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reason="1"> +<taxonomicName id="78F760B4FF82CB46FEEFA7090F9C4648" authorityName="Kuhne" authorityYear="1949" box="[376,499,588,614]" family="Morganucodontidae" genus="Morganucodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FEEFA7090F9C4648" bold="true" box="[376,499,588,614]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">RESULTS</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</heading> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="F7ED48BCFF82CB4EFFE6A73C0A7242E8" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description"> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF82CB46FFE6A73C0C3240CD" blockId="5.[113,763,632,1251]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"> +In this section, we revise information on the endocast of the inner ear and stapedial morphology and provide a detailed description of the intrapetrosal circum-promontorial plexus of +<taxonomicName id="78F760B4FF82CB46FFE6A7930F6B46C0" authorityName="Kuhne" authorityYear="1949" box="[113,260,726,750]" family="Morganucodontidae" genus="Morganucodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FFE6A7930F6B46C0" box="[113,260,726,750]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Morganucodon</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Graybeal +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FEE6A7920FCF46C0" box="[369,416,726,750]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +(1989) first reported on the bony labyrinth of the inner ear of +<taxonomicName id="78F760B4FF82CB46FE0FA7B00C444723" authorityName="Kuhne" authorityYear="1949" box="[408,555,757,781]" family="Morganucodontidae" genus="Morganucodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FE0FA7B00C444723" box="[408,555,757,781]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Morganucodon</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +based on serial sectioning, but several features can now be described in greater detail and/or corrected based on high-resolution µCT scanning. Graybeal +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FE86A6110F2C4745" box="[273,323,851,875]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +(1989) noted that the petrosals were donated by F. R. Parrington; therefore, they were almost certainly found in the Pontalun 3 fissure. In addition to the description of the internal morphology, we provide high-resolution images and three-dimensional (3D) surface files of 19 petrosals that are particularly well preserved ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FE02A6B50F814026" box="[405,494,1008,1032]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStart-4="Figure 5" captionStart-5="Figure 6" captionStartId-0="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionStartId-1="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionStartId-2="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionStartId-3="10.[129,194,1369,1393]" captionStartId-4="11.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionStartId-5="12.[129,194,917,941]" captionTargetBox-0="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetBox-1="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetBox-2="[150,1423,151,1814]" captionTargetBox-3="[130,1473,145,1340]" captionTargetBox-4="[200,1373,151,1814]" captionTargetBox-5="[129,1473,145,887]" captionTargetId-0="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetId-1="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetId-2="figure-6@9.[148,1425,149,1816]" captionTargetId-3="figure-6@10.[128,1475,144,1342]" captionTargetId-4="figure-6@11.[198,1375,149,1816]" captionTargetId-5="figure-485@12.[128,1475,144,889]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionTargetPageId-4="11" captionTargetPageId-5="12" captionText-0="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." captionText-1="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" captionText-2="Figure 3. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus;" captionText-3="Figure 4. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C) and dorsal views (B, D), of NHM UK PV M27135 (A, B) and NHM UK PV M27144 (C, D). From left to right:petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey).Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D and on the left in B, C. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff,primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; slb, secondary lamina base.All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." captionText-4="Figure 5. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 3 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views, of NHM UK PV M27690 (A, B), NHM UK PV M27691 (C, D), NHM UK PV M27701 (E, F), and NHM UK PV M27702 (G, H). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, C, F, G and on the left in B, D, E, H." captionText-5="Figure 6. Rendering of 3D virtual models of semicircular canals of NHM UK PV M21220 (A–D) and NHM UK PV M21105 (E–H), both from Pant 2 fissure, in lateral (A, E), posterodorsal (B, F), posteromedial (C, G), and anteromedial (D, H) views, based on µCT data. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; asca, anterior semicircular canal ampulla; cc, crus commune; fv, fenestra vestibuli; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; lsca, lateral semicircular canal ampulla; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla. All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971841" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971845" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971847" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14971841/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/14971845/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/14971847/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 1–6</figureCitation> +; Supporting Information, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FFE6A14A0ED64006" box="[113,185,1039,1064]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionTargetBox="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. S1</figureCitation> +). The surface anatomy of the petrosal of +<taxonomicName id="78F760B4FF82CB46FDF0A14A0C954009" authorityName="Kuhne" authorityYear="1949" box="[615,762,1039,1063]" family="Morganucodontidae" genus="Morganucodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FDF0A14A0C954009" box="[615,762,1039,1063]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Morganucodon</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +has previously been described in detail by +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF82CB46FD8FA16A0C9B4069" author="Kenmack K & Musset F & Rigney HW" box="[536,756,1071,1095]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref20908" refString="Kenmack K, Musset F, Rigney HW. Te skull of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1981; 71: 1-158. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01127.x" type="journal article" year="1981"> +Kermack +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FDEEA1750CC84069" box="[633,679,1071,1095]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +(1981) +</bibRefCitation> +, and our description focuses mainly on the bony labyrinth of the inner ear and its inferred neurovasculature. In this section, we refer to Graybeal +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FEB1A1C80F39408B" box="[294,342,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +(1989) and +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF82CB46FE4EA1C80CD4408B" author="Kenmack K & Musset F & Rigney HW" box="[473,699,1165,1189]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref20908" refString="Kenmack K, Musset F, Rigney HW. Te skull of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1981; 71: 1-158. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01127.x" type="journal article" year="1981"> +Kermack +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FDABA1C80C03408B" box="[572,620,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +(1981) +</bibRefCitation> +when relevant, but any broader comparison with other Mesozoic mammaliaforms can be found in the Discussion. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF82CB46FEC3A0540C784105" blockId="5.[113,763,1297,1986]" box="[340,535,1297,1323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FEC3A0540C784105" bold="true" box="[340,535,1297,1323]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Inner ear endocast</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF82CB46FFE6A07D0E994328" blockId="5.[113,763,1297,1986]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"> +Endocasts are from specimens NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FD9EA07D0C414161" box="[521,558,1336,1359]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21105 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FD47A07D0EDF4141" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionTargetBox="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 1A–G</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FF2BA0120E954140" box="[188,250,1367,1391]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2C, D</figureCitation> +), NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FECFA0120F124140" box="[344,381,1367,1390]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21200 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FD83A0120C184140" box="[532,631,1367,1391]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2E, F</figureCitation> +), NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FD42A0120C954140" box="[725,762,1367,1390]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21208 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FE97A0330F0641A0" box="[256,361,1398,1422]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[150,1423,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[148,1425,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3C, D</figureCitation> +), and NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FE66A0320C7941A0" box="[497,534,1399,1422]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<accessionNumber id="A0A486D4FF82CB46FDD6A0330CF541A0" box="[577,666,1398,1422]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M27144" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="EnaNcbi">M27144</accessionNumber> +( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FD3DA0330EEB4183" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-6@10.[128,1475,144,1342]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C) and dorsal views (B, D), of NHM UK PV M27135 (A, B) and NHM UK PV M27144 (C, D). From left to right:petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey).Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D and on the left in B, C. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff,primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; slb, secondary lamina base.All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971841/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation> +). None of the endocasts is complete, and most frequently parts of the semicircular canals are missing. Except for NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FD42A0F00C9541E2" box="[725,762,1461,1484]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<accessionNumber id="A0A486D4FF82CB46FF00A0910E9F41C2" box="[151,240,1492,1516]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M21220" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="EnaNcbi">M21220</accessionNumber> +( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FE97A0910F0641C2" box="[256,361,1492,1516]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[129,194,917,941]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,145,887]" captionTargetId="figure-485@12.[128,1475,144,889]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Rendering of 3D virtual models of semicircular canals of NHM UK PV M21220 (A–D) and NHM UK PV M21105 (E–H), both from Pant 2 fissure, in lateral (A, E), posterodorsal (B, F), posteromedial (C, G), and anteromedial (D, H) views, based on µCT data. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; asca, anterior semicircular canal ampulla; cc, crus commune; fv, fenestra vestibuli; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; lsca, lateral semicircular canal ampulla; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla. All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971847/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6A–D</figureCitation> +), which is represented only by the pars canalicularis that houses the semicircular canals, all specimens preserve the cochlear canal, and many preserve the endocasts of the vestibule and at least one semicircular canal. A detailed list of the specimens and their preservation and completeness is provided in +<tableCitation id="F2752E8CFF82CB46FF5DA3340F7A42A7" box="[202,277,1649,1673]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[130,185,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Sample, scan parameters, and preservation of Morganucodon." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 1</tableCitation> +. The following cochlear canal description relies most heavily on NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FEC9A3D40FEC4286" box="[350,387,1681,1704]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M19112 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FD81A3D50C164286" box="[534,633,1680,1704]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation> +), NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FD42A3D40C954286" box="[725,762,1681,1704]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21105 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FE95A3EA0F0242E9" box="[258,365,1711,1736]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation> +), NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FE5DA3F50F8042E9" box="[458,495,1712,1735]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21200 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FD11A3EA0C8642E9" box="[646,745,1711,1736]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2E, F</figureCitation> +), and NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FF75A38A0F6842C8" box="[226,263,1743,1766]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21208 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FE0CA38A0C6C42C8" box="[411,515,1743,1767]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[150,1423,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[148,1425,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3C, D</figureCitation> +), all from Pant 2 fissure, 1955 pocket. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF82CB46FF1AA24B0A4D4140" blockId="5.[113,763,1297,1986]" lastBlockId="5.[810,1460,144,1985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"> +The cochlear canal is gently curved, with the greater curvature facing ventrolaterally or abneural and the lesser curvature facing dorsomedially or neural. The ‘slightly curved’ nature of the cochlear canal has already been noted by Graybeal +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FDDFA2290C1843AD" box="[584,631,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +(1989: 112) based on serial-sectioned specimens. The cochlear canal ranges between 1.63 and +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF82CB46FEBAA2EF0FE943EC" box="[301,390,1962,1986]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.84" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1.84">1.84 mm</quantity> +in length from the anterior aspect of the fenestra vestibuli to the apex and between 2.43 and +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF82CB46FACFA5D50BDD4489" box="[1368,1458,144,168]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.57" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="2.57">2.57 mm</quantity> +in length from the posterior border of the fenestra vestibuli to the apex ( +<tableCitation id="F2752E8CFF82CB46FC06A58A0DB244C9" box="[913,989,207,231]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[111,166,542,567]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Inner ear measurements of selected Morganucodon petrosals" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 2</tableCitation> +), which is at the lower limit of measurements noted by Graybeal +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FC63A5AA0A494528" box="[1012,1062,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +(1989: +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF82CB46FBEBA5AB0A99452B" box="[1148,1270,238,262]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="2.8" valueMax="3.1" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3.1 mm</quantity> +). The apex of the cochlear canal is expanded along its neural margin, possibly to accommodate the lagenar macula ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FB05A4680B7A456A" box="[1170,1301,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 2B, D, F</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FAB6A4680B1A456A" box="[1313,1397,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[150,1423,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[148,1425,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3B, D, F</figureCitation> +). The expansion is particularly visible in lateral or medial view but is also recognizable when comparing cochlear canal diameter. The diameter increases between 5% and 15% from anterior to the cochlear foramen to the midpoint of the apical expansion in most of the specimens. In contrast, Graybeal +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FAB9A48F0B0F45CF" box="[1326,1376,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +(1989) noted that the cochlear canal ‘tapers smoothly to its anterior tip with no indication for […] a specialized surface for the lagena macula’. Indeed, the very tip of the cochlear canal anterior to the apical expansion tapers to a narrow point, but an expansion and distinct oval-shaped bulge along the neural aspect of the cochlear apex is present in all specimens that were µCT scanned ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FA1EA7C00D144692" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 2B, D, F</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FC12A7E00DBA4692" box="[901,981,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[150,1423,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[148,1425,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3B, D, F</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FC77A7E10A764692" box="[992,1049,676,700]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[200,1373,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[198,1375,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 3 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views, of NHM UK PV M27690 (A, B), NHM UK PV M27691 (C, D), NHM UK PV M27701 (E, F), and NHM UK PV M27702 (G, H). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, C, F, G and on the left in B, D, E, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971845/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5B, D</figureCitation> +). The serial sections used by Graybeal +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FA35A7E00D2C46F2" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +(1989) are at much lower resolution, with 25–76 µm intervals between slices, in comparison to <3 µm on average in our data set. The lower resolution is likely to have hindered recognition of the extent of the apical expansion. A very gentle expansion appears to be visible in fig. 2C of Graybeal +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FB7AA6070B724777" box="[1261,1309,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +(1989), but it is less clear in the other views of this figure. A separate canal for the lagenar nerve is not preserved in any of the specimens; however, 9 of the +<specimenCount id="A9F1D0BEFF82CB46FC2FA6DA0A2B4799" box="[952,1092,927,951]" count="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">32 specimens</specimenCount> +that preserve the cochlear foramen well enough have a very small foramen along the lateroposterior edge of the cochlear foramen (e.g. see NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FA94A69B0B4747DB" box="[1283,1320,990,1013]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF82CB46FAC1A69B0BDC47D8" box="[1366,1459,990,1014]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.033513999999999" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="27691.0">27691 in</quantity> +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FCBDA6B80D18403B" box="[810,887,1021,1045]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionTargetBox="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1H</figureCitation> +). In +<specimenCount id="A9F1D0BEFF82CB46FC3CA6B80A58403B" box="[939,1079,1021,1045]" count="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">13 specimens</specimenCount> +there is a notch in the same location that, probably, in life was represented by a foramen. The bar that separates the small foramen from the cochlear nerve is very thin and could easily break. The foramen or notch is absent in 8 of the +<specimenCount id="A9F1D0BEFF82CB46FCC6A13E0DB140BC" box="[849,990,1146,1171]" count="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">32 specimens</specimenCount> +. It is possible that the lagenar nerve or vessels supplying the cochlear duct passed through this foramen in life. Interestingly, all of the +<specimenCount id="A9F1D0BEFF82CB46FBB7A1FC0ADF40FF" box="[1056,1200,1209,1233]" count="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">six specimens</specimenCount> +from Pontalun 3 have a foramen (five) or notch (one), whereas it is absent in the two Pontalun +<specimenCount id="A9F1D0BEFF82CB46FC07A1BD0A7F413E" box="[912,1040,1272,1296]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount> +in which we could observe the morphology. The picture is more mixed in the Pant 2 sample, with +<specimenCount id="A9F1D0BEFF82CB46FA31A0520DFA4160" count="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount> +preserving a clear foramen, 12 preserving a notch, and 6 lacking a foramen. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF82CB46FCD1A0300AAE436D" blockId="5.[810,1460,144,1985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"> +Along the ventral aspect of the cochlear canal is a gently elevated ridge and groove that extends from the perilymphatic foramen posteriorly to the apex of the cochlear canal anteriorly. The ridge and groove are best visible in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FB42A0960A9541C4" box="[1237,1274,1491,1514]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M19112 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FA1AA0960D274224" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2A</figureCitation> +), NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FC31A0B60DA44224" box="[934,971,1523,1546]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21105 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FBF5A0B70AC24224" box="[1122,1197,1522,1546]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2C</figureCitation> +), M21200 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FAB9A0B70B1A4224" box="[1326,1397,1522,1546]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2E</figureCitation> +), and NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FCE7A3570DFA4207" box="[880,917,1554,1577]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<accessionNumber id="A0A486D4FF82CB46FC56A3570A754204" box="[961,1050,1554,1578]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M27690" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="EnaNcbi">M27690</accessionNumber> +( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FBBDA3570A1B4204" box="[1066,1140,1554,1578]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-6@10.[128,1475,144,1342]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C) and dorsal views (B, D), of NHM UK PV M27135 (A, B) and NHM UK PV M27144 (C, D). From left to right:petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey).Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D and on the left in B, C. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff,primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; slb, secondary lamina base.All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971841/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4A</figureCitation> +). The groove is reminiscent of, although much shallower than, the base of the secondary osseous lamina of other early mammaliaforms ( +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF82CB46FB62A3150BC24246" author="Schultz JA & Zellen U & Luo Z-X" box="[1269,1453,1616,1640]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="236 - 63" refId="ref22952" refString="Schultz JA, Zellen U, Luo Z-X. Innen ean labyninth anatomy of monotnemes and implications fon mammalian innen ean evolution. Journal of Morphology 2017; 278: 236-63. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1002 / jmon. 20632" type="journal article" year="2017"> +Schultz +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FAD1A3140B1A4246" box="[1350,1397,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +2017 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF82CB46FCBDA3350D0642A6" author="Schultz JA & Ruf I & Avenianov AO" box="[810,873,1648,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1175 - 200" refId="ref22798" refString="Schultz JA, Ruf I, Avenianov AO et al. Junassic mammaliafonm petnosals fnom Westenn Sibenia (Russia) and implications fon eanly mammalian innen-ean anatomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2022 a; 196: 1175-200. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1093/zoolinnean/ zlab 096" type="journal article" year="2022">2022a</bibRefCitation> +, b, +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF82CB46FC1CA3350A0D42A6" author="Hoffmann S & Kink EC & Rowe TB" box="[907,1122,1648,1672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="819 - 44" refId="ref20507" refString="Hoffmann S, Kink EC, Rowe TB et al. Petnosal monphology of the Eanly Cnetaceous tniconodontid Astroconodon fnom the Clovenly Fonmation (Montana, USA). Journal of Mammalian Eoolution 2023; 30: 819-44. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1007/s10914-023-09673-5" type="journal article" year="2023"> +Hoffmann +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FC6CA3350A4642A6" box="[1019,1065,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +2023 +</bibRefCitation> +). A proper primary or secondary osseous lamina, as in extant therians, is absent in +<taxonomicName id="78F760B4FF82CB46FA8DA3CA0BC24289" authorityName="Kuhne" authorityYear="1949" box="[1306,1453,1679,1703]" family="Morganucodontidae" genus="Morganucodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FA8DA3CA0BC24289" box="[1306,1453,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Morganucodon</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, but the gentle elevation and groove possibly marks the attachment site of the basilar membrane, and we refer to it here as the secondary lamina base. Next to the ridge and groove are numerous openings for the circum-promontorial plexus ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FAC0A2490BCD430A" box="[1367,1442,1804,1828]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionTargetBox="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1G</figureCitation> +), which is described in more detail below. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF82CB4BFCD1A20E0E934671" blockId="5.[810,1460,144,1985]" lastBlockId="8.[128,778,144,607]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"> +The semicircular canals have not been covered previously by +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF82CB46FCDBA22F0A5943AC" author="Kenmack K & Musset F & Rigney HW" box="[844,1078,1898,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref20908" refString="Kenmack K, Musset F, Rigney HW. Te skull of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1981; 71: 1-158. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01127.x" type="journal article" year="1981"> +Kermack +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FC25A22E0D8B43AC" box="[946,996,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +(1981) +</bibRefCitation> +or Graybeal +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF82CB46FB52A22E0A9843AC" box="[1221,1271,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis> +(1989). The pars canalicularis is preserved most completely in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FAF4A2CF0BE7438F" box="[1379,1416,1930,1953]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21105 and NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF82CB46FB90A2EF0A4343EF" box="[1031,1068,1962,1985]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<accessionNumber id="A0A486D4FF82CB46FBF7A2EC0AD743EF" box="[1120,1208,1961,1985]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M21220" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="EnaNcbi">M21220</accessionNumber> +( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF82CB46FB5AA2EC0B6643EF" box="[1229,1289,1961,1985]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[129,194,917,941]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,145,887]" captionTargetId="figure-485@12.[128,1475,144,889]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Rendering of 3D virtual models of semicircular canals of NHM UK PV M21220 (A–D) and NHM UK PV M21105 (E–H), both from Pant 2 fissure, in lateral (A, E), posterodorsal (B, F), posteromedial (C, G), and anteromedial (D, H) views, based on µCT data. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; asca, anterior semicircular canal ampulla; cc, crus commune; fv, fenestra vestibuli; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; lsca, lateral semicircular canal ampulla; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla. All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971847/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6</figureCitation> +), with all three semicircular canals nearly intact. NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF81CB45FDB4A3E30C274293" box="[547,584,1702,1725]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21208 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF81CB45FD74A3E00EAD42F2" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[150,1423,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[148,1425,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3C, D</figureCitation> +), NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF81CB45FEB1A3800F2442F2" box="[294,331,1733,1756]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21210 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF81CB45FE7BA3800C3942F2" box="[492,598,1733,1757]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[150,1423,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[148,1425,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3E, F</figureCitation> +), NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF81CB45FD2DA3800CB042F2" box="[698,735,1733,1756]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M27135 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF81CB45FF7DA3A10F2042D2" box="[234,335,1764,1788]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-6@10.[128,1475,144,1342]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C) and dorsal views (B, D), of NHM UK PV M27135 (A, B) and NHM UK PV M27144 (C, D). From left to right:petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey).Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D and on the left in B, C. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff,primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; slb, secondary lamina base.All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971841/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation> +), and NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF81CB45FE4EA3A00F9142D2" box="[473,510,1765,1788]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<accessionNumber id="A0A486D4FF81CB45FDBCA3A10CEB42D2" box="[555,644,1764,1788]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M27144" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="EnaNcbi">M27144</accessionNumber> +( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF81CB45FD03A3A10C9042D2" box="[660,767,1764,1788]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-6@10.[128,1475,144,1342]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C) and dorsal views (B, D), of NHM UK PV M27135 (A, B) and NHM UK PV M27144 (C, D). From left to right:petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey).Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D and on the left in B, C. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff,primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; slb, secondary lamina base.All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971841/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation> +) preserve the lateral and posterior semicircular canals, and NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF81CB45FF16A2660EC94314" box="[129,166,1827,1850]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21173 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF81CB45FEABA2660FCE4314" box="[316,417,1827,1851]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[150,1423,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[148,1425,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation> +), NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF81CB45FE68A2660C4B4314" box="[511,548,1827,1850]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21200 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF81CB45FD2CA2660EE04374" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2E, F</figureCitation> +), NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF81CB45FF7BA2060F7E4374" box="[236,273,1859,1882]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21165 (Supporting Information, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF81CB45FD3CA2070EE04357" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionTargetBox="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. S1A, B</figureCitation> +), NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF81CB45FF7BA2270F7E4357" box="[236,273,1890,1913]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21178 (Supporting Information, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF81CB45FD3CA2240EFB43B6" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionTargetBox="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. S1C, D</figureCitation> +), NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF81CB45FF67A2C40F7A43B6" box="[240,277,1921,1944]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<accessionNumber id="A0A486D4FF81CB45FED5A2C40FF443B7" box="[322,411,1921,1945]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M21192" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="EnaNcbi">M21192</accessionNumber> +(Supporting Information, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF81CB45FD39A2C40EE04399" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionTargetBox="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. S1E, F</figureCitation> +), and NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF81CB45FE8AA2E50F2D4399" box="[285,322,1952,1975]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21207 (Supporting Information, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF81CB45FD74A2E50D654396" box="[739,778,1952,1976]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionTargetBox="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig.</figureCitation> +S1G, H) preserve only the lateral semicircular canal. The lateral semicircular canal is the shortest in length, ranging between 1.1 and +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF81CB45FCF1A3A10DDB42D2" box="[870,948,1764,1788]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity> +in the +<specimenCount id="A9F1D0BEFF81CB45FC6BA3A10AE842D2" box="[1020,1159,1764,1788]" count="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="generic">12 specimens</specimenCount> +( +<tableCitation id="F2752E8CFF81CB45FB00A3A10A8C42D2" box="[1175,1251,1764,1788]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[111,166,542,567]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Inner ear measurements of selected Morganucodon petrosals" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 2</tableCitation> +). +<location id="BA284DECFF81CB45FB6DA3A00B4E42D2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:375EAA21FF82CB4EFEEFA7090A7242E8:BA284DECFF81CB45FB6DA3A00B4E42D2" box="[1274,1313,1765,1788]" country="United Kingdom" county="Te" municipality="Te" name="Te" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">The</location> +posterior semicircular is more than twice the length, ranging between 2.1 and +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF81CB45FCADA2660DE64314" box="[826,905,1827,1851]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity> +in the +<specimenCount id="A9F1D0BEFF81CB45FC45A2660A314315" box="[978,1118,1827,1851]" count="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="generic">six specimens</specimenCount> +that preserve it ( +<tableCitation id="F2752E8CFF81CB45FA87A2660B324315" box="[1296,1373,1827,1851]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[111,166,542,567]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Inner ear measurements of selected Morganucodon petrosals" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 2</tableCitation> +), and the anterior semicircular canal is the longest, being +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF81CB45FA8FA2070B0B4374" box="[1304,1380,1858,1882]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1 mm</quantity> +in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF81CB45FCAEA2270D314357" box="[825,862,1890,1913]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21105 and +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF81CB45FB80A2270A084357" box="[1047,1127,1890,1914]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity> +in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF81CB45FB5AA2270A9D4357" box="[1229,1266,1890,1913]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<accessionNumber id="A0A486D4FF81CB45FAB7A2270B174354" box="[1312,1400,1890,1914]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M21220" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="EnaNcbi">M21220</accessionNumber> +( +<tableCitation id="F2752E8CFF81CB45FA1EA2240D2943B7" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[111,166,542,567]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Inner ear measurements of selected Morganucodon petrosals" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 2</tableCitation> +). In the +<specimenCount id="A9F1D0BEFF81CB45FC0DA2C40A5E43B7" box="[922,1073,1921,1945]" count="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount> +that preserve all semicircular canals, the radius of curvature is similar between the lateral and posterior canal, being 0.30 and +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8FCB4BFEF0A5D50FAE4489" box="[359,449,144,168]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.31">0.31 mm</quantity> +in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFDB9A5D50C3C4489" box="[558,595,144,167]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21105 and 0.27 and +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8FCB4BFF72A5EA0F2F44E9" box="[229,320,175,199]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.29">0.29 mm</quantity> +in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFE27A5F50FBA44E9" box="[432,469,176,199]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<accessionNumber id="A0A486D4FF8FCB4BFD90A5EA0C0E44E9" box="[519,609,175,199]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M21220" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="EnaNcbi">M21220</accessionNumber> +, respectively. +<location id="BA284DECFF8FCB4BFD64A5F50D6644E9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:375EAA21FF82CB4EFEEFA7090A7242E8:BA284DECFF8FCB4BFD64A5F50D6644E9" box="[755,777,176,199]" country="United Kingdom" county="Te" municipality="Te" name="In" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">In</location> +contrast, the radius of curvature is much larger in the anterior semicircular canal, being +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8FCB4BFE1AA5AB0F87452B" box="[397,488,238,262]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.699999999999999" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.57">0.57 mm</quantity> +in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFDCEA5AB0C11452B" box="[601,638,238,261]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21105 and +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8FCB4BFF39A4480F66450B" box="[174,265,269,293]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.55">0.55 mm</quantity> +in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFEE2A44B0FF5450B" box="[373,410,270,293]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<accessionNumber id="A0A486D4FF8FCB4BFE5DA4480C4B450B" box="[458,548,269,293]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M21220" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="EnaNcbi">M21220</accessionNumber> +. +<location id="BA284DECFF8FCB4BFDB8A44B0C39450B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:375EAA21FF82CB4EFEEFA7090A7242E8:BA284DECFF8FCB4BFDB8A44B0C39450B" box="[559,598,270,293]" country="United Kingdom" county="Te" municipality="Te" name="Te" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">The</location> +anterior semicircular canal is not only larger, but it is also more elliptical than either the lateral or posterior semicircular canal ( +<tableCitation id="F2752E8CFF8FCB4BFD11A4090CBB454A" box="[646,724,332,356]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[111,166,542,567]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Inner ear measurements of selected Morganucodon petrosals" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 2</tableCitation> +; +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFD74A4090EE145AD" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[129,194,917,941]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,145,887]" captionTargetId="figure-485@12.[128,1475,144,889]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Rendering of 3D virtual models of semicircular canals of NHM UK PV M21220 (A–D) and NHM UK PV M21105 (E–H), both from Pant 2 fissure, in lateral (A, E), posterodorsal (B, F), posteromedial (C, G), and anteromedial (D, H) views, based on µCT data. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; asca, anterior semicircular canal ampulla; cc, crus commune; fv, fenestra vestibuli; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; lsca, lateral semicircular canal ampulla; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla. All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971847/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6</figureCitation> +). +<location id="BA284DECFF8FCB4BFF31A4290EA245AD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:375EAA21FF82CB4EFEEFA7090A7242E8:BA284DECFF8FCB4BFF31A4290EA245AD" box="[166,205,364,387]" country="United Kingdom" county="Te" municipality="Te" name="Te" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">The</location> +semicircular canals are stout, with an average diameter of +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8FCB4BFF09A4CE0E98458C" box="[158,247,395,419]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24 mm</quantity> +for the anterior semicircular canal, +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8FCB4BFDF4A4CE0CD0458C" box="[611,703,395,419]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.26">0.26 mm</quantity> +for the posterior semicircular canal, and +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8FCB4BFE58A4EF0C4745EF" box="[463,552,426,450]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.34">0.34 mm</quantity> +for the lateral semicircular canal. +<location id="BA284DECFF8FCB4BFF6DA48F0F4E45CF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:375EAA21FF82CB4EFEEFA7090A7242E8:BA284DECFF8FCB4BFF6DA48F0F4E45CF" box="[250,289,458,481]" country="United Kingdom" county="Te" municipality="Te" name="Te" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">The</location> +anterior and posterior semicircular canals meet to form a crus commune ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFE00A4AC0F90462E" box="[407,511,489,513]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[129,194,917,941]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,145,887]" captionTargetId="figure-485@12.[128,1475,144,889]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Rendering of 3D virtual models of semicircular canals of NHM UK PV M21220 (A–D) and NHM UK PV M21105 (E–H), both from Pant 2 fissure, in lateral (A, E), posterodorsal (B, F), posteromedial (C, G), and anteromedial (D, H) views, based on µCT data. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; asca, anterior semicircular canal ampulla; cc, crus commune; fv, fenestra vestibuli; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; lsca, lateral semicircular canal ampulla; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla. All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971847/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6A, E</figureCitation> +). +<collectingMunicipality id="5F2C814DFF8FCB4BFD80A4AC0C51462E" box="[535,574,489,512]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">The</collectingMunicipality> +semicircular canals lead to distinct and well-rounded ampullae ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFDC6A74D0CE3460E" box="[593,652,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[129,194,917,941]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,145,887]" captionTargetId="figure-485@12.[128,1475,144,889]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Rendering of 3D virtual models of semicircular canals of NHM UK PV M21220 (A–D) and NHM UK PV M21105 (E–H), both from Pant 2 fissure, in lateral (A, E), posterodorsal (B, F), posteromedial (C, G), and anteromedial (D, H) views, based on µCT data. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; asca, anterior semicircular canal ampulla; cc, crus commune; fv, fenestra vestibuli; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; lsca, lateral semicircular canal ampulla; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla. All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971847/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6</figureCitation> +). +<collectingCounty id="562963BBFF8FCB4BFD33A74D0CA44631" box="[676,715,520,543]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">The</collectingCounty> +vestibule, containing the membranous saccule and utricle in life, is not inflated. +</paragraph> +<caption id="EB884BBFFF81CB45FF14A1080C354273" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" targetBox="[131,1475,145,1072]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF81CB45FF14A1080C354273" blockId="6.[131,1468,1101,1629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF81CB45FF14A1080EB5404B" bold="true" box="[131,218,1101,1125]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 1.</emphasis> +Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of +<taxonomicName id="78F760B4FF81CB45FCFDA1080A8F404B" authority="NHM UK PV M" authorityName="NHM UK PV M" box="[874,1248,1101,1125]" family="Morganucodontidae" genus="Morganucodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watsoni"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF81CB45FCFDA1080A53404B" box="[874,1084,1101,1125]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Morganucodon watsoni</emphasis> +NHM UK PV M +</taxonomicName> +21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data. Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery. F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof. G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea. Abbreviations: bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="EB884BBFFF80CB44FFE6A26A0BE14399" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" targetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF80CB44FFE6A26A0BE14399" blockId="7.[113,1422,1839,1975]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF80CB44FFE6A26A0EA64369" bold="true" box="[113,201,1839,1863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 2.</emphasis> +Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of +<taxonomicName id="78F760B4FF80CB44FC3DA26A0A134369" box="[938,1148,1839,1863]" family="Morganucodontidae" genus="Morganucodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watsoni"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF80CB44FC3DA26A0A134369" box="[938,1148,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Morganucodon watsoni</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8FCB4BFE10A73B0C6D46B6" blockId="8.[391,514,638,664]" box="[391,514,638,664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8FCB4BFE10A73B0C6D46B6" bold="true" box="[391,514,638,664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Vasculature</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8FCB4BFF16A7E00FA24777" blockId="8.[129,778,677,1641]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +An extensive network of canals surrounds the cochlear labyrinth of +<taxonomicName id="78F760B4FF8FCB4BFF46A7810F0B46F2" authorityName="Kuhne" authorityYear="1949" box="[209,356,708,732]" family="Morganucodontidae" genus="Morganucodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8FCB4BFF46A7810F0B46F2" box="[209,356,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Morganucodon</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFEE4A7810FA646F2" box="[371,457,708,732]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStart-4="Figure 5" captionStartId-0="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionStartId-1="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionStartId-2="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionStartId-3="10.[129,194,1369,1393]" captionStartId-4="11.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox-0="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetBox-1="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetBox-2="[150,1423,151,1814]" captionTargetBox-3="[130,1473,145,1340]" captionTargetBox-4="[200,1373,151,1814]" captionTargetId-0="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetId-1="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetId-2="figure-6@9.[148,1425,149,1816]" captionTargetId-3="figure-6@10.[128,1475,144,1342]" captionTargetId-4="figure-6@11.[198,1375,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionTargetPageId-4="11" captionText-0="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." captionText-1="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" captionText-2="Figure 3. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus;" captionText-3="Figure 4. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C) and dorsal views (B, D), of NHM UK PV M27135 (A, B) and NHM UK PV M27144 (C, D). From left to right:petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey).Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D and on the left in B, C. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff,primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; slb, secondary lamina base.All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." captionText-4="Figure 5. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 3 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views, of NHM UK PV M27690 (A, B), NHM UK PV M27691 (C, D), NHM UK PV M27701 (E, F), and NHM UK PV M27702 (G, H). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, C, F, G and on the left in B, D, E, H." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971841" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971845" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14971841/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/14971845/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 1–5</figureCitation> +). This dense network of venous channels has already been recognized by +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF8FCB4BFDB4A7A60D6C46D5" author="Kenmack K & Musset F & Rigney HW" box="[547,771,739,763]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref20908" refString="Kenmack K, Musset F, Rigney HW. Te skull of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1981; 71: 1-158. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01127.x" type="journal article" year="1981"> +Kermack +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8FCB4BFD12A7A10CDA46D5" box="[645,693,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +(1981) +</bibRefCitation> +, who termed it the circum-promontorial plexus. Here, we document the 3D morphology of the circum-promontorial plexus and variations in vascularization. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8FCB4BFF0BA6240F2F413E" blockId="8.[129,778,677,1641]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +The circum-promontorial plexus consists of two main venous canals, the inferior petrosal sinus medially (‘ventral vessel’ of Graybeal +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8FCB4BFF7FA6E50F734799" box="[232,284,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +1989) and the prootic sinus laterally (‘dorsal vessel’ of Graybeal +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8FCB4BFEDFA6FA0F1647F9" box="[328,377,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +1989). The inferior petrosal sinus and prootic sinus are connected within the petrosal by several canals that pass transversally, ventral (hypocochlear sinus after +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF8FCB4BFD28A6BB0F51401B" author="Hanpen T & Rougien GW" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref20308" refString="Hanpen T, Rougien GW. Petnosal monphology and cochlean function in Mesozoic stem thenians. PLoS One 2019; 14: e 0209457. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1371/jounnal.pone.0209457" type="journal volume" year="2019">Harper and Rougier 2019</bibRefCitation> +) and dorsal (epicochlear sinus after +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF8FCB4BFD28A1580F58407A" author="Hanpen T & Rougien GW" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref20308" refString="Hanpen T, Rougien GW. Petnosal monphology and cochlean function in Mesozoic stem thenians. PLoS One 2019; 14: e 0209457. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1371/jounnal.pone.0209457" type="journal volume" year="2019">Harper and Rougier 2019</bibRefCitation> +) to the cochlear labyrinth. In addition, the inferior petrosal sinus and prootic sinus meet at the apex of the cochlear canal, where, in some specimens, they expand into a large sinus rather than forming distinct vessels ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFDF9A1DF0CB7409F" box="[622,728,1178,1202]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionTargetBox="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 1B, D</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFD72A1DF0EFB40FF" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2C, D</figureCitation> +). The number and size of the inferior petrosal sinus, prootic sinus, and epicochlear and hypocochlear sinuses are highly variable in our sample. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8FCB4BFF0BA05D0D11454A" blockId="8.[129,778,677,1641]" lastBlockId="8.[825,1475,144,1640]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +The inferior petrosal sinus passes along the medial aspect of the cochlear canal between the petrosal and basisphenoid/ basioccipital. It exits the promontorium extracranially through the inferior petrosal foramen along the medial edge of the promontorium anterior to the perilymphatic foramen (labelled ‘ips’ in +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFF5EA0F10F5C41E5" box="[201,307,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionTargetBox="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 1A, E</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFEA9A0F10F1441E2" box="[318,379,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2A, C</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFE10A0F10FAC41E2" box="[391,451,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[150,1423,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[148,1425,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3A, C</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFE58A0F10C6441E2" box="[463,523,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-6@10.[128,1475,144,1342]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C) and dorsal views (B, D), of NHM UK PV M27135 (A, B) and NHM UK PV M27144 (C, D). From left to right:petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey).Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D and on the left in B, C. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff,primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; slb, secondary lamina base.All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971841/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4A, C</figureCitation> +). This foramen has been labelled either ‘circum-promontorial plexus of sinus canals’ (pr. s. cnl; fig. 75, 81 82) or ‘foramen for circum-promontorial plexus’ (for. Pr.; fig. 83) in the paper by +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF8FCB4BFE47A3570CDC4204" author="Kenmack K & Musset F & Rigney HW" box="[464,691,1554,1578]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref20908" refString="Kenmack K, Musset F, Rigney HW. Te skull of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1981; 71: 1-158. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01127.x" type="journal article" year="1981"> +Kermack +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8FCB4BFDA4A3570C0C4204" box="[563,611,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +(1981) +</bibRefCitation> +. The inferior petrosal sinus ranges from multiple broadly anastomosing canals, as in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFEA8A3140F0B4246" box="[319,356,1617,1640]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21105 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFE63A3150C514246" box="[500,574,1616,1640]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionTargetBox="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 1B</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFDDFA3150C084246" box="[584,615,1616,1640]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2C</figureCitation> +) and NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFD73A3140D664246" box="[740,777,1617,1640]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21200 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFC5BA5D50A7B4486" box="[972,1044,144,168]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2E</figureCitation> +), to a single and clearly delineated canal, as in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFC22A5F50DB544E9" box="[949,986,176,199]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M27135 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFBE7A5EA0AD544E9" box="[1136,1210,175,199]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-6@10.[128,1475,144,1342]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C) and dorsal views (B, D), of NHM UK PV M27135 (A, B) and NHM UK PV M27144 (C, D). From left to right:petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey).Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D and on the left in B, C. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff,primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; slb, secondary lamina base.All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971841/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4A</figureCitation> +), NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFA8FA5F50B5244E9" box="[1304,1341,176,199]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<accessionNumber id="A0A486D4FF8FCB4BFAFDA5EA0BAD44E9" box="[1386,1474,175,199]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M27144" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="EnaNcbi">M27144</accessionNumber> +( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFCD3A58B0DE044C8" box="[836,911,206,230]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-6@10.[128,1475,144,1342]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C) and dorsal views (B, D), of NHM UK PV M27135 (A, B) and NHM UK PV M27144 (C, D). From left to right:petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey).Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D and on the left in B, C. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff,primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; slb, secondary lamina base.All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971841/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4C</figureCitation> +), and NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFB8BA58A0A2E44C8" box="[1052,1089,207,230]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<accessionNumber id="A0A486D4FF8FCB4BFBF8A58B0AA744C8" box="[1135,1224,206,230]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M27690" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="EnaNcbi">M27690</accessionNumber> +( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFB4EA58B0B4E44C8" box="[1241,1313,206,230]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[200,1373,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[198,1375,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 3 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views, of NHM UK PV M27690 (A, B), NHM UK PV M27691 (C, D), NHM UK PV M27701 (E, F), and NHM UK PV M27702 (G, H). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, C, F, G and on the left in B, D, E, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971845/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5E</figureCitation> +). The diameter of the canals varies greatly. We assume that the inferior petrosal sinus would have drained into the jugular vein with the lateral head vein in life ( +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF8FCB4BFC66A4690A9E456A" author="Wible JR & Hopson JA" box="[1009,1265,300,324]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="331 - 56" refId="ref23231" refString="Wible JR, Hopson JA. Homologies of the pnootic canal in mammals and non-mammalian cynodonts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1995; 15: 331-56. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1080/02724634.1995.10011 233" type="journal article" year="1995">Wible and Hopson 1995</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF8FCB4BFB6AA4690D02454A" author="Rougien G & Wible J" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="269 - 311" refId="ref22445" refString="Rougien G, Wible J. Majon changes in the mammalian ean negion and basicnanium. In: Cannano M, Gaudin T, Blob R et al. (eds.), Amniote paleobiology: Perspectioes on the Eoolution of Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles. Chicago: Univensity of Chicago Pness, 2006, 269-311." type="book chapter" year="2006">Rougier and Wible 2006</bibRefCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8FCB4BFCC2A42E0A454246" blockId="8.[825,1475,144,1640]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +Along the lateral aspect of the cochlear canal extends the prootic sinus; likewise ranging from a single well-delineated canal, as in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFB95A4EF0A4845EF" box="[1026,1063,426,449]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M19112 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFB51A4EF0B7F45EC" box="[1222,1296,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2B</figureCitation> +) and NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFA0AA4EF0BAD45EF" box="[1437,1474,426,449]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<accessionNumber id="A0A486D4FF8FCB4BFCF6A48C0DD545CF" box="[865,954,457,481]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M27144" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="EnaNcbi">M27144</accessionNumber> +( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFC5BA48C0A7645CF" box="[972,1049,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-6@10.[128,1475,144,1342]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C) and dorsal views (B, D), of NHM UK PV M27135 (A, B) and NHM UK PV M27144 (C, D). From left to right:petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey).Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D and on the left in B, C. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff,primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; slb, secondary lamina base.All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971841/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4D</figureCitation> +), to multiple canals, as in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFAE2A48C0BF545CE" box="[1397,1434,457,480]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21200 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFC3FA4AD0D9A462E" box="[936,1013,488,512]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2F</figureCitation> +). The prootic sinus opens into the lateral trough through the prootic foramen where it would have joined the posttrigeminal vein (‘vena capitis lateralis’ of +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF8FCB4BFAF2A7620DC94671" author="Kenmack K & Musset F & Rigney HW" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref20908" refString="Kenmack K, Musset F, Rigney HW. Te skull of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1981; 71: 1-158. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01127.x" type="journal article" year="1981"> +Kermack +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8FCB4BFCAEA7020D044671" box="[825,875,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +1981 +</bibRefCitation> +) to form the lateral head vein (‘main trunk of vena capitalis lateralis’ of +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF8FCB4BFB9AA7230AB24650" author="Kenmack K & Musset F & Rigney HW" box="[1037,1245,614,638]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref20908" refString="Kenmack K, Musset F, Rigney HW. Te skull of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1981; 71: 1-158. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01127.x" type="journal article" year="1981"> +Kermack +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8FCB4BFBE6A7220ACC4650" box="[1137,1187,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +1981 +</bibRefCitation> +) ( +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF8FCB4BFB6CA7230D0246B3" author="Wible JR & Hopson JA" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="331 - 56" refId="ref23231" refString="Wible JR, Hopson JA. Homologies of the pnootic canal in mammals and non-mammalian cynodonts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1995; 15: 331-56. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1080/02724634.1995.10011 233" type="journal article" year="1995">Wible and Hopson 1995</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF8FCB4BFCECA7C00A1046B3" author="Rougien G & Wible J" box="[891,1151,645,669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="269 - 311" refId="ref22445" refString="Rougien G, Wible J. Majon changes in the mammalian ean negion and basicnanium. In: Cannano M, Gaudin T, Blob R et al. (eds.), Amniote paleobiology: Perspectioes on the Eoolution of Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles. Chicago: Univensity of Chicago Pness, 2006, 269-311." type="book chapter" year="2006">Rougier and Wible 2006</bibRefCitation> +). In most specimens there are additional smaller openings from the circum-promontorial plexus into the lateral trough that are likely to have transmitted emissary veins to join the extracranial posttrigeminal vein in the lateral trough ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFC6AA6460A034735" box="[1021,1132,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionTargetBox="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 1A, C</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFBEFA6460ABD4734" box="[1144,1234,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2A, C, E</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFB48A6460B734735" box="[1247,1308,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[150,1423,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[148,1425,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3A, C</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFABEA6460B284735" box="[1321,1351,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-6@10.[128,1475,144,1342]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C) and dorsal views (B, D), of NHM UK PV M27135 (A, B) and NHM UK PV M27144 (C, D). From left to right:petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey).Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D and on the left in B, C. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff,primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; slb, secondary lamina base.All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971841/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4A</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFAC3A6470BDD4735" box="[1364,1458,770,795]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[200,1373,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[198,1375,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 3 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views, of NHM UK PV M27690 (A, B), NHM UK PV M27691 (C, D), NHM UK PV M27701 (E, F), and NHM UK PV M27702 (G, H). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, C, F, G and on the left in B, D, E, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971845/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">5A, C, G</figureCitation> +). Ventral to the cochlear canal and connecting the inferior petrosal sinus and prootic sinus are the hypocochlear sinuses. This part of the circum-promontorial plexus is the most variable in our sample. It can consist of several well-delineated canals along the posterior aspect of the cochlear labyrinth, as in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFA0AA6E50BAD4799" box="[1437,1474,928,951]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21210 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFC47A6FB0A7547F9" box="[976,1050,958,983]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[150,1423,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[148,1425,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3E</figureCitation> +), NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFBE9A6FA0ACC47F8" box="[1150,1187,959,982]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<accessionNumber id="A0A486D4FF8FCB4BFB40A6FA0B4047F9" box="[1239,1327,959,983]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M27144" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="EnaNcbi">M27144</accessionNumber> +( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFAD4A6FB0BFE47F9" box="[1347,1425,958,983]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-6@10.[128,1475,144,1342]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C) and dorsal views (B, D), of NHM UK PV M27135 (A, B) and NHM UK PV M27144 (C, D). From left to right:petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey).Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D and on the left in B, C. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff,primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; slb, secondary lamina base.All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971841/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4C</figureCitation> +), or NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFC16A69B0DC947DB" box="[897,934,990,1013]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV +<accessionNumber id="A0A486D4FF8FCB4BFC40A69B0A4047D8" box="[983,1071,990,1014]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M27690" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="EnaNcbi">M27690</accessionNumber> +( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFBD5A69B0AE147D8" box="[1090,1166,990,1014]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[200,1373,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[198,1375,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 3 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views, of NHM UK PV M27690 (A, B), NHM UK PV M27691 (C, D), NHM UK PV M27701 (E, F), and NHM UK PV M27702 (G, H). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, C, F, G and on the left in B, D, E, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971845/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5A</figureCitation> +), or a dense honeycomb-like anastomosis of canals, as in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFB30A6BB0AA3403B" box="[1191,1228,1022,1045]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M19112 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFAF1A6B80BDE403B" box="[1382,1457,1021,1045]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2A</figureCitation> +), NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFC15A1580DC8401A" box="[898,935,1053,1076]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21208 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFBD3A1590AFD401B" box="[1092,1170,1052,1077]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[150,1423,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[148,1425,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3C</figureCitation> +), or NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8FCB4BFA84A1580B57401A" box="[1299,1336,1053,1076]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M27702 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFCD3A1790DFF407A" box="[836,912,1084,1108]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[130,1473,145,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-6@10.[128,1475,144,1342]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C) and dorsal views (B, D), of NHM UK PV M27135 (A, B) and NHM UK PV M27144 (C, D). From left to right:petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey).Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D and on the left in B, C. Abbreviations:asc, anterior semicircular canal; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff,primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; slb, secondary lamina base.All panels are at the same scale (1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971841/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4G</figureCitation> +). Regardless of the shape of the hypocochlear sinuses, all specimens have in common that several canals extend from the hypocochlear sinus anteriorly along the shallow base of the secondary osseous lamina or attachment point of the hearing membrane. Numerous small canals connect the internal aspect of the cochlear labyrinth to the vessels that pass within the secondary osseous lamina base, indicating that those vascular channels might have drained the cochlea itself ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8FCB4BFB68A0520B234101" box="[1279,1356,1303,1327]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[131,196,1101,1125]" captionTargetBox="[131,1475,145,1072]" captionTargetId="figure-236@6.[130,1477,144,1074]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. Rendering of 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) based on µCT data.Complete petrosal in ventral (A) and dorsal (C) views, with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue. Inner ear endocast (dark grey) of NHM UK PV M21105 at smaller scale than petrosal (A, C), with vasculature endocast indicated in blue in ventral (B) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, aspects of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H) highlighting various anatomical details not visible in standard dorsal and ventral views. E, medial view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M21105 showing perilymphatic groove with small bony lappet; the perilymphatic foramen is outlined by a sharp rim around its periphery.F, dorsomedial view of cavum epiptericum and cavum supracochleare of NHM UK PV M21105, showing primary and secondary facial foramen and hiatus Fallopi for passage of the facial nerve and branches thereof.G, internal view of cochlear canal of NHM UK PV M21105, with dorsal aspect of the petrosal removed (indicated by grey hatched pattern). The venous circum-promontorial plexus is indicated in blue, passing into the cochlear canal along the secondary lamina base. H, anterodorsal view of petrosal of NHM UK PV M27691 showing foramina associated with the cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve, facial nerve, and an additional foramen next to the cochlear foramen, possibly for the lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to the cochlea.Abbreviations:bl, bony lamina demarcating perilymphatic groove; ce, cavum epiptericum; ci, crista interfenestralis; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; cptv, emissary veins to posttrigeminal vein; cs, cavum supracochleare; ef, endolymphatic foramen; f, foramen next to cochlear foramen, possibly for lagenar nerve or arterial blood supply to cochlea; fcn, cochlear foramen; fi, fossa incudis; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lff, lateral flange foramen; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. Different scales are indicated in parts of the figure." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971831/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1G</figureCitation> +). Graybeal +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8FCB4BFCAEA0720D054160" box="[825,874,1334,1358]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +(1989) missed the connections between the cochlea and the venous plexus, possibly because they were too small to be detected in the serial sectioning. Preservational variation might also have influenced the reconstructions by Graybeal +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8FCB4BFA26A0D00D3D41E2" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +(1989); although some specimens are very well preserved, others might suffer from diagenetic alteration and fungal tunnelling. In some specimens, the vascular canals are infilled and difficult to distinguish from the surrounding bone in the µCT scans; this is particularly true for the small vascular canals that open into the cochlear cavity. +</paragraph> +<footnote id="DCEC0739FF8FCB4BFF16A3BF0CF54395" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8FCB4BFF16A3BF0CF54395" blockId="8.[129,1472,1786,1979]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +canal; cc, crus commune; ce, cavum epiptericum; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hf, hiatus Fallopi; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lf, lateral flange; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; lsca, lateral semicircular canal ampulla; lt, lateral trough; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; slb, secondary lamina base; V3, foramen for mandibular division of trigeminal nerve. All panels are at the same scale ( +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8FCB4BFDC2A2E60CE04395" box="[597,655,1955,1979]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity> +). +</paragraph> +</footnote> +<caption id="EB884BBFFF8ECB4AFFE6A2710BE14393" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" targetBox="[150,1423,151,1814]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8ECB4AFFE6A2710BE14393" blockId="9.[113,1432,1844,1981]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8ECB4AFFE6A2710EA64362" bold="true" box="[113,201,1844,1868]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 3.</emphasis> +Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of +<taxonomicName id="78F760B4FF8ECB4AFC3DA2700A134362" box="[938,1148,1845,1869]" family="Morganucodontidae" genus="Morganucodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watsoni"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8ECB4AFC3DA2700A134362" box="[938,1148,1845,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Morganucodon watsoni</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus; +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="EB884BBFFF8DCB49FF16A01C0CBC4240" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971841" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971841/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[129,194,1369,1393]" targetBox="[130,1473,145,1340]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8DCB49FF16A01C0CBC4240" blockId="10.[129,1457,1369,1646]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8DCB49FF16A01C0EB7415C" bold="true" box="[129,216,1369,1394]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 4.</emphasis> +Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of +<taxonomicName id="78F760B4FF8DCB49FC2EA01F0AE4415F" box="[953,1163,1370,1394]" family="Morganucodontidae" genus="Morganucodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watsoni"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8DCB49FC2EA01F0AE4415F" box="[953,1163,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Morganucodon watsoni</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +from Pontalun 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C) and dorsal views (B, D), of NHM UK PV M27135 (A, B) and NHM UK PV M27144 (C, D). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D and on the left in B, C. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular canal; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; slb, secondary lamina base. All panels are at the same scale (1 mm). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<footnote id="DCEC0739FF8DCB49FF16A25D0C454392" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8DCB49FF16A25D0C454392" blockId="10.[129,1460,1816,1980]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +asc, anterior semicircular canal; cc, crus commune; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; ef, endolymphatic foramen; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pf, perilymphatic foramen; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; poc, prootic canal; pp, paroccipital process; ppf, pterygoparoccipital foramen; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla; saf, subarcuate fossa; sf, stapedial fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; slb, secondary lamina base. All panels are at the same scale ( +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8DCB49FE73A2E10C714392" box="[484,542,1956,1980]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity> +). +</paragraph> +</footnote> +<caption id="EB884BBFFF8CCB48FFE6A2710BE84392" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971845" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971845/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[113,178,1844,1868]" targetBox="[200,1373,151,1814]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8CCB48FFE6A2710BE84392" blockId="11.[113,1438,1844,1981]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8CCB48FFE6A2710EA64363" bold="true" box="[113,201,1844,1869]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 5.</emphasis> +Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of +<taxonomicName id="78F760B4FF8CCB48FC3DA2710A134362" box="[938,1148,1844,1868]" family="Morganucodontidae" genus="Morganucodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watsoni"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8CCB48FC3DA2710A134362" box="[938,1148,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Morganucodon watsoni</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +from Pontalun 3 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views, of NHM UK PV M27690 (A, B), NHM UK PV M27691 (C, D), NHM UK PV M27701 (E, F), and NHM UK PV M27702 (G, H). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, C, F, G and on the left in B, D, E, H. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="EB884BBFFF8BCB4FFF16A6D00FBA4030" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971847" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971847/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[129,194,917,941]" targetBox="[129,1473,145,887]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8BCB4FFF16A6D00FBA4030" blockId="12.[129,1440,917,1054]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8BCB4FFF16A6D00EB74783" bold="true" box="[129,216,917,941]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 6.</emphasis> +Rendering of 3D virtual models of semicircular canals of NHM UK PV M21220 (A–D) and NHM UK PV M21105 (E–H), both from Pant 2 fissure, in lateral (A, E), posterodorsal (B, F), posteromedial (C, G), and anteromedial (D, H) views, based on µCT data. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular canal; asca, anterior semicircular canal ampulla; cc, crus commune; fv, fenestra vestibuli; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; lsca, lateral semicircular canal ampulla; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psca, posterior semicircular canal ampulla. All panels are at the same scale (1 mm). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8BCB4FFF0BA1080F8341B1" blockId="12.[129,778,1101,1439]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +Connecting the inferior petrosal sinus and prootic sinus along the dorsal aspect of the cochlear canal are the epicochlear sinuses. All specimens in our sample have between one and three posterior epicochlear sinuses that pass posterior to the cochlear nerve. Only a handful of specimens also have an anterior epicochlear sinus that passes anterior to the cochlear nerve (e.g. +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8BCB4FFF22A04C0F6C410F" box="[181,259,1289,1313]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[150,1423,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[148,1425,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal views (B, D, F), of NHM UK PV M21173 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21208 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21210 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, D, F and on the left in B, C, E. Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus;" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971837/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 3B</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8BCB4FFE86A04C0FE5410F" box="[273,394,1289,1313]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[200,1373,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[198,1375,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 3 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views, of NHM UK PV M27690 (A, B), NHM UK PV M27691 (C, D), NHM UK PV M27701 (E, F), and NHM UK PV M27702 (G, H). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, C, F, G and on the left in B, D, E, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971845/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5B, D, F, H</figureCitation> +; Supporting Information, +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8BCB4FFD35A04C0C96410F" box="[674,761,1289,1313]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1839,1863]" captionTargetBox="[144,1428,146,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@7.[142,1430,144,1811]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pant 2 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E) and dorsal (B, D, F) views, of NHM UK PV M19112 (A, B), NHM UK PV M21105 (C, D), and NHM UK PV M21200 (E, F). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the left in A, D, E and on the right in B, C, F. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971833/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. S2B</figureCitation> +). Interestingly, the anterior epicochlear sinus appears to be particularly prevalent in the Pontalun +<specimenCount id="A9F1D0BEFF8BCB4FFE73A00D0C0D414E" box="[484,610,1352,1376]" count="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount> +( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8BCB4FFDE4A00D0CC3414E" box="[627,684,1352,1376]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[200,1373,151,1814]" captionTargetId="figure-6@11.[198,1375,149,1816]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. Rendering of selected 3D virtual models of petrosal and inner ear endocast of Morganucodon watsoni from Pontalun 3 fissure filling, based on µCT data, in ventral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views, of NHM UK PV M27690 (A, B), NHM UK PV M27691 (C, D), NHM UK PV M27701 (E, F), and NHM UK PV M27702 (G, H). From left to right: petrosal; petrosal in semi-transparent view with inner ear endocast indicated in dark grey and vasculature endocast indicated in blue; endocast of inner ear (dark grey) and vasculature (blue); and isolated endocast of inner ear (dark grey). Anterior is at the top in A–F; medial is on the right in A, C, F, G and on the left in B, D, E, H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971845/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5</figureCitation> +). Five of six Pontalun +<specimenCount id="A9F1D0BEFF8BCB4FFE91A0220FEA4151" box="[262,389,1383,1407]" count="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount> +have an anterior epicochlear sinus vs. only 4 of +<specimenCount id="A9F1D0BEFF8BCB4FFF48A0C20F0641B0" box="[223,361,1414,1439]" count="24" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">24 specimens</specimenCount> +from Pant 2. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8BCB4FFE34A0FB0F8741F6" blockId="12.[419,488,1470,1496]" box="[419,488,1470,1496]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8BCB4FFE34A0FB0F8741F6" bold="true" box="[419,488,1470,1496]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Stapes</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8BCB4FFF16A0A00F8A4232" blockId="12.[129,778,1509,1752]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +Here, we describe the first stapes found in association with the petrosal for +<taxonomicName id="78F760B4FF8BCB4FFF6DA3410FE24232" authorityName="Kuhne" authorityYear="1949" box="[250,397,1540,1564]" family="Morganucodontidae" genus="Morganucodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8BCB4FFF6DA3410FE24232" box="[250,397,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Morganucodon</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8BCB4FFE0AA3410FBA4235" box="[413,469,1540,1564]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[114,179,1209,1233]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,145,1179]" captionTargetId="figure-407@13.[113,1460,144,1181]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Rendering of 3D virtual models of stapes of NHM UK PV M21179 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H–N). A, H, overview of semitransparent petrosal, with stapes (red) in place within the cochlear canal.B–G, I–N, isolated stapes in external (B, I), internal (E, L), medial (C, J), lateral (F, M), anterior (D, K), and posterior (G, N) views, based on µCT data.Abbreviations:ab, anterior bend; ac, anterior crus; pc, posterior crus; sfp, stapedial footplate. A and H are at the same scale (0.5 mm), and B–G and I–N are at same scale (0.3 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971851/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8BCB4EFF0BA3610A5941A3" blockId="12.[129,778,1509,1752]" lastBlockId="13.[810,1460,1365,1734]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +The stapes of NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8BCB4FFE16A3610FC94215" box="[385,422,1572,1595]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21179 and NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8BCB4FFD2EA3610CB14215" box="[697,734,1572,1595]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M27691 were displaced into and preserved in the cochlear cavity of the petrosal ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8BCB4FFEEFA3270F854257" box="[376,490,1634,1658]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[114,179,1209,1233]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,145,1179]" captionTargetId="figure-407@13.[113,1460,144,1181]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Rendering of 3D virtual models of stapes of NHM UK PV M21179 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H–N). A, H, overview of semitransparent petrosal, with stapes (red) in place within the cochlear canal.B–G, I–N, isolated stapes in external (B, I), internal (E, L), medial (C, J), lateral (F, M), anterior (D, K), and posterior (G, N) views, based on µCT data.Abbreviations:ab, anterior bend; ac, anterior crus; pc, posterior crus; sfp, stapedial footplate. A and H are at the same scale (0.5 mm), and B–G and I–N are at same scale (0.3 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971851/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7A, H</figureCitation> +). We recognized the presence of the stapes only after scanning during the segmentation process and were able to reconstruct the morphology digitally. Unfortunately, the stapes of NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8BCB4FFE7AA3850C7D42F9" box="[493,530,1728,1751]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M27691 must have fallen out of the petrosal at some point after µCT scanning the specimen; as of +<date id="CB493DF7FF8BCB4FFC74A1280A0840AB" box="[995,1127,1133,1157]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2023-08"> +<collectingDate id="DB0DC41FFF8BCB4FFC74A1280A0840AB" box="[995,1127,1133,1157]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2023-08">August 2023</collectingDate> +</date> +it is not associated with the specimen anymore and appears to be lost. +<location id="BA284DECFF8BCB4FFB51A1C90A96408A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:375EAA21FF82CB4EFEEFA7090A7242E8:BA284DECFF8BCB4FFB51A1C90A96408A" box="[1222,1273,1164,1188]" country="United Kingdom" county="Te" municipality="Pant" name="Both" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Both</location> +stapes are fragmentary; the stapedial head is missing, and the crura are preserved in part, but the stapedial footplate appears nearly complete ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8BCB4FFA0BA18F0D1D412F" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[114,179,1209,1233]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,145,1179]" captionTargetId="figure-407@13.[113,1460,144,1181]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Rendering of 3D virtual models of stapes of NHM UK PV M21179 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H–N). A, H, overview of semitransparent petrosal, with stapes (red) in place within the cochlear canal.B–G, I–N, isolated stapes in external (B, I), internal (E, L), medial (C, J), lateral (F, M), anterior (D, K), and posterior (G, N) views, based on µCT data.Abbreviations:ab, anterior bend; ac, anterior crus; pc, posterior crus; sfp, stapedial footplate. A and H are at the same scale (0.5 mm), and B–G and I–N are at same scale (0.3 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971851/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7E, L</figureCitation> +). +<location id="BA284DECFF8BCB4FFC1BA1AF0DDC412F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:375EAA21FF82CB4EFEEFA7090A7242E8:BA284DECFF8BCB4FFC1BA1AF0DDC412F" box="[908,947,1258,1281]" country="United Kingdom" county="Te" municipality="Pant" name="Te" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">The</location> +stapedial footplate is oval in outline, with curved edges around the periphery (also referred to as bullate stapedial footplate). +<location id="BA284DECFF8BCB4FFC3BA06C0DBC416E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:375EAA21FF82CB4EFEEFA7090A7242E8:BA284DECFF8BCB4FFC3BA06C0DBC416E" box="[940,979,1321,1344]" country="United Kingdom" county="Te" municipality="Pant" name="Te" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">The</location> +dimensions of the footplate are nearly identical in the +<specimenCount id="A9F1D0BEFF8BCB4FFC16A00D0A71414E" box="[897,1054,1352,1376]" count="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount> +, with a length of +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8BCB4FFB4EA00D0B5D4171" box="[1241,1330,1352,1376]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.66">0.66 mm</quantity> +and width of +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8BCB4FFCAEA0220DFB4151" box="[825,916,1383,1407]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.48">0.48 mm</quantity> +in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8BCB4FFC60A02D0A734151" box="[1015,1052,1384,1407]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M27691 and a length of +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8BCB4FFAABA0220BF94151" box="[1340,1430,1383,1407]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.66">0.66 mm</quantity> +and width of +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8BCB4FFC05A0C20D8241B0" box="[914,1005,1415,1439]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.699999999999999" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.47">0.47 mm</quantity> +in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8BCB4FFBD8A0C20A1B41B0" box="[1103,1140,1415,1438]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21179 ( +<tableCitation id="F2752E8CFF8BCB4FFA92A0C20B2041B1" box="[1285,1359,1415,1439]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="5.[113,168,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 3. Measurements (in millimetres) of the stapes of NHM UK PV M21179 and NHM UK PV M27691." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Table 3</tableCitation> +). +<location id="BA284DECFF8BCB4FFAF2A0C20BE341B0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:375EAA21FF82CB4EFEEFA7090A7242E8:BA284DECFF8BCB4FFAF2A0C20BE341B0" box="[1381,1420,1415,1438]" country="United Kingdom" county="Te" municipality="Pant" name="Te" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">The</location> +footplate tapers anteriorly, which is best seen in internal or external view ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8BCB4FFCEBA0800A7641F3" box="[892,1049,1477,1501]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[114,179,1209,1233]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,145,1179]" captionTargetId="figure-407@13.[113,1460,144,1181]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Rendering of 3D virtual models of stapes of NHM UK PV M21179 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H–N). A, H, overview of semitransparent petrosal, with stapes (red) in place within the cochlear canal.B–G, I–N, isolated stapes in external (B, I), internal (E, L), medial (C, J), lateral (F, M), anterior (D, K), and posterior (G, N) views, based on µCT data.Abbreviations:ab, anterior bend; ac, anterior crus; pc, posterior crus; sfp, stapedial footplate. A and H are at the same scale (0.5 mm), and B–G and I–N are at same scale (0.3 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971851/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7B, E, I, L</figureCitation> +). +<location id="BA284DECFF8BCB4FFBA4A0830A0741F3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:375EAA21FF82CB4EFEEFA7090A7242E8:BA284DECFF8BCB4FFBA4A0830A0741F3" box="[1075,1128,1478,1501]" country="United Kingdom" county="Te" municipality="Pant" name="Most" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Most</location> +of the footplate is relatively flat, neither strongly convex nor concave, but the tapered anterior edge is bent and points externally ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8BCB4FFB3EA3410B274235" box="[1193,1352,1540,1564]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[114,179,1209,1233]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,145,1179]" captionTargetId="figure-407@13.[113,1460,144,1181]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Rendering of 3D virtual models of stapes of NHM UK PV M21179 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H–N). A, H, overview of semitransparent petrosal, with stapes (red) in place within the cochlear canal.B–G, I–N, isolated stapes in external (B, I), internal (E, L), medial (C, J), lateral (F, M), anterior (D, K), and posterior (G, N) views, based on µCT data.Abbreviations:ab, anterior bend; ac, anterior crus; pc, posterior crus; sfp, stapedial footplate. A and H are at the same scale (0.5 mm), and B–G and I–N are at same scale (0.3 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971851/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7C, F, J, M</figureCitation> +). +<location id="BA284DECFF8BCB4FFAC8A3410BE94235" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:375EAA21FF82CB4EFEEFA7090A7242E8:BA284DECFF8BCB4FFAC8A3410BE94235" box="[1375,1414,1540,1563]" country="United Kingdom" county="Te" municipality="Pant" name="Te" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">The</location> +bend is best seen in lateral or medial view ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8BCB4FFB56A3660B314215" box="[1217,1374,1571,1595]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[114,179,1209,1233]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,145,1179]" captionTargetId="figure-407@13.[113,1460,144,1181]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Rendering of 3D virtual models of stapes of NHM UK PV M21179 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H–N). A, H, overview of semitransparent petrosal, with stapes (red) in place within the cochlear canal.B–G, I–N, isolated stapes in external (B, I), internal (E, L), medial (C, J), lateral (F, M), anterior (D, K), and posterior (G, N) views, based on µCT data.Abbreviations:ab, anterior bend; ac, anterior crus; pc, posterior crus; sfp, stapedial footplate. A and H are at the same scale (0.5 mm), and B–G and I–N are at same scale (0.3 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971851/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7C, F, J, M</figureCitation> +), and, although it might be slightly exaggerated by small cracks in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8BCB4FFCAEA3270D314257" box="[825,862,1634,1657]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M27691, the overall shape of the anterior edge is very similar in the +<specimenCount id="A9F1D0BEFF8BCB4FFC5FA3C70A0D42B7" box="[968,1122,1665,1689]" count="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount> +. +<collectingMunicipality id="5F2C814DFF8BCB4FFBFBA3C70AF942B7" box="[1132,1174,1666,1689]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Part</collectingMunicipality> +of the posterior and anterior crura are preserved in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8BCB4FFBFFA3E40AE24296" box="[1128,1165,1697,1720]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21179 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8BCB4FFAB3A3E50BE54296" box="[1316,1418,1696,1721]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[114,179,1209,1233]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,145,1179]" captionTargetId="figure-407@13.[113,1460,144,1181]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Rendering of 3D virtual models of stapes of NHM UK PV M21179 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H–N). A, H, overview of semitransparent petrosal, with stapes (red) in place within the cochlear canal.B–G, I–N, isolated stapes in external (B, I), internal (E, L), medial (C, J), lateral (F, M), anterior (D, K), and posterior (G, N) views, based on µCT data.Abbreviations:ab, anterior bend; ac, anterior crus; pc, posterior crus; sfp, stapedial footplate. A and H are at the same scale (0.5 mm), and B–G and I–N are at same scale (0.3 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971851/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7C, F</figureCitation> +) and NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8BCB4FFCE8A3850DCB42F9" box="[895,932,1728,1751]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M27691 ( +<figureCitation id="27CC07B2FF8BCB4FFBA0A3850AF742F9" box="[1079,1176,1728,1752]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[114,179,1209,1233]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,145,1179]" captionTargetId="figure-407@13.[113,1460,144,1181]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Rendering of 3D virtual models of stapes of NHM UK PV M21179 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H–N). A, H, overview of semitransparent petrosal, with stapes (red) in place within the cochlear canal.B–G, I–N, isolated stapes in external (B, I), internal (E, L), medial (C, J), lateral (F, M), anterior (D, K), and posterior (G, N) views, based on µCT data.Abbreviations:ab, anterior bend; ac, anterior crus; pc, posterior crus; sfp, stapedial footplate. A and H are at the same scale (0.5 mm), and B–G and I–N are at same scale (0.3 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971851/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 7J, M</figureCitation> +). +<collectingCounty id="562963BBFF8BCB4FFB39A3850ABA42F9" box="[1198,1237,1728,1751]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">The</collectingCounty> +posterior crus is nearly circular in cross-section at its base but then flattens towards the top. In NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8ACB4EFEBEA0300F2141A2" box="[297,334,1397,1420]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M27691, the most apically preserved portion of the crus is oval, with its long axis twice the length of the short axis (0.16 vs. +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8ACB4EFE16A0F60FB541E5" box="[385,474,1459,1483]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity> +). However, the crus is fragmentary, and the preserved cross-section, at most, represents a mid-crus section. The posterior crus is even less well preserved in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8ACB4EFF43A3570E964207" box="[212,249,1554,1577]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21179 and is not informative on the shape of the crus beyond the base. The posterior crus is placed along the posteromedial edge of the stapedial footplate. The anterior crus is circular in cross-section in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8ACB4EFD86A3350C5942A9" box="[529,566,1648,1671]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21179 (with a diameter of +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8ACB4EFF6CA3CA0F3C4288" box="[251,339,1679,1703]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.10 mm</quantity> +). It is less well preserved in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8ACB4EFD27A3CA0CBA4288" box="[688,725,1679,1702]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M27691, where only the posterior edge of the crus is present, and the crus appears rather flat. However, at the base of the footplate is a slightly elevated circular ridge expanding from the crus, which we believe to be representative of the real outline of the crus. The circle is +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8ACB4EFEB3A26E0F01436D" box="[292,366,1835,1859]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1mm</quantity> +in diameter, which matches the dimension of NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8ACB4EFE9EA20E0F41434C" box="[265,302,1867,1890]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21179. The anterior crus arises along the anterolateral margin of the footplate, slightly offset from the curved anterior margin. The two crura are widely separated and do not merge towards the stapedial footplate, and they appear to be coursing in parallel. Those in NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8ACB4EFB76A0130B694143" box="[1249,1286,1366,1389]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21179 are angled slightly posteriorly. +</paragraph> +<footnote id="DCEC0739FF8BCB4FFF16A20A0F6C4395" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8BCB4FFF16A20A0F6C4395" blockId="12.[129,1447,1871,1979]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +Abbreviations: aes, anterior epicochlear sinus; co, cochlea; cpp, circum-promontorial plexus; fcn, cochlear foramen; fv, fenestra vestibuli; fvn, foramen for vestibular nerve; hs, hypocochlear sinus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lm, lagena macula; pes, posterior epicochlear sinus; pff, primary facial foramen; pg, perilymphatic groove; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; slb, secondary lamina base. All panels are at the same scale ( +<quantity id="780FB6D2FF8BCB4FFF29A2E60E974395" box="[190,248,1955,1979]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity> +). +</paragraph> +</footnote> +<caption id="EB884BBFFF8ACB4EFFE5A1FC0B314108" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14971851" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14971851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14971851/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[114,179,1209,1233]" targetBox="[114,1458,145,1179]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8ACB4EFFE5A1FC0B314108" blockId="13.[114,1419,1209,1318]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8ACB4EFFE5A1FC0EA540FC" bold="true" box="[114,202,1209,1234]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 7.</emphasis> +Rendering of 3D virtual models of stapes of NHM UK PV M21179 (A–G) and NHM UK PV M27691 (H–N). A, H, overview of semitransparent petrosal, with stapes (red) in place within the cochlear canal. B–G, I–N, isolated stapes in external (B, I), internal (E, L), medial (C, J), lateral (F, M), anterior (D, K), and posterior (G, N) views, based on µCT data. Abbreviations: ab, anterior bend; ac, anterior crus; pc, posterior crus; sfp, stapedial footplate. A and H are at the same scale (0.5 mm), and B–G and I–N are at same scale (0.3 mm). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="BF481B37FF8ACB4EFCD2A0D10A7242E8" blockId="13.[810,1460,1365,1734]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF8ACB4EFCD2A0D10A414182" author="Kenmack K & Musset F & Rigney HW" box="[837,1070,1428,1452]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref20908" refString="Kenmack K, Musset F, Rigney HW. Te skull of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1981; 71: 1-158. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01127.x" type="journal article" year="1981"> +Kermack +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8ACB4EFC3DA0D00DB34182" box="[938,988,1428,1452]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +(1981) +</bibRefCitation> +previously attributed several isolated and fragmentary stapes to +<taxonomicName id="78F760B4FF8ACB4EFBD7A0F60ABC41E5" authorityName="Kuhne" authorityYear="1949" box="[1088,1235,1459,1483]" family="Morganucodontidae" genus="Morganucodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8ACB4EFBD7A0F60ABC41E5" box="[1088,1235,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Morganucodon</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, which were presumably all recovered through screen washing of the Pant 2 fissure in 1955. It is noteworthy that the two new stapes described here, NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8ACB4EFC30A3570DA34207" box="[935,972,1554,1577]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M21179 and NHM +<collectingCountry id="C7E05BA7FF8ACB4EFB50A3570A834207" box="[1223,1260,1554,1577]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">UK</collectingCountry> +PV M27691, come from separate fissure fillings (Pant 2 1955 and Pontalun 3), are both associated with the petrosal of +<taxonomicName id="78F760B4FF8ACB4EFB0EA3150B434246" authorityName="Kuhne" authorityYear="1949" box="[1177,1324,1616,1640]" family="Morganucodontidae" genus="Morganucodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8ACB4EFB0EA3150B434246" box="[1177,1324,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Morganucodon</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and are very similar in morphology and dimensions, but they differ substantially from the isolated stapes described by +<bibRefCitation id="DB6666C6FF8ACB4EFA8AA3CA0D1B42E8" author="Kenmack K & Musset F & Rigney HW" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref20908" refString="Kenmack K, Musset F, Rigney HW. Te skull of Morganucodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1981; 71: 1-158. htps: // doi. ong / 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1981.tb01127.x" type="journal article" year="1981"> +Kermack +<emphasis id="8D83C725FF8ACB4EFA15A3CA0BDB4289" box="[1410,1460,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +(1981) +</bibRefCitation> +; see Discussion. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +</treatment> +</document> \ No newline at end of file