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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.68.8745" ID-PMC="PMC5029131" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-68-65" ID-Pensoft-UUID="3D7E1D2068275501FFBDFFC7A810B110" ID-PubMed="27698575" ID-Zenodo-Dep="143920" ModsDocID="1314-2003-68-65" checkinTime="1470408981172" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Firat, Mehmet" docDate="2016" docId="C1B0656BEB095702860C3CBB4412FB97" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 68: 65-72" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 68" docPubDate="2016-08-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.68.8745" docTitle="Cirsium semzinanicum Firat 2016, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="3D7E1D2068275501FFBDFFC7A810B110" lastPageNumber="71" masterDocId="3D7E1D2068275501FFBDFFC7A810B110" masterDocTitle="Cirsium semzinanicum (Asteraceae), a new species from Hakkari, Turkey" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="65" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1668141762613" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Cirsium semzinanicum (Asteraceae), a new species from Hakkari, Turkey</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Firat, Mehmet</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Yuezuencue Yil University, Faculty of Education, Department of Biology, TR- 65080, Van, Turkey</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">kuyucak65@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2016-08-05</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>68</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>65</mods:start>
<mods:end>72</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.68.8745</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.68.8745</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-68-65</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">3D7E1D2068275501FFBDFFC7A810B110</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">143920</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182226905" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C1B0656BEB095702860C3CBB4412FB97" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C1B0656BEB095702860C3CBB4412FB97" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName LSID="C1B0656B-EB09-5702-860C-3CBB4412FB97" authority="Fırat" authorityName="Firat" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium semzinanicum" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="semzinanicum" status="sp. nov.">
Cirsium semzinanicum
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fırat">Firat</normalizedToken>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="67">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Cirsium semzinanicum sp. nov.: a habits b basal leaf c upper leaf surface d capitulum. Cirsium karduchorum: e habit f basal leaf g upper leaf surface h capitulum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.68.8745.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/98326" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Figs 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Cirsium semzinanicum sp. nov.: a outer phyllary b median phyllary c inner phyllary d achene. Cirsium karduchorum: e outer phyllary f median phyllary g inner phyllary h achene." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.68.8745.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/98327" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">, 3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2011-07-26" collectorName="M. Firat, E, and Hb. M. Firat" country="Turkey" county="Semdinli" elevation="1717" latitude="37.2875" location="Kaduna region" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="44.42361" municipality="Begoz village" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Hakkari" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry name="Turkey">Turkey</collectingCountry>
. C10
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hakkâri">
<collectingRegion country="Turkey" name="Hakkari">Hakkari</collectingRegion>
</normalizedToken>
:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Şemdinli">
<collectingCounty>Semdinli</collectingCounty>
</normalizedToken>
,
<collectingMunicipality>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bêgoz">Begoz</normalizedToken>
village
</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C1B0656BEB095702860C3CBB4412FB97:DC514AB590945D893A6D883CF3DAFFE2" country="Turkey" county="Semdinli" latitude="37.2875" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="44.42361" municipality="Begoz village" name="Kaduna region" stateProvince="Hakkari">Kaduna region</location>
, rocky slopes, eroded slopes,
<geoCoordinate degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="15" value="37.2875">37°17'15&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="east" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="25" value="44.42361">44°25'25&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7169999999999999" unit="m" value="1717.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7169999999999999" unit="m" value="1717.0">1717 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<collectingDate value="2011-07-26">26 July 2011</collectingDate>
,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
<collectorName>
M.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fırat">Firat</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
27257
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
VANF!, isotypes ANKA,
<collectorName>
E, and Hb. M.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fırat">Firat</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Firat" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium semzinanicum" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="semzinanicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Cirsium semzinanicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clearly differs from
<taxonomicName authorityName="Petr" authorityYear="1964" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium karduchorum" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karduchorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Cirsium karduchorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Petr. in its stems 100-150 cm tall (vs. 50-100 cm tall, robust), basal leaves 15-25
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
9-14 cm &quot;excluding 10-18 petiole&quot;, green, (vs. 30-40
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
15-20 cm &quot;excluding 15-20 cm petiole&quot;, bluish-green), involucre 15-25
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
20-30 mm ovoid tosubglobose (vs. 25-30
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(30-)40-50 mm depressed subglobose tobroadly obovoid), phyllaries 9-12-seriate
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
erecto-refIexed (vs. 11-14-seriate refIexed or recurved), achen brownish 7-9
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-4 mm (vs. bright grayish brown 6-7.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3 mm).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
Perennial, few stemmed from base, erect, 100-150 cm tall, unwinged but longitudinally striate, glabrous-glaucous, with few branches above, sterile shoots at the base. Basal leaves long-petiolate, petioles 10-18 cm long, winged, with large auricules; lamina broadly elliptic in outline, 15-25
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
9-14 cm, green, very sparsely spinulose-strigose above with 0.5-0.9 mm long, adpressed setae, ca 1-3 per 2 mm square, otherwise densely arachnoid; lower surface very sparsely arachnoid, 3/4 pinnatifid with 4-5-pairred, 5-8
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-5 lateral and terminal lobes with stout 7-12 mm apical spine. Middle cauline leaves similar but smaller tobasal leaves, petioles 1-6 cm long. lamina broadly elliptic in outline 4-8
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2,5-4 cm long, lateral and terminal lobes 3/4 pinnatifid with 3-5 lobes, spinulose-strigose above with 0.7-1.2 mm long, adpressed setae, ca 4-6 per 2 mm square, otherwise densely arachnoid with stout 6-9 mm apical spine. Upper cauline leaves similar middle cauline leaves but smaller and sessile. shortly auriculate. Uppermost (involucral) leaves 2-3, 1-3 cm long, linear-lanceolate with sinuate-dentate margin, shorter than involucre, sessile. Capitula erect, 1(-2) on each branch, compound corymbose with 15-30-capitula, 26-35 mm
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-30 mm, sessile or peduncles 1-2 cm long; involucre 15-25
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
20-30 mm, ovoid tosubglobose; phyllaries 9-12-seriate, adpressed, glabrous, greensh-yellowish,
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
erecto-reflexed, the outer 8-10
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-3 mm, with reflexed, ovate-oblong, 3-5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3-0.4 mm long apical spine;
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="68" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
median 10-14
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2-3 mm long, with
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
reflexed, oblong-lanceolate, 4-6
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.2-0.3 mm long apical spine; the inner 16-21
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-2 mm, linear-lanceolate, 5-7
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.1-0.2 mm long apical spine. Corolla pinkish-whitish, 26-32 mm long. lobed to1/4-1/5.
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="69" start="start">Style</pageBreakToken>
15-19 mm long, exerted, shortly bilobed; filaments 5-7 mm long, densely hairy; Achenes brownish, 7-9
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3-4 mm, oblong, asymmetric, slightly compressed. Pappus 16-18 mm long, plumose, dirty white, or light brown.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="981275" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.68.8745.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/98326" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Firat" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium semzinanicum" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="semzinanicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Cirsium semzinanicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">a</emphasis>
habits
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">b</emphasis>
basal leaf
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">c</emphasis>
upper leaf surface
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">d</emphasis>
capitulum.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Petr" authorityYear="1964" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium karduchorum" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karduchorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Cirsium karduchorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">e</emphasis>
habit
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">f</emphasis>
basal leaf
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">g</emphasis>
upper leaf surface
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">h</emphasis>
capitulum.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="981277" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.68.8745.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/98327" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Firat" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium semzinanicum" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="semzinanicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Cirsium semzinanicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">a</emphasis>
outer phyllary
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">b</emphasis>
median phyllary
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">c</emphasis>
inner phyllary
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">d</emphasis>
achene.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Petr" authorityYear="1964" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium karduchorum" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karduchorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">Cirsium karduchorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">e</emphasis>
outer phyllary
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">f</emphasis>
median phyllary
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">g</emphasis>
inner phyllary
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="69">h</emphasis>
achene.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="70" type="micromorphology">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="70">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="70" start="start">Micromorphology</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="70">
Pollen grains are tricolporate, pollen shapes P/E: spheroidal, amb circular, polar axis 36.72
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, equatorial axis 36.60
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, exine 1.62
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thick, ornamentation echinate. Tectum complete structured, spines conic and pointed, 5-6 per 100
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
2, 2.83
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long, base diameter 3.45
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, intine 1.02
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, colpi margins are straight and distinct with pointed ends, 10
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. SEM Microphotograph of pollen of Cirsium karduchorum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.68.8745.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/98328" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="981279" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.68.8745.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/98328" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Figure 4.</emphasis>
SEM Microphotograph of pollen of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Petr" authorityYear="1964" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium karduchorum" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karduchorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Cirsium karduchorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="70">
Pollen grains are tricolporate, pollen shapes P/E: spheroidal, amb circular, polar axis 36.21µm, equatorial axis 38.25
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, exine 1.73
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
thick, ornamentation echinate, tectum complete structured, perforate with spines conic and pointed, 5-6 per 100
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
2, 2.70
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long, base diameter 3.45
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, intine 0.95
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
, colpi margins are straight and distinct with pointed ends, 17.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
long (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. SEM Microphotograph of pollen of Cirsium semzinanicum sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.68.8745.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/98329" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="981281" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.68.8745.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/98329" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="70">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Figure 5.</emphasis>
SEM Microphotograph of pollen of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Firat" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium semzinanicum" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="semzinanicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="70">Cirsium semzinanicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="71" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="71">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="71" start="start">Phenology</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Flowering and fruiting, from July to September.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="71" type="vernacular name">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Vernacular name.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="71">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Cirsium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. are called as
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Kîvar”">&quot;Kivar&quot;</normalizedToken>
by the local people of the
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hakkâri">Hakkari</normalizedToken>
province (
<bibRefCitation author="Firat, M" journalOrPublisher="Kalkan Ofset, Ankara" pageId="7" pageNumber="72" refId="B8" refString="Firat, M, 2013. Ferhenga Naven Riweken Bi Kurdi / Kuertce Bitki Adlari Soezluegue/Dictionary of Plant Names in Kurdish. Kalkan Ofset, Ankara" title="Ferhenga Naven Riweken Bi Kurdi / Kuertce Bitki Adlari Soezluegue / Dictionary of Plant Names in Kurdish." year="2013">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fırat">Firat</normalizedToken>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="71" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="71">
The specific epithet is derived from the name of the
<normalizedToken originalValue="Şemzinan">Semzinan</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Şemdinli">Semdinli</normalizedToken>
) province where type material was collected.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="71" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Distribution and conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="71">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Firat" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium semzinanicum" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="semzinanicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Cirsium semzinanicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hakkâri">Hakkari</normalizedToken>
province in Turkey. The number of mature individuals is approximately 600 and is known from 3 locations (criteria B2ab [i.iii]). Therefore, it should be regarded as belonging tothe IUCN Vulnerable (VU) threat category (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland" pageId="7" pageNumber="72" refId="B10" refString="IUCN, 2014. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 11. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland" title="IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 11." year="2014">IUCN 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="71" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Habitat and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="71">
The new species grows in Oak openings, slopes and eroded slopes at c. 1600-1900 m elevation with plants such as
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus libani" order="Fagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="libani">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Quercus libani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Daphne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Daphne oleoides subsp. kurdica" order="Thymelaeales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="subSpecies" species="oleoides" subSpecies="kurdica">Daphne oleoides subsp. kurdica</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bunge" authorityYear="1873" class="Eudicots" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Satureja" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Satureja bachtiarica" order="Lamiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="bachtiarica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Satureja bachtiarica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Dianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dianthus orientalis" order="Centrospermae" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Dianthus orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Eudicots" family="Asteraceae" genus="Echinops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Echinops tournefortii" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="tournefortii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Echinops tournefortii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fabaceae" genus="Astragalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Astragalus" order="Rosales" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Astragalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Apiaceae" genus="Eryngium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eryngium billardierei" order="Umbelliflorae" pageId="6" pageNumber="71" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="billardierei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="71">Eryngium billardierei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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98
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<taxonomicName authority="(Ehrenberg, 1845) Perty, 1849" authorityName="(Ehrenberg, 1845) Perty" authorityYear="1849" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aristolochiaceae" genus="Euglypha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euglypha laevis" order="Piperales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laevis">Euglypha laevis (Ehrenberg, 1845) Perty, 1849</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName class="Oligotrichea" family="Codonellidae" genus="Difflugia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="Difflugia laevis" order="Tintinnida" pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="laevis">Difflugia laevis</taxonomicName>
Ehrenberg, 1845
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aristolochiaceae" genus="Euglypha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euglypha alveolata" order="Piperales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alveolata">Euglypha alveolata</taxonomicName>
Leidy, 1879 (in part)
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25295">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Aristolochiaceae" genus="Euglypha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euglypha" order="Piperales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Euglypha</taxonomicName>
Vejdovsky, 1882
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Pirin Mt. (
<bibRefCitation author="Golemansky, V." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut de Zoologie et Mesee" pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" pagination="47 - 58" title="La faune rhizopodique (Rhizopoda, Testacea) du littoral et du benthal du lac Popovo dans la montagne de Pirine" volume="40" year="1974">Golemansky 1974</bibRefCitation>
, new data); Rhodopes Mt. (
<bibRefCitation author="Golemansky, V." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut de Zoologie et Musee de Sofia" pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" pagination="171 - 187" title="On the species composition and distribution of the rhizopod fauna of upper Smolian Lakes" volume="27" year="1968">Golemansky 1968</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Golemansky, V." editor="Beron, P." journalOrPublisher="Pensoft &amp; National Museumof Natural Histoty, Sofia" pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" title="Biodiversity of Bulgaria. 3. Biodiversity of Western Rhodopes (Bulgaria and Greece) I" year="2006">Golemansky et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
); Rila Mt. (
<bibRefCitation author="Pateff, P." journalOrPublisher="Arbeiten der Bulgarischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" pagination="1 - 46" title="Kenntnis der Suesswasserrhizopoden von Bulgarien" volume="11" year="1924">Pateff 1924</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Golemansky, V." journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" pagination="3 - 9" title="Testate amoebae (Protozoa, Rhizopoda) in the watercatchment area and littoral of the &quot; Beli Iskar &quot; dam" volume="46" year="1993">Golemansky and Todorov 1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Todorov, M." editor="Golemansky, V." journalOrPublisher="Professor Marin Drinov Academic PublIshing House, Sofia" pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" title="Biodiversity and Evolution of Glacial Water Ecosystems in the Rila Mountains" year="2000">Todorov and Golemansky 2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Todorov, M." journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" pagination="13 - 23" title="Testate amoebae (Protozoa, Rhizopoda) of the glacial lakes Smradlivo ezero in the Rila National Park (Southwestern Bulgaria)" volume="57" year="2005">Todorov 2005</bibRefCitation>
, new data); Stara Planina Mt. (new data); Vitosha Mt. (
<bibRefCitation author="Golemansky, V." journalOrPublisher="Annuaire de l'Universite de Sofia, Faculte de Biologie." pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" pagination="17 - 38" title="Etude sur les especes et l'ecologie des rhizopodes (Rhizopoda, Testacea) des hautes tourbieres de la montagne Vitocha" volume="59" year="1965">Golemansky 1965</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Golemansky, V." journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" pagination="50 - 64" title="Comparative studies on the composition and distribution of the thecamoeban fauna (Rhizopoda, Testacea) in three types of soil in Vitosha Mountain" volume="29" year="1985">Golemansky and Todorov 1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="25295">Golemansky and Todorov 1990</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Todorov, M." journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Bbulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" pagination="16 - 23" title="Testate Amoebae (Protozoa, Rhizopoda) in soils of Vitosa Mountain (Bulgaria)" volume="46" year="1993">Todorov 1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Todorov, M." journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="25295" pagination="3 - 22" title="Ecological caracteristics of soil Testacea (Protozoa, Rhizopoda) of Vitosa Mountain (Bulgaria)" volume="48" year="1995">Todorov and Golemansky 1995</bibRefCitation>
, new data).
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<taxonomicName LSID="C1B08F48-825F-43FD-74B4-833476519EC8" authority="K. I. Meyer" authorityName="K. I. Meyer" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Berberidaceae" genus="Epimedium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epimedium platypetalum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="platypetalum">Epimedium platypetalum K. I. Meyer</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Photos of E. ecalcaratum, E. platypetalum, and E. campanulatum. A-B Flower of E. ecalcaratum C Rhizome of E. ecalcaratum D Morphology of E. ecalcaratum E-F Flower of E. platypetalum G Rhizome of E. platypetalum H Morphology of E. platypetalum I-J Flower of E. campanulatum K Rhizome of E. campanulatum L Morphology of E. campanulatum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.78.11640.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/128178" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Figs 2E-H</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Population variation of leaves morphology in E. ecalcaratum, E. platypetalum, and E. campanulatum. A-G E. ecalcaratum H-L E. platypetalum M-Q E. campanulatum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.78.11640.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/128179" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">, 3H-L</figureCitation>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Berberidaceae" genus="Epimedium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epimedium platypetalum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="platypetalum">Epimedium platypetalum</taxonomicName>
K. I. Meyer, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih., 12: 380. 1922. Type: China. Sichuan: Wenchuan, alt. 1600 m,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Limpricht 1386</emphasis>
(Syntypes, WRSLE, WU).
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
Flowering stem 25-35 cm long. Rhizome thin, short or long-creeping, 1-3 mm in diameter. Leaves basal and cauline, trifoliolate; leaflets subrounded, ca. 4.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4 cm, apex rounded, base deeply cordate with regularly rounded lobes, terminal leaflet with equal rounded lobes, lateral leaflets oblique with outer lobe large and rounded, inner lobe smaller and rounded, margin spinose-serrate, abaxially pilose. Flowering stem with 1 trifoliolate (rarely 5-foliolate) leaves, sometimes 2 opposite trifoliolate leaves, occasionally 2 opposite unifoliolate leaves. Inflorescence raceme, 2-6-flowered, 7-12 cm long, almost glabrous. Flowers ca. 10 mm in diameter, yellow, pedicels 0.5-1 cm long, glandular hairs. Outer sepals 4, green, triangular-lanceolate, ca. 2
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1 mm. Inner sepals 4, purple-red, ovate, ca. 4
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5 mm. Petals 4, yellow, spurless, ca. 6-8
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
4-5 mm, oblong, apex rounded. Stamens ca. 3 mm; anthers yellow, ca. 2 mm.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Population variation of leaves morphology in
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Berberidaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. ecalcaratum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="ecalcaratum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">E. ecalcaratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Berberidaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. platypetalum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="platypetalum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">E. platypetalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Berberidaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. campanulatum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="campanulatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">E. campanulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">A-G</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Berberidaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. ecalcaratum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="ecalcaratum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">E. ecalcaratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">H-L</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Berberidaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. platypetalum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="platypetalum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">E. platypetalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">M-Q</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Berberidaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="E. campanulatum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="campanulatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">E. campanulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Berberidaceae" genus="Epimedium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epimedium platypetalum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="platypetalum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Epimedium platypetalum</emphasis>
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occurs in Sichuan and Shanxi, often on mountain slopes with elevations ranging from 1300 m to 2800 m.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Berberidaceae" genus="Epimedium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epimedium platypetalum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="platypetalum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Epimedium platypetalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flowers from April to May, and fruits from May to June.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="iucn red list category">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="26">IUCN Red List category.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Berberidaceae" genus="Epimedium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Epimedium platypetalum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="platypetalum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Epimedium platypetalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be designated as Vulnerable (VU) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge U. K." pageId="9" pageNumber="32" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/" refId="B6" refString="IUCN, 2015. The IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2015.4. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge U.K., http://www.iucnredlist.org/" title="The IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2015.4" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/" year="2015">IUCN 2015</bibRefCitation>
), because of habitat destruction.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="26" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="26">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2017-01-01" collectingDateMax="2017-12-31" collectingDateMin="2017-01-01" collectorName="Maoxian, S. Y, Nanjiang, B. L, Guo A" country="China" location="Sichuan" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sichuan">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
<collectingCountry name="China">China</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion country="China" name="Sichuan">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<collectorName>
Maoxian,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">S. Y. Chen 5210</emphasis>
</collectorName>
(NAS).
<collectorName>
Nanjiang,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
B. L.
<collectorName>Guo A</collectorName>
56
</emphasis>
</collectorName>
(IMD)
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation accessionNumber="E84009, E84010, E84052" collectingDate="2017-01-01" collectingDateMax="2017-12-31" collectingDateMin="2017-01-01" collectorName="Nanzheng, J. X, Lv, Y. P, X. F. Zhuo, S. X. Liu, J. X. Zhu, L. J. Liu" country="China" location="Shanxi" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Shanxi">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
<collectingRegion country="China" name="Shanxi">Shanxi</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<collectorName>
Nanzheng,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
J.X.
<collectorName>Lv, Y.P</collectorName>
. Lv &amp;
<collectorName>X.F. Zhuo</collectorName>
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/E84009">E84009</accessionNumber>
</emphasis>
</collectorName>
(PE),
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/E84010">E84010</accessionNumber>
</emphasis>
(PE),
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/E84052">E84052</accessionNumber>
</emphasis>
(PE),
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="26">
<collectorName>S.X. Liu</collectorName>
,
<collectorName>J.X. Zhu</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName>L.J. Liu</collectorName>
2016020
</emphasis>
(JXCM)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

288
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<paragraph id="A6B871AEDEDB2F539F04EA338E5CD7D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">General information.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5B2E5B99D70D4A98E298F405F69F40FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
The concept of
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was once much enlarged, encompassing not only all
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but also most pythonoids, tropidophiids, bolyeriids, as well as the extinct madtsoiids (e.g.,
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,
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,
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;
<bibRefCitation id="71414C9232D31F795C3B1E573243B3F4" author="Boulenger, GΑ" journalOrPublisher="Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B83" refString="Boulenger, GΑ, 1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 1, Containing the Families Typhlopidae, Glauconidae, Boidae, Ilysiidae, Uropeltidae, Xenopeltidae, and Colubridae Aglyphae, part. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London" title="Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 1, Containing the Families Typhlopidae, Glauconidae, Boidae, Ilysiidae, Uropeltidae, Xenopeltidae, and Colubridae Aglyphae, part." year="1893">Boulenger 1893</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="14F687ACDDCF315472FE01BA04DAF866" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" author="Rage, J-C" editor="Seigel, RA" journalOrPublisher="Macmillan, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="51 - 76" refId="B478" refString="Rage, J-C, 1987. Fossil history. In: Seigel, RA, Collins, JT, Novak, SS, Eds., Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Macmillan, New York: 51 - 76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" title="Fossil history." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" volumeTitle="Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology." year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
;
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;
<bibRefCitation id="F434B5C00B7AC44BB6EFE7C18005E03D" author="Underwood, G" editor="Bellairs, Ad'A" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="151 - 175" refId="B635" refString="Underwood, G, 1976. A systematic analysis of boid snakes. In: Bellairs, Ad'A, Cox, CB, Eds., Morphology and Biology of Reptiles, Linnean Society Symposium Series 3. Academic Press, London: 151 - 175" title="A systematic analysis of boid snakes." volumeTitle="Morphology and Biology of Reptiles, Linnean Society Symposium Series 3." year="1976">Underwood 1976</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="51EEFE9DDAD93EB94718E56CD30A3F98" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04019.x" author="Underwood, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="565 - 603" refId="B637" refString="Underwood, G, Stimson, AF, 1990. A classification of pythons (Serpentes, Pythoninae). Journal of Zoology 221: 565 - 603, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04019.x" title="A classification of pythons (Serpentes, Pythoninae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04019.x" volume="221" year="1990">Underwood and Stimson 1990</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="AF4143C61D89751B935DE1261775B680" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Estudios Geologicos" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="103 - 126" refId="B608" refString="Szyndlar, Z, 1991a. A review of Neogene and Quaternary snakes of Central and Eastern Europe. Part I: Scolecophidia, Boidae, Colubrinae. Estudios Geologicos 47: 103 - 126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" title="A review of Neogene and Quaternary snakes of Central and Eastern Europe. Part I: Scolecophidia, Boidae, Colubrinae." url="https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" volume="47" year="1991 a">Szyndlar 1991a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="93972EF7D2CB3EE0BD8E8D9681B56EEC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0812-7387.19.1993.52" author="Kluge, AG" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 77" refId="B321" refString="Kluge, AG, 1993a. Aspidites and the phylogeny of pythonine snakes. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 19: 1 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0812-7387.19.1993.52" title="Aspidites and the phylogeny of pythonine snakes." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0812-7387.19.1993.52" volume="19" year="1993 a">Kluge 1993a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="ACD516F0117E6378E6812A40B41C6F3C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/240/1996/145" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica A" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="145 - 161" refId="B613" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Boehme, W, 1996. Redescription of Tropidonotus atavus von Meyer, 1855 from the upper Oligocene of Rott (Germany) and its allocation to Rottophis gen. nov. (Serpentes, Boidae). Palaeontographica A 240: 145 - 161, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/240/1996/145" title="Redescription of Tropidonotus atavus von Meyer, 1855 from the upper Oligocene of Rott (Germany) and its allocation to Rottophis gen. nov. (Serpentes, Boidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1127/pala/240/1996/145" volume="240" year="1996">
Szyndlar and
<normalizedToken id="B64A31F43010626DF1AC36C1A9B38372" originalValue="Böhme">Boehme</normalizedToken>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E2499D59DFD46B702363FBAB84E7CDA0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1467047" author="Harvey, MB" journalOrPublisher="Herpetological Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="139 - 185" refId="B243" refString="Harvey, MB, Barker, DG, Ammerman, LK, Chippendale, PT, 2000. Systematics of pythons of the Morelia amethistina complex (Serpentes: Boidae) with the description of three new species. Herpetological Monographs 14: 139 - 185, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1467047" title="Systematics of pythons of the Morelia amethistina complex (Serpentes: Boidae) with the description of three new species." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1467047" volume="14" year="2000">Harvey et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D9BC1FC38AB71113AB1063C50D879C35" author="Ivanov, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe herpetologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="15 - 24" refId="B300" refString="Ivanov, M, Rage, J-C, Szyndlar, Z, Venczel, M, 2000. Histoire et origine geographique des faunes de serpents en Europe. Bulletin de la Societe herpetologique de France 96: 15 - 24" title="Histoire et origine geographique des faunes de serpents en Europe." volume="96" year="2000">Ivanov et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
). However, in recent taxonomic schemes, following the advance of phylogenetic analyses, the content of
<taxonomicName id="DB40AE7BE576361B26A677521B81FAA8" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
has dramatically decreased to encompass only the five extant genera
<taxonomicName id="D3DBC15F2CE67CD35E954F3DB4748065" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Boa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Boa" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C34FC8471FD4073A895D19CC73448D58" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Boa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="B42623D7994A1715F4B437302B3F287B" authorityName="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" authorityYear="1844" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Chilabothrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chilabothrus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8F4F2E27E8C412868F4E4C21577CC689" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Chilabothrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4FFF3E77FEC71E30FF12E11A263F6C43" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1803" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Corallus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Corallus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="734CD90A7774799DBF8666110A782D39" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Corallus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A0B9FBE54A3A68D718F7A37426E26E34" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" class="Squamata" family="Boidae" genus="Epicrates" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicrates" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="529E44B3E71521E2D25FC821BE852DE7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Epicrates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4894457527A115EC43725B4A1029C43C" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" class="Squamata" family="Candoiidae" genus="Eunectes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eunectes" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="75D829434AA72B034D0806E8E1519171" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Eunectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all currently distributed in the Americas (see
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;
<bibRefCitation id="56D7322B43CC930ED1F8BF894D5A2B9D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" author="Reynolds, RG" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 58" refId="B495" refString="Reynolds, RG, Henderson, RW, 2018. Boas of the world (superfamily Booidae): A checklist with systematic, taxonomic, and conservation assessments. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 162: 1 - 58, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" title="Boas of the world (superfamily Booidae): A checklist with systematic, taxonomic, and conservation assessments." url="https://doi.org/10.3099/MCZ48.1" volume="162" year="2018">Reynolds and Henderson 2018</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1CE4066CCA73C95B0B46E38DDB206B77" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-4-2020-06" author="Scanferla, A" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="615 - 620" refId="B530" refString="Scanferla, A, Smith, KT, 2020b. Additional anatomical information on the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Rieppelophis ermannorum (Messel Formation, Germany). Vertebrate Zoology 70: 615 - 620, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-4-2020-06" title="Additional anatomical information on the Eocene minute boas Messelophis variatus and Rieppelophis ermannorum (Messel Formation, Germany)." url="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-4-2020-06" volume="70" year="2020 b">Scanferla and Smith 2020b</bibRefCitation>
). That taxonomic approach almost corresponds with the concept of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="9D29C4C36E1F555AFB2441A8358223C7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Boinae">Boinae</taxonomicName>
in previous decades (e.g.,
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;
<bibRefCitation id="85A936708528EDBF4229234D02E182E7" author="Stimson, AF" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter &amp; Co., Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B593" refString="Stimson, AF, 1969. Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Boidae (Boinae + Bolyeriinae + Loxoceminae + Pythoninae). Das Tierreich, Lieferung 89. Walter de Gruyter &amp; Co., Berlin" title="Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Boidae (Boinae + Bolyeriinae + Loxoceminae + Pythoninae). Das Tierreich, Lieferung 89." year="1969">Stimson 1969</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="24743599729C2DD022F91ACA9102DF28" author="Rage, J-C" editor="Wellnhofer, P" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 80" refId="B477" refString="Rage, J-C, 1984. Serpentes. In: Wellnhofer, P, Ed., Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York: 1 - 80" title="Serpentes." volumeTitle="Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11." year="1984">Rage 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
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;
<bibRefCitation id="679336E4C2EDBBF964DE78D9B884AA37" author="Ivanov, M" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe herpetologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="15 - 24" refId="B300" refString="Ivanov, M, Rage, J-C, Szyndlar, Z, Venczel, M, 2000. Histoire et origine geographique des faunes de serpents en Europe. Bulletin de la Societe herpetologique de France 96: 15 - 24" title="Histoire et origine geographique des faunes de serpents en Europe." volume="96" year="2000">Ivanov et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). They have a rich fossil record, including also remains of all the extant genera (
<bibRefCitation id="88269411390A6566A63ACA6F728EB5D3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63988" author="Pregill, GK" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas, Museum Natural History, Miscellaneous Publications" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 72" refId="B466" refString="Pregill, GK, 1981. Late Pleistocene herpetofaunas from Puerto Rico. University of Kansas, Museum Natural History, Miscellaneous Publications 71: 1 - 72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63988" title="Late Pleistocene herpetofaunas from Puerto Rico." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63988" volume="71" year="1981">Pregill 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E8659B5BCC2708AA3928130BD02B5542" author="Rage, J-C" journalOrPublisher="Palaeovertebrata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="111 - 150" refId="B481" refString="Rage, J-C, 2001. Fossil snakes from the Paleocene of Sao Jose de Itaborai, Brazil. Part II. Boidae. Palaeovertebrata 30: 111 - 150" title="Fossil snakes from the Paleocene of Sao Jose de Itaborai, Brazil. Part II. Boidae." volume="30" year="2001">Rage 2001</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="BA81445CAE5D23F0EB1E3CBDE4FD19AE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1670/08-295.1" author="Hsiou, AS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="612 - 619" refId="B288" refString="Hsiou, AS, Albino, AM, 2009. Presence of the genus Eunectes (Serpentes, Boidae) in the Neogene of Southwestern Amazonia, Brazil. Journal of Herpetology 43: 612 - 619, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1670/08-295.1" title="Presence of the genus Eunectes (Serpentes, Boidae) in the Neogene of Southwestern Amazonia, Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.1670/08-295.1" volume="43" year="2009">Hsiou and Albino 2009</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="5CEBB5B50BB085CEBDFB3DE06BDAF48C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.33800/nc.v0i11.26" author="Aranda, E" journalOrPublisher="Novitates Caribaea" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="115 - 123" refId="B21" refString="Aranda, E, Martinez-Lopez, JG, Jimenez, O, Aleman, C, Vinola, LW, 2017. Nuevos registros fosiles de vertebrados terrestres para Las Llanadas, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. Novitates Caribaea 11: 115 - 123, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33800/nc.v0i11.26" title="Nuevos registros fosiles de vertebrados terrestres para Las Llanadas, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba." url="https://doi.org/10.33800/nc.v0i11.26" volume="11" year="2017">Aranda et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="DE747CA889C76E1047D9BB1CA3EB29E7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly002" author="Onary, S" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="453 - 470" refId="B406" refString="Onary, S, Hsiou, AS, 2018. Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): Implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 453 - 470, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly002" title="Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): Implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly002" volume="184" year="2018">Onary and Hsiou 2018</bibRefCitation>
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="403D19E0444F4AEEDF938D9CE556602C" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Trunk vertebrae of
<taxonomicName id="BE538EA432CEB10B57A8DDE067105738" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
closely resemble those of other booids (except for candoiids and ungaliophiids) as well as other constrictors and more particularly,
<taxonomicName id="5084659613B233E205D5B01CD788458F" class="Reptilia" family="Pythonidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pythonidae</taxonomicName>
. However, some (but not all) boas possess paracotylar foramina that are totally absent in pythons; this difference has been particularly applied as a potentially useful tool in palaeontological research (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="0B21CB5F531205D2E089A268128F6500" author="Rage, J-C" editor="Wellnhofer, P" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 80" refId="B477" refString="Rage, J-C, 1984. Serpentes. In: Wellnhofer, P, Ed., Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York: 1 - 80" title="Serpentes." volumeTitle="Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11." year="1984">Rage 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0D3E8320D648A86479B1EF6E2AD4DBD9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Estudios Geologicos" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="103 - 126" refId="B608" refString="Szyndlar, Z, 1991a. A review of Neogene and Quaternary snakes of Central and Eastern Europe. Part I: Scolecophidia, Boidae, Colubrinae. Estudios Geologicos 47: 103 - 126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" title="A review of Neogene and Quaternary snakes of Central and Eastern Europe. Part I: Scolecophidia, Boidae, Colubrinae." url="https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.91473-4422" volume="47" year="1991 a">Szyndlar 1991a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B07B0AB6945FFE86C92C147D7220D50E" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B614" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Rage, J-C, 2003. Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" title="Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe." year="2003">Szyndlar and Rage 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="94E3DDD54345ECE52DE34D5ED38C34E6" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Vertebrae of
<taxonomicName id="C587587764E4946780C7E19296C24039" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
have regularly and extensively appeared in the literature, including some of the first studies of snake vertebral morphology (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="49653084D5CC1D362DC227DCA7517C10" author="D'Alton, E" journalOrPublisher="Anton, Halle" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B142" refString="D'Alton, E, 1836. De Pythonis ac Boarum ossibus commentatio. Anton, Halle" title="De Pythonis ac Boarum ossibus commentatio." year="1836">
<normalizedToken id="81EEA47CFF7B39FA86D6575C2B58202E" originalValue="D’Alton">D'Alton</normalizedToken>
1836
</bibRefCitation>
). As such, a large number of studies have so far presented figures of vertebrae of
<taxonomicName id="1323983A710447E0FC5050ED01A742CA" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
, including
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,
<bibRefCitation id="C20A173D74E1B912A97727E8DE750FA5" author="Rochebrune, AT de" journalOrPublisher="Journal de l'Anatomie et de la Physiologie normales et pathologiques de l'Homme et des Animaux" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="185 - 229" refId="B510" refString="Rochebrune, AT de, 1881. Memoire sur les vertebres des Ophidiens. Journal de l'Anatomie et de la Physiologie normales et pathologiques de l'Homme et des Animaux 17: 185 - 229" title="Memoire sur les vertebres des Ophidiens." volume="17" year="1881">Rochebrune (1881)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2D61311DA86776043113728333454D2C" author="Holman, JA" journalOrPublisher="British Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="300 - 303" refId="B277" refString="Holman, JA, 1967. Neural spine expansions of some boid snakes. British Journal of Herpetology 3: 300 - 303" title="Neural spine expansions of some boid snakes." volume="3" year="1967">Holman (1967)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F8CF81446B9B1C75CE0DACB5570E606" author="Gasc, JP" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Serie A)" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 182" refId="B190" refString="Gasc, JP, 1974. L'interpretation fonctionelle de l'appareil musculo-squelettique de l'axe vertebral chez les Serpents (Reptilia). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Serie A) 83: 1 - 182" title="L'interpretation fonctionelle de l'appareil musculo-squelettique de l'axe vertebral chez les Serpents (Reptilia)." volume="83" year="1974">Gasc (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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,
<bibRefCitation id="E2F1047A4E1074B18235709A5CEA7A7E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172012" author="Palci, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B427" refString="Palci, A, Hutchinson, MN, Caldwell, MW, Scanlon, JD, Lee, MSY, 2018. Palaeoecological inferences for the fossil Australian snakes Yurlunggur and Wonambi (Serpentes, Madtsoiidae). Royal Society Open Science 5: 172012. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172012" title="Palaeoecological inferences for the fossil Australian snakes Yurlunggur and Wonambi (Serpentes, Madtsoiidae). Royal Society Open Science 5: 172012." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172012" year="2018">Palci et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
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,
<bibRefCitation id="40ABD4B591838C5682978813D1C8C2D7" author="Machado-Filho, PR" journalOrPublisher="PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B360" refString="Machado-Filho, PR, 2020. Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia). PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" title="Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia)." year="2020">Machado-Filho (2020)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="9EBAFA23BD2EBC8C16658F2FB9E091FF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-021-00224-0" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B201" refString="Georgalis, GL, Rabi, M, Smith, KT, 2021a. Taxonomic revision of the snakes of the genera Palaeopython and Paleryx (Serpentes, Constrictores) from the Paleogene of Europe. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 140: 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-021-00224-0" title="Taxonomic revision of the snakes of the genera Palaeopython and Paleryx (Serpentes, Constrictores) from the Paleogene of Europe. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 140: 18." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-021-00224-0" year="2021 a">Georgalis et al. (2021a)</bibRefCitation>
, including even vertebrae of early ontogenetic stages, such as embryos (
<bibRefCitation id="CBD590F9D54227BA6D9EFE171924EF2D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-022-01828-3" author="Chuliver, M" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B117" refString="Chuliver, M, Scanferla Smith, KT, 2022. Live birth in a 47millionyearold snake. The Science of Nature 109: 56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-022-01828-3" title="Live birth in a 47 millionyearold snake. The Science of Nature 109: 56." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-022-01828-3" year="2022">Chuliver et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
). Among these, vertebrae from the cloacal and/or caudal series were presented by
<bibRefCitation id="8CCC60AAA712BBCA287B38B1EE2D48E4" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B614" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Rage, J-C, 2003. Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" title="Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe." year="2003">Szyndlar and Rage (2003)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E53805C40661461E73CB4D148CCD5DC7" author="Machado-Filho, PR" journalOrPublisher="PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B360" refString="Machado-Filho, PR, 2020. Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia). PhD Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo" title="Descricao e comparacao do esqueleto axial da Damilia Boidae (Serpentes, Alethinophidia)." year="2020">Machado-Filho (2020)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="C12F1192A2542A9A83EF2F5893E0BD15" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" author="Alfonso-Rojas, A" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="377 - 399" refId="B11" refString="Alfonso-Rojas, A, Vanegas, RD, Marino-Morejon, E, Cadena, E-A, 2023. Newly discovered fossils provide novel insights on the biology of the South American Miocene snake Colombophis Hoffstetter &amp; Rage, 1977. Geodiversitas 45: 377 - 399, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" title="Newly discovered fossils provide novel insights on the biology of the South American Miocene snake Colombophis Hoffstetter &amp; Rage, 1977." url="https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a13" volume="45" year="2023">Alfonso-Rojas et al. (2023)</bibRefCitation>
. Figures of the microanatomy and histology / transverse sections of boid vertebrae were presented by
<bibRefCitation id="290A66FB7CE46C894707C387F58DC91F" author="Buffrenil, V de" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Paleontologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="315 - 335" refId="B99" refString="Buffrenil, V de, Rage, J-C, 1993. La &quot;pachyostose&quot; vertebrale de Simoliophis (Reptilia, Squamata): Donnees comparatives et considerations fonctionnelles. Annales de Paleontologie 79: 315 - 335" title="La &quot; pachyostose &quot; vertebrale de Simoliophis (Reptilia, Squamata): Donnees comparatives et considerations fonctionnelles." volume="79" year="1993">
<normalizedToken id="A118B1904B37714302370EF32DE5F238" originalValue="Buffrénil">Buffrenil</normalizedToken>
and Rage (1993)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="D0626D22C018AA9BAA50146FE9026020" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01307.x" author="Houssaye, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Anatomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="715 - 727" refId="B286" refString="Houssaye, A, Mazurier, A, Herrel, A, Volpato, V, Tafforeau, P, Boistel, R, de Buffrenil, V, 2010. Vertebral microanatomy in squamates: Structure, growth and ecological correlates. Journal of Anatomy 217: 715 - 727, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01307.x" title="Vertebral microanatomy in squamates: Structure, growth and ecological correlates." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01307.x" volume="217" year="2010">Houssaye et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
. Quantitative studies on the intracolumnar variability of boid vertebrae were also conducted by
<bibRefCitation id="F0EC7E79FDAEC7A0A1D18823C1DDAC2F" author="Hoffstetter, R" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B267" refString="Hoffstetter, R, 1960. Sur la classification des Boides de Madagascar et des Mascareignes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 32: 131-138." title="Sur la classification des Boides de Madagascar et des Mascareignes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 32: 131 - 138." year="1960">Hoffstetter (1960)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="28F951571F03D9D41CC45D5536BE3F3A" author="Gasc, JP" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Serie A)" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 182" refId="B190" refString="Gasc, JP, 1974. L'interpretation fonctionelle de l'appareil musculo-squelettique de l'axe vertebral chez les Serpents (Reptilia). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Serie A) 83: 1 - 182" title="L'interpretation fonctionelle de l'appareil musculo-squelettique de l'axe vertebral chez les Serpents (Reptilia)." volume="83" year="1974">Gasc (1974)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<subSubSection id="45D91BA5B8AFCCE264A81F082E64DA03" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="CF839E71D5BC87288D0CEC7302070EF6" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<pageBreakToken id="FE154FCA29959CBFA50EC1B6C3947E9F" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
classification Animalia Stylommatophora Clausiliidae
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CB3F2369FD664BD7BD6E5BABA2C5FB4F" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="170AED63E551B96BB7F35EB6E965479F" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="41CC07F5C207F15BD4E46EEE7030E42E" ID-CoL="7TY34" authority="Nordsieck, 2009" authorityName="Nordsieck" authorityYear="2009" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Montenegrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Montenegrina laxa" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="laxa" subSpecies="lakmosensis">Montenegrina laxa lakmosensis Nordsieck, 2009</taxonomicName>
Fig. 21H
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="77042712F83CC6C152EE0D72DB344245" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="1DD52416E8C4D1492706F6BA2D2D10AF" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="863DA34E1B471E79172EAA5BA55E996A" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Montenegrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Montenegrina janinensis" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="janinensis">Montenegrina janinensis</taxonomicName>
-
<bibRefCitation id="9A4A91E2FE3B5B0E90C350ECB79C2052" author="Sattmann, H" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" pagination="39 - 48" title="Notes on land snails of Epirus (Greece) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata, Prosobranchia)." volume="96 B" year="1994">
Sattmann and
<normalizedToken id="4EF521AADF51542936F1CF1EB74937BD" originalValue="Reischütz">Reischuetz</normalizedToken>
1994
</bibRefCitation>
: 46.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7D91D8C98088FC7CA85B31DCA0834430" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="CE58766C56425E91285426E38A39F83E" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Montenegrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Montenegrina dedovi" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="dedovi" subSpecies="lakmosensis">Montenegrina dedovi lakmosensis</taxonomicName>
Nordsieck, 2009: 77, plate 2, fig. 5.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D5A3F8755E60C5B83528D683F6D4C83F" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="C38AF79915703600668FF5A24621DB04" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="944B5B82589AE2AB60B95D75F31DABF0" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Shell small, tumid, yellowish-corneous. All whorls smooth. Neck weakly inflexed, densely striate. Basal and peripheral crests weak. Peristome ovoid to somewhat angular, with slightly swollen margin. Lamella superior weak and short, distant from the spiralis. In front view lamella inferior moderately emerged. Subcolumellaris and clausilium plate not or barely visible through the aperture. Lunella dorsolateral to lateral, basalis short. Subclaustralis shorter than the basalis, sulcalis residual or absent. Anterior plica superior mostly absent, if present separate from the lunella complex.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="21CD78E1FDCA248F384A954BDE3ED777" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="description">
<paragraph id="58D2EF8DDC9A3E2FE5E16F8B54597021" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Dimensions</paragraph>
<paragraph id="88BC07F38481FDE53C8366DBEC14A209" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">(in mm). Hs: 12.8-15.0 (holotype 14.1), Ws: 3.8-4.1 (holotype 4.0).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6BE48D3920D673F59725DA84F7BD74D0" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="type locality">
<paragraph id="3588B917A7B1A1A02A395EFF48683102" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="32470665B08C4623265D97BE3F672DF3" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Greece, Lakmos Mts,
<normalizedToken id="9AB227348E014A29E5F67751AECE8612" originalValue="Epirus–Thessalia">Epirus-Thessalia</normalizedToken>
border, near Metsovon, S of the Peristeri Summit, ca. 2000 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C839FF5B8FCF2EAA19184F256B150D11" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="type material">
<paragraph id="E3935C82941EAE3F38A9C1BB2BF5A7A4" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1CE60961828222A087F051881F253403" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Type locality, leg. HS, 2.vii.1988, holotype (SMNS 70544), paratypes (SMNS-N 9776/12, SMF 332354/1).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="25ECE3D5AE6AAB19FF6916AF4B226746" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="49EE4B244A797640283502384BE99860" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Other material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0EBBD3C2CF294BB5D63E880BFB5F29B5" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Original series but not type (NHMW 102868)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4335B4C6944836CDEE7005265318BE1F" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="086DC41AFA42773365FE5702846DFE6D" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A25B1659C0421C80E7C1592D83E5F44C" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Lakmos (= Peristeri) Mts in northwestern Greece. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 23).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1D259762642AF1BFCCAE3E1784F63FB2" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="13F830A6A9549DEE5455F81A2319ABB0" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="267D521DA33A1E704A8027A7352BE7BF" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
Originally
<taxonomicName id="E9D7F2FBE0DC007286E043BA88306A7F" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Montenegrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Montenegrina laxa" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="laxa" subSpecies="lakmosensis">Montenegrina laxa lakmosensis</taxonomicName>
was described by Nordsieck (2008) as a subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="B3CDC345AB1ED58685319977A1018338" lsidName="dedovi" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" rank="species" species="dedovi">dedovi</taxonomicName>
, which is now also classified with
<taxonomicName id="AF783A80717C4669F4537A7C8D127B90" class="Gastropoda" family="Clausiliidae" genus="Montenegrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Montenegrina laxa" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="laxa">Montenegrina laxa</taxonomicName>
(see above).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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