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<document id="04D39C9FE63E2FC2991BDE93ABF52C32" ID-DOI="10.5070/P9361046192" ID-ISSN="0031-0298" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1726018522948" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Fox, Nathaniel S., Takeuchi, Gary T., Farrell, Aisling B. &amp; Blois, Jessica L." docDate="2022" docId="03AE87D526165201FF77FBDD760F733C" docLanguage="en" docName="PaleoBios.36.46192.pdf" docOrigin="PaleoBios (46192) 36" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2D14AFDE223D5FD9EB1703D6A63DEF6C.1:PaleoBios.2018-2021.journal_article" docStyleId="2D14AFDE223D5FD9EB1703D6A63DEF6C" docStyleName="PaleoBios.2018-2021.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Sylvilagus audubonii Baird 1857" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FF97FFAD261D520AFF8EFFF972547770" masterDocTitle="A protocol for differentiating late Quaternary leporids in southern California with remarks on Project 23 lagomorphs at Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California, USA" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1726077306064" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
<mods:mods id="4133D78C2D86B7DDF7E1D0603F2EE660" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="1ACFCE88073919A21BE86F0962999F90">
<mods:title id="4790E2CEC5B81289530D8237186FA8DB">A protocol for differentiating late Quaternary leporids in southern California with remarks on Project 23 lagomorphs at Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California, USA</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:namePart id="FED12271058CB3BC257F9EE3417FC5D8">Fox, Nathaniel S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7EA4E9154CCF25596E662573C3D00B52">Takeuchi, Gary T.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role id="443D4A34725C3663F42F01E86B0EDE87">
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<mods:namePart id="167781B58E9838751D65D306708A139B">Farrell, Aisling B.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="B09C9F808FC306E4276E2B65E04CEAB8">Blois, Jessica L.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="1F893F1E6DC19E8C96E7448357697F4F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="A8479274674AB7F2932D0255991A45E0">
<mods:title id="2DA7529436199785F642BF5643836D4A">PaleoBios</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="7EF4F23C9532498C1DF321AD67098B3C">
<mods:date id="AD07EB9D034DF1727F28B0667CF61D49">2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="5E28FF98BC37E697BDB50BDD3119EDB7" type="series">
<mods:title id="18CFE1B558896F86C0F9A7FAC3B36475">46192</mods:title>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="054EB621AC31B7382947144C01E46E71" type="volume">
<mods:number id="F1E2A1A7BD4CFDFCCA0CD791933A4B9D">36</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="7736F0E0A904EEBAC2893D86DB37AEE2" unit="page">
<mods:start id="3556090B905990B34D7DB724F5D3DECE">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="17C288B8B3521E17EFF40189E810CC6C">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="5C3A24D9184867FD220BEDB970EC5E04" type="DOI">10.5070/P9361046192</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="64E51DDB8B5464BE9B13DCB6DD954646" type="ISSN">0031-0298</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03AE87D526165201FF77FBDD760F733C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AE87D526165201FF77FBDD760F733C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE87D526165201FF77FBDD760F733C" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<subSubSection id="C31D654826165201FF77FBDD70C3734C" box="[249,663,1060,1084]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB836C326165201FF77FBDD70C3734C" blockId="11.[249,663,964,1084]" box="[249,663,1060,1084]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="D0F081AF26165201FF77FBDD70C3734C" allCaps="true" box="[249,663,1060,1084]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C074D4026165201FF77FBDD70C3734C" ID-CoL="53N8P" authority="BAIRD 1857" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1857" box="[249,663,1060,1084]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Sylvilagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="audubonii">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FF77FBDD7058734B" box="[249,524,1060,1083]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">SYLVILAGUS AUDUBONII</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B3226165201FD9FFBDD70C3734C" author="Baird, S. F." box="[529,663,1060,1084]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" refId="ref9003" refString="Baird, S. F. 1857. Mammals: General report upon the zoology of the several Pacific railroad routes. Vol. 8, part 1, in Reports of explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Senate executive document no. 78, Washington, D. C. 757 pp." type="book" year="1857">BAIRD 1857</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D654826165201FF1EFBA376497670" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB836C326165201FF1EFBA3714B70FD" blockId="11.[112,801,1114,1934]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FF1EFBA373F37304" bold="true" box="[144,423,1114,1140]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Referred specimens</emphasis>
—
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FE4BFBA370667304" box="[453,562,1114,1140]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-39811, left dentary fragment with p3, p4, m2;
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FE71FB84703D73E7" box="[511,617,1149,1175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-32047, right dentary fragment with p3-m1;
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FE70FB66703373C9" box="[510,615,1183,1209]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-39819, right dentary fragment with p3-m1;
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FE70FB3B703373AC" box="[510,615,1218,1244]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-39820, right dentary fragment with partial p3-m2. The following specimens represent complete left p3s:
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDC7FAFE70FD7251" box="[585,681,1287,1313]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FD4FFAFE709F7251" bold="true" box="[705,715,1287,1313]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">-</emphasis>
28084,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FFFEFAD0728F7234" box="[112,219,1321,1348]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-28555,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FED7FAD073907233" box="[345,452,1321,1347]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-28661,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCFFAD070F97233" box="[577,685,1321,1347]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-31781,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FFFEFAB5728F7217" box="[112,219,1356,1383]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35608,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FED7FAB573907217" box="[345,452,1356,1383]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35763,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCFFAB570F87217" box="[577,684,1356,1383]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35847,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FFFEFA97728F72F9" box="[112,219,1390,1417]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35885,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FED7FA97739072F9" box="[345,452,1390,1417]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35937,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCFFA9770FF72F8" box="[577,683,1390,1416]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40167,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FFFEFA68728E72DB" box="[112,218,1425,1451]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40209,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FED7FA68739772DB" box="[345,451,1425,1451]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40284,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCFFA6870FF72DC" box="[577,683,1425,1452]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40285,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FFFEFA4A728C72BD" box="[112,216,1459,1485]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40286,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FEC0FA4D73E272BE" box="[334,438,1460,1486]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40287.The following specimens represent complete right p3s:
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCAFA2F70FA7280" box="[580,686,1494,1520]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-28341,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FFFEFA00728E7164" box="[112,218,1529,1556]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-28519,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FED7FA0073977164" box="[345,451,1529,1556]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-28556,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCFFA0070F87164" box="[577,684,1529,1556]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-28858,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FFFEF9E2728E7145" box="[112,218,1563,1589]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-33962,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FED7F9E573907146" box="[345,452,1564,1590]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-34117,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCFF9E270FF7146" box="[577,683,1563,1590]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35614,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FFFEF9C7728F7129" box="[112,219,1598,1625]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35696,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FED7F9C773907129" box="[345,452,1598,1625]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35836,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCFF9C770F87129" box="[577,684,1598,1625]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35839,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FFFEF998728E710C" box="[112,218,1633,1660]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35840,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FED7F9987391710C" box="[345,453,1633,1660]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35881,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCFF99870F8710C" box="[577,684,1633,1660]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35883,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FFFEF97D728E71EE" box="[112,218,1668,1694]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-39874,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FED7F97A739771ED" box="[345,451,1667,1693]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40166,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCFF97D70FF71EE" box="[577,683,1668,1694]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40210,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FFFEF95F728871B0" box="[112,220,1702,1728]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40211. The following specimens represent partial left p3s and left p3 fragments:
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCAF93170F97192" box="[580,685,1736,1762]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-28266,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FFFEF912728E7075" box="[112,218,1771,1797]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-31782,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FED7F91373907075" box="[345,452,1770,1797]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-34259,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCFF91370FF7074" box="[577,683,1770,1796]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-34260,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FFFEF8F572887057" box="[112,220,1804,1831]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35771,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FED7F8F473977057" box="[345,451,1805,1831]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40039,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCFF8F470F87057" box="[577,684,1805,1831]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40288. The following specimens represent partial right p3s and right p3 fragments:
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FEEDF8A87399701C" box="[355,461,1873,1900]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-28105,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCAF8A870FA701C" box="[580,686,1873,1900]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35618,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FFFEF88A728F70FE" box="[112,219,1907,1934]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35619,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FED7F88A739070FE" box="[345,452,1907,1934]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35645,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FDCFF88A70F870FD" box="[577,684,1907,1933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-39929,
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB836C326165201FCCFFF3B76497670" blockId="11.[833,1521,194,1100]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FCCFFF3B71FF77AC" box="[833,939,194,220]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40110,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FBA7FF3B76C777AC" box="[1065,1171,194,220]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40168,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FA9CFF3B772877AC" box="[1298,1404,194,220]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40212,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FCCFFF1F71FF7670" box="[833,939,230,256]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-40291.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31D654826165201FCEFFEF0760F733C" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB836C326165201FCEFFEF0760F733C" blockId="11.[833,1521,194,1100]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FCEFFEF0718D7653" bold="true" box="[865,985,265,291]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Remarks</emphasis>
—
<specimenCount id="9D01FD4A26165201FC76FEF076A17653" box="[1016,1269,265,291]" count="52" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="generic">Fifty-two specimens</specimenCount>
from Project 23 are assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C074D4026165201FC50FED576287636" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1857" box="[990,1148,300,326]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Sylvilagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="audubonii">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FC50FED571B87636" box="[990,1004,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FC73FED576287636" box="[1021,1148,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">audubonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on moderate or complex p3 crenulation (
<tableCitation id="C685037826165201FBDFFEB676E17619" box="[1105,1205,335,361]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[112,173,196,217]" captionText="Table 2. Confusion matrices depicting radom forest classification results of four leporid dataset trials. Trials titled “Three species” show classification results for species currently distributed in low-elevation areas of southern California only (i.e., Lepus californicus, S. audubonii, and S. bachmani). Trials titled “Six species” show results for all species observed in this study. Trials titled “all variables” indicate that all six measured variables of p3 length, p3 width, p3 length-to-width-ratio, p3 crenulation pattern, diastema length, and toothrow length are included in the analysis. Trials titled “p3 variables only” indicate that only the first four p3 variables are included. The number of vari- ables for splitting at each node was set to six for “all variables” and four for “p3 variables only.” All trials were run on 1000 trees." pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Table 2</tableCitation>
; Figs. 4, 5C). We cannot eliminate the possibility that some specimens belong to
<taxonomicName id="4C074D4026165201FCECFE6F71B576DF" box="[866,993,405,432]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Sylvilagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuttallii">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FCECFE6F712476C0" box="[866,880,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FCF1FE6C71B576DF" box="[895,993,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">nuttallii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however, we consider this unlikely since most p3s with l/w &lt;1.25 (i.e., those not likely belonging to
<taxonomicName id="4C074D4026165201FCEDFE2571AE7686" authorityName="WATERHOUSE" authorityYear="1839" box="[867,1018,476,502]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Sylvilagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bachmani">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FCEDFE2571257686" box="[867,881,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FC0FFE2571AE7686" box="[897,1018,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">bachmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) exhibit moderate or complex crenulation at the tooth surface and/or base (Fig. 4; Appendix
<tableCitation id="C685037826165201FCCFFDDB71F4754C" box="[833,928,546,572]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[112,173,196,217]" captionText="Table 2. Confusion matrices depicting radom forest classification results of four leporid dataset trials. Trials titled “Three species” show classification results for species currently distributed in low-elevation areas of southern California only (i.e., Lepus californicus, S. audubonii, and S. bachmani). Trials titled “Six species” show results for all species observed in this study. Trials titled “all variables” indicate that all six measured variables of p3 length, p3 width, p3 length-to-width-ratio, p3 crenulation pattern, diastema length, and toothrow length are included in the analysis. Trials titled “p3 variables only” indicate that only the first four p3 variables are included. The number of vari- ables for splitting at each node was set to six for “all variables” and four for “p3 variables only.” All trials were run on 1000 trees." pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Table 2</tableCitation>
). If
<taxonomicName id="4C074D4026165201FC5AFDDA761F754C" baseAuthorityName="Bachman" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[980,1099,546,573]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Sylvilagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nuttalli">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FC5AFDDA71B6754D" box="[980,994,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FC7FFDDB761F754C" box="[1009,1099,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">nuttalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was present and common in the local region encompassing Project 23, we would expect proportionally more non-narrow p3s to exhibit simple crenulation. Further,
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<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FBC1FD75760975D6" box="[1103,1117,652,678]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FBE3FD75768475D6" box="[1133,1232,652,678]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">nuttallii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently restricted to intermountain regions&gt;
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from Los Angeles (
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B3226165201FCC2FD2B760F759D" author="Hall, E. R. &amp; K. R. Kelson" box="[844,1115,722,749]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" refId="ref9988" refString="Hall, E. R., and K. R. Kelson. 1959. The mammals of North America. Volume 1. Ronald Press, New York. 546 pp." type="book" year="1959">Hall and Kelson 1959</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF964B3226165201FBE7FD2B777D759D" author="Chapman, J. A." box="[1129,1321,722,749]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref9247" refString="Chapman, J. A. 1975. Sylvilagus nuttallii. Mammalian Species (56): 1 - 3. [https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503902]." type="journal article" year="1975">Chapman 1975</bibRefCitation>
). All specimens with more complex crenulation at the tooth base relative to the occlusal surface are considered juvenile individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C074D4026165201FC01FCC5767D7426" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1857" box="[911,1065,828,854]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Sylvilagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="audubonii">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FC01FCC571C97426" box="[911,925,828,854]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FC23FCC5767D7426" box="[941,1065,828,854]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">audubonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Excluding suspected juveniles, p3s from Project 23 are, overall, ~9% smaller than extant
<taxonomicName id="4C074D4026165201FCCFFC7A718D74EC" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1857" box="[833,985,898,925]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Sylvilagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="audubonii">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FCCFFC7A718D74EC" box="[833,985,898,925]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">S. audubonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(mean=
<quantity id="4CFF9B2626165201FBCFFC7B76FF74ED" box="[1089,1195,898,925]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="2.55">2.55mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="4CFF9B2626165201FB36FC7B777574EC" box="[1208,1313,898,924]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.14" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="2.14">2.14mm</quantity>
, and 1.19 for p3 length, width, and l/w respectively; Fig. 4, Appendix
<tableCitation id="C685037826165201FCCFFC3071C97493" box="[833,925,969,995]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[112,173,196,217]" captionText="Table 2. Confusion matrices depicting radom forest classification results of four leporid dataset trials. Trials titled “Three species” show classification results for species currently distributed in low-elevation areas of southern California only (i.e., Lepus californicus, S. audubonii, and S. bachmani). Trials titled “Six species” show results for all species observed in this study. Trials titled “all variables” indicate that all six measured variables of p3 length, p3 width, p3 length-to-width-ratio, p3 crenulation pattern, diastema length, and toothrow length are included in the analysis. Trials titled “p3 variables only” indicate that only the first four p3 variables are included. The number of vari- ables for splitting at each node was set to six for “all variables” and four for “p3 variables only.” All trials were run on 1000 trees." pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Size changes between extant (n=30) and fossil (n=25)
<taxonomicName id="4C074D4026165201FC15FC1576797376" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1857" box="[923,1069,1004,1030]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Sylvilagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="audubonii">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FC15FC1571FD7376" box="[923,937,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FC3DFC1576797376" box="[947,1069,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">audubonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are statistically significant (t=4.6205, df=48.06, p&lt;0.001 for p3 length; t=4.5672, df=51.154, p&lt;0.001 for p3 width).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<paragraph id="8BB836C326165201FC2AFB8177D973FF" blockId="11.[932,1421,1143,1167]" box="[932,1421,1143,1167]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName id="4C074D4026165201FC2AFB8177D973FF" ID-CoL="53N8Q" authority="WATERHOUSE 1839" authorityName="WATERHOUSE" authorityYear="1839" box="[932,1421,1143,1167]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Sylvilagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bachmani">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FC2AFB8176E473FF" box="[932,1200,1144,1167]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">SYLVILAGUS BACHMANI</emphasis>
WATERHOUSE 1839
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BB836C326165201FCEFFB577649720A" blockId="11.[833,1521,1198,1931]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FCEFFB57763C73B8" bold="true" box="[865,1128,1198,1224]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Referred specimens</emphasis>
—
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FB08FB5776BA73B9" box="[1158,1262,1198,1225]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-32045, left dentary fragment with p3. The following specimens represent complete left p3s:
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FBA1FB0C76CC727F" box="[1071,1176,1269,1295]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-29229,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FA9BFB0C77D4727F" box="[1301,1408,1269,1295]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-33861. The following specimens represent complete right p3s:
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FCCFFAC571FF7226" box="[833,939,1340,1366]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-28082,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FBA7FAC276C77225" box="[1065,1171,1339,1365]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-34262,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FA9CFAC277287226" box="[1298,1404,1339,1366]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-35844,
<collectionCode id="ED16AE0626165201FCCFFAA671FF720A" box="[833,939,1375,1402]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">LACMP</collectionCode>
23-36615.
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<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FCEFFA7B718D72EC" bold="true" box="[865,985,1410,1436]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Remarks</emphasis>
—
<specimenCount id="9D01FD4A26165201FC76FA7B769F72EC" box="[1016,1227,1410,1436]" count="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="generic">Seven specimens</specimenCount>
from Project 23 are assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C074D4026165201FC39FA5F761E72CF" authorityName="WATERHOUSE" authorityYear="1839" box="[951,1098,1445,1472]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Sylvilagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bachmani">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FC39FA5F761E72CF" box="[951,1098,1445,1472]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">S. bachmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on simple p3 crenulation at the occlusal surface and base of the tooth, p3 lengths &lt;
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, and a mean p3 l/w&gt;1.25 (
<tableCitation id="C685037826165201FB39FA1577477176" box="[1207,1299,1516,1542]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[112,173,196,217]" captionText="Table 2. Confusion matrices depicting radom forest classification results of four leporid dataset trials. Trials titled “Three species” show classification results for species currently distributed in low-elevation areas of southern California only (i.e., Lepus californicus, S. audubonii, and S. bachmani). Trials titled “Six species” show results for all species observed in this study. Trials titled “all variables” indicate that all six measured variables of p3 length, p3 width, p3 length-to-width-ratio, p3 crenulation pattern, diastema length, and toothrow length are included in the analysis. Trials titled “p3 variables only” indicate that only the first four p3 variables are included. The number of vari- ables for splitting at each node was set to six for “all variables” and four for “p3 variables only.” All trials were run on 1000 trees." pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Table 2</tableCitation>
, Figs. 4, 5D). Since adult individuals of this species usually exhibit simple crenulation (Table 1; Fig. 4), it is difficult to identify juveniles from surface-base changes in crenulation complexity. However, specimens can be identified as juvenile if the width at the occlusal surface is less than the width at the tooth base (White 1991). Excluding potential juvenile p3s of
<taxonomicName id="4C074D4026165201FC6AF91D762C718E" authorityName="WATERHOUSE" authorityYear="1839" box="[996,1144,1764,1790]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Sylvilagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bachmani">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FC6AF91D71A6718E" box="[996,1010,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FC71F91D762C718E" box="[1023,1144,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">bachmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Project 23, the sample is ~11% smaller than recent
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<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FB05F8FE76CD7051" box="[1163,1177,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FB2AF8FE77497051" box="[1188,1309,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">bachmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(mean=
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,
<quantity id="4CFF9B2626165201FCCFF8D371FE7034" box="[833,938,1834,1860]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="1.71">1.71mm</quantity>
, and 1.28 for p3 length, width, and l/w respectively; Fig. 4; Appendix
<tableCitation id="C685037826165201FBDBF8B476FA7017" box="[1109,1198,1869,1895]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[112,173,196,217]" captionText="Table 2. Confusion matrices depicting radom forest classification results of four leporid dataset trials. Trials titled “Three species” show classification results for species currently distributed in low-elevation areas of southern California only (i.e., Lepus californicus, S. audubonii, and S. bachmani). Trials titled “Six species” show results for all species observed in this study. Trials titled “all variables” indicate that all six measured variables of p3 length, p3 width, p3 length-to-width-ratio, p3 crenulation pattern, diastema length, and toothrow length are included in the analysis. Trials titled “p3 variables only” indicate that only the first four p3 variables are included. The number of vari- ables for splitting at each node was set to six for “all variables” and four for “p3 variables only.” All trials were run on 1000 trees." pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Size changes between extant (n=30) and fossil (n=7)
<taxonomicName id="4C074D4026165201FB12F888777B70FA" authorityName="WATERHOUSE" authorityYear="1839" box="[1180,1327,1904,1931]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Sylvilagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bachmani">
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FB12F88876FE70FB" box="[1180,1194,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B973EAD126165201FB38F889777B70FA" box="[1206,1327,1904,1930]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">bachmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are statistically significant (t=2.8861, df=8.2077, p=0.0198 for p3 length; t=4.6124, df=12.923, p&lt;0.001 for p3 width).
</paragraph>
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<mods:title id="373C9A91864999CF1BA68D2FE81DECF2">Late Eocene (Priabonian) elasmobranchs from the Dry Branch Formation (Barnwell Group) of Aiken County, South Carolina, USA</mods:title> <mods:title id="9362354F6B2EE5096163C416A7AF2947">Late Eocene (Priabonian) elasmobranchs from the Dry Branch Formation (Barnwell Group) of Aiken County, South Carolina, USA</mods:title>
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<figureCitation id="13752A35FE22FF8DA889FA14FE3FF9FF" box="[404,508,1531,1555]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[111,186,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[131,1505,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-222@9.[131,1505,195,1677]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Carcharhiniform shark teeth the Dry Branch Formation (Priabonian) of Aiken County, South Carolina. A–D. Physogaleus sp. cf. Ph. latus. Upper left lateral tooth in lingual (A) and labial (B) views, SC2013.38.65. Lower left anterior tooth in labial (C) and lingual (D) views, SC96.97.26. E, F. Galeocerdo sp. Anterolateral tooth in lingual (E) and labial (F) views, SC2013.38.16. G–I. Abdounia sp. cf. Ab. enniskilleni. Anterior tooth in lingual (G) and labial (H) views, SC96.97.30. Lateral tooth in lingual (I) view, SC96.97.31. J–L. Rhizoprionodon?ganntourensis. Anterolateral tooth in labial (J) and lingual (K) views, SC2013.38.98. Lateral tooth in lingual view (L), SC2013.38.99. M–P. Hemipristis sp. cf. He. curvatus. Upper left lateral tooth in lingual (M) and labial (N) views, SC2001.1.21. Lower right anterior tooth in lingual (O) and labial (P) views, SC2013.28.35. Q, R. Negaprion gilmorei. Upper right anterior tooth in lingual (Q) view, SC2013.38.61. Lower right anterolateral tooth in lingual (R) view, SC2013.38.64. Scale bars=1 cm in A–F, M–N, Q–R; 5 mm in G–L, O–P." pageId="11" pageNumber="10">FIG. 3J–L</figureCitation> <figureCitation id="13752A35FE22FF8DA889FA14FE3FF9FF" box="[404,508,1531,1555]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[111,186,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[131,1505,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-222@9.[131,1505,195,1677]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Carcharhiniform shark teeth the Dry Branch Formation (Priabonian) of Aiken County, South Carolina. A–D. Physogaleus sp. cf. Ph. latus. Upper left lateral tooth in lingual (A) and labial (B) views, SC2013.38.65. Lower left anterior tooth in labial (C) and lingual (D) views, SC96.97.26. E, F. Galeocerdo sp. Anterolateral tooth in lingual (E) and labial (F) views, SC2013.38.16. G–I. Abdounia sp. cf. Ab. enniskilleni. Anterior tooth in lingual (G) and labial (H) views, SC96.97.30. Lateral tooth in lingual (I) view, SC96.97.31. J–L. Rhizoprionodon?ganntourensis. Anterolateral tooth in labial (J) and lingual (K) views, SC2013.38.98. Lateral tooth in lingual view (L), SC2013.38.99. M–P. Hemipristis sp. cf. He. curvatus. Upper left lateral tooth in lingual (M) and labial (N) views, SC2001.1.21. Lower right anterior tooth in lingual (O) and labial (P) views, SC2013.28.35. Q, R. Negaprion gilmorei. Upper right anterior tooth in lingual (Q) view, SC2013.38.61. Lower right anterolateral tooth in lingual (R) view, SC2013.38.64. Scale bars=1 cm in A–F, M–N, Q–R; 5 mm in G–L, O–P." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750249/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">FIG. 3J–L</figureCitation>
) )
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, tooth; SC , tooth; SC
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<figureCitation id="13752A35FE22FF8DA838F999FE53F97C" box="[293,400,1654,1680]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[111,186,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[131,1505,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-222@9.[131,1505,195,1677]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Carcharhiniform shark teeth the Dry Branch Formation (Priabonian) of Aiken County, South Carolina. A–D. Physogaleus sp. cf. Ph. latus. Upper left lateral tooth in lingual (A) and labial (B) views, SC2013.38.65. Lower left anterior tooth in labial (C) and lingual (D) views, SC96.97.26. E, F. Galeocerdo sp. Anterolateral tooth in lingual (E) and labial (F) views, SC2013.38.16. G–I. Abdounia sp. cf. Ab. enniskilleni. Anterior tooth in lingual (G) and labial (H) views, SC96.97.30. Lateral tooth in lingual (I) view, SC96.97.31. J–L. Rhizoprionodon?ganntourensis. Anterolateral tooth in labial (J) and lingual (K) views, SC2013.38.98. Lateral tooth in lingual view (L), SC2013.38.99. M–P. Hemipristis sp. cf. He. curvatus. Upper left lateral tooth in lingual (M) and labial (N) views, SC2001.1.21. Lower right anterior tooth in lingual (O) and labial (P) views, SC2013.28.35. Q, R. Negaprion gilmorei. Upper right anterior tooth in lingual (Q) view, SC2013.38.61. Lower right anterolateral tooth in lingual (R) view, SC2013.38.64. Scale bars=1 cm in A–F, M–N, Q–R; 5 mm in G–L, O–P." pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3J, K</figureCitation> <figureCitation id="13752A35FE22FF8DA838F999FE53F97C" box="[293,400,1654,1680]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[111,186,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[131,1505,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-222@9.[131,1505,195,1677]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Carcharhiniform shark teeth the Dry Branch Formation (Priabonian) of Aiken County, South Carolina. A–D. Physogaleus sp. cf. Ph. latus. Upper left lateral tooth in lingual (A) and labial (B) views, SC2013.38.65. Lower left anterior tooth in labial (C) and lingual (D) views, SC96.97.26. E, F. Galeocerdo sp. Anterolateral tooth in lingual (E) and labial (F) views, SC2013.38.16. G–I. Abdounia sp. cf. Ab. enniskilleni. Anterior tooth in lingual (G) and labial (H) views, SC96.97.30. Lateral tooth in lingual (I) view, SC96.97.31. J–L. Rhizoprionodon?ganntourensis. Anterolateral tooth in labial (J) and lingual (K) views, SC2013.38.98. Lateral tooth in lingual view (L), SC2013.38.99. M–P. Hemipristis sp. cf. He. curvatus. Upper left lateral tooth in lingual (M) and labial (N) views, SC2001.1.21. Lower right anterior tooth in lingual (O) and labial (P) views, SC2013.28.35. Q, R. Negaprion gilmorei. Upper right anterior tooth in lingual (Q) view, SC2013.38.61. Lower right anterolateral tooth in lingual (R) view, SC2013.38.64. Scale bars=1 cm in A–F, M–N, Q–R; 5 mm in G–L, O–P." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750249/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3J, K</figureCitation>
);SC2013.38.99, lateral tooth ( );SC2013.38.99, lateral tooth (
<figureCitation id="13752A35FE22FF8DABEFF999FF57F95F" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[111,186,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[131,1505,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-222@9.[131,1505,195,1677]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Carcharhiniform shark teeth the Dry Branch Formation (Priabonian) of Aiken County, South Carolina. A–D. Physogaleus sp. cf. Ph. latus. Upper left lateral tooth in lingual (A) and labial (B) views, SC2013.38.65. Lower left anterior tooth in labial (C) and lingual (D) views, SC96.97.26. E, F. Galeocerdo sp. Anterolateral tooth in lingual (E) and labial (F) views, SC2013.38.16. G–I. Abdounia sp. cf. Ab. enniskilleni. Anterior tooth in lingual (G) and labial (H) views, SC96.97.30. Lateral tooth in lingual (I) view, SC96.97.31. J–L. Rhizoprionodon?ganntourensis. Anterolateral tooth in labial (J) and lingual (K) views, SC2013.38.98. Lateral tooth in lingual view (L), SC2013.38.99. M–P. Hemipristis sp. cf. He. curvatus. Upper left lateral tooth in lingual (M) and labial (N) views, SC2001.1.21. Lower right anterior tooth in lingual (O) and labial (P) views, SC2013.28.35. Q, R. Negaprion gilmorei. Upper right anterior tooth in lingual (Q) view, SC2013.38.61. Lower right anterolateral tooth in lingual (R) view, SC2013.38.64. Scale bars=1 cm in A–F, M–N, Q–R; 5 mm in G–L, O–P." pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3L</figureCitation> <figureCitation id="13752A35FE22FF8DABEFF999FF57F95F" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[111,186,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[131,1505,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-222@9.[131,1505,195,1677]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Carcharhiniform shark teeth the Dry Branch Formation (Priabonian) of Aiken County, South Carolina. A–D. Physogaleus sp. cf. Ph. latus. Upper left lateral tooth in lingual (A) and labial (B) views, SC2013.38.65. Lower left anterior tooth in labial (C) and lingual (D) views, SC96.97.26. E, F. Galeocerdo sp. Anterolateral tooth in lingual (E) and labial (F) views, SC2013.38.16. G–I. Abdounia sp. cf. Ab. enniskilleni. Anterior tooth in lingual (G) and labial (H) views, SC96.97.30. Lateral tooth in lingual (I) view, SC96.97.31. J–L. Rhizoprionodon?ganntourensis. Anterolateral tooth in labial (J) and lingual (K) views, SC2013.38.98. Lateral tooth in lingual view (L), SC2013.38.99. M–P. Hemipristis sp. cf. He. curvatus. Upper left lateral tooth in lingual (M) and labial (N) views, SC2001.1.21. Lower right anterior tooth in lingual (O) and labial (P) views, SC2013.28.35. Q, R. Negaprion gilmorei. Upper right anterior tooth in lingual (Q) view, SC2013.38.61. Lower right anterolateral tooth in lingual (R) view, SC2013.38.64. Scale bars=1 cm in A–F, M–N, Q–R; 5 mm in G–L, O–P." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750249/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3L</figureCitation>
); SC2013.38.100, 18 teeth; SC2013.38.101, 32 teeth; SC2013.38.102, eight posterior teeth; SC2013.38.103, eight distal lateral teeth. ); SC2013.38.100, 18 teeth; SC2013.38.101, 32 teeth; SC2013.38.102, eight posterior teeth; SC2013.38.103, eight distal lateral teeth.
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<paragraph id="8BF136B0FE3DFF92AA59FEADFA2FFEB5" blockId="20.[836,1516,289,378]" box="[836,1516,321,346]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19"> <paragraph id="8BF136B0FE3DFF92AA59FEADFA2FFEB5" blockId="20.[836,1516,289,378]" box="[836,1516,321,346]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
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@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ CICIMURRI AND EBERSOLE, 2015
<subSubSection id="C354653BFE3DFF92AD40FE8DFB10FE96" box="[1117,1235,354,378]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="description"> <subSubSection id="C354653BFE3DFF92AD40FE8DFB10FE96" box="[1117,1235,354,378]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF136B0FE3DFF92AD40FE8DFB10FE96" blockId="20.[836,1516,289,378]" box="[1117,1235,354,378]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19"> <paragraph id="8BF136B0FE3DFF92AD40FE8DFB10FE96" blockId="20.[836,1516,289,378]" box="[1117,1235,354,378]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
( (
<figureCitation id="13752A35FE3DFF92AD79FE8DFB08FE96" box="[1124,1227,354,378]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="21.[112,187,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-329@21.[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 7. Myliobatidae teeth from the Dry Branch Formation (Priabonian) of Aiken County, South Carolina. A–E. Aetomylaeus sp. Incomplete lower median tooth in labial (A), lingual (B), and occlusal (C) and views, SC2001.1.2. Lateral tooth in occlusal (D) and profile (E) views, SC2001.1.29. F–I. Pseudaetobatus undulatus. Upper median tooth in occlusal (F) view, SC2013.38.86. Lower median tooth in occlusal (G) view, SC2013.38.84. Upper right distal-most lateral tooth in occlusal (H) and labial (I) views, SC2013.38.91. Lateral tooth in occlusal (J) view, SC2013.38.96.2. K–R. Rhinoptera sp. Lateral tooth in labial (K), lingual (L), occlusal (M), and basal (N) views, SC2001.1.12. Median tooth in occlusal (O), lingual (P), and basal (Q) views, SC2001.1.16. Lateral tooth in lingual (R) view, SC2013.38.70. Labial at top in C, D, F–H, J, M–O, Q; at right in E. Scale bars=1 cm in A–C, F–I, K–R; 5 mm in D, E, J." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">FIG. 7F–I</figureCitation> <figureCitation id="13752A35FE3DFF92AD79FE8DFB08FE96" box="[1124,1227,354,378]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="21.[112,187,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-329@21.[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 7. Myliobatidae teeth from the Dry Branch Formation (Priabonian) of Aiken County, South Carolina. A–E. Aetomylaeus sp. Incomplete lower median tooth in labial (A), lingual (B), and occlusal (C) and views, SC2001.1.2. Lateral tooth in occlusal (D) and profile (E) views, SC2001.1.29. F–I. Pseudaetobatus undulatus. Upper median tooth in occlusal (F) view, SC2013.38.86. Lower median tooth in occlusal (G) view, SC2013.38.84. Upper right distal-most lateral tooth in occlusal (H) and labial (I) views, SC2013.38.91. Lateral tooth in occlusal (J) view, SC2013.38.96.2. K–R. Rhinoptera sp. Lateral tooth in labial (K), lingual (L), occlusal (M), and basal (N) views, SC2001.1.12. Median tooth in occlusal (O), lingual (P), and basal (Q) views, SC2001.1.16. Lateral tooth in lingual (R) view, SC2013.38.70. Labial at top in C, D, F–H, J, M–O, Q; at right in E. Scale bars=1 cm in A–C, F–I, K–R; 5 mm in D, E, J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750259/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">FIG. 7F–I</figureCitation>
) )
</paragraph> </paragraph>
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@ -83,9 +84,9 @@ Upper median teeth of
<emphasis id="B93AEAA2FE3DFF92AC32FC3BFA33FC02" box="[1327,1520,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Pseudaetobatus</emphasis> <emphasis id="B93AEAA2FE3DFF92AC32FC3BFA33FC02" box="[1327,1520,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Pseudaetobatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName> </taxonomicName>
are wide and straight ( are wide and straight (
<figureCitation id="13752A35FE3DFF92AD7EFC17FB7DFBFE" box="[1123,1214,1016,1042]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="21.[112,187,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-329@21.[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 7. Myliobatidae teeth from the Dry Branch Formation (Priabonian) of Aiken County, South Carolina. A–E. Aetomylaeus sp. Incomplete lower median tooth in labial (A), lingual (B), and occlusal (C) and views, SC2001.1.2. Lateral tooth in occlusal (D) and profile (E) views, SC2001.1.29. F–I. Pseudaetobatus undulatus. Upper median tooth in occlusal (F) view, SC2013.38.86. Lower median tooth in occlusal (G) view, SC2013.38.84. Upper right distal-most lateral tooth in occlusal (H) and labial (I) views, SC2013.38.91. Lateral tooth in occlusal (J) view, SC2013.38.96.2. K–R. Rhinoptera sp. Lateral tooth in labial (K), lingual (L), occlusal (M), and basal (N) views, SC2001.1.12. Median tooth in occlusal (O), lingual (P), and basal (Q) views, SC2001.1.16. Lateral tooth in lingual (R) view, SC2013.38.70. Labial at top in C, D, F–H, J, M–O, Q; at right in E. Scale bars=1 cm in A–C, F–I, K–R; 5 mm in D, E, J." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 7F</figureCitation> <figureCitation id="13752A35FE3DFF92AD7EFC17FB7DFBFE" box="[1123,1214,1016,1042]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="21.[112,187,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-329@21.[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 7. Myliobatidae teeth from the Dry Branch Formation (Priabonian) of Aiken County, South Carolina. A–E. Aetomylaeus sp. Incomplete lower median tooth in labial (A), lingual (B), and occlusal (C) and views, SC2001.1.2. Lateral tooth in occlusal (D) and profile (E) views, SC2001.1.29. F–I. Pseudaetobatus undulatus. Upper median tooth in occlusal (F) view, SC2013.38.86. Lower median tooth in occlusal (G) view, SC2013.38.84. Upper right distal-most lateral tooth in occlusal (H) and labial (I) views, SC2013.38.91. Lateral tooth in occlusal (J) view, SC2013.38.96.2. K–R. Rhinoptera sp. Lateral tooth in labial (K), lingual (L), occlusal (M), and basal (N) views, SC2001.1.12. Median tooth in occlusal (O), lingual (P), and basal (Q) views, SC2001.1.16. Lateral tooth in lingual (R) view, SC2013.38.70. Labial at top in C, D, F–H, J, M–O, Q; at right in E. Scale bars=1 cm in A–C, F–I, K–R; 5 mm in D, E, J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750259/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
), whereas median teeth from the lower dental battery are more arcuate ( ), whereas median teeth from the lower dental battery are more arcuate (
<figureCitation id="13752A35FE3DFF92ACDDFBF4FCA4FBB5" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="21.[112,187,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-329@21.[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 7. Myliobatidae teeth from the Dry Branch Formation (Priabonian) of Aiken County, South Carolina. A–E. Aetomylaeus sp. Incomplete lower median tooth in labial (A), lingual (B), and occlusal (C) and views, SC2001.1.2. Lateral tooth in occlusal (D) and profile (E) views, SC2001.1.29. F–I. Pseudaetobatus undulatus. Upper median tooth in occlusal (F) view, SC2013.38.86. Lower median tooth in occlusal (G) view, SC2013.38.84. Upper right distal-most lateral tooth in occlusal (H) and labial (I) views, SC2013.38.91. Lateral tooth in occlusal (J) view, SC2013.38.96.2. K–R. Rhinoptera sp. Lateral tooth in labial (K), lingual (L), occlusal (M), and basal (N) views, SC2001.1.12. Median tooth in occlusal (O), lingual (P), and basal (Q) views, SC2001.1.16. Lateral tooth in lingual (R) view, SC2013.38.70. Labial at top in C, D, F–H, J, M–O, Q; at right in E. Scale bars=1 cm in A–C, F–I, K–R; 5 mm in D, E, J." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 7G</figureCitation> <figureCitation id="13752A35FE3DFF92ACDDFBF4FCA4FBB5" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="21.[112,187,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-329@21.[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 7. Myliobatidae teeth from the Dry Branch Formation (Priabonian) of Aiken County, South Carolina. A–E. Aetomylaeus sp. Incomplete lower median tooth in labial (A), lingual (B), and occlusal (C) and views, SC2001.1.2. Lateral tooth in occlusal (D) and profile (E) views, SC2001.1.29. F–I. Pseudaetobatus undulatus. Upper median tooth in occlusal (F) view, SC2013.38.86. Lower median tooth in occlusal (G) view, SC2013.38.84. Upper right distal-most lateral tooth in occlusal (H) and labial (I) views, SC2013.38.91. Lateral tooth in occlusal (J) view, SC2013.38.96.2. K–R. Rhinoptera sp. Lateral tooth in labial (K), lingual (L), occlusal (M), and basal (N) views, SC2001.1.12. Median tooth in occlusal (O), lingual (P), and basal (Q) views, SC2001.1.16. Lateral tooth in lingual (R) view, SC2013.38.70. Labial at top in C, D, F–H, J, M–O, Q; at right in E. Scale bars=1 cm in A–C, F–I, K–R; 5 mm in D, E, J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750259/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
). Median teeth are easily distinguished from those of ). Median teeth are easily distinguished from those of
<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D33FE3DFF92AA42FB8DFC39FB90" authorityName="GARMAN" authorityYear="1908" box="[863,1018,1122,1148]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetomylaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> <taxonomicName id="4C4E4D33FE3DFF92AA42FB8DFC39FB90" authorityName="GARMAN" authorityYear="1908" box="[863,1018,1122,1148]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetomylaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93AEAA2FE3DFF92AA42FB8DFC39FB90" box="[863,1018,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Aetomylaeus</emphasis> <emphasis id="B93AEAA2FE3DFF92AA42FB8DFC39FB90" box="[863,1018,1122,1148]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Aetomylaeus</emphasis>
@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ are wide and straight (
<emphasis id="B93AEAA2FE3DFF92AC74FAD8FC47FA98" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Pseudaetobatus</emphasis> <emphasis id="B93AEAA2FE3DFF92AC74FAD8FC47FA98" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Pseudaetobatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName> </taxonomicName>
are also sinuous ( are also sinuous (
<figureCitation id="13752A35FE3DFF92AD7EFAB5FB76FA98" box="[1123,1205,1370,1396]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="21.[112,187,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-329@21.[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 7. Myliobatidae teeth from the Dry Branch Formation (Priabonian) of Aiken County, South Carolina. A–E. Aetomylaeus sp. Incomplete lower median tooth in labial (A), lingual (B), and occlusal (C) and views, SC2001.1.2. Lateral tooth in occlusal (D) and profile (E) views, SC2001.1.29. F–I. Pseudaetobatus undulatus. Upper median tooth in occlusal (F) view, SC2013.38.86. Lower median tooth in occlusal (G) view, SC2013.38.84. Upper right distal-most lateral tooth in occlusal (H) and labial (I) views, SC2013.38.91. Lateral tooth in occlusal (J) view, SC2013.38.96.2. K–R. Rhinoptera sp. Lateral tooth in labial (K), lingual (L), occlusal (M), and basal (N) views, SC2001.1.12. Median tooth in occlusal (O), lingual (P), and basal (Q) views, SC2001.1.16. Lateral tooth in lingual (R) view, SC2013.38.70. Labial at top in C, D, F–H, J, M–O, Q; at right in E. Scale bars=1 cm in A–C, F–I, K–R; 5 mm in D, E, J." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 7I</figureCitation> <figureCitation id="13752A35FE3DFF92AD7EFAB5FB76FA98" box="[1123,1205,1370,1396]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="21.[112,187,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-329@21.[117,1516,196,1379]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 7. Myliobatidae teeth from the Dry Branch Formation (Priabonian) of Aiken County, South Carolina. A–E. Aetomylaeus sp. Incomplete lower median tooth in labial (A), lingual (B), and occlusal (C) and views, SC2001.1.2. Lateral tooth in occlusal (D) and profile (E) views, SC2001.1.29. F–I. Pseudaetobatus undulatus. Upper median tooth in occlusal (F) view, SC2013.38.86. Lower median tooth in occlusal (G) view, SC2013.38.84. Upper right distal-most lateral tooth in occlusal (H) and labial (I) views, SC2013.38.91. Lateral tooth in occlusal (J) view, SC2013.38.96.2. K–R. Rhinoptera sp. Lateral tooth in labial (K), lingual (L), occlusal (M), and basal (N) views, SC2001.1.12. Median tooth in occlusal (O), lingual (P), and basal (Q) views, SC2001.1.16. Lateral tooth in lingual (R) view, SC2013.38.70. Labial at top in C, D, F–H, J, M–O, Q; at right in E. Scale bars=1 cm in A–C, F–I, K–R; 5 mm in D, E, J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750259/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Fig. 7I</figureCitation>
). ).
</paragraph> </paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF136B0FE3DFF92AA7DFA91FA2DF980" blockId="20.[832,1520,412,1645]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19"> <paragraph id="8BF136B0FE3DFF92AA7DFA91FA2DF980" blockId="20.[832,1520,412,1645]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">

49
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<bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF4EC74FFE0C2D0FE9696A7" author="Diller, J. S." box="[112,265,196,222]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="441 - 520" refId="ref13859" refString="Diller, J. S. 1896. A geological reconnaissance of northwestern Oregon. United States Geological Survey 17 th Annual Report 1: 441 - 520." type="book chapter" year="1896">Diller (1896</bibRefCitation> <bibRefCitation id="C7594B62FFF4EC74FFE0C2D0FE9696A7" author="Diller, J. S." box="[112,265,196,222]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="441 - 520" refId="ref13859" refString="Diller, J. S. 1896. A geological reconnaissance of northwestern Oregon. United States Geological Survey 17 th Annual Report 1: 441 - 520." type="book chapter" year="1896">Diller (1896</bibRefCitation>
. p. 458). . p. 458).
</paragraph> </paragraph>
<caption id="F7B7661BFFF3EC73FF35C578FD3B91FD" box="[165,676,1900,1925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" startId="11.[165,240,1900,1924]" targetBox="[194,1439,217,1863]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure"> <caption id="F7B7661BFFF3EC73FF35C578FD3B91FD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750233" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13750233" box="[165,676,1900,1925]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750233/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" startId="11.[165,240,1900,1924]" targetBox="[194,1439,217,1863]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="A3773693FFF3EC73FF35C578FD3B91FD" blockId="11.[165,676,1900,1925]" box="[165,676,1900,1925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10"> <paragraph id="A3773693FFF3EC73FF35C578FD3B91FD" blockId="11.[165,676,1900,1925]" box="[165,676,1900,1925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF3EC73FF35C578FE9491FD" bold="true" box="[165,267,1900,1924]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Figure 4.</emphasis> <emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF3EC73FF35C578FE9491FD" bold="true" box="[165,267,1900,1924]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Figure 4.</emphasis>
See caption on the bottom of page 11. See caption on the bottom of page 11.
@ -354,9 +355,9 @@ Apertural view of hypotype LACMIP 14835, LACMIP Locality 40371.
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<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FF00C345FEBB9712" bold="true" box="[144,292,337,363]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Remarks—</emphasis> <emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FF00C345FEBB9712" bold="true" box="[144,292,337,363]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Remarks—</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="3BF32A16FFF5EC75FEB3C345FE059712" box="[291,410,337,363]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[165,240,1900,1924]" captionTargetBox="[194,1439,217,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[186,1453,207,1872]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. See caption on the bottom of page 11." pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Figure 4D</figureCitation> <figureCitation id="3BF32A16FFF5EC75FEB3C345FE059712" box="[291,410,337,363]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[165,240,1900,1924]" captionTargetBox="[194,1439,217,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[186,1453,207,1872]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. See caption on the bottom of page 11." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750233/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Figure 4D</figureCitation>
shows the prominent posteriormost denticle on the interior of the outer lip. Although the anterior siphonal canal is damaged or broken on most specimens, a few specimens from the Llajas Formation show that this canal is short, twisted, not notched ( shows the prominent posteriormost denticle on the interior of the outer lip. Although the anterior siphonal canal is damaged or broken on most specimens, a few specimens from the Llajas Formation show that this canal is short, twisted, not notched (
<figureCitation id="3BF32A16FFF5EC75FFE9C015FF479462" box="[121,216,513,539]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[165,240,1900,1924]" captionTargetBox="[194,1439,217,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[186,1453,207,1872]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. See caption on the bottom of page 11." pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4H</figureCitation> <figureCitation id="3BF32A16FFF5EC75FFE9C015FF479462" box="[121,216,513,539]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[165,240,1900,1924]" captionTargetBox="[194,1439,217,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[186,1453,207,1872]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4. See caption on the bottom of page 11." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750233" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750233/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4H</figureCitation>
), and with an angular left-lateral edge. At one locality in the Llajas Formation of Simi Valley, southern ), and with an angular left-lateral edge. At one locality in the Llajas Formation of Simi Valley, southern
<collectingRegion id="610CF871FFF5EC75FFE0C053FF739418" box="[112,236,583,609]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">California</collectingRegion> <collectingRegion id="610CF871FFF5EC75FFE0C053FF739418" box="[112,236,583,609]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">California</collectingRegion>
, four out of , four out of
@ -395,7 +396,7 @@ is unnotched.
<emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FF00C190FE5295E7" box="[144,461,900,926]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Galeodea tuberculiformis</emphasis> <emphasis id="91BCEA81FFF5EC75FF00C190FE5295E7" box="[144,461,900,926]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Galeodea tuberculiformis</emphasis>
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has the most widespread latitudinal distribution of any of the cassids found in the CSWNA region ( has the most widespread latitudinal distribution of any of the cassids found in the CSWNA region (
<figureCitation id="3BF32A16FFF5EC75FEA7C1DFFEE3959C" box="[311,380,971,997]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[240,315,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[241,1394,214,1702]" captionTargetId="graphics-66@3.[241,1403,214,1702]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Index map of the coastal southwestern North America (CSWNA) region." pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 1</figureCitation> <figureCitation id="3BF32A16FFF5EC75FEA7C1DFFEE3959C" box="[311,380,971,997]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[240,315,1727,1751]" captionTargetBox="[241,1394,214,1702]" captionTargetId="graphics-66@3.[241,1403,214,1702]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Index map of the coastal southwestern North America (CSWNA) region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13750229" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13750229/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). It is found, therefore, in numerous formations, and it is likely the earliest cassid found in this region ( ). It is found, therefore, in numerous formations, and it is likely the earliest cassid found in this region (
<figureCitation id="3BF32A16FFF5EC75FEB6C605FEF19252" box="[294,366,1041,1067]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[112,187,1390,1414]" captionText="Figure 2. Chronostratigraphic diagram showing CSWNA Eocene cassid species and their geologic ranges. Geologic time scale, stage ages, chrons/polarity, nannofossil zones, and timing of global climate events from Gradstein et al. (2012: fig. 28.11). Provincial molluscan stages from Squires, (2003: fig. 2.1)." pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation> <figureCitation id="3BF32A16FFF5EC75FEB6C605FEF19252" box="[294,366,1041,1067]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[112,187,1390,1414]" captionText="Figure 2. Chronostratigraphic diagram showing CSWNA Eocene cassid species and their geologic ranges. Geologic time scale, stage ages, chrons/polarity, nannofossil zones, and timing of global climate events from Gradstein et al. (2012: fig. 28.11). Provincial molluscan stages from Squires, (2003: fig. 2.1)." pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). As noted by ). As noted by

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See caption on the bottom of page 7. See caption on the bottom of page 7.

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<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFC01E087A134E52FF72FCE5" blockId="24.[112,722,828,879]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC01E087A134E52FF5DFCDE" bold="true" box="[112,229,828,852]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Figure 41.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFC01E087A894E53FE63FCDF" authorityName="LESUEUR" authorityYear="1818" box="[234,475,829,853]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC01E087A894E53FE63FCDF" box="[234,475,829,853]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Carcharhinus obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tooth, hypotype UCMP 218505.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFC01E087A134EF5FEEFFB02" blockId="24.[112,800,921,1160]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
early Miocene
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFC01E087B414EF7FCBEFC3F" authority="(Clark and Arnold, 1923)" baseAuthorityName="Clark and Arnold" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[290,774,921,949]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="columbiana">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC01E087B414EF7FE75FC3F" box="[290,461,921,949]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">L. columbiana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFC01E087BBE4EF5FD43FC3F" author="Clark, B. L. &amp; R. Arnold" box="[477,763,923,949]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="123 - 234" refId="ref17211" refString="Clark, B. L., and R. Arnold. 1923. Fauna of the Sooke Formation, Vancouver Island, with description of a new coral by T. W. Vaughan. University of California Publications, Department of Geological Sciences Bulletin 14: 123 - 234." type="journal article" year="1923">Clark and Arnold, 1923</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished by its smaller size and being more inflated.
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFC01E087A134E8EFDC8FC71" authority="(Stearns, 1890)" baseAuthorityName="Stearns" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[112,624,992,1020]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aequizonatum">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC01E087A134E8EFE1AFC76" box="[112,418,992,1020]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Lucinoma aequizonatum</emphasis>
(Stearns, 1890)
</taxonomicName>
occurs in the eastern Pacific, however, it is not known from deposits older than middle Pleistocene (Powell and Ponti 2007), and is easily distinguished by its different shape and broader sculpture.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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<mods:title id="9F90FBE059D369288F9549AF15092F55">Miocene marine macropaleontology of the fourth bore Caldecott Tunnel excavation, Berkeley Hills, Oakland, California, USA</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFC01E087AA24BDAFD77F946" blockId="24.[193,719,1616,1775]" box="[193,719,1710,1740]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
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BALANIDAE
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFC01E087B314BC0FDAEF946" author="Bruguiere, J. G." box="[338,534,1710,1740]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" refId="ref16547" refString="Bruguiere, J. G. 1797. Tableau encyclopedique et methodique des trois regnes de la nature. Contenant l'helminthologie, ou les vers infusoires, les vers intestins, les vers mollusques, &amp; c. Troisieme livraison, pp. 190 - 286. Paris. (Panckoucke)." type="book" year="1797">BRUGUIÉRE, 1797</bibRefCitation>
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(?) LEACH, 1817
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<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFC01E087BC14BB9FE57F965" blockId="24.[193,719,1616,1775]" box="[418,495,1751,1775]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFC01E087BC14BB9FE57F965" box="[418,495,1751,1775]" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="23.[835,910,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[833,1520,1317,1846]" captionTargetId="figure-271@23.[835,1519,1341,1846]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 40. Indeterminate barnacle. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13002, UCMP 218825." pageId="24" pageNumber="23">FIG. 40</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFC01E087AF34A6BFC98F803" blockId="24.[112,800,1797,1929]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">A very small mold and cast appear to represent a small, short, possibly smooth-sided barnacle. It is not well enough preserved to identify beyond family and that is questionable. The family goes back to the Cambrian</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFC01E0879034F77FB0FFD6E" blockId="24.[832,1521,537,1927]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">UCMP 218505 is a shark tooth exposed in lingual view and, being mesio-distally wide and concave right in this view, represents an upper tooth from the middle to rear of the tooth row. It is a small, asymmetrical tooth measuring 7.6 mm in crown height, 4.2 mm in crown width and 11.6 mm wide at the root.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFC01E0879034F82FAA8FA29" blockId="24.[832,1521,537,1927]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">The tooth is broadly triangular in shape, but with a concave distal inflection at the juncture of the shoulder and distal cutting edge that gives the crown a falcate appearance. The inflexion point on the mesial side between this convex cutting surface and the rootward shoulder is distinctly higher (i.e., closer to the apex) than the angle between the concave edge of the crown and the shoul- der on the distal side. The labial side of UCMP 218505 is planar, as visible in the cracked portion of the mesial shoulder and root; the exposed lingual side of the crown is gently and uniformly convex. Any labial or lingual curvature is obscured by the surrounding matrix. The relatively flattened blade is strongly serrated, including serrated shoulders tapering to a narrow apex, but with an apical tip free of serrae. The distal side has a shallow notch between the upper and lower part of the crown and the distal shoulder is slightly bowed rather than straight. The root is damaged so the state of the protuberance is difficult to determine, though by outline it would be slightly rounded and not squared-off.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFC01E09790348C2FC98FCE4" blockId="24.[832,1521,537,1927]" lastBlockId="25.[112,800,679,1160]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">
Referral to
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFC01E08798648C3FBD2FA4D" authorityName="LESUEUR" authorityYear="1818" box="[997,1130,1451,1481]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC01E08798648C3FBD2FA4D" box="[997,1130,1451,1481]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">C. obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is supported by the overall morphology described above. In particular the more uniform size of the serrations and their diminution towards the tip on the concave side separates it from
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFC01E087F024B7BFC56F9D9" authority="Agassiz, 1843" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1843" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Hemigaleidae" genus="Hemipristis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC01E087F024B7BFA48F9BB" box="[1377,1520,1557,1585]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Hemipristis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFC01E0879234B57FC56F9D9" author="Agassiz, L." box="[832,1006,1593,1619]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="157 - 390" refId="ref15320" refString="Agassiz, L. 1843. Recherches Sur Les Poissons Fossiles. T. III (livr. 15 - 16). Imprimerie de Petitpierre, Neuchatel: 157 - 390" type="book chapter" year="1843">Agassiz, 1843</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and the long shoulders, falcate appearance, and thinner, rounded, more concave root from the Charcarodontids. UCMP 218505 can be distinguished from other taxa within
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFC01E087E114BCDFAA0F935" authorityName="DE BLAINVILLE" authorityYear="1816" box="[1138,1304,1699,1727]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC01E087E114BCDFAA0F935" box="[1138,1304,1699,1727]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">Carcharhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of a mesial cutting edge with a slight convex curvature terminating at a distally deflected tip (Purdy et al. 2001). A higher inflexion point on the mesial side than on the distal is characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFC01E087E1F4A42FABFF8CC" authorityName="LESUEUR" authorityYear="1818" box="[1148,1287,1834,1864]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC01E087E1F4A42FABFF8CC" box="[1148,1287,1834,1864]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">C. obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The smooth tip is unlike most reported upper teeth of
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFC01E087F724A23FA24F8ED" authorityName="LESUEUR" authorityYear="1818" box="[1297,1436,1867,1897]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC01E087F724A23FA24F8ED" box="[1297,1436,1867,1897]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="23">C. obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which typically has fine serrations along the entire edge but still resembles this taxon most closely. The reduced serrations towards the tip result in the apical end appearing rounded rather than peaked which further allies it with the certain species of
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFC11E097B134E60FDA8FCA0" authorityName="DE BLAINVILLE" authorityYear="1816" box="[368,528,782,810]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC11E097B134E60FDA8FCA0" box="[368,528,782,810]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">Carcharhinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, especially
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFC11E0978F44E60FCA2FCA2" authorityName="LESUEUR" authorityYear="1818" box="[663,794,780,810]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC11E0978F44E60FCA2FCA2" box="[663,794,780,810]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">C. obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the dusky shark and
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFC11E097B184E5FFE5DFCC1" baseAuthorityName="Muller &amp; Henle" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[379,485,815,845]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucas">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC11E097B184E5FFE5DFCC1" box="[379,485,815,845]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">C. leucas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the bull shark. It can be distinguished from this last due to its greater asymmetry.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A6BB665BFFC11E097A0C4F37FD7CFDFB" box="[111,708,601,627]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" startId="25.[111,186,601,625]" targetBox="[112,801,195,582]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFC11E097A0C4F37FD7CFDFB" blockId="25.[111,708,601,627]" box="[111,708,601,627]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC11E097A0C4F37FF5BFDFB" bold="true" box="[111,227,601,625]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">Figure 42.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFC11E097A8A4F35FEFDFDF9" box="[233,325,603,627]" family="Scombridae" genus="Thunnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC11E097A8A4F35FEFDFDF9" box="[233,325,603,627]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">Thunnus</emphasis>
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vertebra, hypotype, UCMP 218506.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="A6BB665BFFC11E0979234E07FA12FC08" box="[832,1450,873,898]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" startId="25.[832,907,873,897]" targetBox="[835,1519,195,853]" targetPageId="25" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFC11E0979234E07FA12FC08" blockId="25.[832,1450,873,898]" box="[832,1450,873,898]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC11E0979234E07FC0CFC0B" bold="true" box="[832,948,873,897]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">Figure 43.</emphasis>
Cycloid teleost scale, hypotype UCMP 270032.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFC11E097AF34E19FE96FB02" blockId="25.[112,800,679,1160]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFC11E097AF34E19FE1EFC1B" authorityName="LESUEUR" authorityYear="1818" box="[144,422,887,913]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFC11E097AF34E19FE1EFC1B" box="[144,422,887,913]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="24">Carcharhinus obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported from both coasts of North America (
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFC11E097BDB4EF4FD38FC3E" author="Applegate, S. P." box="[440,640,922,948]" pageId="25" pageNumber="24" pagination="145 - 162" refId="ref15773" refString="Applegate, S. P. 1986. The El Cien Formation, strata of Oligocene and early Miocene age in Baja California Sur. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Geologia, Revista 6: 145 - 162." type="journal article" year="1986">Applegate 1986</bibRefCitation>
, Purdy et al. 2001) and around the world in a distribution that broadly follows occurrences of extant members of the species. The serrations present on UCMP 218505 are finely preserved and the base of the tooth has clear borders; all damage appears to be post-fossilization, suggesting little transport.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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A very small mold and cast appear to represent a small, short, possibly smooth-sided barnacle. It is not well enough preserved to identify beyond family level. The family goes back to the Cambrian (
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CETACEA
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ODONTOCETI
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFCC1E047E344E95FB08FB99" box="[1111,1200,1019,1043]" captionStart="Figure 35" captionStartId="21.[112,187,1887,1911]" captionText="Figure 35. Odontocete premaxilla, dorsal view of hypotype, UCMP 269020." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">FIGS. 35</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFCC1E047ED84E95FB61FB99" box="[1211,1241,1019,1043]" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="21.[831,906,1886,1910]" captionTargetBox="[132,1507,1476,1862]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 36. Odontocete premaxilla, lateral view of hypotype, UCMP 269020." pageId="20" pageNumber="19">36</figureCitation>
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Cetacean remains recovered from the Caldecott Tunnel Tsm unit include a partial premaxilla (UCMP 269020) among other less identifiable fragments. The descriptive anatomical terminology used here follows Mead and Fordyce (2009). UCMP 269020 is a left mid-premaxilla of a medium-sized odontocete cetacean. T-shaped in cross-section, it has a sharp lateral edge which would have been flush with the maxilla and a more rounded medial border where it would have met the opposing right premaxilla in life. The ventral process is crushed and less distinguishable from the surrounding matrix, but does expand ventrally where the palatine surface would be visible in ventral view. The porcelanous part is gently convex. The labial surface, anterolateral sulcus, and any branches of the infraorbital canal are not visible, suggesting that this fragment is from the anterior half of the rostral portion. The convex rostral surface is 32.3 mm wide and the height from the palatine surface of the premaxilla is 32.5 mm. The entire fragment is
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long.
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFCC1E047A124A05FF40F80F" bold="true" box="[113,248,1899,1925]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Figure 34.</emphasis>
Mammalian rib fragment, hypotype, UCMP 270043.
</paragraph>
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The identification of UCMP 269020 as an odontocete is a strong stratigraphic indicator that the rocks of the western portal of the Caldecott Tunnel are Neogene in age and that the tunnel does not include any of the unnamed Cretaceous Cenomanian/Turonian sedimentary rocks present further west along Highway 24. Though many cetaceans are well known from the Oligocene of North America, including the oldest Odontocetes (Uhen 2010), their diversity is not high until the Miocene. Of the odontocete cetaceans known from the
<collectingRegion id="3000F831FFCD1E0578ED4E83FCA4FB8D" box="[654,796,1005,1031]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">West Coast</collectingRegion>
, several possess premaxillae with convex dorsal surfaces and without further morphology a generic assignment is not warranted. The specimen is relatively large: significantly bigger than Pliocene delphinids from the Purisima Formation, similar or slightly smaller than Physeteroids from the Round Mountain Silt (UCMP collections) and larger than
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFCD1E057B6E498FFE7FFB77" box="[269,455,1249,1277]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Kampholophos</emphasis>
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which has a
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wide premaxilla (Rensberger 1969).
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFCE1E067E114E47FB07FCCB" box="[1138,1215,809,833]" captionStart="Figure 37" captionStartId="23.[113,188,879,903]" captionTargetBox="[134,786,194,864]" captionTargetId="figure-286@23.[134,786,194,867]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 37. Pectinidae indeterminate. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13002, UCMP 412480. Polymer mold from cast. Scale bar=0.5 cm" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">FIG. 37</figureCitation>
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UCMP 412480 is a mold of a small indeterminate
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. The cast is about
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high with 10, possibly 11, strong radial ribs, with the suggestion of finer concentric sculpture on some ribs. A possible posterior auricle is present although the impression is very faint and difficult to distinguish, and no sculpture is observable. The size and lack of diagnostic features does not allow for identification beyond the family.
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFCF1E077BC14950FE48FBDC" box="[418,496,1086,1110]" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="23.[834,909,755,779]" captionTargetBox="[834,1519,191,737]" captionTargetId="figure-307@23.[834,1519,191,737]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 38. Lucinoma cf. L. annulatum. Claremont Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve(?). Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13007, UCMP 218710." pageId="23" pageNumber="22">FIG. 38</figureCitation>
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UCMP 218710, a single right valve in sandstone, is provisionally identified as
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFCF1E077BAF49E0FDFFFB20" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1901" box="[460,583,1166,1194]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFCF1E077BAF49E0FDFFFB20" box="[460,583,1166,1194]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Lucinoma</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFCF1E07781B49E0FC98FB20" box="[632,800,1166,1194]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">L. annulatum</emphasis>
(Reeve 1850)
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based on its shape, sculpture and possibly late Miocene age.
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFCF1E077B2D49BAFDEDFB7A" box="[334,597,1236,1264]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Lucinoma annulatum</emphasis>
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occurs from the late Miocene to Holocene of the eastern Pacific but has been reported from the Oligocene in
<collectingCountry id="8AD37643FFCF1E07782A4873FD37FABD" box="[585,655,1309,1335]" name="Japan" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Japan</collectingCountry>
and
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(Okamoto and Sakai 1995, Kafanov and Ogasawara 2004), however these older ages seem doubtful. No other fossil
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFCF1E077AD548EAFE34FA2A" box="[182,396,1412,1440]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFCF1E077AD548EAFE96FA2A" box="[182,302,1412,1440]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Lucinoma</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are known from the late Miocene of California.However
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFCF1E077BE048C9FD99FA49" baseAuthorityName="Reeve" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[387,545,1447,1475]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="annulatum">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFCF1E077BE048C9FD99FA49" box="[387,545,1447,1475]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">L. annulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very similar to and can be difficult to separate from
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFCF1E077B9548A5FC37FC07" authority="(Conrad, 1849)" baseAuthorityName="Conrad" baseAuthorityYear="1849" box="[502,911,883,1511]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="acutilineata">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFCF1E077B9548A5FD09FA6D" box="[502,689,1483,1511]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Lu. acutilineata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFCF1E0778A248A2FC3AFC07" author="Conrad, T. A." box="[705,898,883,1510]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" refId="ref17460" refString="Conrad, T. A. 1849. Fossils from northwestern America. Pp. 723 - 728 in J. D. Dana, U. S. Exploring Expedition ***, 1838 - 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes. Geology. 10 pp." type="book" year="1849">Conrad, 1849</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFCF1E0779FC4E1FFB07FC07" baseAuthorityName="Conrad" baseAuthorityYear="1849" box="[927,1215,881,909]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="acutilineata">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFCF1E0779FC4E1FFB07FC07" box="[927,1215,881,909]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Lucinoma acutilineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in Oligocene to middle Miocene (Roth 1979, Moore 1988) rocks from Alaska south to southern California (Moore 1988) and
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFCF1E0779234EB5FBC8FC7D" authority="Clark, 1925" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1925" box="[832,1136,987,1015]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hannibali">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFCF1E0779234EB5FC6CFC7D" box="[832,980,987,1015]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">L. hannibali</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFCF1E0779BE4EB2FBC8FC7D" author="Clark, B. L." box="[989,1136,988,1015]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="69 - 136" refId="ref17177" refString="Clark, B. L. 1925. Pelecypoda from the marine Oligocene of western North America. University of California Publications, Department of Geological Sciences Bulletin 15: 69 - 136." type="journal article" year="1925">Clark, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Oligocene to middle Miocene of the Pacific Northwest.
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFCF1E077EBC4E90FA48FB90" baseAuthorityName="Conrad" baseAuthorityYear="1849" box="[1247,1520,1022,1050]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="acutilineata">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFCF1E077EBC4E90FA48FB90" box="[1247,1520,1022,1050]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Lucinoma acutilineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished by its lighter hinge, and longer posterior dorsal margin (Stewart in Tegland 1933, p. 116), while
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFCF1E077FB8492BFC0CFB0E" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1925" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hannibali">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFCF1E077FB8492BFC0CFB0E" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">L. hannibali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished by its longer and wider lunule, having a longer and more concave dorsal margin, a more subdued sulcus running from near the umbo to posterior margin, and sometimes more irregularly spaced comarginal sculpture. The possibly early Oligocene to (
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFC01E0879284DADFB3BFF57" author="Collins, D. H. &amp; M. D. Rudkin" box="[843,1155,195,221]" pageId="24" pageNumber="23" pagination="1006 - 1015" refId="ref17362" refString="Collins, D. H., and M. D. Rudkin. 1981. Priscansermarinus barnetti, a probably lepadomorph barnacle from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. Journal of Paleontology 55: 1006 - 1015" type="journal article" year="1981">Collins and Rudkin 1981</bibRefCitation>
) and they are widespread in marine and marginal marine environments.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<treatment id="7A6D87C5FFD01E187B2949FCFA53FCF0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7A6D87C5FFD01E187B2949FCFA53FCF0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A6D87C5FFD01E187B2949FCFA53FCF0" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<subSubSection id="BADE6558FFD01E187B2949FCFDFEFB20" box="[330,582,1165,1195]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFD01E187B2949FCFDFEFB20" blockId="8.[322,590,1138,1226]" box="[330,582,1165,1195]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="A93381BFFFD01E187B2949FCFDFEFB20" allCaps="true" box="[330,582,1165,1195]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD01E187B2949FCFDFEFB20" ID-CoL="7PL8G" authority="MOLLER, 1842" authorityName="MOLLER" authorityYear="1842" box="[330,582,1165,1195]" class="Bivalvia" family="Yoldiidae" genus="Yoldia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanida" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD01E187B2949FCFE18FB21" box="[330,416,1170,1195]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">YOLDIA</emphasis>
MÖLLER, 1842
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BADE6558FFD01E187BF549DCFA53FCF0" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFD01E187BF549DCFE42FB43" blockId="8.[322,590,1138,1226]" box="[406,506,1201,1226]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD01E187BF549DCFE58FB43" box="[406,480,1201,1226]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[110,185,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[123,1518,1466,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Yoldia cf. Y. submontereyensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, left valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13008, UCMP 218804." pageId="8" pageNumber="7">FIGS. 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD01E187B8849DCFE42FB43" box="[491,506,1202,1225]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[830,905,1866,1890]" captionText="Figure 7. Yoldia cf. Y. submontereyensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13008, UCMP 218771." pageId="8" pageNumber="7">7</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFD01E187AF3498EFA53FCF0" blockId="8.[112,801,1248,1417]" lastBlockId="8.[832,1521,195,891]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
Specimens are here referred to three taxa of the
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD01E1878BA498EFF1EFA97" authorityName="HABE" authorityYear="1977" class="Bivalvia" family="Yoldiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanida" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Yoldiidae</taxonomicName>
. The largest specimens have a centrally-placed umbo and strong co-marginal sculpture, characters shared with the taxon
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD01E187A974826FEF8FAEE" authorityName="MOLLER" authorityYear="1842" box="[244,320,1352,1380]" class="Bivalvia" family="Yoldiidae" genus="Yoldia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanida" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD01E187A974826FEF8FAEE" box="[244,320,1352,1380]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Yoldia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cf.
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD01E187B124826FC98FAE9" authority="Arnold, 1908" authorityName="Arnold" authorityYear="1908" box="[369,800,1352,1382]" class="Bivalvia" family="Yoldiidae" genus="Yoldia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanida" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="submontereyensis">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD01E187B124826FDD4FAEC" box="[369,620,1352,1382]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Y. submontereyensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD01E1878154827FC98FAE9" author="Arnold, R." box="[630,800,1353,1379]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="345 - 390" refId="ref15736" refString="Arnold, R. 1908. Descriptions of new Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils from the Santa Cruz Mountains, California. U. S. National Museum Proceedings 34 (1617): 345 - 390." type="journal article" year="1908">Arnold, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD01E187A1A4802FF72FA0C" box="[121,202,1388,1414]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[110,185,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[123,1518,1466,1850]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Yoldia cf. Y. submontereyensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, left valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13008, UCMP 218804." pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD01E187AB64803FF5FFA0D" box="[213,231,1389,1415]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[830,905,1866,1890]" captionText="Figure 7. Yoldia cf. Y. submontereyensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13008, UCMP 218771." pageId="8" pageNumber="7">7</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD01E187A984805FD9DFA03" authorityName="Arnold" authorityYear="1908" box="[251,549,1387,1417]" class="Bivalvia" family="Yoldiidae" genus="Yoldia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanida" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="submontereyensis">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD01E187A984805FD9DFA03" box="[251,549,1387,1417]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Yoldia submontereyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been previously reported from the upper part of the Temblor Formation (Loel and Corey 1932) and unnamed Miocene sandstone near Stanford University of
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD01E187EE94C64FAFCFEAE" author="Dibblee, T. W., Jr." box="[1162,1348,266,292]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref18403" refString="Dibblee, T. W., Jr. 1966. Geology of the Palo Alto quadrangle, Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, California. California Division of Mines map sheet 8, scale 1: 62,500." type="journal volume" year="1966">Dibblee (1966)</bibRefCitation>
. The second is typically smaller with the umbo placed slightly anterior of the middle of the shell, a more inflated anterior-dorsal margin, coarser co-marginal sculpture, and a truncated and inclined posterior end. Specimens with these characters are here identified as
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD01E187E1A4CD7FB7BFE5F" authorityName="MOLLER" authorityYear="1842" box="[1145,1219,441,469]" class="Bivalvia" family="Yoldiidae" genus="Yoldia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanida" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD01E187E1A4CD7FB7BFE5F" box="[1145,1219,441,469]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Yoldia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cf.
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD01E187E844CD7FC5EFE7D" authority="Arnold, 1908" authorityName="Arnold" authorityYear="1908" class="Bivalvia" family="Yoldiidae" genus="Yoldia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanida" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="supramontereyensis">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD01E187E844CD7FA48FE5C" box="[1255,1520,441,470]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Y.supramontereyensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD01E1879234CB3FC5EFE7D" author="Arnold, R." box="[832,998,477,503]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="345 - 390" refId="ref15736" refString="Arnold, R. 1908. Descriptions of new Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils from the Santa Cruz Mountains, California. U. S. National Museum Proceedings 34 (1617): 345 - 390." type="journal article" year="1908">Arnold, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD01E1879944CB3FB87FE7D" box="[1015,1087,477,503]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[112,187,596,620]" captionTargetBox="[112,1517,192,582]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. Yoldia cf. Y. supramonterensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, left valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13003, UCMP 218714." pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). This species occurs in
<collectingRegion id="3000F831FFD01E187F154CB3FA48FE7D" box="[1398,1520,477,503]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">California</collectingRegion>
from the Hambre Sandstone (
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD01E187EA74F6EFAFBFD91" author="Hall, C. A." box="[1220,1347,512,539]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref19519" refString="Hall, C. A. 1958. Geology and paleontology of the Pleasanton area, Alameda and Contra Costa counties, California. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 34: 90 pp." type="book" year="1958">Hall 1958</bibRefCitation>
), “Monterey” Formation (Lutz 1951,
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD01E187E114F4DFACFFDB4" author="Addicott, W. O. &amp; P. Z. Poore &amp; J. A. Barron &amp; H. D. Gower &amp; K. McDougall" box="[1138,1399,547,574]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="49 - 82" refId="ref15234" refString="Addicott, W. O., P. Z. Poore, J. A. Barron, H. D. Gower and K. McDougall. 1978. Neogene biostratigraphy of the Indian Creek-Shell Creek area, northern La Panza Range, California. in W. O. Addicott, (ed.). Neogene biostratigraphy of selected areas in the California Coast Ranges. U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78 - 446: 49 - 82." type="book chapter" year="1978">Addicott et al. 1978</bibRefCitation>
), Oursan and San Ramon sandstones (Weaver 1953), Sobrante Sandstone (Lutz 1951), Temblor Formation (Stewart 1946), and unnamed sandstone near Stanford University of
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD01E1879034FDEFB99FD40" author="Dibblee, T. W., Jr." box="[864,1057,688,714]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref18403" refString="Dibblee, T. W., Jr. 1966. Geology of the Palo Alto quadrangle, Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, California. California Division of Mines map sheet 8, scale 1: 62,500." type="journal volume" year="1966">Dibblee (1966)</bibRefCitation>
. The last species is only represented by a single partially covered specimen that cannot be identified to either genus or species with confidence and is referred here to
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD01E187E404E77FBD6FCBF" authorityName="MOLLER" authorityYear="1842" box="[1059,1134,793,821]" class="Bivalvia" family="Yoldiidae" genus="Yoldia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanida" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD01E187E404E77FBD6FCBF" box="[1059,1134,793,821]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Yoldia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
? sp. indeterminate (
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD01E187F0B4E74FA16FCBE" box="[1384,1454,794,820]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="9.[833,908,596,620]" captionText="Figure 9. Yoldia? sp. indeterminate from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13003, UCMP 218702." pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). It is easily distinguished from the previous two species by its much finer and more numerous co-marginal sculpture.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="AB5FF550759BB150C07448FB0759D843">Miocene marine macropaleontology of the fourth bore Caldecott Tunnel excavation, Berkeley Hills, Oakland, California, USA</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD11E197B264BC6FDF3F94B" ID-CoL="7P7GV" authority="BRUGUIERE, 1797" authorityName="Bruguiere" authorityYear="1797" box="[325,587,1699,1729]" class="Bivalvia" family="Limidae" genus="Lima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limida" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD11E197B264BC6FE38F94B" box="[325,384,1704,1729]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">LIMA</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD11E197BE44BCDFDF3F94B" author="Bruguiere, J. G." box="[391,587,1699,1729]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" refId="ref16547" refString="Bruguiere, J. G. 1797. Tableau encyclopedique et methodique des trois regnes de la nature. Contenant l'helminthologie, ou les vers infusoires, les vers intestins, les vers mollusques, &amp; c. Troisieme livraison, pp. 190 - 286. Paris. (Panckoucke)." type="book" year="1797">BRUGUIÉRE, 1797</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD11E197BC14BA2FE57F96E" box="[418,495,1740,1764]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="9.[833,908,1353,1377]" captionText="Figure 11. Indeterminate Lima? from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13001, UCMP 412479." pageId="9" pageNumber="8">FIG. 11</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFD11E1A7AF34B95FC98FEA9" blockId="9.[112,800,1786,1954]" lastBlockId="10.[112,800,195,292]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
A single cast in sediment that measures about
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high is questionably referred to the genus
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD11E1978EC4A72FD75F8B2" authorityName="Bruguiere" authorityYear="1797" box="[655,717,1820,1848]" class="Bivalvia" family="Limidae" genus="Lima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limida" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD11E1978EC4A72FD75F8B2" box="[655,717,1820,1848]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Lima</emphasis>
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based on its overall shape and broad, square radial ribs which curve toward the posterior end. The mold recovered is small with 13 broad, ribs slightly curving to the posterior end, that are square-sided with interspaces that are slightly less wide than the corresponding rib. The overall shape and sculpture is indicative of the genus
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD11E197F034B6BFA1AF9AB" box="[1376,1442,1541,1569]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD11E197F034B6BFA26F9AB" authorityName="Bruguiere" authorityYear="1797" box="[1376,1438,1541,1569]" class="Bivalvia" family="Limidae" genus="Lima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limida" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Lima</taxonomicName>
,
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which is known in
<collectingRegion id="3000F831FFD11E1979B74B44FBF6F9CE" box="[980,1102,1578,1604]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">California</collectingRegion>
from only two species:
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD11E197F0C4B46FA15F9CE" authorityName="Bruguiere" authorityYear="1797" box="[1391,1453,1576,1604]" class="Bivalvia" family="Limidae" genus="Lima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limida" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD11E197F0C4B46FA15F9CE" box="[1391,1453,1576,1604]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Lima</emphasis>
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cf.
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD11E197FB74B46FB33F9ED" authority="(d'Orbigny, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="d'Orbigny" baseAuthorityYear="1853" class="Bivalvia" family="Limidae" genus="Lima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limida" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caribaea">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD11E197FB74B46FC14F9ED" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Li. caribaea</emphasis>
(d’Orbigny, 1853)
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from the late Miocene part of the “Imperial” Formation north of Palm Springs, Riverside County (Powell 1986) and
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD11E197EA44BFFFA53F927" authority="Moore, 1977" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1977" box="[1223,1515,1681,1709]" class="Bivalvia" family="Limidae" genus="Lima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limida" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vedderi">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD11E197EA44BFFFAFEF927" box="[1223,1350,1681,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Li. vedderi</emphasis>
Moore, 1977
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, which occurs in the Monterey Formation (Moore 1977), the Santa Margarita Sandstone (
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD11E197E834BB6FA67F978" author="Addicott, W. O. &amp; P. Z. Poore &amp; J. A. Barron &amp; H. D. Gower &amp; K. McDougall" box="[1248,1503,1752,1779]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="49 - 82" refId="ref15234" refString="Addicott, W. O., P. Z. Poore, J. A. Barron, H. D. Gower and K. McDougall. 1978. Neogene biostratigraphy of the Indian Creek-Shell Creek area, northern La Panza Range, California. in W. O. Addicott, (ed.). Neogene biostratigraphy of selected areas in the California Coast Ranges. U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78 - 446: 49 - 82." type="book chapter" year="1978">Addicott et al. 1978</bibRefCitation>
), and unnamed Miocene strata on San Clemente Island, Los Angeles County, southern
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(Moore 1977). It is easily distinguished from both these species by lacking sculpture on the ribs and its small size.
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD11E197F334A0DFB08F82B" authority="Carpenter, 1864" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1864" class="Bivalvia" family="Carditidae" genus="Miodontiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="prolongatus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD11E197F334A0DFC6FF829" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Miodontiscus prolongatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD11E1979824AE9FB08F82B" author="Carpenter, P. P." box="[993,1200,1927,1953]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="311 - 315" refId="ref16831" refString="Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Diagnoses of new forms of mollusks collected at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3 (13) 76: 311 - 315." type="journal article" year="1864">Carpenter, 1864</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
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) somewhat resembles the cast, however; the shell shape is slightly different and
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD21E1A7B954D8BFD64FE88" box="[502,732,229,258]" class="Bivalvia" family="Carditidae" genus="Miodontiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="prograongatus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD21E1A7B954D8BFD64FE88" box="[502,732,229,258]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Mi. prograongatus</emphasis>
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does not have as many ribs as the Caldecott Tunnel specimen.
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71
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD21E1A7B584CE6FE0DFE2B" box="[315,437,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">CRENELLA</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD21E1A7BC14CC6FE57FE4A" box="[418,495,424,448]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="10.[112,187,1863,1887]" captionTargetBox="[113,800,1133,1836]" captionTargetId="figure-414@10.[127,782,1165,1836]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 12. Indeterminate Crenella? from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve(?). Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13003, UCMP 218709." pageId="10" pageNumber="9">FIG. 12</figureCitation>
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A single small cast is questionably identified as the genus
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based on its shape, size, and radial scultpure indicitative of the genus. No extinct species of this genus have been reported from
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and the oldest recorded fosssil occurrence of the modern species is from the Pliocene (Moore 1983). This specimen likely represents a new species but without better specimens it does not warrant naming at this time.
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73
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PROPEAMUSSIIDAE
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD21E1A7BC14E40FE57FCCC" box="[418,495,814,838]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="10.[832,907,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[833,1520,1269,1832]" captionTargetId="figure-435@10.[836,1520,1298,1832]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 13. Indeterminate Propeamussiidae from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, possibly right valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13004, UCMP 412704." pageId="10" pageNumber="9">FIG. 13</figureCitation>
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Two partial, mostly decorticated, possibly right, valves of an indeterminate
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are represented in the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna. On first glance they appear to have interior radial ribs as in the genus
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD21E1A788F4EABFEB1FB8E" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Propeamussium</emphasis>
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; however, they do not originate at the umbo and therefore are interpreted as cracks formed in the shell during or after deposition. The family is distributed worldwide and according to Waller (1971) occurs in water depths from 275 to
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. It ranges in age from the Jurassic to Holocene (Moore 1984).
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD21E1A7E114EECFB07FC10" box="[1138,1215,898,922]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="11.[114,189,871,895]" captionTargetBox="[112,801,192,848]" captionTargetId="figure-508@11.[112,801,192,848]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 14.aff. Lucinoma? n. sp. from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, left valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13005, UCMP 218741." pageId="10" pageNumber="9">FIG. 14</figureCitation>
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UCMP 218741 is a single specimen that may represent a new genus and species within the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD21E1A7FC44EBDFC37FB9A" authorityName="KOROBOKOV" authorityYear="1954" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Codakiinae">Codakiinae</taxonomicName>
. The combination of its diamond-shaped outline with slightly inflated valve, and a strong posterior radial sulcus that extends to the posterior ventral margin serve to separate this species from
<collectingRegion id="3000F831FFD21E1A7ED1490EFA85FBF0" box="[1202,1341,1120,1146]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">West Coast</collectingRegion>
species of
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD21E1A7FAB4930FC22FB17" authorityName="Dall" authorityYear="1901" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD21E1A7FAB4930FC22FB17" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Lucinoma</emphasis>
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, although these features could be an artifact of preservation. Sculpture consists of numerous, slightly irregularly-spaced, co-marginal lamellae, with wide to moderate interspaces. The lunule, ligament, and escutcheon were not observed. This species appears most similar to the western Atlantic species
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD31E1B7B81492AFCA2FBEA" authority="(McLean, 1936)" baseAuthorityName="McLean" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[482,794,1092,1120]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="atlantis">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD31E1B7B81492AFDEFFBEA" box="[482,599,1092,1120]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">L. atlantis</emphasis>
(McLean, 1936)
</taxonomicName>
,
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<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD31E1B7A134909FF48FB09" baseAuthorityName="McLean" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[112,240,1127,1155]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="atlantis">L. “atlantis</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
of Taylor and Glover (2017, figs.39–43) and
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD31E1B79684909FCA2FB09" box="[779,794,1127,1155]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">L</emphasis>
. sp. of Taylor and Glover (2017, fig. 51–52) differing from them in being taller than wide and in having a pointed ventral margin. This species is also somewhat similar to
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD31E1B7A134998FEB1FA98" box="[112,265,1270,1298]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Scabrilucina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
, a modern genus from the southwest Pacific but lacks an anterior sulcus and the ventral margin is angular not rounded. It is here referred to aff.
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD31E1B7B444830FE18FAF0" box="[295,416,1374,1402]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Lucinoma</emphasis>
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until additional specimens can be found and described in detail.
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MYRTEINAE
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD31E1B7BD048AAFDE9FA56" author="Chavan, A." box="[435,593,1476,1500]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="491 - 517" refId="ref16872" refString="Chavan, A. 1969. Superfamily Lucinacea. Pp. 491 - 517, in L. R. Cox, et al., Part N (Bivalvia), Mollusca 6, 1 - 2: 952 pp. In R. C. Moore, ed., Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Geological Society of America &amp; University of Kasnas, Lawrence. 491 - 517" type="book chapter" year="1969">CHAVAN, 1969</bibRefCitation>
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(?)
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<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFD31E1B7BC1488AFE57FA76" blockId="11.[287,624,1476,1532]" box="[418,495,1508,1532]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD31E1B7BC1488AFE57FA76" box="[418,495,1508,1532]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="11.[832,907,724,748]" captionTargetBox="[832,1519,192,701]" captionTargetId="figure-531@11.[832,1519,192,701]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 15. aff. Tehamatea n. sp., from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13001, UCMP 410562." pageId="11" pageNumber="10">FIG. 15</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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The second lucinid in the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna is similar to the previous one in having widely-spaced co-marginal lamellae, but differs in its low, broad umbo, wide, oval shape, and weak anterior dorsal sulcus. This lucinid is very similar in shape to genus
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD31E1B780F4BF7FD4DF93F" authorityName="Kiel" authorityYear="2013" box="[620,757,1689,1717]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Tehamatea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD31E1B780F4BF7FD4DF93F" box="[620,757,1689,1717]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Tehamatea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recently described by Kiel (2013). However,
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD31E1B78F54BD5FC98F95D" box="[662,800,1723,1751]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Tehamatea</emphasis>
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has a more prominent umbo and co-marginal lamellae only on its early shell after which the sculpture becomes irregular co-marginal growth lines. Also
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD31E1B781A4A4CFCBAF8B4" authorityName="Kiel" authorityYear="2013" box="[633,770,1826,1854]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Tehamatea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD31E1B781A4A4CFCBAF8B4" box="[633,770,1826,1854]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Tehamatea</emphasis>
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is only known from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous of central
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(Kiel 2013). Interestingly,
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD31E1B78F44A09FC98F809" authorityName="Kiel" authorityYear="2013" box="[663,800,1895,1923]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Tehamatea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD31E1B78F44A09FC98F809" box="[663,800,1895,1923]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Tehamatea</emphasis>
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is also found in ancient methane seeps. We assign this species to aff.
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD31E1B79894E05FBCBFC0D" authorityName="Kiel" authorityYear="2013" box="[1002,1139,875,903]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Tehamatea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD31E1B79894E05FBCBFC0D" box="[1002,1139,875,903]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Tehamatea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
until additional specimens can be found and studied in depth.
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CARDITIDAE
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD31E1B7E11497FFB07FBA3" box="[1138,1215,1041,1065]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="12.[113,188,855,879]" captionTargetBox="[112,797,195,843]" captionTargetId="figure-351@12.[112,797,195,843]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 16. Cyclocardia sp. Indeterminate from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve(?). Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13001, UCMP 410563." pageId="11" pageNumber="10">FIG. 16</figureCitation>
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One indeterminate
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has been recovered from the Caldecott Tunnel. It shows the exterior of a right(?) valve that has been crushed but appears to show greater than 16 broadly rounded radial ribs with slightly narrower shallow interspaces and appears to be crossed by fine co-marginal growth lines. This specimen is about 8.7 mm long and 7.5 mm high.
</paragraph>
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Only two
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD31E1B79B34858FBE3FAD8" box="[976,1115,1334,1362]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Cyclocardia</emphasis>
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have been reported from the Miocene of
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,
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(
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)
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[=
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD31E1B7FF24837FC19FA1D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Cy.occidentalis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD31E1B79D24812FBE0FA1D" author="Conrad, T. A." box="[945,1112,1404,1431]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="163 - 171" refId="ref17543" refString="Conrad, T. A. 1855. Report on the fossil shells collected in California by W. P. Blake, geologist of the expedition under the command of Lieut. R. S. Williamson, U. S. Topographical Engineers, 1852, in the preliminary geological report of W. P. Blake. United States 33 rd Congress, 1 st session, House Executive Doc. No. 129, 5 - 20. [reprinted, U. S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 59 (1909, 163 - 171)]." type="journal article" year="1855">Conrad, 1855</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
] and
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD31E1B7EC44812FA53FA1C" authority="(Dall, 1903)" baseAuthorityName="Dall" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[1191,1515,1403,1432]" class="Bivalvia" family="Carditidae" genus="Cyclocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD31E1B7EC44812FAE9FA1D" box="[1191,1361,1403,1432]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Cy. californica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD31E1B7F024812FA67FA1C" author="Dall, W. H." box="[1377,1503,1404,1430]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="1219 - 1654" refId="ref18099" refString="Dall, W. H. 1903. Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida (Part 6). Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia 3 (6): 1219 - 1654." type="journal article" year="1903">Dall, 1903</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. According to its original description
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD31E1B7F6048CEFA01FA30" baseAuthorityName="Gabb" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[1283,1465,1438,1468]" class="Bivalvia" family="Carditidae" genus="Cyclocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="monilicosta">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD31E1B7F6048CEFA01FA30" box="[1283,1465,1438,1468]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Cy. monilicosta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from the Santa Barbara area and questionably referred to the Miocene. The Santa Barbara Formation, from which
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD31E1B79B24B67FB3DF9A9" baseAuthorityName="Gabb" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[977,1157,1543,1573]" class="Bivalvia" family="Carditidae" genus="Cyclocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="monilicosta">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD31E1B79B24B67FB3DF9A9" box="[977,1157,1543,1573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Cy. monilicosta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was likely collected, is middle Pleistocene in age (Minor et al. 2002, 2009), although in the past the Santa Barbara Formation has been referred to rocks of Miocene to Pleistocene age (
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD31E1B7F514B1CFA02F906" author="Gabb, W. M." box="[1330,1466,1650,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="367 - 372" refId="ref18804" refString="Gabb, W. M. 1861. Description of new species of American Tertiary fossils and a new Carboniferous cephalopod from Texas. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Proceedings 13: 367 - 372." type="journal article" year="1861">Gabb 1861</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD31E1B7FAB4B1DFBF6F93A" author="Arnold, D. &amp; R. Arnold" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="117 - 138" refId="ref15675" refString="Arnold, D., and R. Arnold. 1902. The marine Pliocene and Pleistocene stratigraphy of the coast of southern California. Journal of Geology 10: 117 - 138." type="journal article" year="1902">Arnold and Arnold 1902</bibRefCitation>
, Moore 1983). Powell et al. (2010, p. 23, footnote) noted a single collection of Pliocene age from the Santa Barbara area and Minor et al. (2002, 2009) reported two geologic units of questionable Pliocene age in the sea cliffs below More Mesa just south of UC Santa Barbara at Goleta, so Pliocene but no Miocene geologic units occur in the area. Although it is uncertain which world oceans and is of no ecological significance here.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="1391CAF76479649B8015209880041A92">Miocene marine macropaleontology of the fourth bore Caldecott Tunnel excavation, Berkeley Hills, Oakland, California, USA</mods:title>
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<treatment id="7A6D87C5FFD41E1C79C44C6CFDBEF9E0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7A6D87C5FFD41E1C79C44C6CFDBEF9E0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7A6D87C5FFD41E1C79C44C6CFDBEF9E0" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<subSubSection id="BADE6558FFD41E1C79C44C6CFA31FE90" box="[935,1417,258,282]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFD41E1C79C44C6CFA31FE90" blockId="12.[935,1417,258,317]" box="[935,1417,258,282]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="A93381BFFFD41E1C79C44C6CFA31FE90" allCaps="true" box="[935,1417,258,282]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C79C44C6CFA31FE90" ID-CoL="7NLJP" authority="DALL AND STIMPSON, 1901" authorityName="DALL AND STIMPSON" authorityYear="1901" box="[935,1417,258,282]" class="Bivalvia" family="Vesicomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">VESICOMYIDAE DALL AND STIMPSON, 1901</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFD41E1C7E354C4BFB62FEB7" blockId="12.[935,1417,258,317]" box="[1110,1242,293,317]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD41E1C7E354C4BFB62FEB7" box="[1110,1242,293,317]" captionStart-0="Figure 17" captionStart-1="Figure 18" captionStart-2="Figure 19" captionStartId-0="12.[835,910,1257,1281]" captionStartId-1="12.[832,907,1873,1897]" captionStartId-2="13.[112,187,697,721]" captionTargetBox-0="[835,1519,704,1235]" captionTargetBox-1="[832,1518,1376,1843]" captionTargetId-0="figure-375@12.[835,1519,704,1235]" captionTargetId-1="figure-398@12.[832,1518,1376,1843]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionText-0="Figure 17. Vesicomyidae indeterminate from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP16025, UCMP 123686." captionText-1="Figure 18. Vesicomyidae indeterminate from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP16027, UCMP 123690." captionText-2="Figure 19. Vesicomyidae indeterminate from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP16022, UCMP 123682." pageId="12" pageNumber="11">FIGS. 17–19</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFD41E1C79034C3DFE9DFB2A" blockId="12.[832,1520,339,647]" lastBlockId="12.[112,800,980,1644]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
Three incomplete, poorly preserved specimens are assigned to
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C79D14C18FBE3FE1A" authorityName="DALL AND STIMPSON" authorityYear="1901" box="[946,1115,374,400]" class="Bivalvia" family="Vesicomyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Vesicomyidae</taxonomicName>
, genus and species indeterminate based on their shell outline and placement of the hinge towards the anterior end of the shell. Overall they are similar in outline to
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C7E564CB0FB0AFE70" authorityName="Woodring" authorityYear="1925" box="[1077,1202,478,506]" class="Bivalvia" family="Vesicomyidae" genus="Pliocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD41E1C7E564CB0FB0AFE70" box="[1077,1202,478,506]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Pliocardia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C7EDE4CB0FA82FE70" authorityName="Woodring" authorityYear="1925" box="[1213,1338,478,506]" class="Bivalvia" family="Vesicomyidae" genus="Pliocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD41E1C7EDE4CB0FA82FE70" box="[1213,1338,478,506]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Pliocardia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is represented by two modern species in the northern eastern Pacific, one provisionally, “
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C7E5B4F4BFAC2FDCA" authority="(Dall, 1895)" baseAuthorityName="Dall" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1080,1402,549,577]" class="Bivalvia" family="Vesicomyidae" genus="Pliocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="stearnsii">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD41E1C7E5B4F4BFB6DFDCB" box="[1080,1237,549,577]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Pl.” stearnsii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD41E1C7E894F48FAD7FDCB" author="Dall, W. H." box="[1258,1391,550,577]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="675 - 733" refId="ref18001" refString="Dall, W. H. 1895. Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. XXXIV. - Report on Mollusca and Brachiopoda dredged in deep water chiefly near the Hawai- ian Islands, with illustrations of unfigured species from northwest America. U. S. National Museum Proceedings 17: 675 - 733." type="journal article" year="1895">Dall, 1895</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and “
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C7FAA4F4BFAABFDE9" authority="Martin and Goffredi, 2011" authorityName="Martin and Goffredi" authorityYear="2011" class="Bivalvia" family="Vesicomyidae" genus="Pliocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="krylovata">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD41E1C7FAA4F4BFC0EFDEC" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Pl.” krylovata</emphasis>
Martin and Goffredi, 2011
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="8AD37643FFD41E1C7F074F27FA52FDE9" box="[1380,1514,585,611]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
. W.H.
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD41E1C791C4F02FBBCFD0C" author="Dall, W. H." box="[895,1028,620,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="7 - 20" refId="ref18065" refString="Dall, W. H. 1896. Diagnoses of new species of molluscs from the West Coast of America. U. S. National Museum Proceedings 18: 7 - 20." type="journal article" year="1896">Dall (1896</bibRefCitation>
, p. 17) cites W.H.
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD41E1C7E814F02FADFFD0D" author="Dall, W. H." box="[1250,1383,620,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="675 - 733" refId="ref18001" refString="Dall, W. H. 1895. Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. XXXIV. - Report on Mollusca and Brachiopoda dredged in deep water chiefly near the Hawai- ian Islands, with illustrations of unfigured species from northwest America. U. S. National Museum Proceedings 17: 675 - 733." type="journal article" year="1895">Dall (1895</bibRefCitation>
, p. 693) as geologic unit
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C7B744EB8FE76FC7A" baseAuthorityName="Gabb" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[279,462,980,1010]" class="Bivalvia" family="Carditidae" genus="Cyclocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="monilicosta">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD41E1C7B744EB8FE76FC7A" box="[279,462,980,1010]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Cy. monilicosta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from, it was most likely the Santa Barbara Formation where it occurs abundantly. Given this there is no data supporting a Miocene age for
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C7B36492EFDB4FBD0" baseAuthorityName="Gabb" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[341,524,1086,1116]" class="Bivalvia" family="Carditidae" genus="Cyclocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="monilicosta">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD41E1C7B36492EFDB4FBD0" box="[341,524,1086,1116]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Cy. monilicosta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is abundant in other Pliocene and Pleistocene formations in California (Moore 1992).
</paragraph>
<caption id="A6BB665BFFD41E1C7A124E39FEC1FC2E" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" startId="12.[113,188,855,879]" targetBox="[112,797,195,843]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFD41E1C7A124E39FEC1FC2E" blockId="12.[112,785,855,932]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD41E1C7A124E39FF5DFCE5" bold="true" box="[113,229,855,879]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Figure 16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C7A884E36FE32FCE4" box="[235,394,855,880]" class="Bivalvia" family="Carditidae" genus="Cyclocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD41E1C7A884E36FEDEFCFA" box="[235,358,856,880]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Cyclocardia</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
Indeterminate from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve(?). Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13001, UCMP 410563.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFD41E1C7AF349C7FDBEF9E0" blockId="12.[112,800,980,1644]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
The other reported
<collectingRegion id="3000F831FFD41E1C7BF249C7FDB4FB49" box="[401,524,1193,1219]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">California</collectingRegion>
Miocene
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD41E1C78E949C7FEA4FB6D" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C78E949C7FCA3FB4F" authorityName="Conrad" authorityYear="1867" box="[650,795,1193,1221]" class="Bivalvia" family="Carditidae" genus="Cyclocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Cyclocardia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C7A1349A3FEA4FB6D" baseAuthorityName="Dall" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[112,284,1227,1257]" class="Bivalvia" family="Carditidae" genus="Cyclocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="californica">Cy. californica</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
has been reported from the late Miocene to Pleistocene of central and southern
<collectingRegion id="3000F831FFD41E1C78264981FD07FA83" box="[581,703,1263,1289]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">California</collectingRegion>
(Moore 1992). In the Pacific northwest (
<collectingRegion id="3000F831FFD41E1C7B8D487DFDF3FAA7" box="[494,587,1299,1325]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Oregon</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="3000F831FFD41E1C78E1487DFCA0FAA7" box="[642,792,1299,1325]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Washington</collectingRegion>
)
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C7A134858FE72FADA" authority="(Clark, 1925)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[112,458,1332,1362]" class="Bivalvia" family="Lucinidae" genus="Lucinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lucinida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hannibali">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD41E1C7A134858FEACFADA" box="[112,276,1332,1362]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Cy. hannibali</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD41E1C7B494858FE07FADB" author="Clark, B. L." box="[298,447,1334,1361]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" pagination="69 - 136" refId="ref17177" refString="Clark, B. L. 1925. Pelecypoda from the marine Oligocene of western North America. University of California Publications, Department of Geological Sciences Bulletin 15: 69 - 136." type="journal article" year="1925">Clark, 1925</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C786C4858FF04FAF9" authority="(Conrad, 1849)" baseAuthorityName="Conrad" baseAuthorityYear="1849" class="Bivalvia" family="Carditidae" genus="Cyclocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subtenta">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD41E1C786C4858FD1FFADA" box="[527,679,1332,1362]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Cy. subtenta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD41E1C78DD4858FF09FAF9" author="Conrad, T. A." pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref17460" refString="Conrad, T. A. 1849. Fossils from northwestern America. Pp. 723 - 728 in J. D. Dana, U. S. Exploring Expedition ***, 1838 - 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes. Geology. 10 pp." type="book" year="1849">Conrad, 1849</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
have been reported from the Miocene (
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD41E1C78D64837FF08FA1C" author="Addicott, W. O." pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref15201" refString="Addicott, W. O. 1976. Molluscan paleontology of the lower Miocene Clallam Formation, northwestern Washington. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 976: 39 pp." type="book" year="1976">Addicott 1976</bibRefCitation>
, Moore 1976). Also,
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFD41E1C7BC14812FC98FA1C" author="Allison, R. C. &amp; L. N. Marincovich, Jr." box="[418,800,1404,1430]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" refId="ref15478" refString="Allison, R. C., and L. N. Marincovich, Jr. 1981. A late Oligocene or early Miocene molluscan fauna from Sitkinak Island, Alaska. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1233: 11 pp." type="book" year="1981">Allison and Marincovich (1981)</bibRefCitation>
provisionally (cf.) reported five western Pacific
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C78D348CEFF2EFA57" authorityName="Conrad" authorityYear="1867" class="Bivalvia" family="Carditidae" genus="Cyclocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD41E1C78D348CEFF2EFA57" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Cyclocardia</emphasis>
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from the late Oligocene to early Miocene Narrow Cape Formation on Sitkinak Island,
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. Unfortunately, the Caldecott Tunnel specimen is not well enough preserved for a detailed comparison with any of the Miocene western North American
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD41E1C7B124B3EFDB8F9E6" authorityName="Conrad" authorityYear="1867" box="[369,512,1616,1644]" class="Bivalvia" family="Carditidae" genus="Cyclocardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditida" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD41E1C7B124B3EFDB8F9E6" box="[369,512,1616,1644]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Cyclocardia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
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71
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD51E1D7E114961FB07FBAD" box="[1138,1215,1039,1063]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="14.[112,187,492,516]" captionTargetBox="[112,798,195,477]" captionTargetId="figure-222@14.[112,798,195,477]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 21. Veneridae, indeterminate from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve (left), left valve (right). Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13004, UCMP 410418." pageId="13" pageNumber="12">FIG. 21</figureCitation>
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UCMP 410418 is a single small specimen that shows an overall oval shell outline with the umbo positioned at about a third of the shell’s length. The umbo overhangs the dorso-anterior margin which is short and steeply inclined. The dorso-posterior margin broadly arches away from the umbo and is partially hidden. The ventral margin is broadly rounded from the anterior to the posterior. A fragment of the shell is present posterior of the umbo and appears moderately thick with strong concentric ribs. The cast shows that these ribs were co-marginal and moderately evenly spaced. These features and the shell outline matches well with some members of the family
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, in particular the genus
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD51E1D7F15488AFA57F98A" box="[1398,1519,1508,1536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Clementia</emphasis>
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, which is well known from the Miocene and possibly into the Pliocene of the
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(Woodring 1927). However, the specimen is not well enough preserved for a precise identification.
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD51E1D7B344897FE0EF998" box="[343,438,1529,1554]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">SPISULA</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD51E1D7BC14B72FE57F9BE" box="[418,495,1564,1588]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="13.[832,907,697,721]" captionTargetBox="[112,1516,192,679]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 20. Spisula aff. Spi. eugenensis from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, right valve(?). Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13004, UCMP 410439." pageId="13" pageNumber="12">FIG. 20</figureCitation>
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UCMP 410439 is provisionally referred to
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD51E1D78A54B24FC98F9EC" box="[710,800,1610,1638]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Spisula</emphasis>
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aff.
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD51E1D7AFE4B03FDB9F90D" authority="(Clark, 1925)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[157,513,1645,1673]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="eugenensis">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD51E1D7AFE4B03FEECF903" box="[157,340,1645,1673]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Spi. eugenensis</emphasis>
(
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)
</taxonomicName>
as it closely resembles this species in general outline.
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD51E1D7B944BFFFD64F927" box="[503,732,1681,1709]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Spisula eugenensis</emphasis>
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from the Oligocene Eugene Formation in
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figured by
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, pl. 4, fig. 13), with its broadly rounded, centrally-placed beak and moderately sloping anterior and posterior dorsal margins from the umbo, is nearly identical to the specimen figured here. In addition, the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel specimen show a slight anterior and posterior umbonal ridge that match well with
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFD51E1D78964AEBFC7FFCD7" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[757,967,833,1953]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mactridae" genus="Spisula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="eugenensis">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD51E1D78964AEBFC7FFCD7" box="[757,967,833,1953]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Spi. eugenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The Eugene Formation (Oligocene) specimens and the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel (middle Miocene) specimen are very similar but are considered possibly distinct because of the difference in age.
</paragraph>
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74
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD51E1D79F94A78FB96F8A5" box="[922,1070,1814,1839]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">BRUCLARKIA</emphasis>
TRASK IN STEWART 1926
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(1927)
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<subSubSection id="BADE6558FFD51E1E7E114A5BFACAFF57" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="F27B36D3FFD51E1D7E114A5BFB07F8C7" blockId="13.[922,1430,1717,1869]" box="[1138,1215,1845,1869]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFD51E1D7E114A5BFB07F8C7" box="[1138,1215,1845,1869]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="14.[112,187,1865,1889]" captionTargetBox="[157,754,891,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-247@14.[157,754,891,1847]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 22. Aperical view of indeterminate Bruclarkia from the Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna, UCMP locality IP13003, hypotype UCMP 218695." pageId="13" pageNumber="12">FIG. 22</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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The genus
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<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFD51E1D79854A0FFBD1F8F7" box="[998,1129,1889,1917]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Bruclarkia</emphasis>
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is endemic to the Pacific northwest from
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to
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occurring in rocks of and therefore cannot be identified to species.
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<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFDE1E1679814E4EFAF6FCB2" ID-CoL="9663" authority="DALL, 1891" authorityName="DALL" authorityYear="1891" box="[994,1358,800,825]" class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Acharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Solemyida" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="johnsoni">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFDE1E1679814E4EFB71FCB3" box="[994,1225,800,825]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">ACHARAX JOHNSONI</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFDE1E167EAC4E4EFAF6FCB2" author="Dall, W. H." box="[1231,1358,800,824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="173 - 191" refId="ref17963" refString="Dall, W. H. 1891. Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer &quot; Albatross. &quot; U. S. National Museum Proceedings 14: 173 - 191." type="journal article" year="1891">DALL, 1891</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="6AFF2A56FFDE1E167E1A4E2EFB0FFCD2" box="[1145,1207,832,856]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[835,910,1148,1172]" captionText="Figure 4. Acharax cf. Ach. johnsoni. Tsm Caldecott Tunnel fauna. Hypotype from UCMP locality IP13003, UCMP 410421." pageId="6" pageNumber="5">FIG. 4</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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The single, double-valved specimen, UCMP 410421, compares well with
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFDE1E167E564EF8FABCFC3E" authorityName="DALL" authorityYear="1891" box="[1077,1284,918,948]" class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Acharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Solemyida" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="johnsoni">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFDE1E167E564EF8FABCFC3E" box="[1077,1284,918,948]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Acharax johnsoni</emphasis>
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. This specimen has numerous, shallow, radial ribs and interspaces, which occur from the anterior end past the middle of the shell, characteristics shared by
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFDE1E167E1B496EFAA4FB94" box="[1144,1308,1024,1054]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFDE1E167E1B496EFAA0FB94" authorityName="DALL" authorityYear="1891" box="[1144,1304,1024,1054]" class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Acharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Solemyida" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="johnsoni">Ach. johnsoni</taxonomicName>
.
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The poor preservation and single specimen make precise identification impossible. Fossil
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFDE1E167E444928FB71FBEE" authorityName="DALL" authorityYear="1891" box="[1063,1225,1094,1124]" class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Acharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Solemyida" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="johnsoni">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFDE1E167E444928FB71FBEE" box="[1063,1225,1094,1124]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Ach. johnsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are rare in the eastern Pacific occurring only in the Pliocene (Woodring 1938; Roth, 1979) from northern and southern California, while in the western Pacific it has been reported from the Eocene to Pliocene (O'Hara and Nemoto 1988, Nobuhara and Tanaka 1993, Kafanov and Ogasawara 2003, 2004).
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list the modern range of
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFDE1E167F334877FA48FABD" authorityName="DALL" authorityYear="1891" box="[1360,1520,1305,1335]" class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Acharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Solemyida" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="johnsoni">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFDE1E167F334877FA48FABD" box="[1360,1520,1305,1335]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Ach. johnsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as from Sitka, Alaska, south through to the
<collectingCountry id="8AD37643FFDE1E167F204850FAD7FAD2" box="[1347,1391,1342,1368]" name="Iceland" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Isla</collectingCountry>
de Afuera,
<collectingCountry id="8AD37643FFDE1E167923480CFCC3FAF6" box="[832,891,1378,1404]" name="Peru" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Peru</collectingCountry>
in water depths from 400 to
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.
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The family
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favors reduced oxygen and high organic content environments, and harbors chemoautotrophic bacteria in their gill filaments to obtain nutrition. In the northeastern Pacific they are typically found in basins on the continental shelf and nearshore where there is an accumulation of plant debris (
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFDE1E167FF04B5BFC1EF9F8" author="Coan, E. V. &amp; P. Valentich-Scott &amp; F. R. Bernard" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref17263" refString="Coan, E. V., P. Valentich-Scott, and F. R. Bernard. 2000. Bivalve seashells of western North America - Marine bivalve mollusks from Arctic Alaska to Baja California. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monograph 2: 764 pp." type="book" year="2000">Coan et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
). It is represented by two genera off the coast of California and the northeast Pacific,
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFDE1E167F744B17FAC4F91F" authorityName="DALL" authorityYear="1908" box="[1303,1404,1657,1685]" class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Acharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Solemyida" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFDE1E167F744B17FAC4F91F" box="[1303,1404,1657,1685]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Acharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFDE1E167FD74B15FCC2F930" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFDE1E167FD74B15FCCDF930" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1818" class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Solemyida" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Solemya</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
with three modern species and three fossil species. Modern species include
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFDE1E167E024BACFA48F951" authority="Bernard, 1980" authorityName="Bernard" authorityYear="1980" box="[1121,1520,1728,1758]" class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Solemyida" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="reidi" subGenus="So.">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFDE1E167E024BACFA85F956" box="[1121,1341,1728,1758]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Solemya (So.) reidi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFDE1E167F224BAFFA48F951" author="Bernard, F. R." box="[1345,1520,1729,1755]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="17 - 23" refId="ref15867" refString="Bernard, F. R. 1980. A new Solemya s. str. from the northeastern Pacific (Bivalvia: Cryptodonta). Venus 39: 17 - 23." type="journal article" year="1980">Bernard, 1980</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
which occurs from Vancouver Island,
<collectingRegion id="3000F831FFDE1E167F754B8AFA54F974" box="[1302,1516,1764,1790]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="8AD37643FFDE1E1679234A66FC26F8A8" box="[832,926,1800,1826]" name="Canada" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Canada</collectingCountry>
, south to San Diego, California at water depths between 40 and
<quantity id="353C9B36FFDE1E167E6A4A45FBEEF8CF" box="[1033,1110,1835,1861]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFDE1E167E054A45FA91F8CF" author="Coan, E. V. &amp; P. Valentich-Scott &amp; F. R. Bernard" box="[1126,1321,1835,1861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref17263" refString="Coan, E. V., P. Valentich-Scott, and F. R. Bernard. 2000. Bivalve seashells of western North America - Marine bivalve mollusks from Arctic Alaska to Baja California. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monograph 2: 764 pp." type="book" year="2000">Coan et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFDE1E167F5C4A45FB3CF8E2" authority="(Carpenter, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Carpenter" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Solemya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Solemyida" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="valvulus" subGenus="Petrasma">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFDE1E167F5C4A45FC1CF8E3" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">So. (Petrasma) valvulus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFDE1E1679D04A20FBC3F8E2" author="Carpenter, P. P." box="[947,1147,1870,1896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="311 - 315" refId="ref16831" refString="Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Diagnoses of new forms of mollusks collected at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3 (13) 76: 311 - 315." type="journal article" year="1864">Carpenter,1864</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
which occurs from Monterey Bay, California south to
<collectingRegion id="3000F831FFDE1E167E1A4A1FFB75F801" box="[1145,1229,1905,1931]" country="Mexico" name="Jalisco" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Jalisco</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="8AD37643FFDE1E167EB84A1FFA8FF801" box="[1243,1335,1905,1931]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, including the Golfo de California at water depths between the intertidal zone and
<quantity id="353C9B36FFDF1E177A854860FE8EFAA3" box="[230,310,1294,1321]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="360.0">360 m</quantity>
, and
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFDF1E177B164863FDADFAA0" authorityName="DALL" authorityYear="1891" box="[373,533,1293,1322]" class="Bivalvia" family="Solemyidae" genus="Acharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Solemyida" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="johnsoni">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFDF1E177B164863FDADFAA0" box="[373,533,1293,1322]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Ach. johnsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurring from Sitka, Alaska through the Golfo de California south to off
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFDF1E1778B8485FFCA3FAC1" authorityName="Bruguiere" authorityYear="1797" box="[731,795,1329,1355]" class="Bivalvia" family="Limidae" genus="Lima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Limida" pageId="7" pageNumber="33" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Lima</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="8AD37643FFDF1E177A13483BFF13FAE5" box="[112,171,1365,1391]" name="Peru" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Peru</collectingCountry>
at water depths between 100 and
<quantity id="353C9B36FFDF1E177805483AFD75FAE5" box="[614,717,1364,1391]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.379" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="5.379">5,379 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFDF1E177882483BFE0AFA18" author="Coan, E. V. &amp; Valentich-Scott, P." pageId="7" pageNumber="6" refId="ref17312" refString="Coan, E. V., and P. Valentich-Scott, P. 2012. Bivalve seashells of tropical West America. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 2 vols., 1,258 pp." type="journal volume" year="2012">Coan and Valentich-Scott 2012</bibRefCitation>
). In addition to the modern species there are three fossil species in the Pacific northwest:
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFDF1E177ADA48D3FE6BFA52" authority="(Clark, 1925)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[185,467,1469,1497]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="dalli">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFDF1E177ADA48D3FE90FA53" box="[185,296,1469,1497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Ach. dalli</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFDF1E177B5A48D0FE70FA53" author="Clark, B. L." box="[313,456,1470,1497]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" pagination="69 - 136" refId="ref17177" refString="Clark, B. L. 1925. Pelecypoda from the marine Oligocene of western North America. University of California Publications, Department of Geological Sciences Bulletin 15: 69 - 136." type="journal article" year="1925">Clark, 1925</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from the lower Miocene of Washington (
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFDF1E177B7E488FFE6DFA71" author="Addicott, W. O." box="[285,469,1505,1531]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" refId="ref15201" refString="Addicott, W. O. 1976. Molluscan paleontology of the lower Miocene Clallam Formation, northwestern Washington. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 976: 39 pp." type="book" year="1976">Addicott 1976</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="35C44D50FFDF1E177B92488EFF04F995" authority="(Conrad 1849)" baseAuthorityName="Conrad" baseAuthorityYear="1849" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="ventricosa">
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFDF1E177B92488EFD16FA76" box="[497,686,1504,1532]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Ach. ventricosa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFDF1E1778A7488FFF09F995" author="Conrad, T. A." pageId="7" pageNumber="6" refId="ref17460" refString="Conrad, T. A. 1849. Fossils from northwestern America. Pp. 723 - 728 in J. D. Dana, U. S. Exploring Expedition ***, 1838 - 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes. Geology. 10 pp." type="book" year="1849">Conrad 1849</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from the middle Miocene to lower Pleistocene of Washington south to northern California (Moore 1963,
<bibRefCitation id="96554B22FFDF1E177A134B25FE9FF9EF" author="Addicott, W. O." box="[112,295,1611,1637]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" refId="ref15201" refString="Addicott, W. O. 1976. Molluscan paleontology of the lower Miocene Clallam Formation, northwestern Washington. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 976: 39 pp." type="book" year="1976">Addicott 1976</bibRefCitation>
), and
<emphasis id="C0B0EAC1FFDF1E177B1F4B27FDEAF9EF" box="[380,594,1609,1637]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Ach. willapaensis</emphasis>
(Weaver, 1942) that occurs from the upper Eocene to lower Miocene of Washington (Weaver 1942).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>