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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.15.9587" ID-GBIF-Dataset="769a955d-d535-4402-86fb-884b3c123298" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127873132" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-4049-15-1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1314-4049-15-1" ModsDocOrigin="MycoKeys 15" ModsDocTitle="New reports, phylogenetic analysis, and a key to Lactarius Pers. in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem informed by molecular data" checkinTime="1473366568713" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Barge, Edward G. &amp; Cripps, Cathy L." docDate="2016" docId="9F97002A99A16B3FDDAF6FC11B767CC9" docLanguage="en" docName="MycoKeys 15: 1-58" docOrigin="MycoKeys 15" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.15.9587" docTitle="Lactarius brunneoviolaceus M. P. Christ." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="FFD1F118FFEC24262B7BCF2E5547923D" masterDocTitle="New reports, phylogenetic analysis, and a key to Lactarius Pers. in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem informed by molecular data" masterLastPageNumber="58" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1643499973714" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>New reports, phylogenetic analysis, and a key to Lactarius Pers. in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem informed by molecular data</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Barge, Edward G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cripps, Cathy L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>MycoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>15</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127873132" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9F97002A99A16B3FDDAF6FC11B767CC9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F97002A99A16B3FDDAF6FC11B767CC9" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Taxon classification Fungi Russulales Russulaceae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
8.
<taxonomicName authority="M. P. Christ." class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius brunneoviolaceus" order="Russulales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoviolaceus">Lactarius aff. brunneoviolaceus M.P. Christ.</taxonomicName>
Figure 10
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="21" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Pileus 30-60 mm in diameter, convex to slightly
<normalizedToken originalValue="depressedconvex">depressed-convex</normalizedToken>
, smooth, viscid, faintly zonate, brownish with lavender hues, marbled, whitish near margin; margin incurved and faintly tomentose when young. KOH on pileus cuticle green. Lamellae adnate, crowded, cream, staining violet where damaged. Stipe 25-30
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
20-25 mm, clavate, smooth, white with hoary coating, staining violet where damaged, hollow. Context not observed. Latex white, unchanging, staining tissue violet. Odor sweet. Taste mild, becoming slightly bitter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Basidiospores 8-12
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6.5-8
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, Q = 1.2-1.5, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid; ornamentation forming an incomplete reticulum. Pleuromacrocystidia 40-90
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
8-12
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, scattered to numerous, subfusiform to fusiform; apex mucronate. Cheilomacrocystidia 40-88
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
7-12
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, numerous, fusiform; apex mucronate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ecology and distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius brunneoviolaceus" order="Russulales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoviolaceus">Lactarius brunneoviolaceus</taxonomicName>
occurs in arctic-alpine areas with
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Salix</taxonomicName>
. The species described here was found growing near tree line (krummholz spruce present) on the Beartooth Plateau amongst
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix reticulata" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulata">Salix reticulata</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix planifolia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifolia">Salix planifolia</taxonomicName>
, late summer.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
U.S.A. MONTANA: Custer County, Beartooth Plateau, Birch Site, among krummholz
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea engelmannii" order="Pinales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="engelmannii">Picea engelmannii</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix reticulata" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulata">Salix reticulata</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix planifolia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifolia">Salix planifolia</taxonomicName>
, 15 Aug 2014, CLC3098 (MONT).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
More collections and molecular data from this species are needed, however, this is the first report of a species from the GYE, and to the best of our knowledge, North America, bearing affinities to the arctic-alpine
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Salix</taxonomicName>
associate
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius brunneoviolaceus" order="Russulales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoviolaceus">Lactarius brunneoviolaceus</taxonomicName>
. Unfortunately, high quality sequence data was not obtained for this collection, and only a small portion of ITS1 could be used for phylogenetic analyses, which placed it with
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius brunneoviolaceus" order="Russulales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoviolaceus">Lactarius brunneoviolaceus</taxonomicName>
. Morphologically, it is also a close match, except that the pileus of the species described here stains green with KOH, which is not historically mentioned for
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius brunneoviolaceus" order="Russulales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoviolaceus">Lactarius brunneoviolaceus</taxonomicName>
. It is possible that the pileus of
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius brunneoviolaceus" order="Russulales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoviolaceus">Lactarius brunneoviolaceus</taxonomicName>
stains green in KOH as well but that it has not been thoroughly tested. In CLC2133 from Norway, another specimen closely matching
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius brunneoviolaceus" order="Russulales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoviolaceus">Lactarius brunneoviolaceus</taxonomicName>
which was examined, the pileus (of dried material) also stained green in KOH.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<pageBreakToken pageId="21" pageNumber="22" start="start">This</pageBreakToken>
species is very closely related to
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius montanus" order="Russulales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="montanus">Lactarius montanus</taxonomicName>
(Figure 2A), however, the latter features slightly smaller basidiospores (7-10.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6-8
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, although sometimes to 12
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long), and is typically below tree line with conifers.
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius pallidomarginatus" order="Russulales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="pallidomarginatus">Lactarius pallidomarginatus</taxonomicName>
, which is also closely related, has lighter colored, less violaceous pilei that do not stain green in KOH, and smaller basidiospores (8-10
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
6.5-8
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Figure 10.
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Russulaceae" genus="Lactarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Lactarius brunneoviolaceus" order="Russulales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoviolaceus">Lactarius aff. brunneoviolaceus</taxonomicName>
. Collection CLC3098 near
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix reticulata" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="reticulata">Salix reticulata</taxonomicName>
(pictured),
<taxonomicName class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Salix planifolia" order="Aplousobranchia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planifolia">Salix planifolia</taxonomicName>
, and krummholz
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea engelmannii" order="Pinales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="engelmannii">Picea engelmannii</taxonomicName>
, Beartooth Plateau, Montana, USA. Scale bar: 2 cm. Photo by C. Cripps.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trigonella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spinosa">
<emphasis bold="true" pageNumber="901">Trigonella spinosa</emphasis>
Linnaeus
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<paragraph pageNumber="901">&quot;Habitat in Creta.&quot; RCN: 5706.</paragraph>
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Current name:
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L.
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(
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:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rudd" authorityYear="1968" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Faboideae">Faboideae</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="141">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/A08B2505-A2DD-49B8-8DEE-D2EFE269C26C" authority="Sinclair &amp; Brooks" class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Gondwanamyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gondwanamyia zealandica" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="141" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zealandica">Gondwanamyia zealandica Sinclair &amp; Brooks</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="4" pageNumber="141">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 1-3, 7, 10
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="142" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="142" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
locality.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
New Zealand: Auckland: Waitakere Range, Matuku Reserve, 25 m,
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-36.867">36.867°S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="174.476">174.476°E</geoCoordinate>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="142" type="type specimen">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Type-specimen.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
Holotype male, pinned. Original label: &quot;NEW ZEALAND: AK:/ Waitakere Range/ Matuku Reserve, 25 m/
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-36.867">36.867°S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="174.476">174.476°E</geoCoordinate>
/ 2-5.iv.2010; L. Masner/ YPT [yellow pan trap] #23&quot;; &quot;HOLOTYPE/
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Gondwanamyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gondwanamyia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gondwanamyia</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName genus="Empidoidea" lsidName="Empidoidea zealandica" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" rank="species" species="zealandica">zealandica</taxonomicName>
/ Sinclair &amp; Brooks&quot; (NZAC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="142" type="recognition">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Recognition.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="142">
This species is distinguished from
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Gondwanamyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gondwanamyia chilensis" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">Gondwanamyia chilensis</taxonomicName>
by the less stout posteroventral row of setae on the mid femur and tibia, presence of acrostichal setae, arista-like stylus slightly shorter, posterior setae on male sternite 8 longer and stouter, and phallus without an apical filament.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="5" pageNumber="142" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Male.Head: Ocellar setae stout, reclinate. Arista-like stylus approximately 0.5 mm.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Thorax: Light brown, concolourous with abdomen. Acrostichal setulae present, at least three, uniserial; five dorsocentral setae, anterior seta stouter and laterally offset; one postpronotal seta, two strong, subequal notopleural setae; one presutural and three postsutural supra-alar setae; one postalar; two pairs of scutellar setae, lateral pair slender and shorter than apical pair.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="142">Legs: Mid femur with posteroventral row of pale setae, longer than width of tibia. Mid tibia without posteroventral row of stout setae. Apex of hind tibia slightly expanded with posteroapical comb.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="143">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="143" start="start">Wing</pageBreakToken>
: Length 1.1 mm. Erect costal setae more conspicuous than in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Gondwanamyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gondwanamyia chilensis" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">Gondwanamyia chilensis</taxonomicName>
; subapical vein streaks present, representing veins M1 and M2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="6" pageNumber="143">
Abdomen: Four pairs of posterior setae on male sternite 8 long and stout. Male terminalia: Cercus broadly expanded at base, tapered to narrow apex; bearing fine setae.
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="144" start="start">Hypandrium</pageBreakToken>
+ epandrium with broad ventral connection; slender surstylus with pair of preapical setae; apex arched medially. Hypandrium sheath-like, with two pairs of tapered and apically pointed anterior hypandrial lobes; gonocoxal apodeme very slender, straight, arising on interior of hypandrial sheath. Phallus with hood-like apex, without apical filament; ejaculatory apodeme rod-shaped, very long and slender, running along posterior margin of hypandrium.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Female. Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="144" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="144">The species name refers to the country of the type locality.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="144" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="144">
This species is known only from the type-locality, on the North Island of New Zealand (Fig. 10). The New Zealand habitat is apparently very different than that for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Empididae" genus="Gondwanamyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gondwanamyia chilensis" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chilensis">Gondwanamyia chilensis</taxonomicName>
, but collection of additional specimens and observations on the precise micro-habitat of this species in the Matuku Reserve are required.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>