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<document id="3EC097315965707194A79E14B0B09542" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5501.3.3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13628197" ID-ZooBank="F6A55A77-C4C8-4BDD-8D36-482395A01311" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="karina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="karina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1725278975848" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Nagel, Peter" docDate="2024" docId="03F01B1CFFF46D61A0EE5D0E1787FBF0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5501.3.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5501 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5501.3.3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Paussus lanxangensis Nagel 2009" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="455" masterDocId="FFC96364FFF36D69A0795F731654FFC5" masterDocTitle="The Paussus (Scaphipaussus) lanxangensis species group of Indomalayan ant nest beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Paussinae, Paussini) with description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="457" masterPageNumber="447" pageNumber="454" updateTime="1725501495294" updateUser="karina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="AA98455B9284D98CF0F64AB1CE02B28A">The Paussus (Scaphipaussus) lanxangensis species group of Indomalayan ant nest beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Paussinae, Paussini) with description of a new species</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C343F981FFF46D6EA0EE5D0E14DDFD52" box="[151,649,637,664]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0EE5D0E14DDFD52" blockId="7.[151,649,637,664]" box="[151,649,637,664]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
<heading id="D0AE1D66FFF46D6EA0EE5D0E14DDFD52" bold="true" box="[151,649,637,664]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA0EE5D0E14DDFD52" bold="true" box="[151,649,637,664]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
The
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA0B65D0D178EFD5D" ID-CoL="766YZ" authorityName="Nagel" authorityYear="2009" box="[207,474,637,664]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanxangensis">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA0B65D0D178EFD5D" bold="true" box="[207,474,637,664]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Paussus lanxangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C343F981FFF46D61A0EE5DB51787FBF0" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="455" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0EE5DB512DEFCAA" blockId="7.[151,1437,709,1168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
Important morphological structures just as the ligula or the lacinia could not be studied because only a singleton (
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA0D85D99175DFCC6" authorityName="Nagel" authorityYear="2024" box="[161,265,746,771]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agatae" status="sp.n.">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA0D85D99175DFCC6" box="[161,265,746,771]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">P. agatae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21ECB63FFF46D6EA1685D9A1712FCC6" box="[273,326,745,771]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" rank="species">sp.n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
) or very few specimens (
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA2115D991543FCC6" authorityName="Nagel" authorityYear="2009" box="[616,791,745,771]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanxangensis">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA2115D991543FCC6" box="[616,791,745,771]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">P. lanxangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male
<typeStatus id="54E214A8FFF46D6EA3245D9A15EBFCC6" box="[861,959,745,771]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and one single female) were available for the present treatise. Destructive dissection was avoided. Other characters of the mouthparts (maxillary palps, labial palps) could not be used for all species in this study because the original descriptions of
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA4075C41171BFCAA" authority="(Maruyama &amp; Nakase 2023)" baseAuthorityName="Maruyama &amp; Nakase" baseAuthorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakaharai">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA4075C411346FC8E" box="[1150,1298,817,843]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">P. wakaharai</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFF46D6EA5585C421713FCAA" author="Maruyama, M. &amp; Nakase, Y." pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref7360" refString="Maruyama, M. &amp; Nakase, Y. (2023) A New Species of the Genus Paussus Linne, 1775 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussinae) from Laos, Allied to P. lanxangensis Nagel, 2009. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 29 (1), 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="2023">Maruyama &amp; Nakase 2023</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA1FC5C251542FCAA" authority="(Bednarik &amp; Bocak 2023)" baseAuthorityName="Bednarik &amp; Bocak" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[389,790,853,879]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haucki">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA1FC5C2517B8FCAA" box="[389,492,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">P. haucki</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFF46D6EA1835C26155BFCAA" author="Bednarik, M. &amp; Bocak, L." box="[506,783,853,879]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref6548" refString="Bednarik, M. &amp; Bocak, L. (2023) New species of Paussus, Subgenus Scaphipaussus (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussinae), from Southeast Asia Reveal Ambiguities in Species Group Limits and High Species Diversity in the Oriental Region. Insects, 14 (947), 1 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 14120947" type="journal article" year="2023">Bednařik &amp; Bocak 2023</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
did not provide this information.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0BE5C0A14EFFB82" blockId="7.[151,1437,709,1168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
The text and illustration of the original description of
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA33B5C09159CFC56" authorityName="Maruyama" authorityYear="2014" box="[834,968,889,915]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drumonti">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA33B5C09159CFC56" box="[834,968,889,915]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">P. drumonti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
describes the maxillary palpomere II as “large, compressed” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFF46D6EA1F35CEE1413FC72" author="Maruyama, M." box="[394,583,925,951]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="27 - 31" refId="ref7256" refString="Maruyama, M. (2014) Two New Species of the Genus Paussus Linne, 1775 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Paussinae) from Thailand. Esakia, 54, 27 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.5109 / 1516264" type="journal article" year="2014">Maruyama 2014</bibRefCitation>
) but does not inform if its “mesal margin ... is strongly rounded or more or less straight” as in
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA1125CB21444FC1E" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1912" box="[363,528,961,987]" pageId="7" pageNumber="456" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Scaphipaussus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA1125CB21444FC1E" box="[363,528,961,987]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Scaphipaussus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFF46D6EA2675CB21517FC1E" author="Robertson, J. A. &amp; Moore, W." box="[542,835,961,988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="134 - 170" refId="ref7784" refString="Robertson, J. A. &amp; Moore, W. (2016) Phylogeny of Paussus L. (Carabidae: Paussinae): unravelling morphological convergence associated with myrmecophilous life histories. Systematic Entomology, 42 (1), 134 - 170, figs. S 1 - S 2, tabs S 1 - S 5. [2017, DP 28 Sep 2016, version of record online] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12205" type="journal article" year="2016">Robertson &amp; Moore 2016</bibRefCitation>
, pp. 29, 32, 33). The importance of several characters became only known as a result of the recent revision of
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA34F5C9515C6FC3A" box="[822,914,998,1023]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA34F5C9515C6FC3A" box="[822,914,998,1023]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Paussus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFF46D6EA3B15C9612AFFC3A" author="Robertson, J. A. &amp; Moore, W." box="[968,1275,997,1024]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="134 - 170" refId="ref7784" refString="Robertson, J. A. &amp; Moore, W. (2016) Phylogeny of Paussus L. (Carabidae: Paussinae): unravelling morphological convergence associated with myrmecophilous life histories. Systematic Entomology, 42 (1), 134 - 170, figs. S 1 - S 2, tabs S 1 - S 5. [2017, DP 28 Sep 2016, version of record online] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12205" type="journal article" year="2016">Robertson &amp; Moore 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Publications that were issued earlier or contemporarily with the revision could not yet consider these criteria and their authors described the standard traits of the taxon instead.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0BE5B21142FFB4A" blockId="7.[151,1437,709,1168]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">I use the term “species group” for an informal, phenotypically denoted taxon. The term clade is reserved for a prospective proven monophylum (lineage).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0EE5B9215F3FB3E" blockId="7.[151,935,1249,1275]" box="[151,935,1249,1275]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA0EE5B9215F3FB3E" bold="true" box="[151,935,1249,1275]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Description of the group (diagnostic, phenotypical characters):</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0EE5A5A14DBFA81" blockId="7.[151,1437,1321,2032]" box="[151,655,1321,1348]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Small to very small species, BL 3.8–5.0 mm.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0BE5A3E16B1FA75" blockId="7.[151,1437,1321,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Head wider than long. Head approximately of same width as the pronotum, or little or considerably narrower than pronotum. Eyes small, temples large. Head with stigmatoid vestige of a short elongate opening at medial vertex.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0BE5ACA1364FA32" blockId="7.[151,1437,1321,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Antennal club strongly inflated to oblong lens-shaped, posteriorly with roundish to elliptic cavity or with narrow longitudinal furrow. Basal margin uninterrupted, without central incision or semi-transparent impression.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0BE5972156DF9DE" blockId="7.[151,1437,1321,2032]" box="[199,825,1537,1564]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Terminal labial palpomeres not distinctly spade-shaped.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0BE5955124AF942" blockId="7.[151,1437,1321,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Pronotum with deep transverse furrow with small dorsolateral trichomes. Anterior part of pronotum broader and much higher than posterior part. Posterior part of pronotum deeply excavated in the middle. Two prominent tubercles behind the transverse excavation at both sides of a longitudinal furrow.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0BE59E216B2F936" blockId="7.[151,1437,1321,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA0BE59E21760F96E" box="[199,308,1681,1707]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Trichomycteridae" genus="Pygidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pygidium</taxonomicName>
excavated, with posterior dorsal or latero-dorsal margins explanate, sometimes blade-like and upturned, and bent inwardly in some species. Pygidial disc even, smooth, and glabrous. Marginal pygidial trichome absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0BE598E129EF8FE" blockId="7.[151,1437,1321,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
Tibiae slightly compressed, not edged, margins rounded. Tibiae widened towards apex, exterior apical angle not or little pronounced, apically rounded, rarely rectangular (
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA35B585115F0F8FE" authorityName="Maruyama" authorityYear="2014" box="[802,932,1825,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drumonti">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA35B585115F0F8FE" box="[802,932,1825,1851]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">P. drumonti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
excepted, see key above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0BE58361561F89A" blockId="7.[151,1437,1321,2032]" box="[199,821,1861,1887]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Elytral lateral trichome (serially arranged setae) absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0BE581A1571F82A" blockId="7.[151,1437,1321,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
The group lacks falciform ridges or crests at the dorsal head. It also lacks elytral mirror markings (present at most species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA1D858FD1542F862" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1850" box="[417,790,1933,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hystrix" subGenus="Scaphipaussus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA1D858FD1542F862" box="[417,790,1933,1959]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Paussus (Scaphipaussus) hystrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFF46D6EA30D58FE1262F862" author="Maruyama, M." box="[884,1078,1933,1959]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="55 - 86" refId="ref7301" refString="Maruyama, M. (2016) Revision of the hystrix Westwood, 1850 Group of the Genus Paussus Linne, 1775 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussinae). I. Descriptions of Nineteen New Species. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 22 (1), 55 - 86. [DP 30 May 2016]" type="journal article" year="2016">Maruyama 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFF46D6EA43D58FE1336F862" author="Bednarik, M. &amp; Bocak, L." box="[1092,1378,1933,1959]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref6548" refString="Bednarik, M. &amp; Bocak, L. (2023) New species of Paussus, Subgenus Scaphipaussus (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussinae), from Southeast Asia Reveal Ambiguities in Species Group Limits and High Species Diversity in the Oriental Region. Insects, 14 (947), 1 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 14120947" type="journal article" year="2023">Bednařik &amp; Bocak 2023</bibRefCitation>
) and the rounded elytral patches as well as the subapical trichome of antennomere 1 (scape) of the
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA4B058C1175EF82A" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jousselinii" subGenus="Paussus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA4B058C1175EF82A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Paussus (Paussus) jousselinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFF46D6EA11858A617BDF82A" author="Nagel, P." box="[353,489,2005,2031]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" refId="ref7514" refString="Nagel, P. (2016) Paussus brancuccii sp. nov., an unusually abundant species of the Paussus jousselinii group from Laos and South China (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Paussinae, Paussini). In: Brancucci, M. †, Nagel, P., Kolibac, J. &amp; Geiser, M. (Eds.), Beetle diversity of Laos. Part II. Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey. Vol. 35. Pro Entomologia, Basel, pp. 119 - 132. [DP 10 May 2016] https: // doi. org / 10.5169 / seals- 980956" type="book" year="2016">Nagel 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFF46D6EA18D58A6154DF82A" author="Robertson, J. A. &amp; Moore, W." box="[500,793,2005,2032]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="134 - 170" refId="ref7784" refString="Robertson, J. A. &amp; Moore, W. (2016) Phylogeny of Paussus L. (Carabidae: Paussinae): unravelling morphological convergence associated with myrmecophilous life histories. Systematic Entomology, 42 (1), 134 - 170, figs. S 1 - S 2, tabs S 1 - S 5. [2017, DP 28 Sep 2016, version of record online] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12205" type="journal article" year="2016">Robertson &amp; Moore 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFFB6D61A0BE5FE412D3FF74" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1077]" box="[199,1159,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Distribution: Southeast Asian mainland, and most probably an Indomalayan endemic.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFFB6D61A0BE5FC81585FF3C" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">
The group is characterized by the distinctive characters of the
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A3FE5FC815B7FF11" box="[903,995,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A3FE5FC815B7FF11" box="[903,995,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Paussus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
series II (see above) and the following possible common traits (candidates for common derived character states):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFFB6D61A0BE5E701252FED8" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1077]" box="[199,1030,259,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">- Head with stigmatoid vestige of short elongate opening at medial vertex.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFFB6D61A0BE5E541316FE84" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1077]" box="[199,1346,295,321]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">- Pygidial disc smooth, glabrous and shining, positioned at the bottom of a hollow or large excavation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFFB6D61A0BE5E381443FE4C" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">- Maxillary palpomere II not subcylindrical but large, explanate, with mesal margin sinuate, faintly emarginate or almost straight, but not convex.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFFB6D61A0BE5EE01718FE30" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">
The group is classified as part of genus
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A2EA5EE014BBFE69" box="[659,751,403,428]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A2EA5EE014BBFE69" box="[659,751,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Paussus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., and as a member of the clade “
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A4FF5EE012B6FE69" box="[1158,1250,403,428]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A4FF5EE012B6FE69" box="[1158,1250,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Paussus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
series II” in the latest revision (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFFB6D61A1385EC4143CFE14" author="Robertson, J. A. &amp; Moore, W." box="[321,616,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" pagination="134 - 170" refId="ref7784" refString="Robertson, J. A. &amp; Moore, W. (2016) Phylogeny of Paussus L. (Carabidae: Paussinae): unravelling morphological convergence associated with myrmecophilous life histories. Systematic Entomology, 42 (1), 134 - 170, figs. S 1 - S 2, tabs S 1 - S 5. [2017, DP 28 Sep 2016, version of record online] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12205" type="journal article" year="2016">Robertson &amp; Moore 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Most probably, it forms part of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A4085EC4133AFE14" authority="Fowler" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1912" box="[1137,1390,439,465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Scaphipaussus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A4085EC41342FE14" box="[1137,1302,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Scaphipaussus</emphasis>
Fowler
</taxonomicName>
, see checklist below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFFB6D61A0BE5E8C1770FD08" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">
The recent revision (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFFB6D61A1D55E8C1484FDDC" author="Robertson, J. A. &amp; Moore, W." box="[428,720,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" pagination="134 - 170" refId="ref7784" refString="Robertson, J. A. &amp; Moore, W. (2016) Phylogeny of Paussus L. (Carabidae: Paussinae): unravelling morphological convergence associated with myrmecophilous life histories. Systematic Entomology, 42 (1), 134 - 170, figs. S 1 - S 2, tabs S 1 - S 5. [2017, DP 28 Sep 2016, version of record online] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12205" type="journal article" year="2016">Robertson &amp; Moore 2016</bibRefCitation>
) listed two taxa near or in Sg.
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A45A5E8C129CFDDC" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1912" box="[1059,1224,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Scaphipaussus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A45A5E8C129CFDDC" box="[1059,1224,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Scaphipaussus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for which an exact placement could not be demonstrated with sufficient certainty:
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A3085D50128CFDF8" authority="Luna de Carvalho" authorityName="Luna de Carvalho" authorityYear="1973" box="[881,1240,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ghanensis">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A3085D501254FDF8" box="[881,1024,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. ghanensis</emphasis>
Luna de Carvalho
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A56D5D501304FDF9" box="[1300,1360,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. nr.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A5205D501737FDA4" authority="Luna de Carvalho" authorityName="Luna de Carvalho" authorityYear="1968" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leechi">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A5205D5013C8FDF8" box="[1369,1436,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">leechi</emphasis>
Luna de Carvalho
</taxonomicName>
were both classified as
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A20E5D341566FDA4" box="[631,818,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">“incertae sedis”</emphasis>
of the
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A3FC5D341231FDA4" box="[901,1125,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A3F65D341258FDA5" authority="II" authorityName="II" box="[911,1036,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paussus II</taxonomicName>
series”
</emphasis>
. I checked specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A5F15D3417C2FD40" authority="Westwood" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cochlearius">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A5F15D34174EFD40" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. cochlearius</emphasis>
Westwood
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F34EEA9AFFFB6D61A1DD5D181474FD40" box="[420,544,619,645]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
, CN) (part of the same species group as
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A39A5D181215FD40" authorityName="Luna de Carvalho" authorityYear="1968" box="[995,1089,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leechi">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A39A5D181215FD40" box="[995,1089,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. leechi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A4F95D18135FFD40" authorityName="Luna de Carvalho" authorityYear="1973" box="[1152,1291,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ghanensis">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A4F95D18135FFD40" box="[1152,1291,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. ghanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F34EEA9AFFFB6D61A5635D181335FD40" box="[1306,1377,619,645]" name="Benin" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Benin</collectingCountry>
, CN) for characters that possibly indicate similarity beyond phenotypy with the
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A3935DFC12CDFD6C" authorityName="Nagel" authorityYear="2009" box="[1002,1177,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanxangensis">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A3935DFC12CDFD6C" box="[1002,1177,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. lanxangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group, yet did not find any.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFFB6D61A0BE5DA41596FC98" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">
Equally small
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A11E5DA41797FD35" box="[359,451,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A11E5DA41797FD35" box="[359,451,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Paussus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exist in other species groups and subgenera, such as the
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A44B5DA412EBFD34" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1836" box="[1074,1215,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jousselinii">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A44B5DA412EBFD34" box="[1074,1215,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. jousselinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (Sg.
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A5395DA413C8FD35" box="[1344,1436,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A5395DA413C8FD35" box="[1344,1436,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Paussus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.) (
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A0B55D88147FFCD0" authority="Reichensperger, 1950" authorityName="Reichensperger" authorityYear="1950" box="[204,555,762,789]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wittei">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A0B55D88177CFCD1" box="[204,296,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. wittei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFFB6D61A14B5D88147FFCD0" author="Reichensperger, A." box="[306,555,762,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref7734" refString="Reichensperger, A. (1950) Paussidae. In: Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933 - 1935). Fasc. 68. Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, Bruxelles, pp. 1 - 12." type="book chapter" year="1950">Reichensperger, 1950</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), the
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A2145D8814ABFCD0" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1850" box="[621,767,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cucullatus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A2145D8814ABFCD0" box="[621,767,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. cucullatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (Sg.
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A3F25D8812F3FCD0" authority="Dalman, 1823" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1823" box="[907,1191,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Hylotorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A3F25D8815AFFCD0" box="[907,1019,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Hylotorus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFFB6D61A47C5D8812F3FCD0" author="Dalman, J. W." box="[1029,1191,763,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" refId="ref6672" refString="Dalman, J. W. (1823) Analecta Entomologica. Typis Lindhianis, Holmiae, 7 + 104 + 4 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66069" type="book" year="1823">Dalman, 1823</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A4BA5D881751FCFC" authority="Nagel &amp; Rasool" authorityName="Nagel &amp; Rasool" authorityYear="2019" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minutulus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A4BA5D88131BFCD0" box="[1219,1359,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. minutulus</emphasis>
Nagel &amp; Rasool
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFFB6D61A1555C6C1400FCFC" author="Abdel-Dayem, M. S. &amp; Elgharbawy, A. A. &amp; Rasool, I. &amp; Nagel, P. &amp; Aldhafer, H. M." box="[300,596,799,825]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" pagination="93 - 131" refId="ref6470" refString="Abdel-Dayem, M. S., Elgharbawy, A. A., Rasool, I., Nagel, P. &amp; Aldhafer, H. M. (2019) The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of Shada Al- A'Ala Nature Reserve, Southwestern Saudi Arabia, with description of a new species of Paussinae. Zookeys, 812, 93 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 812.30937" type="journal article" year="2019">
Abdel-Dayem
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A1AD5C6C145BFCFC" box="[468,527,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
), or the
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A2CF5C6C1574FCFC" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1850" box="[694,800,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hystrix">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A2CF5C6C1574FCFC" box="[694,800,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. hystrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (Sg.
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A3D45C6C1206FCFC" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1912" box="[941,1106,799,825]" pageId="8" pageNumber="456" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Scaphipaussus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A3D45C6C1206FCFC" box="[941,1106,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Scaphipaussus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A4175C6C13C5FCFC" authority="Maruyama, 2016" authorityName="Maruyama" authorityYear="2016" box="[1134,1425,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kecil">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A4175C6C1295FCFC" box="[1134,1217,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. kecil</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFFB6D61A4B35C6C13C5FCFC" author="Maruyama, M." box="[1226,1425,799,825]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" pagination="55 - 86" refId="ref7301" refString="Maruyama, M. (2016) Revision of the hystrix Westwood, 1850 Group of the Genus Paussus Linne, 1775 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussinae). I. Descriptions of Nineteen New Species. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 22 (1), 55 - 86. [DP 30 May 2016]" type="journal article" year="2016">Maruyama, 2016</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). Therefore, the small size is not a good diagnostic character of the group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFFB6D61A0BE5C1412A3FC0C" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">The group could not yet convincingly be established as a clade, because not all or most species could sufficiently be studied with regard to some of the more relevant morphological characters, such as the ligula or the lacinia. The small number of species and specimens also prevented the application of a proper cladistic analysis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFFB6D61A0BE5CA01787FBF0" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">
It could, however, be demonstrated that the
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A2C35CA0153DFC28" authorityName="Nagel" authorityYear="2009" box="[698,873,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanxangensis">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A2C35CA0153DFC28" box="[698,873,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. lanxangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group is a promising candidate for a new monophylum nested within the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFFB6D61A2165C8412FAFBD4" authority="sensu Robertson and Moore (2016)" authorityName="Fowler sensu Robertson and Moore" authorityYear="2016" box="[623,1198,1015,1041]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Scaphipaussus">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFFB6D61A2165C841540FBD4" box="[623,788,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Scaphipaussus</emphasis>
sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFFB6D61A31B5C8412FAFBD4" author="Robertson, J. A. &amp; Moore, W." box="[866,1198,1015,1041]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" pagination="134 - 170" refId="ref7784" refString="Robertson, J. A. &amp; Moore, W. (2016) Phylogeny of Paussus L. (Carabidae: Paussinae): unravelling morphological convergence associated with myrmecophilous life histories. Systematic Entomology, 42 (1), 134 - 170, figs. S 1 - S 2, tabs S 1 - S 5. [2017, DP 28 Sep 2016, version of record online] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12205" type="journal article" year="2016">Robertson and Moore (2016)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Future research will have to consider this aspect.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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Key to species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA1E4592614F3F9AA" ID-CoL="766YZ" authorityName="Nagel" authorityYear="2009" box="[413,679,1620,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanxangensis">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA1E4592614F3F9AA" bold="true" box="[413,679,1620,1647]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">Paussus lanxangensis</emphasis>
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species group (
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,
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)
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Note:
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and
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA1E659EE1450F973" authorityName="Bednarik &amp; Bocak" authorityYear="2023" box="[415,516,1692,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haucki">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA1E659EE1450F973" box="[415,516,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">P. haucki</emphasis>
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cannot be separated for the purpose of a general key because non-teneral specimens of both sexes are not available for study (see notes of the taxonomy section above and the description of the group below).
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1 Antennal club at dorsal view with posterior basal angle little pronounced, forming a short, rounded projection (female! male unknown). Antennal club dorso-ventrally little compressed, 1.9 times longer than wide, at dorsal view with anterior (inner) margin slightly and evenly convex and posterior (exterior) margin slightly and evenly emarginate. At hind view, antennal club excavated at little more than the proximal half of its length............................................
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<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA55C58F11332F852" authorityName="Nagel" authorityYear="2024" box="[1317,1382,1922,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agatae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA55C58F11332F852" bold="true" box="[1317,1382,1922,1943]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">agatae</emphasis>
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<keyLead id="30A8093FFFF56D6FA0EE58CF13C8F814" box="[151,1436,1980,2002]" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">- Antennal club with oblong, distinctly marked and clearly projecting posterior basal tooth............................ 2</keyLead>
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2 Antennal club dorso-ventrally distinctly compressed, dorsally and ventrally complanate or slightly depressed. Antennal club 2.3 (male) or 1.9 times (female) longer than wide (basal tooth not considered), Antennal club in both sexes with hind (exterior) margin straight, with well-marked narrow furrow from basal tooth to short distance before reaching apex, dorsal margin of furrow explanate and narrowly projecting posteriad................................................
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<keyLead id="30A8093FFFF46D6EA0EE5E5813C8FEFA" box="[151,1436,298,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">- Antennal club not flattened dorsally and ventrally............................................................ 3</keyLead>
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<keyLead id="30A8093FFFF46D6EA0EE5E1613C8FE17" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
3 Antennal club distinctly inflated, basal margin with posterior angle compact with robust extension, apical end of posterior margin with large, acute tooth. Posterior margin with deep, subcircular, medial hollow. Mesotibiae compressed, with outer apical angle acutely toothed. Hind tibiae compressed, apically dilated, posterior apical angle markedly produced into a large, spur-like protuberance (female!, male unknown)......................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA5395ECF13C8FE17" ID-CoL="766Z2" authorityName="Maruyama" authorityYear="2014" box="[1344,1436,444,466]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="drumonti">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA5395ECF13C8FE17" bold="true" box="[1344,1436,444,466]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">drumonti</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF46D6EA0EE5E8B13C8FDEF" blockId="7.[151,1437,503,555]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
<keyLead id="30A8093FFFF46D6EA0EE5E8B13C8FDEF" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
- Antennal club slightly compressed, ventrally with distinct hump at proximal part, antennal club 1.8 times longer than wide, without apical tooth. Antennal club at dorsal view with hind margin emarginate.....................
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF46D6EA4A55D6713C8FDEF" bold="true" box="[1244,1436,532,554]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA4A55D671311FDEF" authorityName="Maruyama &amp; Nakase" authorityYear="2023" box="[1244,1349,532,554]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakaharai">wakaharai</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF46D6EA5215D6713C8FDEF" authorityName="Bednarik &amp; Bocak" authorityYear="2023" box="[1368,1436,532,554]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haucki">haucki</taxonomicName>
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[DP
<date id="FFE78CCAFFF56D6FA2B75FE4153AFF74" box="[718,878,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" value="2023-12-14">14 Dec. 2023</date>
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Female
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specimen only. The original authors classify the species as part of Sg.
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.
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Type locality: NE
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,
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,
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leg. Depository:
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF56D6FA0EE5E4B1746FE8A" blockId="6.[151,1315,220,336]" box="[151,274,312,336]" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">
BL
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF56D6FA0EE5E0D174EFDC1" blockId="6.[151,1437,382,912]" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">
Although there is no specimen of either
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA20F5E0C155AFE5D" authorityName="Maruyama &amp; Nakase" authorityYear="2023" box="[630,782,382,408]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakaharai">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA20F5E0C155AFE5D" box="[630,782,382,408]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">P. wakaharai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA3425E0C15F2FE5D" authorityName="Bednarik &amp; Bocak" authorityYear="2023" box="[827,934,382,408]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haucki">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA3425E0C15F2FE5D" box="[827,934,382,408]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">P. haucki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
available to the present study, the original descriptions and illustrations reveal just weak and possibly non-essential differences between the
<specimenCount id="9D5F6183FFF56D6FA57F5ED1175BFE25" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" type="generic" typeStatus="holotype">two holotype specimens</specimenCount>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA1625EB417A3FE25" authorityName="Maruyama &amp; Nakase" authorityYear="2023" box="[283,503,454,480]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakaharai">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA1625EB417A3FE25" box="[283,503,454,480]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">Paussus wakaharai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA2565EB414C3FE25" authorityName="Bednarik &amp; Bocak" authorityYear="2023" box="[559,663,454,480]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haucki">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA2565EB414C3FE25" box="[559,663,454,480]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">P. haucki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were published almost simultaneously with the latter published half a year later.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF56D6FA0BE5D7D1211FD89" blockId="6.[151,1437,382,912]" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">
The original description of
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA2785D7C143DFDED" authorityName="Bednarik &amp; Bocak" authorityYear="2023" box="[513,617,526,552]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haucki">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA2785D7C143DFDED" box="[513,617,526,552]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">P. haucki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not include information on the mouthparts. The description of the pygidium indicates that the marginal semicircular trichome is most probably absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF56D6FA0BE5D251407FCA9" blockId="6.[151,1437,382,912]" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">
According to the original descriptions there seem to be possibly gradual differences between
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA4A35D241339FDB5" authorityName="Maruyama &amp; Nakase" authorityYear="2023" box="[1242,1389,598,624]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakaharai">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA4A35D241339FDB5" box="[1242,1389,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">P. wakaharai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA0EE5D0816ABFD51" authorityName="Bednarik &amp; Bocak" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,255,634,660]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haucki">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA0EE5D0816ABFD51" box="[151,255,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">P. haucki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: Antennal club with posterior excavation absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA3375D0815B7FD51" authorityName="Maruyama &amp; Nakase" authorityYear="2023" box="[846,995,634,660]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakaharai">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA3375D0815B7FD51" box="[846,995,634,660]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">P. wakaharai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and vertex with large medial tubercle. In
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA0CE5DEC174BFD7D" authorityName="Bednarik &amp; Bocak" authorityYear="2023" box="[183,287,670,696]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haucki">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA0CE5DEC174BFD7D" box="[183,287,670,696]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">P. haucki</emphasis>
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the antennal club shows a “posterolateral cavity” and vertex “with pair of curved ... vertical shields” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFF56D6FA0E65DB117EEFD19" author="Bednarik, M. &amp; Bocak, L." box="[159,442,706,732]" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref6548" refString="Bednarik, M. &amp; Bocak, L. (2023) New species of Paussus, Subgenus Scaphipaussus (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussinae), from Southeast Asia Reveal Ambiguities in Species Group Limits and High Species Diversity in the Oriental Region. Insects, 14 (947), 1 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 14120947" type="journal article" year="2023">Bednařik &amp; Bocak 2023</bibRefCitation>
, pp. 21, 22). The possible presence of the latter character in
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA40D5DB01371FD19" box="[1140,1317,706,732]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA40D5DB0135DFD19" authorityName="Maruyama &amp; Nakase" authorityYear="2023" box="[1140,1289,706,732]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakaharai">P. wakaharai</taxonomicName>
is
</emphasis>
suggested by the description and illustration (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFF56D6FA24A5D9514A2FCC5" author="Maruyama, M. &amp; Nakase, Y." box="[563,758,742,768]" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref7360" refString="Maruyama, M. &amp; Nakase, Y. (2023) A New Species of the Genus Paussus Linne, 1775 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussinae) from Laos, Allied to P. lanxangensis Nagel, 2009. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 29 (1), 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="2023">Maruyama 2023</bibRefCitation>
). The probably shrunk antennal club of
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA4A95D94133BFCC5" box="[1232,1391,742,768]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA4A95D94133FFCC5" authorityName="Maruyama &amp; Nakase" authorityYear="2023" box="[1232,1387,742,768]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakaharai">P. wakaharai</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the non-teneral condition of
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA1D65C781443FCE1" authorityName="Bednarik &amp; Bocak" authorityYear="2023" box="[431,535,778,804]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haucki">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA1D65C781443FCE1" box="[431,535,778,804]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">P. haucki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a possible sexual dimorphism (female
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA47B5C78123EFCE1" authorityName="Bednarik &amp; Bocak" authorityYear="2023" box="[1026,1130,778,804]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haucki">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA47B5C78123EFCE1" box="[1026,1130,778,804]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">P. haucki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
versus male
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA4865C7813C7FCE1" authorityName="Maruyama &amp; Nakase" authorityYear="2023" box="[1279,1427,778,804]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakaharai">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA4865C7813C7FCE1" box="[1279,1427,778,804]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">P. wakaharai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) might sufficiently explain the differences. Consequently,
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA35B5C5C15DEFC8D" authorityName="Bednarik &amp; Bocak" authorityYear="2023" box="[802,906,814,840]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haucki">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA35B5C5C15DEFC8D" box="[802,906,814,840]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">P. haucki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might turn out to be a younger synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C59D189FFF56D6FA5F15C5C141BFCA9" authority="Maruyama &amp; Nakase, 2023" authorityName="Maruyama &amp; Nakase" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paussus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wakaharai">
<emphasis id="B92D7618FFF56D6FA5F15C5C175BFCA9" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">P. wakaharai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC8D7FBFFF56D6FA16F5C21141BFCA9" author="Maruyama, M. &amp; Nakase, Y." box="[278,591,850,876]" pageId="6" pageNumber="453" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref7360" refString="Maruyama, M. &amp; Nakase, Y. (2023) A New Species of the Genus Paussus Linne, 1775 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussinae) from Laos, Allied to P. lanxangensis Nagel, 2009. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 29 (1), 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="2023">Maruyama &amp; Nakase, 2023</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6AA0AFFF56D6FA0BE5C0513C8FC55" blockId="6.[151,1437,382,912]" box="[199,1436,886,912]" pageId="6" pageNumber="453">Future findings of non-teneral specimens each with the alternative sex will help to clarify the factual situation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

210
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Bing Liu &amp; D.M. Williams
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</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FD10FEEC8A43FE8F" box="[752,869,310,335]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 2–35" captionStart-1="FIGURES 36–39" captionStart-2="FIGURES 40–42" captionStart-3="FIGURES 43–46" captionStart-4="FIGURES 47–50" captionStartId-0="4.[136,243,1933,1954]" captionStartId-1="5.[136,243,1940,1961]" captionStartId-2="6.[136,243,1568,1589]" captionStartId-3="7.[136,243,1292,1313]" captionStartId-4="8.[136,243,1795,1816]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,1511,1908]" captionTargetBox-1="[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,207,1267]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1436,209,1769]" captionTargetId-0="figure-527@4.[151,1436,1511,1908]" captionTargetId-1="figure-14@5.[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetId-2="figure-16@6.[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetId-3="figure-14@7.[151,1436,206,1267]" captionTargetId-4="figure-19@8.[151,1436,209,1769]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 2–35. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., LM. 2–35. 34 valves showing the variation in valve outline, note the central raphe endings discernible only in some specimens. 29. Photograph of holotype. Scale bar (in Fig. 1) =10 μm for all figures." captionText-1="FIGURES 36–39. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 36–38. External view of valves, showing hooked terminal raphe fissures, the areolae covered by hymenes externally and two rows of poroids on the girdle band (Fig. 38, arrow). 39. The internal view of valve, note the deep mantles. Scale bars = 5 μm." captionText-2="FIGURES 40–42. Adlafia sinensis sp.nov., SEM.40–42.Three types of frustules.40. One very slightly dismembered frustule,showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC).41. One slightly dismembered frustule, showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC). Note the deep mantle, striae continuing onto the mantle, but seven striae located only on the mantle (arrowheads). 42. One dismembered frustule or a released frustule after new sibling valve formation, note the hypovalve (HV), the epivalve (EV), and the valvocopula (VC). Scale bars = 5 μm." captionText-3="FIGURES 43–46. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 43. Detail of Fig. 41, showing the hooked terminal raphe fissures continuing onto the mantle, open girdle band (arrow), and two rows of poroids become only one row distal the raphe fissure (curved arrow). 44. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the structure of the cingulum at the apex, note the valvocopulae (VC), two segmental bands (B2 and B3), and distinct gap. 45. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the deep mantle and the valvocopula connecting epivalve with the hypovalve. 46. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the structure of the cingulum at the apex, note the valvocopulae (VC), and distinct gap. Scale bars = 1 μm." captionText-4="FIGURES 47–50. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 47. A dismembered frustule, showing the valvocopula with one row of areola on both the pars interior and pars exterior (arrow), and c. five striae located only on the mantle (arrows). 48–50. Girdle view showing five striae located only on the mantle (arrows). Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 2–50</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A2E36F0844FFFD0FF68FEA48DFAFE1F" blockId="4.[136,1452,382,1451]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="38E5EAE2844FFFD0FF68FEA48998FE57" bold="true" box="[136,190,382,407]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">LM:</emphasis>
Valves lanceolate with rostrate to subcapitate apices (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FCFDFEA48AB7FE57" box="[797,913,382,407]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–35" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1933,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1511,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-527@4.[151,1436,1511,1908]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2–35. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., LM. 2–35. 34 valves showing the variation in valve outline, note the central raphe endings discernible only in some specimens. 29. Photograph of holotype. Scale bar (in Fig. 1) =10 μm for all figures." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 2–35</figureCitation>
), dimensions (n = 50): 11.0–17.0 μm long, 3.4– 4.2 μm broad.Axial area linear throughout valve’s entire length, central area almost non-existent (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FB26FE788C1CFE7B" box="[1222,1338,418,443]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–35" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1933,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1511,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-527@4.[151,1436,1511,1908]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2–35. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., LM. 2–35. 34 valves showing the variation in valve outline, note the central raphe endings discernible only in some specimens. 29. Photograph of holotype. Scale bar (in Fig. 1) =10 μm for all figures." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 2–35</figureCitation>
). External central raphe endings discernible, opposite each other (e.g.
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FCC1FE1C8A85FE1F" box="[801,931,454,479]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–35" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1933,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1511,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-527@4.[151,1436,1511,1908]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2–35. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., LM. 2–35. 34 valves showing the variation in valve outline, note the central raphe endings discernible only in some specimens. 29. Photograph of holotype. Scale bar (in Fig. 1) =10 μm for all figures." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 27–35</figureCitation>
). Striae dense, uncountable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="428B657B844FFFD0FF5DFE308A52FB4B" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="description">
<paragraph id="0A2E36F0844FFFD0FF5DFE308BF8FD1B" blockId="4.[136,1452,382,1451]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="38E5EAE2844FFFD0FF5DFE308825FDC3" bold="true" box="[189,259,490,515]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">SEM:</emphasis>
Valves lanceolate with rostrate to subcapitate apices (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FC93FE308ADFFDC3" box="[883,1017,490,515]" captionStart="FIGURES 36–39" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1940,1961]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-14@5.[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 36–39. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 36–38. External view of valves, showing hooked terminal raphe fissures, the areolae covered by hymenes externally and two rows of poroids on the girdle band (Fig. 38, arrow). 39. The internal view of valve, note the deep mantles. Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 36–38</figureCitation>
). Axial area linear gently widening at central area (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FEFEFDD48885FDE7" box="[286,419,526,551]" captionStart="FIGURES 36–39" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1940,1961]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-14@5.[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 36–39. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 36–38. External view of valves, showing hooked terminal raphe fissures, the areolae covered by hymenes externally and two rows of poroids on the girdle band (Fig. 38, arrow). 39. The internal view of valve, note the deep mantles. Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 36–38</figureCitation>
). Raphe with terminal fissures hooked towards secondary side; both fissures with slightly expanded central raphe endings bent towards primary side (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FCC5FDE88A8FFD8B" box="[805,937,562,587]" captionStart="FIGURES 36–39" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1940,1961]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-14@5.[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 36–39. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 36–38. External view of valves, showing hooked terminal raphe fissures, the areolae covered by hymenes externally and two rows of poroids on the girdle band (Fig. 38, arrow). 39. The internal view of valve, note the deep mantles. Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 36–38</figureCitation>
). Striae uniseriate, radiate, becoming abruptly convergent approaching apices, continuing onto mantle (e.g.
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FCD8FD8C8AA8FDAF" box="[824,910,598,623]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–42" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1568,1589]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-16@6.[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 40–42. Adlafia sinensis sp.nov., SEM.40–42.Three types of frustules.40. One very slightly dismembered frustule,showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC).41. One slightly dismembered frustule, showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC). Note the deep mantle, striae continuing onto the mantle, but seven striae located only on the mantle (arrowheads). 42. One dismembered frustule or a released frustule after new sibling valve formation, note the hypovalve (HV), the epivalve (EV), and the valvocopula (VC). Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 41</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FC7BFD8C8AC0FDAF" box="[923,998,598,623]" captionStart="FIGURES 47–50" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1795,1816]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,209,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1436,209,1769]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 47–50. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 47. A dismembered frustule, showing the valvocopula with one row of areola on both the pars interior and pars exterior (arrow), and c. five striae located only on the mantle (arrows). 48–50. Girdle view showing five striae located only on the mantle (arrows). Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">47–50</figureCitation>
). A few shortened striae present on each side of central valve (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FE61FDA08B20FD53" box="[385,518,634,659]" captionStart="FIGURES 36–39" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1940,1961]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-14@5.[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 36–39. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 36–38. External view of valves, showing hooked terminal raphe fissures, the areolae covered by hymenes externally and two rows of poroids on the girdle band (Fig. 38, arrow). 39. The internal view of valve, note the deep mantles. Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 36–38</figureCitation>
). Stria density 32–36 (often 34) per 10 μm. Areolae round, occluded by hymenes outside (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FF07FD44884CFD77" box="[231,362,670,695]" captionStart="FIGURES 36–39" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1940,1961]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-14@5.[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 36–39. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 36–38. External view of valves, showing hooked terminal raphe fissures, the areolae covered by hymenes externally and two rows of poroids on the girdle band (Fig. 38, arrow). 39. The internal view of valve, note the deep mantles. Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 36–38</figureCitation>
). Internally, both proximal raphe endings deflected towards primary side of valve and distal raphe endings terminating in small helictoglossae (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FD9DFD188BF7FD1B" box="[637,721,706,731]" captionStart="FIGURES 36–39" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1940,1961]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-14@5.[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 36–39. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 36–38. External view of valves, showing hooked terminal raphe fissures, the areolae covered by hymenes externally and two rows of poroids on the girdle band (Fig. 38, arrow). 39. The internal view of valve, note the deep mantles. Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0A2E36F0844FFFD0FF5DFD3C8A52FB4B" blockId="4.[136,1452,382,1451]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
Frustule and girdle views: Frustules in girdle view rectangular composed of epivalve, hypovalve and valvocopula (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FF70FCD08837FCE3" box="[144,273,778,803]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–42" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1568,1589]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-16@6.[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 40–42. Adlafia sinensis sp.nov., SEM.40–42.Three types of frustules.40. One very slightly dismembered frustule,showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC).41. One slightly dismembered frustule, showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC). Note the deep mantle, striae continuing onto the mantle, but seven striae located only on the mantle (arrowheads). 42. One dismembered frustule or a released frustule after new sibling valve formation, note the hypovalve (HV), the epivalve (EV), and the valvocopula (VC). Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 40–42</figureCitation>
, EV, VC and HV respectively). Striae continuing onto deep mantle, c. 5–7 striae on mantle not continuous from valve (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FEF4FCF48841FC87" box="[276,359,814,839]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–42" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1568,1589]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-16@6.[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 40–42. Adlafia sinensis sp.nov., SEM.40–42.Three types of frustules.40. One very slightly dismembered frustule,showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC).41. One slightly dismembered frustule, showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC). Note the deep mantle, striae continuing onto the mantle, but seven striae located only on the mantle (arrowheads). 42. One dismembered frustule or a released frustule after new sibling valve formation, note the hypovalve (HV), the epivalve (EV), and the valvocopula (VC). Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
, arrowheads;
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FDE5FCF48BA1FC87" box="[517,647,814,839]" captionStart="FIGURES 47–50" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1795,1816]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,209,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1436,209,1769]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 47–50. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 47. A dismembered frustule, showing the valvocopula with one row of areola on both the pars interior and pars exterior (arrow), and c. five striae located only on the mantle (arrows). 48–50. Girdle view showing five striae located only on the mantle (arrows). Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 47–50</figureCitation>
, arrows). Stria density on mantle 37–40 per 10 μm due to c. 5–7 striae more than valve face. Mantle becomes abruptly narrow close to apex where 4–6 rows of areolae merge into one row distal to terminal raphe fissures (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FE19FCAC8B6AFC4F" box="[505,588,886,911]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–42" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1568,1589]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-16@6.[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 40–42. Adlafia sinensis sp.nov., SEM.40–42.Three types of frustules.40. One very slightly dismembered frustule,showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC).41. One slightly dismembered frustule, showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC). Note the deep mantle, striae continuing onto the mantle, but seven striae located only on the mantle (arrowheads). 42. One dismembered frustule or a released frustule after new sibling valve formation, note the hypovalve (HV), the epivalve (EV), and the valvocopula (VC). Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FDB8FCAC8B8CFC4F" box="[600,682,886,911]" captionStart="FIGURES 43–46" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1292,1313]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1267]" captionTargetId="figure-14@7.[151,1436,206,1267]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 43–46. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 43. Detail of Fig. 41, showing the hooked terminal raphe fissures continuing onto the mantle, open girdle band (arrow), and two rows of poroids become only one row distal the raphe fissure (curved arrow). 44. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the structure of the cingulum at the apex, note the valvocopulae (VC), two segmental bands (B2 and B3), and distinct gap. 45. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the deep mantle and the valvocopula connecting epivalve with the hypovalve. 46. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the structure of the cingulum at the apex, note the valvocopulae (VC), and distinct gap. Scale bars = 1 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
, curved arrow). Valvocopula connects epivalve and hypovalve (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FA9AFCAC89F6FC73" captionStart="FIGURES 40–42" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1568,1589]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-16@6.[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 40–42. Adlafia sinensis sp.nov., SEM.40–42.Three types of frustules.40. One very slightly dismembered frustule,showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC).41. One slightly dismembered frustule, showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC). Note the deep mantle, striae continuing onto the mantle, but seven striae located only on the mantle (arrowheads). 42. One dismembered frustule or a released frustule after new sibling valve formation, note the hypovalve (HV), the epivalve (EV), and the valvocopula (VC). Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 40–41</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FF3EFC40880FFC73" box="[222,297,922,947]" captionStart="FIGURES 43–46" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1292,1313]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1267]" captionTargetId="figure-14@7.[151,1436,206,1267]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 43–46. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 43. Detail of Fig. 41, showing the hooked terminal raphe fissures continuing onto the mantle, open girdle band (arrow), and two rows of poroids become only one row distal the raphe fissure (curved arrow). 44. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the structure of the cingulum at the apex, note the valvocopulae (VC), two segmental bands (B2 and B3), and distinct gap. 45. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the deep mantle and the valvocopula connecting epivalve with the hypovalve. 46. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the structure of the cingulum at the apex, note the valvocopulae (VC), and distinct gap. Scale bars = 1 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">43–46</figureCitation>
). Two rows of poroids on valvocopula (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FD12FC408A60FC73" box="[754,838,922,947]" captionStart="FIGURES 36–39" captionStartId="5.[136,243,1940,1961]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-14@5.[153,1434,190,1915]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 36–39. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 36–38. External view of valves, showing hooked terminal raphe fissures, the areolae covered by hymenes externally and two rows of poroids on the girdle band (Fig. 38, arrow). 39. The internal view of valve, note the deep mantles. Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
, arrow;
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FC46FC408ADFFC73" box="[934,1017,922,947]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–42" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1568,1589]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-16@6.[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 40–42. Adlafia sinensis sp.nov., SEM.40–42.Three types of frustules.40. One very slightly dismembered frustule,showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC).41. One slightly dismembered frustule, showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC). Note the deep mantle, striae continuing onto the mantle, but seven striae located only on the mantle (arrowheads). 42. One dismembered frustule or a released frustule after new sibling valve formation, note the hypovalve (HV), the epivalve (EV), and the valvocopula (VC). Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
, VC;
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FBDEFC408DB7FC73" box="[1086,1169,922,947]" captionStart="FIGURES 47–50" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1795,1816]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,209,1769]" captionTargetId="figure-19@8.[151,1436,209,1769]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 47–50. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 47. A dismembered frustule, showing the valvocopula with one row of areola on both the pars interior and pars exterior (arrow), and c. five striae located only on the mantle (arrows). 48–50. Girdle view showing five striae located only on the mantle (arrows). Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 47</figureCitation>
, arrow), but in complete frustules, deep mantle covers one of two rows of valvocopula poroids located on pars interior of valvocopula, and only one row of poroids on pars exterior visible (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FD64FC388BFFFC3B" box="[644,729,994,1019]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–42" captionStartId="6.[136,243,1568,1589]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetId="figure-16@6.[151,1436,190,1543]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 40–42. Adlafia sinensis sp.nov., SEM.40–42.Three types of frustules.40. One very slightly dismembered frustule,showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC).41. One slightly dismembered frustule, showing the epivalve (EV), hypovalve (HV) and valvocopula (VC). Note the deep mantle, striae continuing onto the mantle, but seven striae located only on the mantle (arrowheads). 42. One dismembered frustule or a released frustule after new sibling valve formation, note the hypovalve (HV), the epivalve (EV), and the valvocopula (VC). Scale bars = 5 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
, VC). Valvocopula composed of at least two parts that connect epivalve and hypovalve into a complete frustule; beneath the apices one part turns towards epivalve, the other turns towards hypovalve; both terminal ends of each part insert into the alternate part at inflection points of each (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FA9AFBF089DCFBA7" captionStart="FIGURES 43–46" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1292,1313]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1267]" captionTargetId="figure-14@7.[151,1436,206,1267]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 43–46. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 43. Detail of Fig. 41, showing the hooked terminal raphe fissures continuing onto the mantle, open girdle band (arrow), and two rows of poroids become only one row distal the raphe fissure (curved arrow). 44. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the structure of the cingulum at the apex, note the valvocopulae (VC), two segmental bands (B2 and B3), and distinct gap. 45. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the deep mantle and the valvocopula connecting epivalve with the hypovalve. 46. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the structure of the cingulum at the apex, note the valvocopulae (VC), and distinct gap. Scale bars = 1 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 43–44, 46</figureCitation>
, arrows). Valvocopula open due to its two parts not being fused at inflection points (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FB7BFB948C63FBA7" box="[1179,1349,1102,1127]" captionStart="FIGURES 43–46" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1292,1313]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1267]" captionTargetId="figure-14@7.[151,1436,206,1267]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 43–46. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 43. Detail of Fig. 41, showing the hooked terminal raphe fissures continuing onto the mantle, open girdle band (arrow), and two rows of poroids become only one row distal the raphe fissure (curved arrow). 44. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the structure of the cingulum at the apex, note the valvocopulae (VC), two segmental bands (B2 and B3), and distinct gap. 45. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the deep mantle and the valvocopula connecting epivalve with the hypovalve. 46. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the structure of the cingulum at the apex, note the valvocopulae (VC), and distinct gap. Scale bars = 1 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 43–44, 46</figureCitation>
, arrows). Two segmental bands occur only beneath apices (
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FD52FBA88A2CFB4B" box="[690,778,1138,1163]" captionStart="FIGURES 43–46" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1292,1313]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,207,1267]" captionTargetId="figure-14@7.[151,1436,206,1267]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 43–46. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., SEM. 43. Detail of Fig. 41, showing the hooked terminal raphe fissures continuing onto the mantle, open girdle band (arrow), and two rows of poroids become only one row distal the raphe fissure (curved arrow). 44. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the structure of the cingulum at the apex, note the valvocopulae (VC), two segmental bands (B2 and B3), and distinct gap. 45. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the deep mantle and the valvocopula connecting epivalve with the hypovalve. 46. Detail of Fig. 40, showing the structure of the cingulum at the apex, note the valvocopulae (VC), and distinct gap. Scale bars = 1 μm." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Figs 44</figureCitation>
, B
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FCC9FBA88A41FB4B" box="[809,871,1138,1163]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–35" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1933,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1511,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-527@4.[151,1436,1511,1908]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2–35. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., LM. 2–35. 34 valves showing the variation in valve outline, note the central raphe endings discernible only in some specimens. 29. Photograph of holotype. Scale bar (in Fig. 1) =10 μm for all figures." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">2, B3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="428B657B844FFFD0FF5DFB4C887FFB37" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0A2E36F0844FFFD0FF5DFB4C887FFB37" blockId="4.[136,1452,382,1451]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="38E5EAE2844FFFD0FF5DFB4C8827FB6F" bold="true" box="[189,257,1174,1199]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Type:</emphasis>
—
<materialsCitation id="BAF93CAD844FFFD0FEFFFB4C8873FB37" collectingDate="2015-12-29" collectionCode="JIU, BM" country="China" county="Zhangjiajie National Forestry Park" elevation="482" latitude="29.327223" location="Laomowang" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="110.44222" municipality="Jinbian" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" specimenCode="G201607" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Hunan" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="72867660844FFFD0FEFFFB4C885CFB6F" box="[287,378,1174,1199]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">CHINA</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="C855F812844FFFD0FE64FB4C88F5FB6F" box="[388,467,1174,1199]" country="China" name="Hunan" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Hunan</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingCounty id="E34F4E7C844FFFD0FE3DFB4C8A42FB6F" box="[477,868,1174,1199]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Zhangjiajie National Forestry Park</collectingCounty>
, the course of
<collectingMunicipality id="EA4AAC8A844FFFD0FBE6FB4C8D71FB6F" box="[1030,1111,1174,1199]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Jinbian</collectingMunicipality>
brook, at
<location id="0F4E602B844FFFD0FB27FB4C8C70FB6F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:823887E6844FFFD0FF68FEE98A08FA6B:0F4E602B844FFFD0FB27FB4C8C70FB6F" box="[1223,1366,1174,1199]" country="China" county="Zhangjiajie National Forestry Park" latitude="29.327223" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="110.44222" municipality="Jinbian" name="Laomowang" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" stateProvince="Hunan">Laomowang</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="6FA55037844FFFD0FA81FB4C89F6FB13" degrees="29" direction="north" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" precision="15" seconds="38" value="29.327223">29°19’ 38” N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="6FA55037844FFFD0FF3DFB60885DFB13" box="[221,379,1210,1235]" degrees="110" direction="east" minutes="26" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" precision="15" seconds="32" value="110.44222">110°26’32” E</geoCoordinate>
,
<elevation id="81BCD1C3844FFFD0FE68FB608B29FB13" box="[392,527,1210,1235]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.82" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="482.0">
<quantity id="CD699B15844FFFD0FE68FB6088F7FB13" box="[392,465,1210,1235]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.82" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="482.0">482 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
,
<emphasis id="38E5EAE2844FFFD0FDFDFB608B59FB13" box="[541,639,1210,1235]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<location id="0F4E602B844FFFD0FDFDFB608B59FB13" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:823887E6844FFFD0FF68FEE98A08FA6B:0F4E602B844FFFD0FDFDFB608B59FB13" box="[541,639,1210,1235]" country="China" county="Zhangjiajie National Forestry Park" latitude="29.327223" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="110.44222" municipality="Jinbian" name="Bing Liu" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" stateProvince="Hunan">Bing Liu</location>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="38E5EAE2844FFFD0FD6FFB608A52FB13" box="[655,884,1208,1235]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<date id="7E2F1030844FFFD0FD6FFB608A52FB13" box="[655,884,1208,1235]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" value="2015-12-29">
<collectingDate id="6E6BE9D8844FFFD0FD6FFB608A52FB13" box="[655,884,1208,1235]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" value="2015-12-29">
29
<superScript id="FDE49BB8844FFFD0FD4BFB628B9EFB06" attach="left" box="[683,696,1208,1222]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">th</superScript>
December 2015
</collectingDate>
</date>
</emphasis>
, (
<typeStatus id="D52A8852844FFFD0FC6CFB608AD6FB13" box="[908,1008,1210,1235]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="6C80AE35844FFFD0FC18FB608D00FB13" box="[1016,1062,1210,1235]" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13402" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13402" name="Jishou University" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="Herbarium">JIU</collectionCode>
!
<specimenCode id="5A379E8B844FFFD0FBD2FB608DBDFB13" box="[1074,1179,1210,1235]" collectionCode="JIU" country="China" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13402" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13402" name="Jishou University" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="Herbarium">G201607</specimenCode>
=
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FB5CFB608C36FB13" box="[1212,1296,1210,1235]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–35" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1933,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1511,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-527@4.[151,1436,1511,1908]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2–35. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., LM. 2–35. 34 valves showing the variation in valve outline, note the central raphe endings discernible only in some specimens. 29. Photograph of holotype. Scale bar (in Fig. 1) =10 μm for all figures." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
;
<typeStatus id="D52A8852844FFFD0FAFDFB608C48FB13" box="[1309,1390,1210,1235]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="isotype">isotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="6C80AE35844FFFD0FA96FB608C81FB13" box="[1398,1447,1210,1235]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bristol Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">BM</collectionCode>
! 101860 =
<figureCitation id="92AA2A75844FFFD0FF1AFB04886AFB37" box="[250,332,1246,1271]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–35" captionStartId="4.[136,243,1933,1954]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1511,1908]" captionTargetId="figure-527@4.[151,1436,1511,1908]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2–35. Adlafia sinensis sp. nov., LM. 2–35. 34 valves showing the variation in valve outline, note the central raphe endings discernible only in some specimens. 29. Photograph of holotype. Scale bar (in Fig. 1) =10 μm for all figures." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="428B657B844FFFD0FF5DFAD88D33FADB" box="[189,1045,1282,1307]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="0A2E36F0844FFFD0FF5DFAD88D33FADB" blockId="4.[136,1452,382,1451]" box="[189,1045,1282,1307]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="38E5EAE2844FFFD0FF5DFAD8886EFADB" bold="true" box="[189,328,1282,1307]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Etymology:</emphasis>
—Named after
<collectingCountry id="72867660844FFFD0FE16FAD88B1AFADB" box="[502,572,1282,1307]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">China</collectingCountry>
, the country where the species was found.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="428B657B844FFFD0FF5DFAFC8A08FA6B" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="0A2E36F0844FFFD0FF5DFAFC8A08FA6B" blockId="4.[136,1452,382,1451]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="38E5EAE2844FFFD0FF5DFAFC8867FAFF" bold="true" box="[189,321,1318,1343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Ecology:—</emphasis>
The following environmental parameters were measured in the field. Conductivity was 102.7 ± 0.8 μS/cm, pH was 8.5 ± 0.7, and water temperature was 8.7 ± 0.2 °C. Since the diatom sample was scraped off the surfaces of stones and the water conductivity is near 100 μS/cm,
<taxonomicName id="CD914D73844FFFD0FCB6FAB48D2EFA47" authorityName="Bing Liu &amp; D. M. Williams" authorityYear="2017" box="[854,1032,1390,1415]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Naviculaceae" genus="Adlafia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
<emphasis id="38E5EAE2844FFFD0FCB6FAB48D2EFA47" box="[854,1032,1390,1415]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Adlafia sinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be considered an epilithic diatom characteristic of moderate electrolyte content in freshwaters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>