OF SPECIMEN DOES NOT PERMIT DESCRIPTION, OR DETERMINATION OF PRESENCE/ ABSENCES OF TUBERCLES ON FOREARMS; wEBBINg ON hANDS ABSENT. HEELS OF ADPRESSED hIND LIMBS OVERLAP; TIBIOTARSAL ARTICULATION NOT EXTENDINg TO SNOUT whEN hINDLIMB EXTENDED; CONDITION OF SPECIMEN DOES NOT PERMIT DESCRIPTION OF TARSAL FOLDS; TIBIA LENgTh 53 % SVL; FOOT LENgTh 46 % SVL; INNER AND OUTER METATARSAL TUBERCLES PRESENT, BUT CONDITION IS UNCLEAR; PRESENCE OF CONDITION OF LATERAL FRINgE ON TOES UNCLEAR; CALCAR PRESENT, SMALL; RELATIVE LENgThS OF TOES: IV&gt; V&gt; III&gt; II&gt; I; wEBBINg BASAL. CLOACAL OPENINg DIRECTED POSTEROVENTRALLY AT MIDLEVEL OF ThIgh.
Medium-sized adult female, SVL 59.3 mm (not including proboscis); tibia length 31.2 mm (not including calcar); foot length 27.3 mm; head length 26.6 mm (not including proboscis); head width 31.4 mm; snout–paraoccipital process length 25.8 mm; tympanum ovoid, 5.2 mm high x 2.6 mm wide; eye diameter 7.4 mm; interorbital distance 12.0 mm; eye–tympanum distance 3.3 mm; body moderate; head large, wider than body, greatest width at level of pars articularis, bearing prominent paraoccipital processes; paraoccipital processes projecting posterolaterally in dorsal view, extending posterior to level of pars articularis; skin co-ossified over dorsal surface of skull; occipital ridges indistinct, paraoccipital ridges present, weakly developed; supraorbital and canthal ridges slightly developed; zygomatic and preorbital ridges absent; canthus rostralis indistinct; loreal region flat; proboscis short, fleshy, pointed, triangular in cross section; snout angling posteriorly at approximately 45o from horizontal; nostrils ovoid, slightly protuberant, projecting dorsally, slightly laterally; lips not flared. Top of head relatively flat; interorbital region 38 % head width; eye diameter 24 % head width; greatest diameter 70 % times eye diameter; width of tympanum 84 % times eye–tympanum distance; upper eyelid appearing to bear only a single enlarged pointed projection, scattered smaller tubercles absent; interorbital, postorbital tubercles absent; skin over posterior surface of pars articularis bearing one large, fleshy tubercle. Tongue large, ovoid; mandible bearing serrations along entire length of lower jaw, with two prominent, tusk-like odontoids projecting from mentomeckelian bones. Axillary membrane absent; thoracic fold absent; dermal folds on wrists absent; fingers long, slender, bearing slightly enlarged distal pads; inner outer metacarpal tubercles present, but condition of specimen does now allow for accurate description; relative lengths of fingers: III&gt; IV&gt; II&gt; I; lateral flanges appear to be absent on fingers; condition of specimen does not permit description, or determination of presence/ absences of tubercles on forearms; webbing on hands absent. Heels of adpressed hind limbs overlap; tibiotarsal articulation not extending to snout when hindlimb extended; condition of specimen does not permit description of tarsal folds; tibia length 53 % SVL; foot length 46 % SVL; inner and outer metatarsal tubercles present, but condition is unclear; presence of condition of lateral fringe on toes unclear; calcar present, small; relative lengths of toes: IV&gt; V&gt; III&gt; II&gt; I; webbing basal. Cloacal opening directed posteroventrally at midlevel of thigh.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D723CFF9B56F2FBF5FD40F401" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" type="description">
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723CFF9B56F2FBF5FD40F401" blockId="12.[151,1438,218,2010]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">
TEXTURE AND COLORATION OF ThE SkIN, AS wELL AS ThE FINER DETAILS OF ThE hANDS AND FEET ARE UNCLEAR, AS ThE TYPE SPECIMEN IS qUITE DESICCATED. SIMILARLY, ThE DESICCATED NATURE OF ThE hOLOTYPE MAkES IT UNCLEAR ThE LEVEL TO whICh ThE TRANSVERSE PROCESSES OF ThE VERTEBRAE ARE CO-OSSIFIED wITh ThE SkIN. ThE PUPIL IS NOT VISIBLE. IN ALL MAjOR MORPhOLOgICAL FEATURES AND MEASUREMENTS, STEjNEgER’S (1917) DESCRIPTION CLOSELY MATChES ThE CURRENT CONDITION OF ThE hOLOTYPE (USNM 55330). EXCEPTIONS INCLUDE COLORATION NOTES AND TEXTURAL DETAILS OF ThE SkIN, VARIOUS TUBERCLES, AND DIgITAL PADS (
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723CFF9B576DFB3AFD98F45A" box="[344,564,1265,1290]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" refId="ref10075" refString="Stejneger, L. (1917) A new species of horned tree-toad from Panama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 301, 31 - 34." type="journal article">STEjNEgER 1917: 32</bibRefCitation>
), ALL OF whICh ARE NOw FADED OR PhYSICALLY DISTORTED—EVIDENTLY AS A RESULT OF DESICCATION AT SOME POINT IN ITS hISTORY. LIkEwISE, ThE INDENTATIONS OF EggS ON ThE DORSAL SURFACE OF ThIS FEMALE ThAT
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723CFF9B56A2FAF2FED0F402" box="[151,380,1337,1362]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" refId="ref10075" refString="Stejneger, L. (1917) A new species of horned tree-toad from Panama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 301, 31 - 34." type="journal article">STEjNEgER (1917: 33)</bibRefCitation>
DESCRIBED NO LONgER ARE EVIDENT.
Texture and coloration of the skin, as well as the finer details of the hands and feet are unclear, as the type specimen is quite desiccated. Similarly, the desiccated nature of the holotype makes it unclear the level to which the transverse processes of the vertebrae are co-ossified with the skin. The pupil is not visible. In all major morphological features and measurements, Stejneger’s (1917) description closely matches the current condition of the holotype (USNM 55330). Exceptions include coloration notes and textural details of the skin, various tubercles, and digital pads (
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723CFF9B576DFB3AFD98F45A" box="[344,564,1265,1290]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" refId="ref10075" refString="Stejneger, L. (1917) A new species of horned tree-toad from Panama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 301, 31 - 34." type="journal article">Stejneger 1917: 32</bibRefCitation>
), all of which are now faded or physically distorted—evidently as a result of desiccation at some point in its history. Likewise, the indentations of eggs on the dorsal surface of this female that
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723CFF9B56A2FAF2FED0F402" box="[151,380,1337,1362]" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" refId="ref10075" refString="Stejneger, L. (1917) A new species of horned tree-toad from Panama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 301, 31 - 34." type="journal article">Stejneger (1917: 33)</bibRefCitation>
described no longer are evident.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D723CFF9B56F2FA96FE76F68A" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" type="diagnosis">
@ -183,11 +183,11 @@ DESCRIBED NO LONgER ARE EVIDENT.
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B577DFA96FDDEF425" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[328,626,1373,1397]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B577DFA96FDDEF425" box="[328,626,1373,1397]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Hemiphractus panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MAY BE DISTINgUIShED FROM ALL SPECIES OF
may be distinguished from all species of
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B5271FA96FB4FF425" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1828" box="[1092,1251,1373,1397]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B5271FA96FB4FF425" box="[1092,1251,1373,1397]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Hemiphractus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
EXCEPT
except
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B530CFA95FE8DF4C9" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B530CFA95FA3BF425" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[1337,1431,1373,1397]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">H. elioti</taxonomicName>
,
@ -198,26 +198,26 @@ EXCEPT
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B5706FA49FE60F4C9" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[307,460,1409,1433]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">H. kaylockae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
AND
and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B5425FA49FD3EF4C9" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[528,658,1410,1433]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B5425FA49FD3EF4C9" box="[528,658,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
BY NOT hAVINg A POSTORBITAL INDENTATION (PRESENT IN OThER SPECIES).
by not having a postorbital indentation (present in other species).
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B56A2FA6EFE6CF4ED" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[151,448,1445,1469]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B56A2FA6EFE6CF4ED" box="[151,448,1445,1469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Hemiphractus panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MAY BE DISTINgUIShED FROM
may be distinguished from
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B54CDFA6DFCD0F4ED" box="[760,892,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B54CDFA6DFCD4F4ED" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[760,888,1446,1469]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">H. scutatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
AN AMAzONIAN SPECIES NOT OCCURRINg IN PANAMA, BY ITS SMALLER SIzE (MAXIMUM SVL IN MALES 52.5 VS. 57.4, FEMALES 64.7 VS. 80.5; DATA FOR
an Amazonian species not occurring in Panama, by its smaller size (maximum SVL in males 52.5 vs. 57.4, females 64.7 vs. 80.5; data for
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B52A1FA01FABFF4B1" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1172,1299,1482,1505]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B52A1FA01FABFF4B1" box="[1172,1299,1482,1505]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
FROM
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723CFF9B536FFA01FF7FF756" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" refId="ref10105" refString="Trueb, L. (1974) Systematic relationships of Neotropical horned frogs, genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hylidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 29, 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 11750" type="journal article">TRUEB 1974</bibRefCitation>
), AND BY hAVINg SMALL EXPANDED PADS ON ThE FINgERS AND TOES (ABSENT IN
from
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723CFF9B536FFA01FF7FF756" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" refId="ref10105" refString="Trueb, L. (1974) Systematic relationships of Neotropical horned frogs, genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hylidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 29, 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 11750" type="journal article">Trueb 1974</bibRefCitation>
), and by having small expanded pads on the fingers and toes (absent in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B526FFA25FB73F755" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[1114,1247,1518,1541]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B526FFA25FB73F755" box="[1114,1247,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
@ -225,105 +225,105 @@ FROM
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B52C8FA26FEB7F779" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B52C8FA26FEB7F779" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Hemiphractus panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DIFFERS FROM
differs from
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B57F1F9D9FD8BF779" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[452,551,1553,1577]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B57F1F9D9FD8BF779" box="[452,551,1553,1577]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AND
and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B545EF9D9FCA8F779" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[619,772,1553,1577]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B545EF9D9FCA8F779" box="[619,772,1553,1577]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
BY hAVINg NEOPALATINE AND VOMERINE ODONTOIDS wIDELY SEPARATED (VS. IN CONTACT IN
by having neopalatine and vomerine odontoids widely separated (vs. in contact in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B57E1F9FDFD9FF71D" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[468,563,1589,1613]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B57E1F9FDFD9FF71D" box="[468,563,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AND NARROwLY SEPARATED IN
and narrowly separated in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B5558F9FDFBAEF71D" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[877,1026,1589,1613]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B5558F9FDFBAEF71D" box="[877,1026,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B5226F9FDFBF4F71E" box="[1043,1112,1589,1614]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">FIg. 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B5226F9FDFBF4F71E" box="[1043,1112,1589,1614]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B5245F9FEFA30F71D" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[1136,1436,1589,1613]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B5245F9FEFA30F71D" box="[1136,1436,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Hemiphractus panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
APPEARS TO hAVE ONLY ABOUT TwO ODONTOIDS ON EACh VOMER, whEREAS
appears to have only about two odontoids on each vomer, whereas
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B5592F991FBAAF721" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[935,1030,1625,1649]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B5592F991FBAAF721" box="[935,1030,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AND
and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B5276F991FB75F721" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[1091,1241,1625,1649]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B5276F991FB75F721" box="[1091,1241,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
BOTh hAVE ABOUT SEVEN (CONDITION UNkNOwN IN
both have about seven (condition unknown in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B57C9F9B5FD2CF7C5" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[508,640,1662,1685]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B57C9F9B5FD2CF7C5" box="[508,640,1662,1685]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. scutatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B54A1F9B5FD72F7C6" box="[660,734,1661,1686]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">FIg. 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B54A1F9B5FD72F7C6" box="[660,734,1661,1686]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1259,1281]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,409,1237]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285056/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B54CCF9B6FB86F7C5" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[761,1066,1661,1685]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B54CCF9B6FB86F7C5" box="[761,1066,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Hemiphractus panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
MAY BE DISTINgUIShED FROM
may be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B53B4F9B5FEABF7E9" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B53B4F9B5FEABF7E9" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
BY hAVINg A STRAIghT LATERAL MARgIN OF ThE PARAOCCIPITAL hORNS (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B55E9F969FB83F7EA" box="[988,1071,1698,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">FIgS. 2</figureCitation>
by having a straight lateral margin of the paraoccipital horns (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B55E9F969FB83F7EA" box="[988,1071,1698,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B5208F969FBE1F7EA" box="[1085,1101,1698,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">9</figureCitation>
); SUPRAORBITAL RIDgES EVIDENT, wEAkLY DEVELOPED (ABSENT OR wEAkLY DEVELOPED IN
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B5208F969FBE1F7EA" box="[1085,1101,1698,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">9</figureCitation>
); supraorbital ridges evident, weakly developed (absent or weakly developed in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B54EFF90DFC94F78D" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[730,824,1733,1757]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B54EFF90DFC94F78D" box="[730,824,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AND
and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B5547F90DFBA9F78D" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[882,1029,1733,1757]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B5547F90DFBA9F78D" box="[882,1029,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B5223F90DFBCAF78E" box="[1046,1126,1734,1758]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">FIgS. 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B5223F90DFBCAF78E" box="[1046,1126,1734,1758]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B5241F90DFB28F78E" box="[1140,1156,1734,1758]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">9</figureCitation>
); CANThAL RIDgES EVIDENT, DISTINCT (ABSENT OR wEAkLY DEVELOPED IN
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B5241F90DFB28F78E" box="[1140,1156,1734,1758]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">9</figureCitation>
); canthal ridges evident, distinct (absent or weakly developed in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B54B1F921FD4BF651" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[644,743,1769,1793]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B54B1F921FD4BF651" box="[644,743,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B54CBF921FCF8F652" box="[766,852,1770,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">FIgS. 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B54CBF921FCF8F652" box="[766,852,1770,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1617,1639]" captionTargetBox="[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[205,1391,663,1606]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285048/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B5552F921FCDBF652" box="[871,887,1770,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">9</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723CFF9B5552F921FCDBF652" box="[871,887,1770,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1486,1508]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[340,1247,555,1465]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285062/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">9</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B55A1F922FB6BF651" authorityName="Duellman" authorityYear="1970" box="[916,1223,1769,1793]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B55A1F922FB6BF651" box="[916,1223,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">Hemiphractus panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hAS A VERY LARgE SUBTEMPORAL FENESTRA APPROXIMATELY 1.5 X SIzE OF ThE ORBIT IN FEMALES (MALES UNkNOwN), SUBTEMPORAL FENESTRA APPROXIMATELY ONE-ThIRD DIAMETER OF ThE ORBIT IN BOTh MALES AND FEMALES IN
has a very large subtemporal fenestra approximately 1.5 x size of the orbit in females (males unknown), subtemporal fenestra approximately one-third diameter of the orbit in both males and females in
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B55C7F8F9FB29F619" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[1010,1157,1841,1865]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B55C7F8F9FB29F619" box="[1010,1157,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, APPROXIMATELY ONE-hALF DIAMETER OF ORBIT IN FEMALES OF
, approximately one-half diameter of orbit in females of
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B5432F89DFDCAF63D" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[519,614,1877,1901]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B5432F89DFDCAF63D" box="[519,614,1877,1901]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. elioti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(VERY SMALL IN MALES), APPROXIMATELY ONE-hALF DIAMETER OF ThE ORBIT IN FEMALES OF
(very small in males), approximately one-half diameter of the orbit in females of
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B5720F8B1FE30F6C1" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" box="[277,412,1913,1937]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B5720F8B1FE30F6C1" box="[277,412,1913,1937]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. fasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MALES UNkNOwN); LATERAL MARgINS OF ThE qUADRATOjUgAL EXTENDINg FAR BEYOND ThE PROFILE OF ThE PARAOCCIPITAL hORNS IN DORSAL VIEw (ABOUT TO LEVEL OF PARAOCCIPITAL hORNS, OR SLIghTLY BEYOND,
(males unknown); lateral margins of the quadratojugal extending far beyond the profile of the paraoccipital horns in dorsal view (about to level of paraoccipital horns, or slightly beyond,
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B5338F855FEADF689" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B5338F855FADCF6E5" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[1293,1392,1949,1973]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elioti">H. elioti</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B53B4F855FF52F689" authorityName="Trueb" authorityYear="1974" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">H. fasciatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
AND
and
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723CFF9B570DF809FE66F689" authorityName="Hill &amp; Martin &amp; Stanley &amp; Mendelson Iii" authorityYear="2018" box="[312,458,1985,2009]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kaylockae">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723CFF9B570DF809FE66F689" box="[312,458,1985,2009]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="507">H. kaylockae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="6EA2662E723DFF9A56A2F975FC15F7A3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285058/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" startId="13.[151,250,1726,1748]" targetBox="[425,1161,193,1705]" targetPageId="13">
<caption id="6EA2662E723DFF9A56A2F975FC15F7A3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285058/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" startId="13.[151,250,1726,1748]" targetBox="[425,1161,193,1705]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723DFF9A56A2F975FC15F7A3" blockId="13.[151,1436,1726,1779]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723DFF9A56A2F975FEB8F784" bold="true" box="[151,276,1726,1748]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Preserved holotype of
@ -343,73 +343,70 @@ Stejneger, 1917
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D723DFF9956F2F8D4FCF4F1A8" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723DFF9A56F2F8D4FA30F6BC" blockId="13.[151,1436,1823,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723DFF9956F2F8D4FCF4F1A8" blockId="13.[151,1436,1823,2028]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1438,151,464]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723DFF9A56F2F8D4FDAEF668" bold="true" box="[199,514,1823,1848]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723DFF9A5424F8D4FCEFF667" authorityName="Stejneger" authorityYear="1917" box="[529,835,1823,1847]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723DFF9A5424F8D4FCEFF667" box="[529,835,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Hemiphractus panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
IS kNOwN FROM SPECIMENS COLLECTED FROM CENTRAL
is known from specimens collected from central
<collectingRegion id="F819F844723DFF9A56A2F88FFF5CF60C" box="[151,240,1860,1884]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723DFF9A56A2F88FFF5CF60C" box="[151,240,1860,1884]" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723DFF9A56A2F88FFF5CF60C" box="[151,240,1860,1884]" name="Panama" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Panama</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
IN ThE PROVINCES OF
<collectingRegion id="F819F844723DFF9A57E0F88FFDB5F60C" box="[469,537,1860,1884]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">COLON</collectingRegion>
AND SAN BLAS wIThIN OR IN PROXIMITY TO whAT IS NOw ThE ChAgRES NATIONAL PARk (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723DFF9A56AAF8A3FF49F6D0" box="[159,229,1895,1920]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1517,1539]" captionTargetBox="[355,1232,1034,1482]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[340,1247,1021,1496]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. A map of the known distributions of the three species of Hemiphractus recognized herein, from Panama. Type localities are white symbols, black symbols represent localities for museum vouchers and photographic records (see Fig. 3). Symbols represent H. elioti (triangles); H. panamensis (circles), and H. kaylockae (square). At this time, we know of no confirmed records of these species from neighboring Costa Rica or Colombia, and we posit that H. fasciatus Peters, 1862, does not occur in Panama, but more likely is restricted to Ecuador and perhaps part of Colombia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285054/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">FIg. 5</figureCitation>
). SPECIMENS hAVE BEEN COLLECTED AT ~750 M ELEVATION IN LOwER MONTANE FORESTS wITh hIgh RAINFALL (
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723DFF9A5364F8A3FF7FF6F4" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refId="ref9759" refString="Myers, C. (1966) The distribution and behavior of a tropical horned frog Cerathyla panamensis Stejneger. Herpetologica, 22, 68 - 71." type="journal article">MYERS 1966</bibRefCitation>
in the provinces of
<collectingRegion id="F819F844723DFF9A57E0F88FFDB5F60C" box="[469,537,1860,1884]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Colon</collectingRegion>
and San Blas within or in proximity to what is now the Chagres National Park (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723DFF9A56AAF8A3FF49F6D0" box="[159,229,1895,1920]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1517,1539]" captionTargetBox="[355,1232,1034,1482]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[340,1247,1021,1496]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. A map of the known distributions of the three species of Hemiphractus recognized herein, from Panama. Type localities are white symbols, black symbols represent localities for museum vouchers and photographic records (see Fig. 3). Symbols represent H. elioti (triangles); H. panamensis (circles), and H. kaylockae (square). At this time, we know of no confirmed records of these species from neighboring Costa Rica or Colombia, and we posit that H. fasciatus Peters, 1862, does not occur in Panama, but more likely is restricted to Ecuador and perhaps part of Colombia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285054/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Specimens have been collected at ~750 m elevation in lower montane forests with high rainfall (
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723DFF9A5364F8A3FF7FF6F4" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refId="ref9759" refString="Myers, C. (1966) The distribution and behavior of a tropical horned frog Cerathyla panamensis Stejneger. Herpetologica, 22, 68 - 71." type="journal article">Myers 1966</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723DFF9A56DDF847FED1F6F4" box="[232,381,1932,1956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refId="ref10105" refString="Trueb, L. (1974) Systematic relationships of Neotropical horned frogs, genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hylidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 29, 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 11750" type="journal article">TRUEB (1974)</bibRefCitation>
REPORTED A LARgE SPECIMEN (KU 93503) ThAT CONTAINED “…AN UNIDENTIFIED gASTROPOD, A LIzARD (
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723DFF9A56DDF847FED1F6F4" box="[232,381,1932,1956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refId="ref10105" refString="Trueb, L. (1974) Systematic relationships of Neotropical horned frogs, genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hylidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 29, 1 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 11750" type="journal article">Trueb (1974)</bibRefCitation>
reported a large specimen (KU 93503) that contained “…an unidentified gastropod, a lizard (
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723DFF9A5695F864FEECF697" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1890" box="[160,320,1967,1991]" class="Reptilia" family="Gymnophthalmidae" genus="Ptychoglossus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723DFF9A5695F864FEECF697" box="[160,320,1967,1991]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Ptychoglossus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), AND A DENDROBATID FROg (
), and a dendrobatid frog (
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723DFF9A5441F864FD54F697" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1866" box="[628,760,1967,1991]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723DFF9A5441F864FD54F697" box="[628,760,1967,1991]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Colostethus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) IN ThE STOMACh.
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723DFF9A55F3F87BFBCEF698" box="[966,1122,1967,1992]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refId="ref9759" refString="Myers, C. (1966) The distribution and behavior of a tropical horned frog Cerathyla panamensis Stejneger. Herpetologica, 22, 68 - 71." type="journal article">MYERS (1966)</bibRefCitation>
REPORTED
) in the stomach.
<bibRefCitation id="5E4C4B57723DFF9A55F3F87BFBCEF698" box="[966,1122,1967,1992]" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" refId="ref9759" refString="Myers, C. (1966) The distribution and behavior of a tropical horned frog Cerathyla panamensis Stejneger. Herpetologica, 22, 68 - 71." type="journal article">Myers (1966)</bibRefCitation>
reported
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723DFF9A52E6F87BFAD0F697" authorityName="Stejneger" authorityYear="1917" box="[1235,1404,1968,1991]" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723DFF9A52E6F87BFAD0F697" box="[1235,1404,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
TO DISPLAY MOUTh gAPINg BEhAVIOR AND BITINg whEN ACCOSTED (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723DFF9A5507F81FFC27F6BC" box="[818,907,2004,2028]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1708,1730]" captionTargetBox="[200,1402,209,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1409,193,1692]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of live specimens of Hemiphractus from Panama. (A) Specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. (B) Specimen of H. panamensis displaying mouth gaping behavior while being handled (E. Baitchman); sex and SVL unknown. (C) Live specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. Specimens of H. panamensis all found at Cerro Brewster, Panama, Panama. (D, E) Adults of H. elioti, from Altos de María, near El Valle de Antón, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); probably males, SVL unknown. (F) Captive adult female of H. elioti with eggs (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); SVL unknown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285050/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">FIg. 3B</figureCitation>
). AN INDIVIDUAL COLLECTED BY MYERS IN 1964 AT
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723EFF9956A2FF53FCF4F1A8" blockId="14.[151,1438,151,464]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
ALTOS DE PACORA (
to display mouth gaping behavior and biting when accosted (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723DFF9A5507F81FFC27F6BC" box="[818,907,2004,2028]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1708,1730]" captionTargetBox="[200,1402,209,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1409,193,1692]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of live specimens of Hemiphractus from Panama. (A) Specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. (B) Specimen of H. panamensis displaying mouth gaping behavior while being handled (E. Baitchman); sex and SVL unknown. (C) Live specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. Specimens of H. panamensis all found at Cerro Brewster, Panama, Panama. (D, E) Adults of H. elioti, from Altos de María, near El Valle de Antón, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); probably males, SVL unknown. (F) Captive adult female of H. elioti with eggs (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); SVL unknown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285050/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="508">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
). An individual collected by Myers in 1964 at Altos de Pacora (
<collectingRegion id="F819F844723EFF995754FF53FD9CF1E0" box="[353,560,152,176]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723EFF995754FF53FE11F1E0" box="[353,445,152,176]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
PROVINCE
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723EFF995754FF53FE11F1E0" box="[353,445,152,176]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Panama</collectingCountry>
Province
</collectingRegion>
) wAS “ON A STICk LYINg ON BARE SOIL, IN A ROADSIDE DITCh AT NIghT. TwO LIVE SPECIMENS OBSERVED AT NIghT BY T. HERMAN AND COLLEAgUES (PERS. COMM.) AT CERRO BREwSTER (PANAM PROVINCE) wERE OBSERVED ON VEgETATION &lt;1 M ABOVE gROUND LEVEL (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723EFF9954E5FF2BFCE7F1A8" box="[720,843,224,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1708,1730]" captionTargetBox="[200,1402,209,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1409,193,1692]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of live specimens of Hemiphractus from Panama. (A) Specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. (B) Specimen of H. panamensis displaying mouth gaping behavior while being handled (E. Baitchman); sex and SVL unknown. (C) Live specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. Specimens of H. panamensis all found at Cerro Brewster, Panama, Panama. (D, E) Adults of H. elioti, from Altos de María, near El Valle de Antón, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); probably males, SVL unknown. (F) Captive adult female of H. elioti with eggs (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); SVL unknown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285050/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">FIg. 3A, C</figureCitation>
) was “on a stick lying on bare soil, in a roadside ditch at night. Two live specimens observed at night by T. Herman and colleagues (pers. comm.) at Cerro Brewster (Panam Province) were observed on vegetation &lt;1 m above ground level (
<figureCitation id="A2E62A23723EFF9954E5FF2BFCE7F1A8" box="[720,843,224,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1708,1730]" captionTargetBox="[200,1402,209,1680]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[185,1409,193,1692]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of live specimens of Hemiphractus from Panama. (A) Specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. (B) Specimen of H. panamensis displaying mouth gaping behavior while being handled (E. Baitchman); sex and SVL unknown. (C) Live specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. Specimens of H. panamensis all found at Cerro Brewster, Panama, Panama. (D, E) Adults of H. elioti, from Altos de María, near El Valle de Antón, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); probably males, SVL unknown. (F) Captive adult female of H. elioti with eggs (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); SVL unknown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1285050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1285050/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Fig. 3A, C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72C7652D723EFF9956F2FECFFA98F080" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3A6236A6723EFF9956F2FECFFA98F080" blockId="14.[151,1438,151,464]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723EFF9956F2FECFFE97F04D" bold="true" box="[199,315,260,285]" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Remarks.</emphasis>
WhILE OSTEOLOgICAL ChARACTERS OF ThE SkULL wOULD NOT SEEM TO BE USEFUL DIAgNOSTIC ChARACTERS IN ThE ABSENCE OF SkELETAL SPECIMENS OR RADIOgRAPhY, wE NOTE ThAT ThE DISTINCTLY ENLARgED SUBTEMPORAL FENESTRA OF
While osteological characters of the skull would not seem to be useful diagnostic characters in the absence of skeletal specimens or radiography, we note that the distinctly enlarged subtemporal fenestra of
<taxonomicName id="FDDD4D25723EFF9953B4FEE2FEB7F034" authorityName="Stejneger" authorityYear="1917" class="Amphibia" family="Hemiphractidae" genus="Hemiphractus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="panamensis">
<emphasis id="08A9EAB4723EFF9953B4FEE2FEB7F034" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">H. panamensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
CAN BE DETECTED BY MANUAL PALPATION AND IS ALSO VISIBLE EVEN IN PhOTOgRAPhS OF LIVINg SPECIMENS. DESPITE ThE RELATIVE PROXIMITY OF ThE RANgE OF ThIS SPECIES TO
can be detected by manual palpation and is also visible even in photographs of living specimens. Despite the relative proximity of the range of this species to
<collectingRegion id="F819F844723EFF99550CFEBBFC66F0D8" box="[825,970,368,392]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723EFF99550CFEBBFC3EF0D8" box="[825,914,368,392]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
CITY
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723EFF99550CFEBBFC3EF0D8" box="[825,914,368,392]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Panama</collectingCountry>
City
</collectingRegion>
, AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENTS SUCh
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723EFF9953B0FEBBFA30F0D8" box="[1413,1436,368,392]" name="American Samoa" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">AS</collectingCountry>
ThE
, and infrastructural developments such
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723EFF9953B0FEBBFA30F0D8" box="[1413,1436,368,392]" name="American Samoa" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">as</collectingCountry>
the
<collectingRegion id="F819F844723EFF99568AFE5FFEB4F0FC" box="[191,280,404,428]" country="Panama" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723EFF99568AFE5FFEB4F0FC" box="[191,280,404,428]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723EFF99568AFE5FFEB4F0FC" box="[191,280,404,428]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">Panama</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
CANAL AND VARIOUS SMIThSONIAN FIELD STATIONS, RELATIVELY FEw SPECIMENS OF ThIS SPECIES APPEAR TO EXIST IN MUSEUM COLLECTIONS.
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723EFF9957B1FE73FE0FF080" box="[388,419,440,464]" name="American Samoa" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">AS</collectingCountry>
A RESULT, DATA REgARDINg VARIATION IN COLORATION AND MORPhOMETRY ARE UNAVAILABLE.
Canal and various Smithsonian field stations, relatively few specimens of this species appear to exist in museum collections.
<collectingCountry id="42CA7636723EFF9957B1FE73FE0FF080" box="[388,419,440,464]" name="American Samoa" pageId="14" pageNumber="509">As</collectingCountry>
a result, data regarding variation in coloration and morphometry are unavailable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>