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<document ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542" ID-GBIF-Dataset="57ea6fdb-2533-44e5-b60b-736758a88d19" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3922206" ID-ZooBank="2C6327E1-5560-4DB4-B9CA-76A0FA03D975" checkinTime="1593218702860" checkinUser="admin" docAuthor="Linnaeus, Carolus" docDate="1758" docId="9F4F67CFF7981D6FFDFA111F643D93D7" docLanguage="de" docName="Linnaeus1758Treatments.xml" docOrigin="Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius" docSource="https://archive.org/download/mobot31753000798865/mobot31753000798865.pdf" docTitle="Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="5A7C05A9-F4F2-48BF-9D58-56248EAB786C" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="317" masterDocId="3F896AFC21C459639D0D71D9EDB8875C" masterDocTitle="Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis" pageNumber="317" updateTime="1643600433100" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Linnaeus, Carolus</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued>1758</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:publisher>Laurentius Salvius</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Stockholm</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>https://archive.org/download/mobot31753000798865/mobot31753000798865.pdf</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>book</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">2C6327E1-5560-4DB4-B9CA-76A0FA03D975</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3922206</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3920603" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164809552" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3920603" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5A7C05A9-F4F2-48BF-9D58-56248EAB786C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F4F67CFF7981D6FFDFA111F643D93D7" lastPageNumber="317" pageNumber="317" sourcePageUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727228">
<subSubSection type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageNumber="317">
<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5A7C05A9-F4F2-48BF-9D58-56248EAB786C" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polynemidae" genus="Polynemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov." zbkClass="Pisces" zbkKingdom="Animalia" zbkOrder="Abdominales">Polynemus</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicNameLabel rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection type="description">
<paragraph pageNumber="317">
<emphasis italics="true">
<pageBreakToken pageNumber="317">Caput</pageBreakToken>
</emphasis>
compressum, undique squamosum: rostro obtusissimo, prominente.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageNumber="317">
<emphasis italics="true">Membr. branch.</emphasis>
radiis VII. s. V.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageNumber="317">
<emphasis italics="true">Corpus</emphasis>
Digitis liberis ad pinnas pectorales.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.347.6002" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4523286c-586e-4e1e-b33f-6836d3165a18" ID-PMC="PMC3822444" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-347-1" ID-PubMed="24222723" ID-ZBK="52232D18DD784A84882CACA428B4A9D2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-347-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 347" ModsDocTitle="The Doryctinae (Braconidae) of Costa Rica: genera and species of the tribe Heterospilini" checkinTime="1451246744844" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Marsh, Paul M., Wild, Alexander L. &amp; Whitfield, James B." docDate="2013" docId="9F4F83256CCF0C0274CF5FA81E94F6D2" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 347: 1-474" docOrigin="ZooKeys 347" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.347.6002" docTitle="Heterospilus granulatus Marsh, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="9ECBE257-445D-4B35-AA74-FC74016DDB3B" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="82" masterDocId="FF80331FA362FFFA435DFFBEFFDF333B" masterDocTitle="The Doryctinae (Braconidae) of Costa Rica: genera and species of the tribe Heterospilini" masterLastPageNumber="474" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="81" updateTime="1668156762379" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>The Doryctinae (Braconidae) of Costa Rica: genera and species of the tribe Heterospilini</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Marsh, Paul M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wild, Alexander L.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Whitfield, James B.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>347</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>474</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.347.6002</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.347.6002</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-347-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">52232D18DD784A84882CACA428B4A9D2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">52232D18DD784A84882CACA428B4A9D2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152049214" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9ECBE257-445D-4B35-AA74-FC74016DDB3B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F4F83256CCF0C0274CF5FA81E94F6D2" lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<subSubSection pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/9ECBE257-445D-4B35-AA74-FC74016DDB3B" authority="Marsh" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Heterospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heterospilus granulatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulatus">Heterospilus granulatus Marsh</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="80" pageNumber="81">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figure 52
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="female">
<paragraph pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Female.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Body size: 4.0 mm. Color: head with vertex, frons and face brown, malar space, temple and eye orbits yellow, scape light brown or honey yellow, without lateral longitudinal brown stripe, flagellum brown; mesosoma dark brown or black, mesoscutal lobes, lower portion of mesopleuron and venter light brown or honey yellow; metasomal tergum 1 dark brown or black, tergum 2 dark brown with honey yellow stripes laterally, remaining terga dark brown basally, lighter brown apically; legs yellow, femora, especially hind femur, brown; wing veins brown, stigma brown with yellow at apex. Head: vertex transversely costate; frons transversely costate; face granulate; temple in dorsal view narrow, sloping behind eye, width less than 1/2 eye width; malar space greater than 1/4 eye height; ocell-ocular distance about 1.5 times diameter of lateral ocellus; 30-35 flagellomeres. Mesosoma: mesoscutal lobes granulate; notauli scrobiculate, meeting at scutellum in rugose triangular area; scutellum granulate; prescutellar furrow with 1 distinct median cross carina and 2 weak carinae; mesopleuron granulate; precoxal sulcus smooth, shorter than mesopleuron; venter granulate; propodeum with basal median areas distinctly margined, granulate, basal median carina present and long, areola usually not margined, areolar area rugose, lateral areas rugose posteriorly, granulate anteriorly. Wings: fore wing vein r shorter than vein 3RSa, vein 1cu-a beyond vein 1M; hind wing vein SC+R present, vein M+CU shorter than vein 1M. Metasoma: first tergum costate-granulate, apical width less than length; second tergum costate-granulate; anterior transverse groove present, sinuate; posterior transverse groove weakly indicated; third tergum entirely granulate; terga 4-7 granulate; ovipositor 1/2 length of metasoma.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="holotype female">
<paragraph pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Holotype female.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
Top label (white, printed) - COSTA RICA: Puntarenas [;] R.F. Golfo Dulce, [;] 24km W. Piedras Blancas, [;] 200m, [;] Feb. 1992, Paul Hanson;
<pageBreakToken pageId="81" pageNumber="82" start="start">second</pageBreakToken>
label (red, partially printed and hand written) - HOLOTYPE [;] Heterospilus [;] granulatus [;] P. Marsh. Deposited in ESUW.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="paratypes">
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Paratypes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
1 ♀, Costa Rica: Limon ACLAC [;] Central, R.B. Hitoy Cerere [;] Est. H. Cerere, 100-140m [;] Send. Toma de Agua, Malaise [;] 17.
<normalizedToken originalValue="xi–">xi-</normalizedToken>
17.xii.1999, F. Umana [;] L.N. 184600-643400 #54940 (ESUW). 1 ♀, Cerro Tortuguero, 0-120m, P.N. [;] Tortuguero, Prov.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Limón">Limon</normalizedToken>
, COSTA [;] RICA. Feb 1993. R. Delgado. [;] L-N-285000,588000 (INBC). 1 ♀, top label - COSTA RICA, Heredia [;] Est. Biol. La Selva, 50- [;] 150m,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="10.433333">10°26'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-84.01667">84°01'W</geoCoordinate>
[;] Sep 1993, INBio-OET; second label - 01 Setiembre 1993 [;] M/03/194 [;] Bosque primario (INBC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="82">This species is distinguished by the granulate metasomal terga and the yellow stripes laterally on metasomal tergum 2.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="82">The specific name is in reference to the distinctly granulate metasomal terga.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
Figure 52.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Heterospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heterospilus granulatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granulatus">Heterospilus granulatus</taxonomicName>
Marsh, sp. n.:
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
paratype
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
holotype.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title>A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Horvath, Elizabeth Anne</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number>860</mods:number>
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<mods:start>183</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="158525282" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9F4FF2BB02AB509E7F32DE58CD69AB07" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9F4FF2BB02AB509E7F32DE58CD69AB07" lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="264" pageId="77" pageNumber="260">
<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="260" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="77" pageNumber="260">
Genus
<taxonomicName LSID="9F4FF2BB02AB509E7F32DE58CD69AB07" authority="Wright, 1869" authorityName="Wright" authorityYear="1869" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Keratoisis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Keratoisis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="77" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Keratoisis Wright, 1869</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Genus Keratoisis, SBMNH 422980. A Branch fragment; coenenchyme thin, translucent yellow, easily coming off underlying axis; the fragment measures ~ 15 cm long B Close up of polyps and very thin coenenchyme on branch fragment." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314888" pageId="77" pageNumber="260">Figures 41A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Genus Keratoisis, SBMNH 422980, light microscopy arrays. A 4 x magnification, showing sclerites, most notably very long needle form B Array of shorter needles, 10 x magnification C Image specifically highlights very long needles characteristic of species in genus Keratoisis. Long needle-like sclerites range from 620 - 775 µm in length, while very small spindles average ~ 80 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314889" pageId="77" pageNumber="260">
42
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="F43" captionText="Figure 43. Genus Keratoisis, SBMNH 422980, SEM image. A, C-E Moderate-length spindles B Very long, fusiform spindles (needles) characteristic of genus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure43" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314890" pageId="77" pageNumber="260">
43
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="260" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="77" pageNumber="260">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Ceratoisis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceratoisis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="77" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Ceratoisis</taxonomicName>
Wright, 1868: II, p. 427 (name only).
<bibRefCitation author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard" pageId="98" pageNumber="281" pagination="1 - 72" publicationUrl="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291870146_Report_on_the_Anthozoa_and_on_some_additional_species_dredged_by_the_Blake_in_1877-1879_and_by_the_US_Fish_Commission_steamer" refId="B179" refString="Verrill, AE, 1883. Report on the Anthozoa, and on some additional species dredged by the 'Blake' in 1877-1879, and by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer 'Fish Hawk' in 1880-82. . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 11: 1 - 72" title="Report on the Anthozoa, and on some additional species dredged by the ' Blake' in 1877 - 1879, and by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer ' Fish Hawk' in 1880 - 82." url="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291870146_Report_on_the_Anthozoa_and_on_some_additional_species_dredged_by_the_Blake_in_1877-1879_and_by_the_US_Fish_Commission_steamer" volume="11" year="1883">Verrill 1883</bibRefCitation>
: 10.
<bibRefCitation author="Wright, EP" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="98" pageNumber="281" publicationUrl="www.archive.org/details/reportonscientif04grea/page/87/mode/1up" refId="B193" refString="Wright, EP, Studer, T, 1889. . www.archive.org/details/reportonscientif04grea/page/87/mode/1up" url="www.archive.org/details/reportonscientif04grea/page/87/mode/1up" year="1889">Wright and Studer 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 26.
<bibRefCitation author="Hickson, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Natural History" pageId="94" pageNumber="277" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B109" refString="Hickson, SJ, 1907. Coelenterata I: Alcyonaria. National Antarctic (Discovery) Expedition. British Museum. . Natural History 3: 1 - 15" title="Coelenterata I: Alcyonaria. National Antarctic (Discovery) Expedition. British Museum." volume="3" year="1907">Hickson 1907</bibRefCitation>
: 5.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49592" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="96" pageNumber="279" pagination="543 - 601" refId="B143" refString="Nutting, CC, 1908. Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the US Bureau of Fisheries steamer 'Albatross' in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. . Proceedings of the United States National Museum 34: 543 - 601" title="Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the US Bureau of Fisheries steamer ' Albatross' in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49592" volume="34" year="1908">Nutting 1908</bibRefCitation>
: 570.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="77" pageNumber="260">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Keratoisis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Keratoisis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="77" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Keratoisis</taxonomicName>
Wright, 1869: III, p. 23, 24.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.32670" author="Gray, JE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="94" pageNumber="277" refId="B100" refString="Gray, JE, 1870. . https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.32670" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.32670" year="1870">Gray 1870</bibRefCitation>
: 18. Studer 1878: 662. Wright [and Studer], 1889: xlii-xliii, 25, 26.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930608562641" author="Thomson, JA" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="98" pageNumber="281" refId="B167" refString="Thomson, JA, Henderson, WD, 1906b. . https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930608562641" url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930608562641" year="1906 b">Thomson and Henderson 1906b</bibRefCitation>
: 429.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11324" author="Nutting, CC" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="97" pageNumber="280" refId="B146" refString="Nutting, CC, 1910b. . https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11324" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11324" year="1910 b">Nutting 1910b</bibRefCitation>
: 9.
<bibRefCitation author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Zoologischer Anzeiger" pageId="95" pageNumber="278" pagination="116 - 126" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29985624" refId="B125" refString="Kuekenthal, W, 1915a. System und Stammesgeschichte der Isididae. . Zoologischer Anzeiger 46: 116 - 126" title="System und Stammesgeschichte der Isididae." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29985624" volume="46" year="1915 a">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
1915a
</bibRefCitation>
: 117, 120, 121. Molander 1929: 78.
<bibRefCitation author="Grant, R" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Memoir" pageId="93" pageNumber="276" pagination="1 - 56" publicationUrl="http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/13604396" refId="B93" refString="Grant, R, 1976. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Isididae (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea) from New Zealand and the Antarctic. . New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Memoir 66: 1 - 56" title="The marine fauna of New Zealand: Isididae (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea) from New Zealand and the Antarctic." url="http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/13604396" volume="66" year="1976">Grant 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 30.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="77" pageNumber="260">
(=
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Bathygorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bathygorgia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="77" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Bathygorgia</taxonomicName>
Wright &amp; Studer, 1889: 691;
<bibRefCitation author="Cairns, SD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Marine Science" pageId="90" pageNumber="273" pagination="225 - 256" publicationUrl="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/124" refId="B44" refString="Cairns, SD, Bayer, FM, 2005. A review of the Genus Primnoa (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea: Primnoidae), with the description of two new species. . Bulletin of Marine Science 77: 225 - 256" title="A review of the Genus Primnoa (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea: Primnoidae), with the description of two new species." url="https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/124" volume="77" year="2005">Cairns and Bayer 2005</bibRefCitation>
, listing only).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="260" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="77" pageNumber="260">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="77" pageNumber="260">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Keratoisis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Keratoisis grayi" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="77" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="grayi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="260">Keratoisis grayi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Wright, 1869). Some few years ago, UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms proposed the possibility of
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Keratoisis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Keratoisis ornata" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="77" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ornata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="260">Keratoisis ornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1878 being a synonym of the type. Information provided on World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) indicated that that synonymy is now accepted (Cordeiro et al. 2019).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="261" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="78" pageNumber="261">
<pageBreakToken pageId="78" pageNumber="261" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
locality.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="78" pageNumber="261">Specific locality of type unknown; generally, bathyal, from NE to NW Atlantic Ocean; also Mediterranean Sea.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="261" type="type specimen(s)">
<paragraph pageId="78" pageNumber="261">Type specimen(s).</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="78" pageNumber="261">Location of the type species could not be determined.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="261" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="78" pageNumber="261">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="78" pageNumber="261">~3 lots (see Appendix 3: List of material examined.)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="262" pageId="78" pageNumber="261" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="78" pageNumber="261">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="262" pageId="78" pageNumber="261">
Colonies (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Genus Keratoisis, SBMNH 422980. A Branch fragment; coenenchyme thin, translucent yellow, easily coming off underlying axis; the fragment measures ~ 15 cm long B Close up of polyps and very thin coenenchyme on branch fragment." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314888" pageId="78" pageNumber="261">Figure 41A</figureCitation>
) branched (few and distant, ~5.0 cm from one branch to next), with branches arising at nearly 90° angle, on same side, or opposite(?); near a node or from middle to end of long (4.0-5.0 cm), calcareous internode, then
<pageBreakToken pageId="79" pageNumber="262" start="start">slightly</pageBreakToken>
curving; no secondary branching; some unbranched; generally uniplanar. Base can be either root-like calcareous structure for anchoring into soft substrate or a basal disc for attachment to a hard substrate. Axis as seen in the family; internodes calcareous, white, not composed of fused sclerites, hollow (often) or solid; and purely proteinaceous, horny, shorter (2.0 mm tall), reddish-brown to dark brown nodes, alternating with internodes. Overall color of colony (preserved) creamy yellowish; coenenchyme translucent yellow. Polyps (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Genus Keratoisis, SBMNH 422980. A Branch fragment; coenenchyme thin, translucent yellow, easily coming off underlying axis; the fragment measures ~ 15 cm long B Close up of polyps and very thin coenenchyme on branch fragment." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314888" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">Figure 41B</figureCitation>
) cylindrical, height between 4.0-8.0 mm; not retractile. Polyps irregularly arranged, but with tendency toward biserial arrangement; in general, somewhat curved, distal part of polyp body with eight longitudinal rows of spindles and needles, some projecting beyond tentacles. Tentacles of polyp form a rounded top, like a mushroom, with individual tentacles usually visible. Distance between polyps no more than 1.0 cm but usually less. Coenenchyme very thin, transparent; straw-yellow in specimens examined. Sclerites (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Genus Keratoisis, SBMNH 422980, light microscopy arrays. A 4 x magnification, showing sclerites, most notably very long needle form B Array of shorter needles, 10 x magnification C Image specifically highlights very long needles characteristic of species in genus Keratoisis. Long needle-like sclerites range from 620 - 775 µm in length, while very small spindles average ~ 80 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314889" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">
Figure 42
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="F43" captionText="Figure 43. Genus Keratoisis, SBMNH 422980, SEM image. A, C-E Moderate-length spindles B Very long, fusiform spindles (needles) characteristic of genus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure43" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314890" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">
43
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
</figureCitation>
) generally long, fusiform spindles; some (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="F43" captionText="Figure 43. Genus Keratoisis, SBMNH 422980, SEM image. A, C-E Moderate-length spindles B Very long, fusiform spindles (needles) characteristic of genus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure43" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314890" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">Figure 43B</figureCitation>
) very long (needles) and others (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 43" captionStartId="F43" captionText="Figure 43. Genus Keratoisis, SBMNH 422980, SEM image. A, C-E Moderate-length spindles B Very long, fusiform spindles (needles) characteristic of genus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure43" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314890" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">
Figure 43A,
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–E">C-E</normalizedToken>
</figureCitation>
) more numerous, of moderate length, in coenenchyme and polyp bodies; those in coenenchyme not always obvious; polyps armed with eight-plus, needle-like sclerites (largest), often (not always) projecting beyond tentacles as sharp marginal spines between bases of tentacles, coming from eight longitudinal rows of spindles and needles. Sclerite surfaces seemingly smooth, or (if present) with dense low warts, in parallel. Stellate forms seen in pharynx. Sclerites colorless to light tan, depending on species.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314888" pageId="79" pageNumber="262" start="Figure 41" startId="F41">
<paragraph pageId="79" pageNumber="262">
Figure 41. Genus
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Keratoisis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Keratoisis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="79" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">Keratoisis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, SBMNH 422980.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">A</emphasis>
Branch fragment; coenenchyme thin, translucent yellow, easily coming off underlying axis; the fragment measures ~15 cm long
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">B</emphasis>
Close up of polyps and very thin coenenchyme on branch fragment.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314889" pageId="79" pageNumber="262" start="Figure 42" startId="F42">
<paragraph pageId="79" pageNumber="262">
Figure 42. Genus
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Keratoisis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Keratoisis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="79" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">Keratoisis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, SBMNH 422980, light microscopy arrays.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">A</emphasis>
4
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
magnification, showing sclerites, most notably very long needle form
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">B</emphasis>
Array of shorter needles, 10
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
magnification
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">C</emphasis>
Image specifically highlights very long needles characteristic of species in genus
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Keratoisis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Keratoisis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="79" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">Keratoisis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Long needle-like sclerites range from 620-775
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
in length, while very small spindles average ~80
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.860.34317.figure43" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/314890" pageId="79" pageNumber="262" start="Figure 43" startId="F43">
<paragraph pageId="79" pageNumber="262">
Figure 43. Genus
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Keratoisis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Keratoisis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="79" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">Keratoisis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, SBMNH 422980, SEM image.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">
A,
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–E">C-E</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
Moderate-length spindles
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">B</emphasis>
Very long, fusiform spindles (needles) characteristic of genus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="80" lastPageNumber="263" pageId="79" pageNumber="262" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="79" pageNumber="262">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="80" lastPageNumber="263" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">
No clear derivation for this genus name was found. All members of this genus are referred to as species of Bamboo coral. Genus
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Keratoisis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Keratoisis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="79" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="262">Keratoisis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is accepted;
<pageBreakToken pageId="80" pageNumber="263" start="start">WoRMS</pageBreakToken>
Database (Cordeiro et al. 2019) shows the spelling variation,
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Keratoisididae" genus="Ceratoisis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceratoisis" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="80" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="263">Ceratoisis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Verrill, 1883, as synonymized with
<taxonomicName genus="Keratosis" lsidName="Keratosis" pageId="80" pageNumber="263" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="263">Keratosis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wright, 1869.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="264" pageId="80" pageNumber="263" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="80" pageNumber="263">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="264" pageId="80" pageNumber="263">
It had been noted (Verrill, 1922) that this genus included some of the largest known species of the family; specimens of
<taxonomicName lsidName="K. ornata" pageId="80" pageNumber="263" rank="species" species="ornata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="263">K. ornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(now
<taxonomicName lsidName="K. grayi" pageId="80" pageNumber="263" rank="species" species="grayi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="263">K. grayi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), from considerable depth, on the banks off Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, can be ~ four feet high. As well, this genus is composed of species that may live to considerable
<pageBreakToken pageId="81" pageNumber="264" start="start">age</pageBreakToken>
.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27673-4_51" author="Andrews, AH" editor="Freiwald, A" pageId="87" pageNumber="270" refId="B1" refString="Andrews, AH, Cailliet, GM, Kerr, LA, Coale, KH, Lundstrom, C, DeVogelaere, AP, Freiwald, A, Roberts, JM, 2005. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27673-4_51" title="Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg" url="https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27673-4_51" year="2005">Andrews et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
stated that age for some of these coral colonies may exceed 200 years.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="81" pageNumber="264" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="264">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="264">
Discussion of the genus included here, as several fragmented specimens in the collection of SIO and NMNH were collected off California (see Appendix 3: List of material examined and discussion in this section). The speculation is that this genus may be seen throughout much of the Pacific Ocean, at depth, based on collection location data found via on-line databases, etc. Several species that might be of interest with regards to the California Bight could include
<taxonomicName lsidName="K. paucispinosa" pageId="81" pageNumber="264" rank="species" species="paucispinosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="264">K. paucispinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Wright &amp; Studer, 1889) ranging from Alaska to Hawaii,
<taxonomicName lsidName="K. philippinensis" pageId="81" pageNumber="264" rank="species" species="philippinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="264">K. philippinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Wright &amp; Studer, 1889), which is generally a western Pacific form, ranging from Russia to Indonesia and
<taxonomicName lsidName="K. flabellum" pageId="81" pageNumber="264" rank="species" species="flabellum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="264">K. flabellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Nutting, 1908), which apparently has only been recorded from Hawaii.
<taxonomicName lsidName="K. profunda" pageId="81" pageNumber="264" rank="species" species="profunda">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="264">K. profunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Wright, 1885), recorded from Alaska and Japan (as noted by B Wing and G Williams in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27673-4_51" author="Andrews, AH" editor="Freiwald, A" pageId="87" pageNumber="270" refId="B1" refString="Andrews, AH, Cailliet, GM, Kerr, LA, Coale, KH, Lundstrom, C, DeVogelaere, AP, Freiwald, A, Roberts, JM, 2005. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27673-4_51" title="Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg" url="https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27673-4_51" year="2005">Andrews et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
), was at first thought to be the only species in this genus actually listed for the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However,
<taxonomicName lsidName="K. profunda" pageId="81" pageNumber="264" rank="species" species="profunda">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="264">K. profunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is no longer recognized as belonging to this genus, having been accepted as
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" genus="Bathygorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bathygorgia profunda" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="81" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="profunda">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="264">Bathygorgia profunda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wright, 1885 (Cordeiro et al. 2019).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="264">
Of the approximately fourteen specimens identified as belonging to this genus, housed in the collection at CAS, roughly half are from California; the other half from either Alaska or Hawaii. Of these fourteen, most are not identified to species, but of those that are, three of the four species mentioned above are listed, with the two records from California that have species identification listed as
<taxonomicName lsidName="K. flabellum" pageId="81" pageNumber="264" rank="species" species="flabellum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="264">K. flabellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="K. philippinensis" pageId="81" pageNumber="264" rank="species" species="philippinensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="264">K. philippinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; no opportunity to verify those identifications. The southernmost California records seen previously were from Monterey Bay and from the now extensively studied Davidson Seamount; one other specimen from this genus collected/photographed by MBARI (shown on a public website) at Davidson Seamount noted it as being collected at 1,455 m. Searching Excel data sheets from MBARI (provided by L Lundsten in 2008), three dozen or so specimens have been collected over the last few years, but there are many more video observations (many of those will be multiple observations of the same organism) that have been identified as belonging to this genus. NMNH has records of specimens belonging to this genus from both Oregon and Alaska, and of note are several other specimens: those from Fieberling Guyot,
<geoCoordinate degrees="32" direction="north" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="32.433334">32°26'00&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="127" direction="west" minutes="47" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="36" value="-127.793335">127°47'36&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 490 m, 16 October 1990; USNM 94443, and those from Rodriquez Seamount,
<geoCoordinate degrees="33" direction="north" minutes="57" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="12" value="33.953335">33°57'12&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="121" direction="west" minutes="08" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="41" value="-121.14472">121°08'41&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 1840 m, 14 October 2003; USNM 1027077, both of these areas off the California coast.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>