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<treatment id="655580222360FFDA3F730146FE9590DF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:655580222360FFDA3F730146FE9590DF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/655580222360FFDA3F730146FE9590DF" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="510" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">
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<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72360FFD93F730146FA82906E" ID-CoL="4JRWD" authority="(Ellis and Solander, 1786)" baseAuthorityName="Ellis and Solander" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[812,1407,1854,1883]" class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Platygyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="daedalea">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262360FFD93F730146FBDA906E" box="[812,1063,1854,1883]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Platygyra daedalea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="896D4CC52360FFD938670146FA8A906E" author="Ellis, J. &amp; Solander, D." box="[1080,1399,1854,1883]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" refId="ref24134" refString="Ellis, J. and Solander, D. 1786. The Natural History of Many Curious and UncommonZoophytes, CollectedFromVariousPartsoftheGlobe. xii + 206 pp. B. White and son, P. Elmsly, London." type="book" year="1786">Ellis and Solander, 1786</bibRefCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="ED4331342360FFDA3F730109FE9590DF" blockId="13.[812,1485,1905,2026]" lastBlockId="14.[102,775,1509,2026]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="511" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">
A transversely sectioned septum of
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72360FFD9388E010AFAA690BC" baseAuthorityName="Ellis and Solander" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[1233,1371,1905,1929]" class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Platygyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="daedalea">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262360FFD9388E010AFAA690BC" box="[1233,1371,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">P. daedalea</emphasis>
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shows in TLM similar zones as
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72360FFD9387001EAFB2B909C" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[1071,1238,1937,1961]" class="Anthozoa" family="Euphylliidae" genus="Galaxea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fascicularis">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262360FFD9387001EAFB2B909C" box="[1071,1238,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">G. fascicularis</emphasis>
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, i.e., brownish dRAF (or dCRA if well differentiated) bordered with ca. 10 µm wide zone of TD fibers that further show regular and dense alternations (ca. every 3–5 µm) of thin darker, and slightly thicker, lighter layers (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12363FFDA3D36007EFE0A912B" box="[361,503,1542,1566]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[102,135,1233,1252]" captionTargetBox="[102,1484,228,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-268@14.[102,1485,228,1203]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 11. Platygyra daedalea (Ellis and Solander, 1786); ZPALH.23/8 (originally NMNH A.G. Humes collection. Acc. number 274378). Recent, 25 m, north of Ankazo−beravina, near Nosy Be, Madagaskar, August 24, 1967. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note brownish “calcification centers” (dRAF), regular growth increments of fibers (e.g., in encircled area), and dark brown regions (red arrows) of filaments of endolithic organisms (most likely algae, fungi). B. The same septal fragment as A, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit very light, green−yellow fluorescence; higher magnifications (C) show delicate greenish bands matching organic components trapped between successive growth increments of fibers (white arrows). D. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; dRAF in lower right corner; regular growth increments of fibers (TD) are emphasized by levels of brownish bands. E. SEM micrograph of transverse polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to row of dRAF (“calcification centers”) taper regularly at ca. 3 µm matching brownish bands in D." pageId="14" pageNumber="511">Fig. 11A, D</figureCitation>
). These alternations are very prominent in TLM, however, darker layers exhibit very weak but recognizable greenish fluorescence in MFM (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12363FFDA3E86003FFF6591B5" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[102,135,1233,1252]" captionTargetBox="[102,1484,228,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-268@14.[102,1485,228,1203]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 11. Platygyra daedalea (Ellis and Solander, 1786); ZPALH.23/8 (originally NMNH A.G. Humes collection. Acc. number 274378). Recent, 25 m, north of Ankazo−beravina, near Nosy Be, Madagaskar, August 24, 1967. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note brownish “calcification centers” (dRAF), regular growth increments of fibers (e.g., in encircled area), and dark brown regions (red arrows) of filaments of endolithic organisms (most likely algae, fungi). B. The same septal fragment as A, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit very light, green−yellow fluorescence; higher magnifications (C) show delicate greenish bands matching organic components trapped between successive growth increments of fibers (white arrows). D. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; dRAF in lower right corner; regular growth increments of fibers (TD) are emphasized by levels of brownish bands. E. SEM micrograph of transverse polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to row of dRAF (“calcification centers”) taper regularly at ca. 3 µm matching brownish bands in D." pageId="14" pageNumber="511">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
). Components of the dRAF zone show much brighter (however not as bright as in
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72363FFDA3DC100F1FDC89194" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[414,565,1673,1697]" class="Anthozoa" family="Euphylliidae" genus="Galaxea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="14" pageNumber="511" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fasciularis">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262363FFDA3DC100F1FDC89194" box="[414,565,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="511">G.fasciularis</emphasis>
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) green−yellow fluorescence (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12363FFDA3CB700D2FEAF91F7" box="[232,338,1706,1730]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[102,135,1233,1252]" captionTargetBox="[102,1484,228,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-268@14.[102,1485,228,1203]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 11. Platygyra daedalea (Ellis and Solander, 1786); ZPALH.23/8 (originally NMNH A.G. Humes collection. Acc. number 274378). Recent, 25 m, north of Ankazo−beravina, near Nosy Be, Madagaskar, August 24, 1967. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note brownish “calcification centers” (dRAF), regular growth increments of fibers (e.g., in encircled area), and dark brown regions (red arrows) of filaments of endolithic organisms (most likely algae, fungi). B. The same septal fragment as A, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit very light, green−yellow fluorescence; higher magnifications (C) show delicate greenish bands matching organic components trapped between successive growth increments of fibers (white arrows). D. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; dRAF in lower right corner; regular growth increments of fibers (TD) are emphasized by levels of brownish bands. E. SEM micrograph of transverse polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to row of dRAF (“calcification centers”) taper regularly at ca. 3 µm matching brownish bands in D." pageId="14" pageNumber="511">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
). Dark brown (in TLM) filaments of endolithic organisms (red arrows in
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12363FFDA3E5900B3FD9091D6" box="[518,621,1739,1763]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[102,135,1233,1252]" captionTargetBox="[102,1484,228,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-268@14.[102,1485,228,1203]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 11. Platygyra daedalea (Ellis and Solander, 1786); ZPALH.23/8 (originally NMNH A.G. Humes collection. Acc. number 274378). Recent, 25 m, north of Ankazo−beravina, near Nosy Be, Madagaskar, August 24, 1967. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note brownish “calcification centers” (dRAF), regular growth increments of fibers (e.g., in encircled area), and dark brown regions (red arrows) of filaments of endolithic organisms (most likely algae, fungi). B. The same septal fragment as A, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit very light, green−yellow fluorescence; higher magnifications (C) show delicate greenish bands matching organic components trapped between successive growth increments of fibers (white arrows). D. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; dRAF in lower right corner; regular growth increments of fibers (TD) are emphasized by levels of brownish bands. E. SEM micrograph of transverse polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to row of dRAF (“calcification centers”) taper regularly at ca. 3 µm matching brownish bands in D." pageId="14" pageNumber="511">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
) show bright yellow−green fluoresece in MFM. Scanning electron micrographs of polished and lightly−etched section of the same septal fragment illustrated in
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12363FFDA3DF10155FDEE9073" box="[430,531,1837,1862]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[102,135,1233,1252]" captionTargetBox="[102,1484,228,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-268@14.[102,1485,228,1203]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 11. Platygyra daedalea (Ellis and Solander, 1786); ZPALH.23/8 (originally NMNH A.G. Humes collection. Acc. number 274378). Recent, 25 m, north of Ankazo−beravina, near Nosy Be, Madagaskar, August 24, 1967. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note brownish “calcification centers” (dRAF), regular growth increments of fibers (e.g., in encircled area), and dark brown regions (red arrows) of filaments of endolithic organisms (most likely algae, fungi). B. The same septal fragment as A, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit very light, green−yellow fluorescence; higher magnifications (C) show delicate greenish bands matching organic components trapped between successive growth increments of fibers (white arrows). D. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; dRAF in lower right corner; regular growth increments of fibers (TD) are emphasized by levels of brownish bands. E. SEM micrograph of transverse polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to row of dRAF (“calcification centers”) taper regularly at ca. 3 µm matching brownish bands in D." pageId="14" pageNumber="511">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
, show oval structures with negative etching relief (dCRA). Outwards from dCRA occurs ca. 10 µm wide zone of fibers. It borders on to the thick zone of TD fibers that are regularly tapered every 3–5 µm or show regular fiber discontinuities between successive layers (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12363FFDA3CA801AAFEA190DF" box="[247,348,2002,2026]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[102,135,1233,1252]" captionTargetBox="[102,1484,228,1203]" captionTargetId="figure-268@14.[102,1485,228,1203]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 11. Platygyra daedalea (Ellis and Solander, 1786); ZPALH.23/8 (originally NMNH A.G. Humes collection. Acc. number 274378). Recent, 25 m, north of Ankazo−beravina, near Nosy Be, Madagaskar, August 24, 1967. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note brownish “calcification centers” (dRAF), regular growth increments of fibers (e.g., in encircled area), and dark brown regions (red arrows) of filaments of endolithic organisms (most likely algae, fungi). B. The same septal fragment as A, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit very light, green−yellow fluorescence; higher magnifications (C) show delicate greenish bands matching organic components trapped between successive growth increments of fibers (white arrows). D. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; dRAF in lower right corner; regular growth increments of fibers (TD) are emphasized by levels of brownish bands. E. SEM micrograph of transverse polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to row of dRAF (“calcification centers”) taper regularly at ca. 3 µm matching brownish bands in D." pageId="14" pageNumber="511">Fig. 11E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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159
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<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72366FFDF3F73015AFAE5900A" ID-CoL="3F2T3" authority="(Linnaeus, 1767)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[812,1304,1826,1855]" class="Anthozoa" family="Euphylliidae" genus="Galaxea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fascicularis">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF3F73015AFBCB900A" box="[812,1078,1826,1855]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Galaxea fascicularis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="896D4CC52366FFDF3818015AFAED900A" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1095,1296,1826,1855]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" refId="ref25504" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1767. Systema naturae, sive Regna tria Naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera et species 1 (2) 12 edition, 533 - 1327. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm." type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF3F73012AFC4B905F" box="[812,950,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Morphology</emphasis>
.—Septa of
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<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF3860012AFB18905F" box="[1087,1253,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">G. fascicularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show scale−like texture similar to that in
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72366FFDF384B010AFB8A90BF" authorityName="Marenzeller" authorityYear="1904" box="[1044,1143,1906,1930]" class="Anthozoa" family="Flabellidae" genus="Flabellum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chunii">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF384B010AFB8A90BF" box="[1044,1143,1906,1930]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">F.chunii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF38DB010AFB0790BF" box="[1156,1274,1906,1930]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[102,135,1629,1648]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,230,1597]" captionTargetId="figure-143@12.[102,1485,230,1597]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 9. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), collection J.B. Steere. A, B. Morphology of distal septal edge (A) and septal flank spine (B). Note “Persian lamb” texture of skeletal surface (as shown by these fasciculi). C, D. Transverse section of polished and etched septum. Arrow in enlarged (D) fragment (general view in C) shows “blurry”, probably organic material in dCRA and adjacent, radiating TD fibers (ca. 3–5 µm growth increments). E, F. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane; note dissolved/etched dRAF components in longitudinal “strand” (F enlargement). All are SEM." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 9A, B</figureCitation>
), however, the pattern of scale−like units arrangement is less regular (“Persian lamb” style) than in
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72366FFDF387A01CAFB7290FF" authorityName="Marenzeller" authorityYear="1904" box="[1061,1167,1970,1994]" class="Anthozoa" family="Flabellidae" genus="Flabellum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chunii">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF387A01CAFB7290FF" box="[1061,1167,1970,1994]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">F. chunii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(regular, “roof−tile” style). Scale−like units cover all intracalicular surfaces, and continue on distal, growing edges of skeletal elements in a form of neighboring small tubercles ca. 15 µm across (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12361FFD83ED4014BFD18907E" box="[651,741,1843,1867]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[102,135,1629,1648]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,230,1597]" captionTargetId="figure-143@12.[102,1485,230,1597]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 9. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), collection J.B. Steere. A, B. Morphology of distal septal edge (A) and septal flank spine (B). Note “Persian lamb” texture of skeletal surface (as shown by these fasciculi). C, D. Transverse section of polished and etched septum. Arrow in enlarged (D) fragment (general view in C) shows “blurry”, probably organic material in dCRA and adjacent, radiating TD fibers (ca. 3–5 µm growth increments). E, F. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane; note dissolved/etched dRAF components in longitudinal “strand” (F enlargement). All are SEM." pageId="12" pageNumber="509">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="B98361BC2361FFD83C390025FBBC91D5" pageId="12" pageNumber="509" startId="12.[102,135,1629,1648]" targetBox="[102,1485,230,1597]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="ED4331342361FFD83C390025FBBC91D5" blockId="12.[102,1485,1629,1761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">
Fig. 9.
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72361FFD83CF80025FDF59145" authority="(Linnaeus, 1767)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[167,520,1629,1648]" class="Anthozoa" family="Euphylliidae" genus="Galaxea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="12" pageNumber="509" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fascicularis">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262361FFD83CF80025FE999145" box="[167,356,1629,1648]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">Galaxea fascicularis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="896D4CC52361FFD83D2F0025FDFF9145" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[368,514,1629,1648]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509" refId="ref25504" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1767. Systema naturae, sive Regna tria Naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera et species 1 (2) 12 edition, 533 - 1327. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm." type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), collection J.B. Steere.
<emphasis id="DF88ED262361FFD83D950001FE2791B9" bold="true" box="[458,474,1657,1676]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">A</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="DF88ED262361FFD83DB90001FE0891B9" bold="true" box="[486,501,1657,1676]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">B</emphasis>
. Morphology of distal septal edge (
<emphasis id="DF88ED262361FFD83F690001FCBB91B9" bold="true" box="[822,838,1657,1676]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">A</emphasis>
) and septal flank spine (
<emphasis id="DF88ED262361FFD8387C0001FBCF91B9" bold="true" box="[1059,1074,1657,1676]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">B</emphasis>
). Note “Persian lamb” texture of skeletal surface (as shown by these fasciculi).
<emphasis id="DF88ED262361FFD83DF900EDFE4B919D" bold="true" box="[422,438,1685,1704]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">C</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="DF88ED262361FFD83D9D00EDFE2F919D" bold="true" box="[450,466,1685,1704]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">D</emphasis>
. Transverse section of polished and etched septum. Arrow in enlarged (
<emphasis id="DF88ED262361FFD8383A00EDFB88919D" bold="true" box="[1125,1141,1685,1704]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">D</emphasis>
) fragment (general view in
<emphasis id="DF88ED262361FFD8392900EDFA7B919D" bold="true" box="[1398,1414,1685,1704]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">C</emphasis>
) shows “blurry”, probably organic material in dCRA and adjacent, radiating TD fibers (ca. 3–5 µm growth increments).
<emphasis id="DF88ED262361FFD8380100C9FB9091F1" bold="true" box="[1118,1133,1713,1732]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">E</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="DF88ED262361FFD8382700C9FB7B91F1" bold="true" box="[1144,1158,1713,1732]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">F</emphasis>
. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane; note dissolved/etched dRAF components in longitudinal “strand” (
<emphasis id="DF88ED262361FFD83F6E00B5FCC291D5" bold="true" box="[817,831,1741,1760]" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">F</emphasis>
enlargement). All are SEM.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="ED4331342361FFD93C390117FBA49108" blockId="12.[102,775,1902,2026]" lastBlockId="13.[812,1485,1477,1598]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="510" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262361FFD83C390117FEBF90B3" box="[102,322,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="509">Transversesections</emphasis>
.—Two zones of different light−transparency properties and colors are recognized in transverse section of S
<quantity id="2A049CD12361FFD83C9901C9FF1390FC" box="[198,238,1969,1993]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="12" pageNumber="509" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
TLM (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12361FFD83D6201C9FE5990FC" box="[317,420,1969,1993]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[102,135,1229,1248]" captionTargetBox="[103,1483,225,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-314@13.[103,1484,225,1201]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), coll. J.B. Steere. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note dRAF in lower right corner (brown “calcification center”) and regular growth increments of TD fibers (red arrows). B. SEM of transverse (slightly oblique) polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to dRAF (bottom) show regular tapering periods at ca. 2–3 µm: red arrows). Oblique sectioned dRAD, with dissolved/etched inner components have crescent appearance. C. Transverse polished (slightly oblique) section of septum, TLM view; dRAF show brownish coloration; borders between bundles of fibers only gently outlined (white arrows). D. The same septal fragment as C, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit light, green−yellow fluorescence, whereas borders between bundles of fibers (arrows) emphasize greenish fluorescence." pageId="12" pageNumber="509">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
): (1) dark−brown, partly opaque dRAF zone, and (2) TD zone composed of transparent fibers. In the central part of the septum, dRAF are bordered with homogenous zone of TD fibers (ca. 10 µm wide). Outwards from this zone, TD fibers show very regular alternations (ca. every 3–5 µm) of thin darker layers, and slightly thicker, lighter layers (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12361FFD83F9401EAFBCC909F" box="[971,1073,1938,1962]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[102,135,1229,1248]" captionTargetBox="[103,1483,225,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-314@13.[103,1484,225,1201]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), coll. J.B. Steere. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note dRAF in lower right corner (brown “calcification center”) and regular growth increments of TD fibers (red arrows). B. SEM of transverse (slightly oblique) polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to dRAF (bottom) show regular tapering periods at ca. 2–3 µm: red arrows). Oblique sectioned dRAD, with dissolved/etched inner components have crescent appearance. C. Transverse polished (slightly oblique) section of septum, TLM view; dRAF show brownish coloration; borders between bundles of fibers only gently outlined (white arrows). D. The same septal fragment as C, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit light, green−yellow fluorescence, whereas borders between bundles of fibers (arrows) emphasize greenish fluorescence." pageId="12" pageNumber="509">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
, red arrows). In the more axial part of this sectioned septum, TD fibers are inclined towards the corallite center (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12361FFD83FBB01AAFBB690DF" box="[996,1099,2002,2026]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[102,135,1229,1248]" captionTargetBox="[103,1483,225,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-314@13.[103,1484,225,1201]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), coll. J.B. Steere. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note dRAF in lower right corner (brown “calcification center”) and regular growth increments of TD fibers (red arrows). B. SEM of transverse (slightly oblique) polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to dRAF (bottom) show regular tapering periods at ca. 2–3 µm: red arrows). Oblique sectioned dRAD, with dissolved/etched inner components have crescent appearance. C. Transverse polished (slightly oblique) section of septum, TLM view; dRAF show brownish coloration; borders between bundles of fibers only gently outlined (white arrows). D. The same septal fragment as C, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit light, green−yellow fluorescence, whereas borders between bundles of fibers (arrows) emphasize greenish fluorescence." pageId="12" pageNumber="509">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
). Bundles of fibers are gently outlined by brownish borders and similar to the more central part of septum, show regular alternations of darker and lighter layers. In SEM view of polished and lightly−etched section of axial part of septum, dRAF (or distinct dCRA) that have negative etching relief are bordered by crescent−shaped zones of fibers. On both sides of the dRAF zone, bundles of fibers are inclined towards the corallite center and are regularly tapered every 3–5 µm (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12360FFD93DF600D3FDED91F6" box="[425,528,1707,1731]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[102,135,1229,1248]" captionTargetBox="[103,1483,225,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-314@13.[103,1484,225,1201]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), coll. J.B. Steere. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note dRAF in lower right corner (brown “calcification center”) and regular growth increments of TD fibers (red arrows). B. SEM of transverse (slightly oblique) polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to dRAF (bottom) show regular tapering periods at ca. 2–3 µm: red arrows). Oblique sectioned dRAD, with dissolved/etched inner components have crescent appearance. C. Transverse polished (slightly oblique) section of septum, TLM view; dRAF show brownish coloration; borders between bundles of fibers only gently outlined (white arrows). D. The same septal fragment as C, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit light, green−yellow fluorescence, whereas borders between bundles of fibers (arrows) emphasize greenish fluorescence." pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
, red arrows). In more central part of the septum, dRAF also have negative etching relief (occasionally, with some amorphous material in the center). The only difference with more axial parts of the septum is that bundles of fibers are arranged more perpendicularly to the septal faces (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12360FFD93DDB0137FDF99052" box="[388,516,1871,1895]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[102,135,1629,1648]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,230,1597]" captionTargetId="figure-143@12.[102,1485,230,1597]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 9. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), collection J.B. Steere. A, B. Morphology of distal septal edge (A) and septal flank spine (B). Note “Persian lamb” texture of skeletal surface (as shown by these fasciculi). C, D. Transverse section of polished and etched septum. Arrow in enlarged (D) fragment (general view in C) shows “blurry”, probably organic material in dCRA and adjacent, radiating TD fibers (ca. 3–5 µm growth increments). E, F. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane; note dissolved/etched dRAF components in longitudinal “strand” (F enlargement). All are SEM." pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Fig. 9C, D</figureCitation>
). In MFM view, illustrated in
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12360FFD93C950117FED190BD" box="[202,300,1903,1928]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[102,135,1229,1248]" captionTargetBox="[103,1483,225,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-314@13.[103,1484,225,1201]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), coll. J.B. Steere. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note dRAF in lower right corner (brown “calcification center”) and regular growth increments of TD fibers (red arrows). B. SEM of transverse (slightly oblique) polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to dRAF (bottom) show regular tapering periods at ca. 2–3 µm: red arrows). Oblique sectioned dRAD, with dissolved/etched inner components have crescent appearance. C. Transverse polished (slightly oblique) section of septum, TLM view; dRAF show brownish coloration; borders between bundles of fibers only gently outlined (white arrows). D. The same septal fragment as C, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit light, green−yellow fluorescence, whereas borders between bundles of fibers (arrows) emphasize greenish fluorescence." pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
axial part of septum stained with acridine orange show two zones of different chromatic response (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12360FFD93E8601E8FF6790FC" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[102,135,1229,1248]" captionTargetBox="[103,1483,225,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-314@13.[103,1484,225,1201]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), coll. J.B. Steere. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note dRAF in lower right corner (brown “calcification center”) and regular growth increments of TD fibers (red arrows). B. SEM of transverse (slightly oblique) polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to dRAF (bottom) show regular tapering periods at ca. 2–3 µm: red arrows). Oblique sectioned dRAD, with dissolved/etched inner components have crescent appearance. C. Transverse polished (slightly oblique) section of septum, TLM view; dRAF show brownish coloration; borders between bundles of fibers only gently outlined (white arrows). D. The same septal fragment as C, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit light, green−yellow fluorescence, whereas borders between bundles of fibers (arrows) emphasize greenish fluorescence." pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
): dRAF exhibit bright yellow−green fluorescence, whereas borders between bundles of TD fibers show less prominent, greenish fluorescence. Regular alternations of brownish and more transparent zones viewed within fibers in TLM view (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12360FFD93FEE007EFBEA912B" box="[945,1047,1542,1566]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[102,135,1229,1248]" captionTargetBox="[103,1483,225,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-314@13.[103,1484,225,1201]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), coll. J.B. Steere. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note dRAF in lower right corner (brown “calcification center”) and regular growth increments of TD fibers (red arrows). B. SEM of transverse (slightly oblique) polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to dRAF (bottom) show regular tapering periods at ca. 2–3 µm: red arrows). Oblique sectioned dRAD, with dissolved/etched inner components have crescent appearance. C. Transverse polished (slightly oblique) section of septum, TLM view; dRAF show brownish coloration; borders between bundles of fibers only gently outlined (white arrows). D. The same septal fragment as C, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit light, green−yellow fluorescence, whereas borders between bundles of fibers (arrows) emphasize greenish fluorescence." pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
, and less prominent in
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12360FFD9394D007EFA89912B" box="[1298,1396,1542,1566]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[102,135,1229,1248]" captionTargetBox="[103,1483,225,1201]" captionTargetId="figure-314@13.[103,1484,225,1201]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), coll. J.B. Steere. A. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note dRAF in lower right corner (brown “calcification center”) and regular growth increments of TD fibers (red arrows). B. SEM of transverse (slightly oblique) polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to dRAF (bottom) show regular tapering periods at ca. 2–3 µm: red arrows). Oblique sectioned dRAD, with dissolved/etched inner components have crescent appearance. C. Transverse polished (slightly oblique) section of septum, TLM view; dRAF show brownish coloration; borders between bundles of fibers only gently outlined (white arrows). D. The same septal fragment as C, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit light, green−yellow fluorescence, whereas borders between bundles of fibers (arrows) emphasize greenish fluorescence." pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
) are not been emphasized in MFM.
</paragraph>
<caption id="B98361BC2360FFD93C3902B5FC4D92BD" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" startId="13.[102,135,1229,1248]" targetBox="[103,1483,225,1201]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="ED4331342360FFD93C3902B5FC4D92BD" blockId="13.[102,1485,1229,1417]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">
Fig. 10.
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72360FFD93CEE02B5FDED93D5" authority="(Linnaeus, 1767)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[177,528,1229,1248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Euphylliidae" genus="Galaxea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="fascicularis">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262360FFD93CEE02B5FE9393D5" box="[177,366,1229,1248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Galaxea fascicularis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="896D4CC52360FFD93D2602B5FDF793D5" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[377,522,1229,1248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510" refId="ref25504" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1767. Systema naturae, sive Regna tria Naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera et species 1 (2) 12 edition, 533 - 1327. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm." type="book" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), coll. J.B. Steere.
<emphasis id="DF88ED262360FFD93DC30291FE5193C9" bold="true" box="[412,428,1257,1276]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">A</emphasis>
. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM; note dRAF in lower right corner (brown “calcification center”) and regular growth increments of TD fibers (red arrows).
<emphasis id="DF88ED262360FFD93E62037DFDB1922D" bold="true" box="[573,588,1285,1304]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">B</emphasis>
. SEM of transverse (slightly oblique) polished and etched section of septum; fibers adjacent to dRAF (bottom) show regular tapering periods at ca. 2–3 µm: red arrows). Oblique sectioned dRAD, with dissolved/etched inner components have crescent appearance.
<emphasis id="DF88ED262360FFD93CC40345FF569265" bold="true" box="[155,171,1341,1360]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">C</emphasis>
. Transverse polished (slightly oblique) section of septum, TLM view; dRAF show brownish coloration; borders between bundles of fibers only gently outlined (white arrows).
<emphasis id="DF88ED262360FFD93DDB0321FE699259" bold="true" box="[388,404,1369,1388]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">D</emphasis>
. The same septal fragment as C, stained with acridine orange in MFM view; dRAF exhibit light, green−yellow fluorescence, whereas borders between bundles of fibers (arrows) emphasize greenish fluorescence.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="ED4331342360FFD93F73002CFA5B9038" blockId="13.[812,1485,1620,1806]" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262360FFD93F73002CFB8B9159" box="[812,1142,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Longitudinal−radial sections</emphasis>
.—Polished and etched sections, made in the septal RAF plane, show regular alternations of regions in SEM, with negative (domed hollows) and positive (ridges) etched relief (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12360FFD9382100CDFB0D91F8" box="[1150,1264,1717,1741]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[102,135,1629,1648]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,230,1597]" captionTargetId="figure-143@12.[102,1485,230,1597]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 9. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), collection J.B. Steere. A, B. Morphology of distal septal edge (A) and septal flank spine (B). Note “Persian lamb” texture of skeletal surface (as shown by these fasciculi). C, D. Transverse section of polished and etched septum. Arrow in enlarged (D) fragment (general view in C) shows “blurry”, probably organic material in dCRA and adjacent, radiating TD fibers (ca. 3–5 µm growth increments). E, F. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane; note dissolved/etched dRAF components in longitudinal “strand” (F enlargement). All are SEM." pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Fig. 9E, F</figureCitation>
). Regions with negative and positive relief alternate approximately every 5 µm, but layers ca. 2–3 µm also have been observed (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12360FFD9391C008DFA659038" box="[1347,1432,1781,1805]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[102,135,1629,1648]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,230,1597]" captionTargetId="figure-143@12.[102,1485,230,1597]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 9. Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767); ZPAL H.23/7 (originally NMNH 90860 lot). Recent, North Pacific Ocean, Central Philippines (southern parts of islands), collection J.B. Steere. A, B. Morphology of distal septal edge (A) and septal flank spine (B). Note “Persian lamb” texture of skeletal surface (as shown by these fasciculi). C, D. Transverse section of polished and etched septum. Arrow in enlarged (D) fragment (general view in C) shows “blurry”, probably organic material in dCRA and adjacent, radiating TD fibers (ca. 3–5 µm growth increments). E, F. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane; note dissolved/etched dRAF components in longitudinal “strand” (F enlargement). All are SEM." pageId="13" pageNumber="510">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="64093E2EF10B2ABA2A90B313AC274125">Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="ED4331342366FFDF3C390690FDAF9630" blockId="11.[102,594,232,261]" box="[102,594,232,261]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
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<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72366FFDF3C390690FDAF9630" ID-CoL="353YR" authority="(Esper, 1794)" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[102,594,232,261]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Desmophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dianthus">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF3C390690FE619630" box="[102,412,232,261]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Desmophyllum dianthus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="896D4CC52366FFDF3DF20690FDB49630" author="Esper, E. J. C." box="[429,585,232,261]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" refId="ref24173" refString="Esper, E. J. C. 1794. FortsetzungenderPflanzenthiereinAbbildungennach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet. Vol. 1 (1 - 2). 64 pp. Nurnberg." type="book" year="1794">Esper, 1794</bibRefCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="ED4331342366FFDF3C390761FE939504" blockId="11.[102,775,281,561]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF3C390761FF0D9604" box="[102,240,281,305]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Morphology</emphasis>
.—The septal microarchitecture of
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72366FFDF3EDE0762FCFB9604" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[641,774,281,305]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Desmophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dianthus">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF3EDE0762FCFB9604" box="[641,774,281,305]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">D. dianthus</emphasis>
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is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72366FFDF3D170741FE359664" authorityName="Cairns" authorityYear="1977" box="[328,456,313,337]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Stephanocyathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="paliferus">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF3D170741FE359664" box="[328,456,313,337]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">S. paliferus</emphasis>
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. The distal septal margin is smooth in “macroscale” however, as viewed in SEM close−ups, its surface is composed of irregularly distributed rounded “patches”. They cover the entire length of the septal margin which is ca. 50 µm wide. The straight course of the distal margin may deviate in zigzag fashion towards granules on the septal flanks, however these are generally rare in the adult stage of corallum.
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<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF3C39043EFEB19568" box="[102,332,582,605]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Transverse sections</emphasis>
.—In TLM, three zones of different light−transparency properties and colors are distinguishable in transverse section of the S1 (made in half of its length) and part of the trabeculothecal wall (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF3D9104DDFDDB9588" box="[462,550,677,701]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,136,1782,1801]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 7. Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794). ZPALH.23/3. Recent, southern Indian Ocean (NE St. Paul Island), MD50 cruise, Stat. 32/CP 145, 38°40.66’S, 77°35.47’E, 825–1020 m. A, B. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely (A) and longitudinally in RAF plane (B). dRAF form chain of dCRA (“centers of calcification”) (A), which sectioned longitudinally exhibit alternating etching relief (B). dCRA (A) are composed of apparently non−crystalline, “blurry” material. C–E. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM (C, D) and MFM (E) micrographs. In TLM (C, D) organic components differentiate into dark−brown zone of wall and septal dRAF and light−brown, banded zone enclosing dRAF; in MFM (E) they exhibit lighter, green−yellow, and darker, greenish fluorescence, respectively. Contact zone between bundles of fibers (also with apparent fractures) contain organic matter that forms a fluorescent network (E); examples highlighted with red arrows. F, G. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane in TLM (F) and MFM (G). Minute growth increments (less than 5 µm) appear as “denticulations” on fluorescent bars (G). Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
): (1) dRAF zone ca. 15–20 µm wide, with a slightly wavy course and dark brown coloration (“dark line”), (2) zone (ca. 100 µm wide) of fibers with brownish zonal coloration (however, lighter than in dRAF zone), and (3) zone of transparent and nearly colorless fibers that form the main mass of the skeleton. The last two fibrous zones differ only in coloration, but show the same orientation of fibers or even their continuation. Generally, fibers are perpendicular to the dRAF zone, as in TD region in other corals discussed here (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF3DED05BDFDC994E8" box="[434,564,965,989]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,136,1782,1801]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 7. Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794). ZPALH.23/3. Recent, southern Indian Ocean (NE St. Paul Island), MD50 cruise, Stat. 32/CP 145, 38°40.66’S, 77°35.47’E, 825–1020 m. A, B. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely (A) and longitudinally in RAF plane (B). dRAF form chain of dCRA (“centers of calcification”) (A), which sectioned longitudinally exhibit alternating etching relief (B). dCRA (A) are composed of apparently non−crystalline, “blurry” material. C–E. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM (C, D) and MFM (E) micrographs. In TLM (C, D) organic components differentiate into dark−brown zone of wall and septal dRAF and light−brown, banded zone enclosing dRAF; in MFM (E) they exhibit lighter, green−yellow, and darker, greenish fluorescence, respectively. Contact zone between bundles of fibers (also with apparent fractures) contain organic matter that forms a fluorescent network (E); examples highlighted with red arrows. F, G. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane in TLM (F) and MFM (G). Minute growth increments (less than 5 µm) appear as “denticulations” on fluorescent bars (G). Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 7C, D</figureCitation>
). Fractures and/or very distinct natural borders occur between some bundles of fibers (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF3CEA027DFEF39328" box="[181,270,1029,1053]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,136,1782,1801]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 7. Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794). ZPALH.23/3. Recent, southern Indian Ocean (NE St. Paul Island), MD50 cruise, Stat. 32/CP 145, 38°40.66’S, 77°35.47’E, 825–1020 m. A, B. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely (A) and longitudinally in RAF plane (B). dRAF form chain of dCRA (“centers of calcification”) (A), which sectioned longitudinally exhibit alternating etching relief (B). dCRA (A) are composed of apparently non−crystalline, “blurry” material. C–E. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM (C, D) and MFM (E) micrographs. In TLM (C, D) organic components differentiate into dark−brown zone of wall and septal dRAF and light−brown, banded zone enclosing dRAF; in MFM (E) they exhibit lighter, green−yellow, and darker, greenish fluorescence, respectively. Contact zone between bundles of fibers (also with apparent fractures) contain organic matter that forms a fluorescent network (E); examples highlighted with red arrows. F, G. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane in TLM (F) and MFM (G). Minute growth increments (less than 5 µm) appear as “denticulations” on fluorescent bars (G). Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
, red arrows). In MFM, skeleton stained with acridine orange dye exhibits a threefold chromatic response (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF3C31023DFF379368" box="[110,202,1093,1117]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,136,1782,1801]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 7. Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794). ZPALH.23/3. Recent, southern Indian Ocean (NE St. Paul Island), MD50 cruise, Stat. 32/CP 145, 38°40.66’S, 77°35.47’E, 825–1020 m. A, B. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely (A) and longitudinally in RAF plane (B). dRAF form chain of dCRA (“centers of calcification”) (A), which sectioned longitudinally exhibit alternating etching relief (B). dCRA (A) are composed of apparently non−crystalline, “blurry” material. C–E. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM (C, D) and MFM (E) micrographs. In TLM (C, D) organic components differentiate into dark−brown zone of wall and septal dRAF and light−brown, banded zone enclosing dRAF; in MFM (E) they exhibit lighter, green−yellow, and darker, greenish fluorescence, respectively. Contact zone between bundles of fibers (also with apparent fractures) contain organic matter that forms a fluorescent network (E); examples highlighted with red arrows. F, G. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane in TLM (F) and MFM (G). Minute growth increments (less than 5 µm) appear as “denticulations” on fluorescent bars (G). Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
): (1) bright green fluorescence of narrow dRAF zone, (2) slightly weaker than of the former zone and green−yellow fluorescence of zone with brownish fibers as seen in TLM, and (3) near orange fluorescence of fractures or natural borders between fiber bundles in zone of transparent and colorless fibers as seen in TLM (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF3DB1029DFDB593C8" box="[494,584,1253,1277]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,136,1782,1801]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 7. Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794). ZPALH.23/3. Recent, southern Indian Ocean (NE St. Paul Island), MD50 cruise, Stat. 32/CP 145, 38°40.66’S, 77°35.47’E, 825–1020 m. A, B. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely (A) and longitudinally in RAF plane (B). dRAF form chain of dCRA (“centers of calcification”) (A), which sectioned longitudinally exhibit alternating etching relief (B). dCRA (A) are composed of apparently non−crystalline, “blurry” material. C–E. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM (C, D) and MFM (E) micrographs. In TLM (C, D) organic components differentiate into dark−brown zone of wall and septal dRAF and light−brown, banded zone enclosing dRAF; in MFM (E) they exhibit lighter, green−yellow, and darker, greenish fluorescence, respectively. Contact zone between bundles of fibers (also with apparent fractures) contain organic matter that forms a fluorescent network (E); examples highlighted with red arrows. F, G. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane in TLM (F) and MFM (G). Minute growth increments (less than 5 µm) appear as “denticulations” on fluorescent bars (G). Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
, red arrows). In SEM (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF3CEF037DFEF19228" box="[176,268,1285,1309]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,136,1782,1801]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 7. Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794). ZPALH.23/3. Recent, southern Indian Ocean (NE St. Paul Island), MD50 cruise, Stat. 32/CP 145, 38°40.66’S, 77°35.47’E, 825–1020 m. A, B. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely (A) and longitudinally in RAF plane (B). dRAF form chain of dCRA (“centers of calcification”) (A), which sectioned longitudinally exhibit alternating etching relief (B). dCRA (A) are composed of apparently non−crystalline, “blurry” material. C–E. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM (C, D) and MFM (E) micrographs. In TLM (C, D) organic components differentiate into dark−brown zone of wall and septal dRAF and light−brown, banded zone enclosing dRAF; in MFM (E) they exhibit lighter, green−yellow, and darker, greenish fluorescence, respectively. Contact zone between bundles of fibers (also with apparent fractures) contain organic matter that forms a fluorescent network (E); examples highlighted with red arrows. F, G. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane in TLM (F) and MFM (G). Minute growth increments (less than 5 µm) appear as “denticulations” on fluorescent bars (G). Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
), polished and etched sections show distinct negative relief of the dRAF zone (ca. 15–20 µm wide, often differentiated into dCRA), whereas fibrous zones show generally positive etching relief, except for the borders between layers of fibers. Fibers enclosing the dRAF zone form a distinct region ca. 20 µm wide, beyond which layers of fibers show much smaller (ca. 5 µm wide) growth increments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED4331342366FFDF3C39038AFC8A9534" blockId="11.[102,775,1522,2026]" lastBlockId="11.[812,1485,232,513]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF3C39038AFE56913C" box="[102,427,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Longitudinal−radial sections</emphasis>
.—In TLM, sections made in RAF plane show narrow dark brown “strands” (ca. 10–15 µm wide) arranged fanwise in the plane of the section (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF3EFB004AFD04917F" box="[676,761,1586,1610]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,136,1782,1801]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 7. Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794). ZPALH.23/3. Recent, southern Indian Ocean (NE St. Paul Island), MD50 cruise, Stat. 32/CP 145, 38°40.66’S, 77°35.47’E, 825–1020 m. A, B. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely (A) and longitudinally in RAF plane (B). dRAF form chain of dCRA (“centers of calcification”) (A), which sectioned longitudinally exhibit alternating etching relief (B). dCRA (A) are composed of apparently non−crystalline, “blurry” material. C–E. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM (C, D) and MFM (E) micrographs. In TLM (C, D) organic components differentiate into dark−brown zone of wall and septal dRAF and light−brown, banded zone enclosing dRAF; in MFM (E) they exhibit lighter, green−yellow, and darker, greenish fluorescence, respectively. Contact zone between bundles of fibers (also with apparent fractures) contain organic matter that forms a fluorescent network (E); examples highlighted with red arrows. F, G. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane in TLM (F) and MFM (G). Minute growth increments (less than 5 µm) appear as “denticulations” on fluorescent bars (G). Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
). Similarly, as in the longitudinal sections of the above described corals, the undulating course of the RAF in radial and longitudinal directions makes the dRAF visible only in some surfaces. In higher magnification, extremely fine (ca. 2 µm long), regular constrictions of “strands” are visible; however, perhaps because of the standard (not ultra−thin) thickness of the section, it cannot be clearly stated whether constrictions correspond to regular alternations of transparent colorless and more opaque brownish layers as in other corals. Also inconclusive in this respect were observations in MFM, however, similarly as in other corals investigated, only the areas of brownish “strands” exhibited bright green−yellow fluorescence (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF3CEB01AAFEF390DF" box="[180,270,2002,2026]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,136,1782,1801]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 7. Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794). ZPALH.23/3. Recent, southern Indian Ocean (NE St. Paul Island), MD50 cruise, Stat. 32/CP 145, 38°40.66’S, 77°35.47’E, 825–1020 m. A, B. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely (A) and longitudinally in RAF plane (B). dRAF form chain of dCRA (“centers of calcification”) (A), which sectioned longitudinally exhibit alternating etching relief (B). dCRA (A) are composed of apparently non−crystalline, “blurry” material. C–E. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM (C, D) and MFM (E) micrographs. In TLM (C, D) organic components differentiate into dark−brown zone of wall and septal dRAF and light−brown, banded zone enclosing dRAF; in MFM (E) they exhibit lighter, green−yellow, and darker, greenish fluorescence, respectively. Contact zone between bundles of fibers (also with apparent fractures) contain organic matter that forms a fluorescent network (E); examples highlighted with red arrows. F, G. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane in TLM (F) and MFM (G). Minute growth increments (less than 5 µm) appear as “denticulations” on fluorescent bars (G). Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
). In SEM, polished and etched sections show ca. 10–15 µm wide “strands” (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF38DF0690FB289634" box="[1152,1237,232,257]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[102,136,1782,1801]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1485,235,1745]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 7. Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper, 1794). ZPALH.23/3. Recent, southern Indian Ocean (NE St. Paul Island), MD50 cruise, Stat. 32/CP 145, 38°40.66’S, 77°35.47’E, 825–1020 m. A, B. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely (A) and longitudinally in RAF plane (B). dRAF form chain of dCRA (“centers of calcification”) (A), which sectioned longitudinally exhibit alternating etching relief (B). dCRA (A) are composed of apparently non−crystalline, “blurry” material. C–E. Transverse polished section of septum in TLM (C, D) and MFM (E) micrographs. In TLM (C, D) organic components differentiate into dark−brown zone of wall and septal dRAF and light−brown, banded zone enclosing dRAF; in MFM (E) they exhibit lighter, green−yellow, and darker, greenish fluorescence, respectively. Contact zone between bundles of fibers (also with apparent fractures) contain organic matter that forms a fluorescent network (E); examples highlighted with red arrows. F, G. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane in TLM (F) and MFM (G). Minute growth increments (less than 5 µm) appear as “denticulations” on fluorescent bars (G). Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
) that generally have a negative etched relief; occasionally individual “strands” are not clearly delimited from each other, but rather form broader areas of negative relief. In the longitudinal direction “strands” show the alternation of zones more and less susceptible to etching. In places this alternation is very dense and regular (every 2 µm), and occasionally are less regular with wider zones more susceptible to etching (ca. 10 µm and more).
</paragraph>
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<mods:title id="8E54E2CEF19F5C774094F382F42040F9">Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FABC406FA79F47038C359F6C60587C8A">Stolarski, Jarosław</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="FA699B26DEE015AC7D8489B425526CC7">Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="953F028EC3B5A797D1F862B2585C0CC2">2003</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="89680941F6028FFA6E3AFFF8A28DA1C3">4</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="A5E662BF2366FFDF3F730454FA9E957C" box="[812,1379,556,585]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="ED4331342366FFDF3F730454FA9E957C" blockId="11.[812,1379,556,585]" box="[812,1379,556,585]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<heading id="B60B86582366FFDF3F730454FA9E957C" box="[812,1379,556,585]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" reason="9">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF3F730454FCC5957C" box="[812,824,556,585]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">“</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72366FFDF3F670454FA9E957C" ID-CoL="SQHV" authority="Cecchini, 1914" authorityName="Cecchini" authorityYear="1914" box="[824,1379,556,585]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Ceratotrochus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="magnaghii">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF3F670454FB67957C" box="[824,1178,556,585]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Ceratotrochus” magnaghii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="896D4CC52366FFDF38FE0454FA9E957C" author="Cecchini, C." box="[1185,1379,556,585]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" pagination="151 - 152" refId="ref22886" refString="Cecchini, C. 1914. Su due nuovi Turbinolidae del Mediterraneo (diagnosi preliminari). Monitore Zoologico Italiano 25: 151 - 152." type="journal article" year="1914">Cecchini, 1914</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="A5E662BF2366FFDF3F730424FB2E9179" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" type="description">
<paragraph id="ED4331342366FFDF3F730424FAA994E1" blockId="11.[812,1486,604,980]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF3F730424FC499541" box="[812,948,604,628]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Morphology</emphasis>
.—Overall, septa of “
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72366FFDF38C30424FAC09541" authorityName="Cecchini" authorityYear="1914" box="[1180,1341,604,628]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Ceratotrochus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="magnaghii">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF38C30424FB489546" box="[1180,1205,604,627]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">C.</emphasis>
”
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF38980424FAC09541" box="[1223,1341,604,628]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">magnaghii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have smooth distal margins as in
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72366FFDF38590404FB7F95A1" authorityName="Cairns" authorityYear="1977" box="[1030,1154,636,660]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Stephanocyathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="paliferus">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF38590404FB7F95A1" box="[1030,1154,636,660]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">S. paliferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF38E70404FAC295A1" box="[1208,1343,636,660]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72366FFDF38E70404FAC695A1" baseAuthorityName="Esper" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[1208,1339,636,660]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Desmophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dianthus">D. dianthus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
However, in contrast to the previous two species, they remain nearly completely smooth, even in much higher magnification (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF393604C4FA4395E1" box="[1385,1470,700,724]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[102,136,1807,1826]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,240,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-11@10.[102,1486,240,1202]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 8. “Ceratotrochus” magnaghii Cecchini, 1914. A. ZPALH.23/4 in oblique view (A 1); distal septal edge enlarged in A2. A3. “Patches of microcrystals” at growing septal edge (RAF). B. ZPALH.23/5. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely with dRAF that appear to be com − posed of homogenous “microcrystalline&quot; material, SEM micrograph. C. TL M (C1, C2) and MFM (C3) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum ZPALH.23/6 in RAF plane. Organic and mineral phases regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in C 2); brownish organic dRAF components (C1) stained with acridine orange, fluoresce (C2) with bright−green light. Seemingly homogenous dRAF in transverse section (B), sectioned longitudinally is composed of elongated units spaced ca. 5–7 µm (red arrows in C1). Growth direction of septum indicates black arrow. A. Recent, deep−water specimen, SEAMOUNT 2 cruise, Stat. DW 279, 33°55.60’N, 28°23.70’W, 805 m. B, C. Recent, shallow−water specimen from Mediterranean (Marseille, Riou−Grand Conglu submarine cave), 50 m." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF39E204BEFA3B95E2" box="[1469,1478,710,727]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,134,1135,1154]" captionTargetBox="[102,1483,228,1104]" captionTargetId="figure-474@3.[102,1483,228,1104]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns, 1977. ZPALH.23/1 (originally NMNH 46443 lot). Recent, south of Bonaire, 11°18.8’N, 68°22’W, 384–607 m. Pills sta. P−753. July 26, 1968. A–C. Distal (A), lateral (B), and proximal (C) views of corallum. D, E. SEM of septa and paliform lobes. D. Arrow indicates portion of septum enlarged on E. E. “Patches of microcrystals” (fasciculi of Wise 1972) at the growing septal edge here called the Rapid Acretion Front (RAF)." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
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, A
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). SEM enlargement of distal septal margins shows their smooth surface, which is not differentiated into “patches” or tubercles. Similarly to e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72366FFDF38390564FB189401" authorityName="Cairns" authorityYear="1977" box="[1126,1253,796,820]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Stephanocyathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="11" pageNumber="508" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="paliferus">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF38390564FB189401" box="[1126,1253,796,820]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">S. paliferus</emphasis>
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, the structure of the septal margin regular “grains” ca.
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in diameter can be distinguished (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF3F910524FBD99441" box="[974,1060,860,884]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[102,136,1807,1826]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,240,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-11@10.[102,1486,240,1202]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 8. “Ceratotrochus” magnaghii Cecchini, 1914. A. ZPALH.23/4 in oblique view (A 1); distal septal edge enlarged in A2. A3. “Patches of microcrystals” at growing septal edge (RAF). B. ZPALH.23/5. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely with dRAF that appear to be com − posed of homogenous “microcrystalline&quot; material, SEM micrograph. C. TL M (C1, C2) and MFM (C3) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum ZPALH.23/6 in RAF plane. Organic and mineral phases regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in C 2); brownish organic dRAF components (C1) stained with acridine orange, fluoresce (C2) with bright−green light. Seemingly homogenous dRAF in transverse section (B), sectioned longitudinally is composed of elongated units spaced ca. 5–7 µm (red arrows in C1). Growth direction of septum indicates black arrow. A. Recent, deep−water specimen, SEAMOUNT 2 cruise, Stat. DW 279, 33°55.60’N, 28°23.70’W, 805 m. B, C. Recent, shallow−water specimen from Mediterranean (Marseille, Riou−Grand Conglu submarine cave), 50 m." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF387B051EFBD09442" box="[1060,1069,870,887]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 3. Stephanocyathus paliferus Cairns 1977. ZPALH.23/1. Locality data as in Fig. 1. SEM of polished and etched septal sections. A, B. Septum transversely sectioned with two distinct zones: dRAF and layers of TD. dRAF, as viewed from this perspective, may be considered to consists of homogenous zone of “microcrystals” (only crystal tips visible; see enlargement in B) and this interpretation traditionally prevailed. C, D. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane (growth direction of septum indicated by black arrow in C). C. Dissolved/etched components of dRAF form pattern of longitudinal (horizontal in photo) “strands”, occasionally separated by small ridges (asterisk); wrinkles of adjacent “strands” form in places pronounced “rollers” (black dots). D. Enlarged “strand” with alternations of wider, domed cavities (larger arrows) and narrow ridges (small arrows) that match organic and, respectively, mineral phases alternations in Fig. 2E, F. E–H. Sections perpendicular to septal blade. Fibrous layers continue between dRAF and TD desposits (arrows in F–H)." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<subScript id="717833712366FFDF387B051EFBD09442" attach="left" box="[1060,1069,870,887]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">3</subScript>
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). The generally straight course of the ca. 15 µm wide distal septal margin may show a gently zigzaging deviation towards granules on the septal flanks. Except for granulations, the septal surface is smooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED4331342366FFDF3F730590FC2193F5" blockId="11.[812,1485,1000,1216]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF3F730590FBF694CA" box="[812,1035,1000,1023]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Transverse sections</emphasis>
.—Two zones of different etching relief can be distinguished in SEM view of sections made approximately in half of S1 (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF384B0250FB969375" box="[1044,1131,1064,1088]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[102,136,1807,1826]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,240,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-11@10.[102,1486,240,1202]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 8. “Ceratotrochus” magnaghii Cecchini, 1914. A. ZPALH.23/4 in oblique view (A 1); distal septal edge enlarged in A2. A3. “Patches of microcrystals” at growing septal edge (RAF). B. ZPALH.23/5. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely with dRAF that appear to be com − posed of homogenous “microcrystalline&quot; material, SEM micrograph. C. TL M (C1, C2) and MFM (C3) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum ZPALH.23/6 in RAF plane. Organic and mineral phases regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in C 2); brownish organic dRAF components (C1) stained with acridine orange, fluoresce (C2) with bright−green light. Seemingly homogenous dRAF in transverse section (B), sectioned longitudinally is composed of elongated units spaced ca. 5–7 µm (red arrows in C1). Growth direction of septum indicates black arrow. A. Recent, deep−water specimen, SEAMOUNT 2 cruise, Stat. DW 279, 33°55.60’N, 28°23.70’W, 805 m. B, C. Recent, shallow−water specimen from Mediterranean (Marseille, Riou−Grand Conglu submarine cave), 50 m." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
): (1) a homogenous dRAF zone ca. 15 µm wide that has negative etching relief, and (2) TD zone of overall positive relief, except for the borders between bundles of fibers that are distributed more or less regularly every 7–10 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED4331342366FFDF3F7302ABFB2E9179" blockId="11.[812,1485,1235,1615]" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262366FFDF3F7302ABFB8C93DE" box="[812,1137,1235,1259]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Longitudinal−radial sections</emphasis>
.—In contrast to a seemingly homogenous structure of dRAF zone as seen in SEM, longitudinal sections in the RAF plane reveal very narrow strands, ca. 5 µm wide and approximately parallel to each other but arranged fanwise in the plane of the entire section (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF3937032BFA409259" box="[1384,1469,1363,1388]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[102,136,1807,1826]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,240,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-11@10.[102,1486,240,1202]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 8. “Ceratotrochus” magnaghii Cecchini, 1914. A. ZPALH.23/4 in oblique view (A 1); distal septal edge enlarged in A2. A3. “Patches of microcrystals” at growing septal edge (RAF). B. ZPALH.23/5. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely with dRAF that appear to be com − posed of homogenous “microcrystalline&quot; material, SEM micrograph. C. TL M (C1, C2) and MFM (C3) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum ZPALH.23/6 in RAF plane. Organic and mineral phases regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in C 2); brownish organic dRAF components (C1) stained with acridine orange, fluoresce (C2) with bright−green light. Seemingly homogenous dRAF in transverse section (B), sectioned longitudinally is composed of elongated units spaced ca. 5–7 µm (red arrows in C1). Growth direction of septum indicates black arrow. A. Recent, deep−water specimen, SEAMOUNT 2 cruise, Stat. DW 279, 33°55.60’N, 28°23.70’W, 805 m. B, C. Recent, shallow−water specimen from Mediterranean (Marseille, Riou−Grand Conglu submarine cave), 50 m." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF39E20326FA3B925A" box="[1469,1478,1374,1391]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,134,1135,1154]" captionTargetBox="[102,1483,228,1104]" captionTargetId="figure-474@3.[102,1483,228,1104]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns, 1977. ZPALH.23/1 (originally NMNH 46443 lot). Recent, south of Bonaire, 11°18.8’N, 68°22’W, 384–607 m. Pills sta. P−753. July 26, 1968. A–C. Distal (A), lateral (B), and proximal (C) views of corallum. D, E. SEM of septa and paliform lobes. D. Arrow indicates portion of septum enlarged on E. E. “Patches of microcrystals” (fasciculi of Wise 1972) at the growing septal edge here called the Rapid Acretion Front (RAF)." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
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, red arrows). These longitudinal “strands” have a layered structure, which is particularly well visible on the entire surface of the section (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF385503CBFB9D92F9" box="[1034,1120,1459,1484]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[102,136,1807,1826]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,240,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-11@10.[102,1486,240,1202]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 8. “Ceratotrochus” magnaghii Cecchini, 1914. A. ZPALH.23/4 in oblique view (A 1); distal septal edge enlarged in A2. A3. “Patches of microcrystals” at growing septal edge (RAF). B. ZPALH.23/5. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely with dRAF that appear to be com − posed of homogenous “microcrystalline&quot; material, SEM micrograph. C. TL M (C1, C2) and MFM (C3) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum ZPALH.23/6 in RAF plane. Organic and mineral phases regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in C 2); brownish organic dRAF components (C1) stained with acridine orange, fluoresce (C2) with bright−green light. Seemingly homogenous dRAF in transverse section (B), sectioned longitudinally is composed of elongated units spaced ca. 5–7 µm (red arrows in C1). Growth direction of septum indicates black arrow. A. Recent, deep−water specimen, SEAMOUNT 2 cruise, Stat. DW 279, 33°55.60’N, 28°23.70’W, 805 m. B, C. Recent, shallow−water specimen from Mediterranean (Marseille, Riou−Grand Conglu submarine cave), 50 m." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF383F03C6FB9492FA" box="[1120,1129,1470,1487]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,134,1135,1154]" captionTargetBox="[102,1483,228,1104]" captionTargetId="figure-474@3.[102,1483,228,1104]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns, 1977. ZPALH.23/1 (originally NMNH 46443 lot). Recent, south of Bonaire, 11°18.8’N, 68°22’W, 384–607 m. Pills sta. P−753. July 26, 1968. A–C. Distal (A), lateral (B), and proximal (C) views of corallum. D, E. SEM of septa and paliform lobes. D. Arrow indicates portion of septum enlarged on E. E. “Patches of microcrystals” (fasciculi of Wise 1972) at the growing septal edge here called the Rapid Acretion Front (RAF)." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
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</figureCitation>
, C
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). Wider, dark−brown layers are 3.7–4.6 µm thick, whereas thin, transparent and much lighter layers are ca. 1.8 µm wide. Only dark−brown skeletal components stained with acridine−range dye exhibit bright green−yellow fluorescence (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF383C004BFB459179" box="[1123,1208,1587,1612]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[102,136,1807,1826]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,240,1760]" captionTargetId="figure-11@10.[102,1486,240,1202]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 8. “Ceratotrochus” magnaghii Cecchini, 1914. A. ZPALH.23/4 in oblique view (A 1); distal septal edge enlarged in A2. A3. “Patches of microcrystals” at growing septal edge (RAF). B. ZPALH.23/5. Polished and etched septum sectioned transversely with dRAF that appear to be com − posed of homogenous “microcrystalline&quot; material, SEM micrograph. C. TL M (C1, C2) and MFM (C3) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum ZPALH.23/6 in RAF plane. Organic and mineral phases regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in C 2); brownish organic dRAF components (C1) stained with acridine orange, fluoresce (C2) with bright−green light. Seemingly homogenous dRAF in transverse section (B), sectioned longitudinally is composed of elongated units spaced ca. 5–7 µm (red arrows in C1). Growth direction of septum indicates black arrow. A. Recent, deep−water specimen, SEAMOUNT 2 cruise, Stat. DW 279, 33°55.60’N, 28°23.70’W, 805 m. B, C. Recent, shallow−water specimen from Mediterranean (Marseille, Riou−Grand Conglu submarine cave), 50 m." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12366FFDF38E60046FB3F917A" box="[1209,1218,1598,1615]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[102,135,1815,1834]" captionText="Fig. 3. Stephanocyathus paliferus Cairns 1977. ZPALH.23/1. Locality data as in Fig. 1. SEM of polished and etched septal sections. A, B. Septum transversely sectioned with two distinct zones: dRAF and layers of TD. dRAF, as viewed from this perspective, may be considered to consists of homogenous zone of “microcrystals” (only crystal tips visible; see enlargement in B) and this interpretation traditionally prevailed. C, D. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane (growth direction of septum indicated by black arrow in C). C. Dissolved/etched components of dRAF form pattern of longitudinal (horizontal in photo) “strands”, occasionally separated by small ridges (asterisk); wrinkles of adjacent “strands” form in places pronounced “rollers” (black dots). D. Enlarged “strand” with alternations of wider, domed cavities (larger arrows) and narrow ridges (small arrows) that match organic and, respectively, mineral phases alternations in Fig. 2E, F. E–H. Sections perpendicular to septal blade. Fibrous layers continue between dRAF and TD desposits (arrows in F–H)." pageId="11" pageNumber="508">
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="A84EB07D1B405599307830A03F8A8235">Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="ED433134236BFFD23C390045FDCE916F" blockId="6.[102,563,1597,1626]" box="[102,563,1597,1626]" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">
<heading id="B60B8658236BFFD23C390045FDCE916F" box="[102,563,1597,1626]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="503" reason="9">
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB7236BFFD23C390045FDCE916F" ID-CoL="6J6TM" authority="Marenzeller, 1904" authorityName="Marenzeller" authorityYear="1904" box="[102,563,1597,1626]" class="Anthozoa" family="Flabellidae" genus="Flabellum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="6" pageNumber="503" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chunii">
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236BFFD23C390045FEBC916F" box="[102,321,1597,1626]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">Flabellum chunii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="896D4CC5236BFFD23D160045FDCE916F" author="Marenzeller E." box="[329,563,1597,1626]" pageId="6" pageNumber="503" pagination="261 - 318" refId="ref25543" refString="Marenzeller E., von, 1904. Steinkorallen. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der DeutschenTiefsee-Expeditionaufdem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot; 1898 - 1899, 7 (3): 261 - 318." type="journal article" year="1904">Marenzeller, 1904</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ED433134236BFFD23C390008FA7C9169" blockId="6.[102,775,1648,1768]" lastBlockId="6.[812,1485,1444,1768]" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236BFFD23C390008FEC791BD" box="[102,314,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">Septal morphology</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB7236BFFD23D010009FE3991BD" authorityName="Marenzeller" authorityYear="1904" box="[350,452,1648,1672]" class="Anthozoa" family="Flabellidae" genus="Flabellum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="6" pageNumber="503" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chunii">
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236BFFD23D010009FE3991BD" box="[350,452,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">F. chunii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and some other representatives of traditional
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB7236BFFD23D6000E8FE40919D" authorityName="Bourne" authorityYear="1905" box="[319,445,1680,1704]" class="Anthozoa" family="Flabellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="6" pageNumber="503" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Flabellidae</taxonomicName>
) have a scale−like texture on the septal flanks (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB1236BFFD23D6600C8FE6891FD" box="[313,405,1712,1736]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[102,134,1616,1635]" captionTargetBox="[103,1483,225,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-119@7.[103,1484,225,1588]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Flabellum chunii Marenzeller, 1904. Recent, Great Meteor Seamount, SEAMOUNT2 (1993), DW 152 (January 11, 1993), 30°02.00’N, 28°22.10’W, 470 m. A. Septa and inner side of wall (A1) thickened by fibers arranged in scale−like units (A2, enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/1. B. Marginothecal wall sectioned longitudinally (large white arrow); layers of successive growth increments (dRAF) continue in wall “stereome”, i.e.,TD (small white arrows); ZPAL H.23/2/2. C. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane. Dissolved or etched components of RAF form narrow “strands” (C2 enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/3. D. Transverse polished and etched section of septum; dRAF zone composed of neighboring dCRA (D1) is from both sides covered with layers of TD fibers (D2) which direction conform to that of scale−like units (i.e., semi−parallel to RAF); ZPALH.23/2/4.All SEM; growth direction within skeletal element i ndicated by black arrow in B." pageId="6" pageNumber="503">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="75C72DB1236BFFD23DCA00C3FE6391F9" box="[405,414,1723,1740]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,134,1135,1154]" captionTargetBox="[102,1483,228,1104]" captionTargetId="figure-474@3.[102,1483,228,1104]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns, 1977. ZPALH.23/1 (originally NMNH 46443 lot). Recent, south of Bonaire, 11°18.8’N, 68°22’W, 384–607 m. Pills sta. P−753. July 26, 1968. A–C. Distal (A), lateral (B), and proximal (C) views of corallum. D, E. SEM of septa and paliform lobes. D. Arrow indicates portion of septum enlarged on E. E. “Patches of microcrystals” (fasciculi of Wise 1972) at the growing septal edge here called the Rapid Acretion Front (RAF)." pageId="6" pageNumber="503">
<subScript id="71783371236BFFD23DCA00C3FE6391F9" attach="left" box="[405,414,1723,1740]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">1</subScript>
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, A
<subScript id="71783371236BFFD23D9A00C3FE3391F9" attach="left" box="[453,462,1723,1740]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">2</subScript>
). Scale−like units here are composed of bundles of fibers arranged quasi−parallel to septal faces (in
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB7236BFFD23FB803DCFB589289" authorityName="Seguenza" authorityYear="1864" box="[999,1189,1444,1468]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Stephanocyathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="6" pageNumber="503" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236BFFD23FB803DCFB589289" box="[999,1189,1444,1468]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">Stephanocyathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bundles of fibers are arranged quasi−perpendicularly to the septal faces resulting in their smooth surface). Scale−like structures are developed also on the inner side of the wall, and on the axial junction of the septa. Scale−like units continue on distal, growing edges of skeletal elements where they form small tubercles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED433134236BFFD33F730009FD12905C" blockId="6.[812,1485,1444,1768]" lastBlockId="7.[102,775,1841,2026]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="504" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236BFFD23F730009FBEF91BD" box="[812,1042,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">Transverse sections</emphasis>
.—SEM micrograph of polished and etched sections made approximately in half of the length of S1 (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB1236BFFD23F0500C8FC4F91FD" box="[858,946,1712,1736]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[102,134,1616,1635]" captionTargetBox="[103,1483,225,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-119@7.[103,1484,225,1588]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Flabellum chunii Marenzeller, 1904. Recent, Great Meteor Seamount, SEAMOUNT2 (1993), DW 152 (January 11, 1993), 30°02.00’N, 28°22.10’W, 470 m. A. Septa and inner side of wall (A1) thickened by fibers arranged in scale−like units (A2, enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/1. B. Marginothecal wall sectioned longitudinally (large white arrow); layers of successive growth increments (dRAF) continue in wall “stereome”, i.e.,TD (small white arrows); ZPAL H.23/2/2. C. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane. Dissolved or etched components of RAF form narrow “strands” (C2 enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/3. D. Transverse polished and etched section of septum; dRAF zone composed of neighboring dCRA (D1) is from both sides covered with layers of TD fibers (D2) which direction conform to that of scale−like units (i.e., semi−parallel to RAF); ZPALH.23/2/4.All SEM; growth direction within skeletal element i ndicated by black arrow in B." pageId="6" pageNumber="503">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="75C72DB1236BFFD23FED00C3FC4691F9" box="[946,955,1723,1740]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,134,1135,1154]" captionTargetBox="[102,1483,228,1104]" captionTargetId="figure-474@3.[102,1483,228,1104]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns, 1977. ZPALH.23/1 (originally NMNH 46443 lot). Recent, south of Bonaire, 11°18.8’N, 68°22’W, 384–607 m. Pills sta. P−753. July 26, 1968. A–C. Distal (A), lateral (B), and proximal (C) views of corallum. D, E. SEM of septa and paliform lobes. D. Arrow indicates portion of septum enlarged on E. E. “Patches of microcrystals” (fasciculi of Wise 1972) at the growing septal edge here called the Rapid Acretion Front (RAF)." pageId="6" pageNumber="503">
<subScript id="71783371236BFFD23FED00C3FC4691F9" attach="left" box="[946,955,1723,1740]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">1</subScript>
</figureCitation>
, D
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), shows two zones of different etching relief: (1) dRAF zone (mid−septal zone) composed of series of
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236BFFD23C640094FFAA9030" box="[59,87,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">Ą</emphasis>
neighboring pits (dCRA), and (2) TD zone composed of layers of fibers orientated quasi−parallel to the septal surface.
</paragraph>
<caption id="B98361BC236BFFD23C39016FFF1890DD" pageId="6" pageNumber="503" startId="6.[102,135,1815,1834]" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="ED433134236BFFD23C39016FFF1890DD" blockId="6.[102,1485,1815,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">
Fig. 3.
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB7236BFFD23CFA016FFDF6901E" authority="Cairns 1977" authorityName="Cairns" authorityYear="1977" box="[165,523,1815,1835]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Stephanocyathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="6" pageNumber="503" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="paliferus">
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236BFFD23CFA016FFE68901F" box="[165,405,1815,1834]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">Stephanocyathus paliferus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="896D4CC5236BFFD23DC5016FFDF6901E" author="Cairns, S. D." box="[410,523,1815,1835]" pageId="6" pageNumber="503" pagination="729 - 739" refId="ref22787" refString="Cairns, S. D. 1977. A revision of the recent species of Stephanocyathus (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) in the western Atlantic, with descriptions of two new species. Bulletin of Marine Science 27: 729 - 739." type="journal article" year="1977">Cairns 1977</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. ZPALH.23/1. Locality data as in Fig. 1. SEM of polished and etched septal sections.
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236BFFD23946016FFAD4901F" bold="true" box="[1305,1321,1815,1834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">A</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236BFFD2396A0160FAB9901E" bold="true" box="[1333,1348,1816,1835]" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">B</emphasis>
. Septum transversely sectioned with two distinct zones: dRAF and layers of TD. dRAF, as viewed from this perspective, may be considered to consists of homogenous zone of “microcrystals” (only crystal tips visible; see enlargement in B) and this interpretation traditionally prevailed.
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236BFFD238C00136FB529054" bold="true" box="[1183,1199,1870,1889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">C</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236BFFD238E40136FB369054" bold="true" box="[1211,1227,1870,1889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">D</emphasis>
. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane (growth direction of septum indicated by black arrow in C).
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236BFFD23F160111FCA49049" bold="true" box="[841,857,1897,1916]" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">C</emphasis>
. Dissolved/etched components of dRAF form pattern of longitudinal (horizontal in photo) “strands”, occasionally separated by small ridges (asterisk); wrinkles of adjacent “strands” form in places pronounced “rollers” (black dots).
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236BFFD23CC001E7FF529087" bold="true" box="[159,175,1951,1970]" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">D</emphasis>
. Enlarged “strand” with alternations of wider, domed cavities (larger arrows) and narrow ridges (small arrows) that match organic and, respectively, mineral phases alternations in Fig. 2E, F.
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236BFFD23E4A01C2FDBF90F8" bold="true" box="[533,578,1978,1998]" pageId="6" pageNumber="503">E–H</emphasis>
. Sections perpendicular to septal blade. Fibrous layers continue between dRAF and TD desposits (arrows in F–H).
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="ED433134236AFFD33C390028FEFC9039" blockId="7.[102,1486,1616,1804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">
Fig. 5.
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB7236AFFD33CFB0028FE1B9156" authority="Marenzeller, 1904" authorityName="Marenzeller" authorityYear="1904" box="[164,486,1616,1635]" class="Anthozoa" family="Flabellidae" genus="Flabellum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="7" pageNumber="504" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="chunii">
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236AFFD33CFB0028FEC19156" box="[164,316,1616,1635]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">Flabellum chunii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="896D4CC5236AFFD33D1E0028FE1B9156" author="Marenzeller E." box="[321,486,1616,1635]" pageId="7" pageNumber="504" pagination="261 - 318" refId="ref25543" refString="Marenzeller E., von, 1904. Steinkorallen. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der DeutschenTiefsee-Expeditionaufdem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot; 1898 - 1899, 7 (3): 261 - 318." type="journal article" year="1904">Marenzeller, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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. Recent, Great Meteor Seamount, SEAMOUNT2 (1993), DW 152 (January 11, 1993), 30°02.00’N, 28°22.10’W, 470 m.
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236AFFD33CF90014FF4B914A" bold="true" box="[166,182,1644,1663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">A</emphasis>
. Septa and inner side of wall (A
<subScript id="71783371236AFFD33D94000DFE2E91B6" attach="right" box="[459,467,1653,1667]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">1</subScript>
) thickened by fibers arranged in scale−like units (A
<subScript id="71783371236AFFD33FD1000DFC6B91B6" attach="left" box="[910,918,1653,1667]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">2</subScript>
, enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/1.
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236AFFD338ED0014FB3C914A" bold="true" box="[1202,1217,1644,1663]" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">B</emphasis>
. Marginothecal wall sectioned longitudinally (large white arrow); layers of successive growth increments (dRAF) continue in wall “stereome”, i.e.,TD (small white arrows); ZPAL H.23/2/2.
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236AFFD33C3900DCFF8B9182" bold="true" box="[102,118,1700,1719]" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">C</emphasis>
. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane. Dissolved or etched components of RAF form narrow “strands” (C
<subScript id="71783371236AFFD338F900D5FB53918E" attach="left" box="[1190,1198,1709,1723]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">2</subScript>
enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/3.
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236AFFD33C3900B8FF8B91E6" bold="true" box="[102,118,1728,1747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">D</emphasis>
. Transverse polished and etched section of septum; dRAF zone composed of neighboring dCRA (D
<subScript id="71783371236AFFD33F8600B1FC1C91E2" attach="left" box="[985,993,1737,1751]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">1</subScript>
) is from both sides covered with layers of TD fibers (D
<subScript id="71783371236AFFD339E100B1FA3B91E2" attach="left" box="[1470,1478,1737,1751]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">2</subScript>
) which direction conform to that of scale−like units (i.e., semi−parallel to RAF); ZPALH.23/2/4.All SEM; growth direction within skeletal element i ndicated by black arrow in B.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="ED433134236AFFD33CD4010AFEBE90DF" blockId="7.[102,775,1841,2026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">
The dCRA show twofold structure: inner, deeper hollow is surrounded with circle of short fibers (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB1236AFFD33E0701EAFD49909F" box="[600,692,1938,1962]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[102,134,1616,1635]" captionTargetBox="[103,1483,225,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-119@7.[103,1484,225,1588]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Flabellum chunii Marenzeller, 1904. Recent, Great Meteor Seamount, SEAMOUNT2 (1993), DW 152 (January 11, 1993), 30°02.00’N, 28°22.10’W, 470 m. A. Septa and inner side of wall (A1) thickened by fibers arranged in scale−like units (A2, enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/1. B. Marginothecal wall sectioned longitudinally (large white arrow); layers of successive growth increments (dRAF) continue in wall “stereome”, i.e.,TD (small white arrows); ZPAL H.23/2/2. C. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane. Dissolved or etched components of RAF form narrow “strands” (C2 enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/3. D. Transverse polished and etched section of septum; dRAF zone composed of neighboring dCRA (D1) is from both sides covered with layers of TD fibers (D2) which direction conform to that of scale−like units (i.e., semi−parallel to RAF); ZPALH.23/2/4.All SEM; growth direction within skeletal element i ndicated by black arrow in B." pageId="7" pageNumber="504">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
<subScript id="71783371236AFFD33EEB01E4FD409098" attach="left" box="[692,701,1948,1965]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">2</subScript>
). The dRAF zone continue between septa and wall (marginotheca, see
<bibRefCitation id="896D4CC5236AFFD33CCF01AAFECA90DF" author="Stolarski, J." box="[144,311,2002,2026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="504" pagination="19 - 44" refId="ref26694" refString="Stolarski, J. 1995. Ontogenetic development of the thecal structures in caryophylliine scleractinian corals. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 40: 19 - 44." type="journal article" year="1995">Stolarski 1995</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED433134236AFFDC3F730149FD1390B2" blockId="7.[812,1485,1841,2026]" lastBlockId="8.[102,775,1542,2026]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="505" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">
<emphasis id="DF88ED26236AFFD33F730149FB90907C" box="[812,1133,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="504">Longitudinal−radial sections</emphasis>
.—Longitudinal sections in the RAF plane show narrow “strands” (ca. 15 µm in width) that are arranged fanwise in the plane of the section (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB1236AFFD3393C0109FA3D90BC" box="[1379,1472,1905,1929]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[102,135,1261,1280]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,228,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-297@8.[102,1486,228,1230]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Flabellumchunii Marenzeller, 1904. ZPALH.23/2/4. Locality data as in Fig. 5. A–C. Complementary regions of longitudinally sectioned and polished septum (RAF plane): TLM (A), Back−Scattered Electron mode (BSE) (B), and pseudocolor carbon mapping images acquired on the electron microprobe by wavelength−dispersive techniques (C); black/dark blue equals lower concentration (&lt;150 counts per second) whereas yellow−white equals higher concentrations (&gt;150 c/s). Brownish structures exposed at section surface (A), appear darker in BSE mode (B) as it enhances atomic number contrast; elements with lower atomic numbers appear darker, those with higher atomic numbers appear lighter. BSE darker regions (arrows) match exactly to carbon−enriched regions in WDS x−ray mapping image (C, arrows). D–F. TL M (D, E) and MFM (F) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum. Organic and mineral phase of dRAF regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in E); brownish organic components (D) exposed and stained with acridine orangedye, fluoresce (F) with bright−green light. Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="7" pageNumber="504">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
). Due to the undulating course of RAF in radial and longitudinal directions, dRAF are visible only in some surfaces of the thin−section. In TLM, each “strand” is composed of regular alternations (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12365FFDC3CA0007EFEA1912B" box="[255,348,1542,1566]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[102,135,1261,1280]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,228,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-297@8.[102,1486,228,1230]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Flabellumchunii Marenzeller, 1904. ZPALH.23/2/4. Locality data as in Fig. 5. A–C. Complementary regions of longitudinally sectioned and polished septum (RAF plane): TLM (A), Back−Scattered Electron mode (BSE) (B), and pseudocolor carbon mapping images acquired on the electron microprobe by wavelength−dispersive techniques (C); black/dark blue equals lower concentration (&lt;150 counts per second) whereas yellow−white equals higher concentrations (&gt;150 c/s). Brownish structures exposed at section surface (A), appear darker in BSE mode (B) as it enhances atomic number contrast; elements with lower atomic numbers appear darker, those with higher atomic numbers appear lighter. BSE darker regions (arrows) match exactly to carbon−enriched regions in WDS x−ray mapping image (C, arrows). D–F. TL M (D, E) and MFM (F) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum. Organic and mineral phase of dRAF regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in E); brownish organic components (D) exposed and stained with acridine orangedye, fluoresce (F) with bright−green light. Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="8" pageNumber="505">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
) of thicker, brownish, and slightly opaque layers (ca. 1–3 µm width) that are intercalated with thin, rather colorless and more transparent ones (ca. 0.8–1 µm width). Layers within each “strand” have domed shapes, and fade approaching the border of the “strand”. Layers that are brownish in TLM exhibit strong, bright green fluorescence in MFM; thin and transparent layers do not show a chromatic reaction (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12365FFDC3D130094FE589031" box="[332,421,1772,1796]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[102,135,1261,1280]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,228,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-297@8.[102,1486,228,1230]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Flabellumchunii Marenzeller, 1904. ZPALH.23/2/4. Locality data as in Fig. 5. A–C. Complementary regions of longitudinally sectioned and polished septum (RAF plane): TLM (A), Back−Scattered Electron mode (BSE) (B), and pseudocolor carbon mapping images acquired on the electron microprobe by wavelength−dispersive techniques (C); black/dark blue equals lower concentration (&lt;150 counts per second) whereas yellow−white equals higher concentrations (&gt;150 c/s). Brownish structures exposed at section surface (A), appear darker in BSE mode (B) as it enhances atomic number contrast; elements with lower atomic numbers appear darker, those with higher atomic numbers appear lighter. BSE darker regions (arrows) match exactly to carbon−enriched regions in WDS x−ray mapping image (C, arrows). D–F. TL M (D, E) and MFM (F) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum. Organic and mineral phase of dRAF regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in E); brownish organic components (D) exposed and stained with acridine orangedye, fluoresce (F) with bright−green light. Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="8" pageNumber="505">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
). Polished and etched sections viewed in SEM (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12365FFDC3D410174FE8F9011" box="[286,370,1804,1828]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[102,134,1616,1635]" captionTargetBox="[103,1483,225,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-119@7.[103,1484,225,1588]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Flabellum chunii Marenzeller, 1904. Recent, Great Meteor Seamount, SEAMOUNT2 (1993), DW 152 (January 11, 1993), 30°02.00’N, 28°22.10’W, 470 m. A. Septa and inner side of wall (A1) thickened by fibers arranged in scale−like units (A2, enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/1. B. Marginothecal wall sectioned longitudinally (large white arrow); layers of successive growth increments (dRAF) continue in wall “stereome”, i.e.,TD (small white arrows); ZPAL H.23/2/2. C. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane. Dissolved or etched components of RAF form narrow “strands” (C2 enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/3. D. Transverse polished and etched section of septum; dRAF zone composed of neighboring dCRA (D1) is from both sides covered with layers of TD fibers (D2) which direction conform to that of scale−like units (i.e., semi−parallel to RAF); ZPALH.23/2/4.All SEM; growth direction within skeletal element i ndicated by black arrow in B." pageId="8" pageNumber="505">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12365FFDC3D2D016FFE86901D" box="[370,379,1815,1832]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[102,134,1135,1154]" captionTargetBox="[102,1483,228,1104]" captionTargetId="figure-474@3.[102,1483,228,1104]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Stephanocyathuspaliferus Cairns, 1977. ZPALH.23/1 (originally NMNH 46443 lot). Recent, south of Bonaire, 11°18.8’N, 68°22’W, 384–607 m. Pills sta. P−753. July 26, 1968. A–C. Distal (A), lateral (B), and proximal (C) views of corallum. D, E. SEM of septa and paliform lobes. D. Arrow indicates portion of septum enlarged on E. E. “Patches of microcrystals” (fasciculi of Wise 1972) at the growing septal edge here called the Rapid Acretion Front (RAF)." pageId="8" pageNumber="505">
<subScript id="717833712365FFDC3D2D016FFE86901D" attach="left" box="[370,379,1815,1832]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">1</subScript>
</figureCitation>
, C
<subScript id="717833712365FFDC3DC5016FFE5E901D" attach="left" box="[410,419,1815,1832]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">2</subScript>
) show ca. 15 µm wide “strands” of generally negative etching relief that are composed of regular alternations of domed hollows (ca. 2–3 µm width), separated by small and narrow ridges (ca. 1.5–2 µm width).
</paragraph>
<caption id="B98361BC2365FFDC3C390295FBCF92F1" pageId="8" pageNumber="505" startId="8.[102,135,1261,1280]" targetBox="[102,1485,228,1230]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="ED4331342365FFDC3C390295FBCF92F1" blockId="8.[102,1485,1260,1476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">
Fig. 6.
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC3CFA0295FEBD9235" box="[165,320,1261,1280]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">Flabellumchunii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="896D4CC52365FFDC3D1A0295FE109235" author="Marenzeller E." box="[325,493,1261,1280]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505" pagination="261 - 318" refId="ref25543" refString="Marenzeller E., von, 1904. Steinkorallen. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der DeutschenTiefsee-Expeditionaufdem Dampfer &quot; Valdivia &quot; 1898 - 1899, 7 (3): 261 - 318." type="journal article" year="1904">Marenzeller, 1904</bibRefCitation>
. ZPALH.23/2/4. Locality data as in Fig. 5.
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC3F280294FC5E93CA" bold="true" box="[887,931,1260,1280]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">A–C</emphasis>
. Complementary regions of longitudinally sectioned and polished septum (RAF plane): TLM (
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC3DF30370FE41922E" bold="true" box="[428,444,1288,1307]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">A</emphasis>
), Back−Scattered Electron mode (BSE) (
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC3F610371FCB09229" bold="true" box="[830,845,1289,1308]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">B</emphasis>
), and pseudocolor carbon mapping images acquired on the electron microprobe by wavelength−dispersive techniques (
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC3E71035CFDC39202" bold="true" box="[558,574,1316,1335]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">C</emphasis>
); black/dark blue equals lower concentration (&lt;150 counts per second) whereas yellow−white equals higher concentrations (&gt;150 c/s). Brownish structures exposed at section surface (
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC3F130338FCA19266" bold="true" box="[844,860,1344,1363]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">A</emphasis>
), appear darker in BSE mode (
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC38280339FB7B9261" bold="true" box="[1143,1158,1345,1364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">B</emphasis>
) as it enhances atomic number contrast; elements with lower atomic numbers appear darker, those with higher atomic numbers appear lighter. BSE darker regions (arrows) match exactly to carbon−enriched regions in WDS x−ray mapping image (C, arrows).
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC3E940301FD0892B9" bold="true" box="[715,757,1401,1420]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">D–F</emphasis>
. TL M (
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC3F630301FCB192B9" bold="true" box="[828,844,1401,1420]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">D</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC3F080301FC9B92B9" bold="true" box="[855,870,1401,1420]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">E</emphasis>
) and MFM (
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC3F850301FC1592B9" bold="true" box="[986,1000,1401,1420]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">F</emphasis>
) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum. Organic and mineral phase of dRAF regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in E); brownish organic components (
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC382403EDFB76929D" bold="true" box="[1147,1163,1429,1448]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">D</emphasis>
) exposed and stained with acridine orangedye, fluoresce (
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC3D6F03C9FEC392F1" bold="true" box="[304,318,1457,1476]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">F</emphasis>
) with bright−green light. Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="ED4331342365FFDC3CD401EAFAF2916B" blockId="8.[102,775,1542,2026]" lastBlockId="8.[812,1485,1542,1630]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">
Elemental (C, S, Sr, Mg) X−ray mapping of polished sections using wavelength−dispersive techniques (WDS) showed an overall homogenous distribution of S, Sr and Mg (the latter is a trace element). However, “strands” as viewed in TLM (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12365FFDC3FCD005EFC16910B" box="[914,1003,1574,1598]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[102,135,1261,1280]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,228,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-297@8.[102,1486,228,1230]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Flabellumchunii Marenzeller, 1904. ZPALH.23/2/4. Locality data as in Fig. 5. A–C. Complementary regions of longitudinally sectioned and polished septum (RAF plane): TLM (A), Back−Scattered Electron mode (BSE) (B), and pseudocolor carbon mapping images acquired on the electron microprobe by wavelength−dispersive techniques (C); black/dark blue equals lower concentration (&lt;150 counts per second) whereas yellow−white equals higher concentrations (&gt;150 c/s). Brownish structures exposed at section surface (A), appear darker in BSE mode (B) as it enhances atomic number contrast; elements with lower atomic numbers appear darker, those with higher atomic numbers appear lighter. BSE darker regions (arrows) match exactly to carbon−enriched regions in WDS x−ray mapping image (C, arrows). D–F. TL M (D, E) and MFM (F) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum. Organic and mineral phase of dRAF regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in E); brownish organic components (D) exposed and stained with acridine orangedye, fluoresce (F) with bright−green light. Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="8" pageNumber="505">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
), or darker regions as viewed in BSE mode (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12365FFDC3F6A003EFC71916B" box="[821,908,1606,1630]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[102,135,1261,1280]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,228,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-297@8.[102,1486,228,1230]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Flabellumchunii Marenzeller, 1904. ZPALH.23/2/4. Locality data as in Fig. 5. A–C. Complementary regions of longitudinally sectioned and polished septum (RAF plane): TLM (A), Back−Scattered Electron mode (BSE) (B), and pseudocolor carbon mapping images acquired on the electron microprobe by wavelength−dispersive techniques (C); black/dark blue equals lower concentration (&lt;150 counts per second) whereas yellow−white equals higher concentrations (&gt;150 c/s). Brownish structures exposed at section surface (A), appear darker in BSE mode (B) as it enhances atomic number contrast; elements with lower atomic numbers appear darker, those with higher atomic numbers appear lighter. BSE darker regions (arrows) match exactly to carbon−enriched regions in WDS x−ray mapping image (C, arrows). D–F. TL M (D, E) and MFM (F) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum. Organic and mineral phase of dRAF regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in E); brownish organic components (D) exposed and stained with acridine orangedye, fluoresce (F) with bright−green light. Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="8" pageNumber="505">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
), are enriched in carbon (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12365FFDC38F6003EFAFF916B" box="[1193,1282,1606,1630]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[102,135,1261,1280]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,228,1230]" captionTargetId="figure-297@8.[102,1486,228,1230]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Flabellumchunii Marenzeller, 1904. ZPALH.23/2/4. Locality data as in Fig. 5. A–C. Complementary regions of longitudinally sectioned and polished septum (RAF plane): TLM (A), Back−Scattered Electron mode (BSE) (B), and pseudocolor carbon mapping images acquired on the electron microprobe by wavelength−dispersive techniques (C); black/dark blue equals lower concentration (&lt;150 counts per second) whereas yellow−white equals higher concentrations (&gt;150 c/s). Brownish structures exposed at section surface (A), appear darker in BSE mode (B) as it enhances atomic number contrast; elements with lower atomic numbers appear darker, those with higher atomic numbers appear lighter. BSE darker regions (arrows) match exactly to carbon−enriched regions in WDS x−ray mapping image (C, arrows). D–F. TL M (D, E) and MFM (F) micrographs of longitudinally sectioned septum. Organic and mineral phase of dRAF regularly alternate (grayscale enlargement in E); brownish organic components (D) exposed and stained with acridine orangedye, fluoresce (F) with bright−green light. Growth direction within septum indicated by black arrow." pageId="8" pageNumber="505">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="ED4331342365FFDC3F73000AFC0890DF" blockId="8.[812,1485,1650,2026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC3F73000AFB6691BF" box="[812,1179,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">Sectionperpendiculartothewall</emphasis>
.—Polished and etched sections perpendicular to the marginothecal wall (
<figureCitation id="75C72DB12365FFDC397000EAFA79919F" box="[1327,1412,1682,1706]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[102,134,1616,1635]" captionTargetBox="[103,1483,225,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-119@7.[103,1484,225,1588]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Flabellum chunii Marenzeller, 1904. Recent, Great Meteor Seamount, SEAMOUNT2 (1993), DW 152 (January 11, 1993), 30°02.00’N, 28°22.10’W, 470 m. A. Septa and inner side of wall (A1) thickened by fibers arranged in scale−like units (A2, enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/1. B. Marginothecal wall sectioned longitudinally (large white arrow); layers of successive growth increments (dRAF) continue in wall “stereome”, i.e.,TD (small white arrows); ZPAL H.23/2/2. C. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane. Dissolved or etched components of RAF form narrow “strands” (C2 enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/3. D. Transverse polished and etched section of septum; dRAF zone composed of neighboring dCRA (D1) is from both sides covered with layers of TD fibers (D2) which direction conform to that of scale−like units (i.e., semi−parallel to RAF); ZPALH.23/2/4.All SEM; growth direction within skeletal element i ndicated by black arrow in B." pageId="8" pageNumber="505">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
) show overall continuity of layers of fibers between dRAF and TD. The main difference between these regions is negative etching relief of broader zones in dRAF region and only narrow zones of negative relief between fiber layers in TD; pattern of layers continuing between dRAF and TD zones is very similar to that observed in
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72365FFDC387D012AFB5D905F" authorityName="Cairns" authorityYear="1977" box="[1058,1184,1874,1898]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Stephanocyathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="8" pageNumber="505" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="paliferus">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC387D012AFB5D905F" box="[1058,1184,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">S.paliferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in section perpendicular to the septum, however, in
<taxonomicName id="2AFC4AB72365FFDC3860010AFB2090BC" authority="TD" authorityName="TD" box="[1087,1245,1906,1930]" class="Anthozoa" family="Flabellidae" genus="Flabellum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="8" pageNumber="505" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DF88ED262365FFDC3860010AFB4F90BF" box="[1087,1202,1906,1930]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="505">Flabellum</emphasis>
TD
</taxonomicName>
are formed primarily on the inner wall side (layers that continue on outer side of the wall, named tectura by
<bibRefCitation id="896D4CC52365FFDC380001CAFAEB90FF" author="Stolarski, J." box="[1119,1302,1970,1994]" pageId="8" pageNumber="505" pagination="19 - 44" refId="ref26694" refString="Stolarski, J. 1995. Ontogenetic development of the thecal structures in caryophylliine scleractinian corals. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 40: 19 - 44." type="journal article" year="1995">Stolarski (1995)</bibRefCitation>
, are narrow and fade downwards).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>