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<document id="32EA1160DCC1B503B0ED032EDD332E88" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5580.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14797597" ID-ZooBank="8D0A37EA-8D5B-44D9-B2CC-8161D1E4AF54" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1738624576841" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Aidek, Ahmad E., Ibrahim, Amir, Amr, Zuhair, Hutterer, Rainer, Kryštufek, Boris, Serra, Gianluca, Benda, Petr, Shkaky, Yesra, Barbanera, Filippo &amp; Al-Sheikhly, Omar F." docDate="2025" docId="3874162A7E00FF89FF42F9F8B00115C7" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5580.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5580 (1)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5580.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.19:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="19" docTitle="Caracal caracal" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="89" masterDocId="C44D6E527E58FFD1FFD5FFEAB373127E" masterDocTitle="Checklist of Mammals of Syria" masterLastPageNumber="130" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="89" updateTime="1743530880511" updateUser="juliana">
<mods:mods id="E644EDD99DF27F8A018594FBAEB37F37" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B64F7C84EFAA3B0929D23D4B599F23D9">
<mods:title id="9737A1C437FC7FD07CF1199E2B0E6044">Checklist of Mammals of Syria</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="79589620D0FF20A0F7AF0B781F6DC8F1">Aidek, Ahmad E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="586F16BBFCFA7F3C86E12AC8505B71E4">General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Deir ez-Zor, Syria</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0953A7E73824CAC6E56E657398FAF1A9">Ibrahim, Amir</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2119FB6AFDC25317F12342EFD048B525" type="ORCID">0009-0007-7048-0352</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="98E36D57B2AB6A7524828BC4A02FB38D">High Institute of Marine Research, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="CE3F5FC219635D01F4F5095AA4672E5C" type="email">ibrahimamir657@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="763923C57932AB3CB1B70E0BF1F1474C">Amr, Zuhair</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="7AD8FAABBCCDFD3D78B0E0871BC5F53D" type="ORCID">0000-0002-4778-2308</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="A2AFF41EF6AF37FC6109608213E6DB05">Department of Biology, Jordan University of Science &amp; Technology, Irbid, Jordan</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="128CB7A23056C714B3AA5478AEB048B5" type="email">amrz@just.edu.jo</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="7641974A4794CBDFA870145C426AA1E0">Hutterer, Rainer</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F50A2C4FF0CF6E02E5B2925ADBC1A794" type="ORCID">0000-0003-0664-6040</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="CE831808C99E1E5A4A0787202FCE9DDE">Museum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute of Biodiversity Change, Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="DB4F247B8B56ECBF355A71790A4811DA" type="email">r.hutterer@leibniz-lib.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="FBCB97EC346C673323064D47B72E1CB1">Kryštufek, Boris</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="DA732B50711AAC688528F254B67E53E6" type="ORCID">0000-0002-8797-1840</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="4983CBD9FF43761369A7A0C5A63B0C57">Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Prešernova 20, SI- 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="780BF525A859F49F95BDCD498B4CED8F" type="email">bkrystufek@pms-lj.si</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="4A938FF87E322EF488D36C17B5C5F9C7">Serra, Gianluca</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="614927F084F890BEA0415FD80C380DE1" type="ORCID">0000-0001-8979-7842</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="A7BF4E41334CCADA52B5D4DF7D24F425">Conservation biologist, Florence, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8B79FF96A9B9EFA676C7CA5B23C9B9ED">Benda, Petr</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="FBEF8CF25A8613B8A853DC3CC0FD04D9" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1988-0250</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="5883DFA6D07A75E2FF995630B1275991">Department of Zoology, National Museum (Natural History), Václavské nám. 68, 115 79 Praha 1 &amp; Department of Zoology, Charles</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1963E7EB1F6463A92F7356440810CD54" type="email">petr.benda@nm.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="B503A2302879CD882D949206B4793E98">Shkaky, Yesra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="EB149CE206AA5B40331011EC45B1AAD3" type="ORCID">0009-0000-3514-9866</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="4B7D5EE8AF97281BE45F658E2528C278">General Organization of Remote Sensing, Department of Environmental Researches and Regional Planning, Syria</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D6723983C145297CE3E82D43146BB703" type="email">yesrashkaky@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="0EA504045AF1F0DD9D69DCCBED5C6F40">Barbanera, Filippo</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="5CC62D99FDAAD298CD855E9505C9B10B" type="ORCID">0000-0003-4225-1919</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="8E09FF5828579FD821960294B7A31879">Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="2E7D4767462163DE56B6251DEADFFE4D" type="email">filippo.barbanera@unipi.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E28A802B052B27243621EE622C544498">Al-Sheikhly, Omar F.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="DD960F6270618C1418CD0D1D2982CBD3" type="ORCID">0000-0002-0816-1955</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="DFDD47D07D1B9D8AC8B231B87F71CAA8">Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="25FFCDEA8E7BD71BD928E5A8F4B414AB" type="email">alsheikhlyomar@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="D045E2292F58041C859D2FD870A9A669">2025</mods:date>
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<treatment id="3874162A7E00FF89FF42F9F8B00115C7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3874162A7E00FF89FF42F9F8B00115C7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3874162A7E00FF89FF42F9F8B00115C7" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E00FF89FF42F9F8B1C31452" blockId="88.[151,1437,1519,1977]" box="[151,688,1554,1581]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FF42F9F8B1C31452" bold="true" box="[151,688,1554,1581]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
87. Caracal,
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E00FF89FEFBF9F8B1C31452" ID-CoL="QZRR" authority="(Schreber, 1776)" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[302,688,1554,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Caracal" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caracal">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FEFBF9F8B2941453" bold="true" box="[302,487,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Caracal caracal</emphasis>
(Schreber, 1776)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E00FF89FD62F9F9B0D41453" box="[695,935,1555,1581]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E00FF89FD62F9F9B0D41453" blockId="88.[151,1437,1519,1977]" box="[695,935,1555,1581]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">(IUCN Red List: LC)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E00FF89FF42F9DDB76D142F" box="[151,1054,1591,1617]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E00FF89FF42F9DDB76D142F" blockId="88.[151,1437,1519,1977]" box="[151,1054,1591,1617]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
Subspecies:
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E00FF89FEF7F9DDB1F0142F" box="[290,643,1591,1617]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FEF7F9DDB2CF142F" box="[290,444,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">C. c. aharonii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FE19F9DDB108142F" author="Matschie, P." box="[460,635,1591,1617]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="55 - 67" refId="ref55223" refString="Matschie, P. (1912) Uber einige Rassen des Steppenluchses Felis (Caracal) caracal. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1912, 55-67." type="journal article" year="1912">Matschie, 1912</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E00FF89FD6FF9DDB769142F" box="[698,1050,1591,1617]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FD6FF9DDB022142F" box="[698,849,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">C. c. schmitzi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FC8AF9DDB762142F" author="Matschie, P." box="[863,1041,1591,1617]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="55 - 67" refId="ref55223" refString="Matschie, P. (1912) Uber einige Rassen des Steppenluchses Felis (Caracal) caracal. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1912, 55-67." type="journal article" year="1912">Matschie, 1912</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E00FF89FF42F9B1B241150F" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E00FF89FF42F9B1B05D140B" blockId="88.[151,1437,1519,1977]" box="[151,814,1626,1653]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
Distribution: Status uncertain, probably very rare (
<figureCitation id="28E6BBB97E00FF89FD18F9B1B052140B" box="[717,801,1626,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 95" captionStartId="90.[151,250,2013,2037]" captionTargetBox="[222,1364,1121,1988]" captionTargetId="figure-38@90.[222,1366,1121,1989]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 95. Records of the Caracal Caracal caracal (Schreber, 1776) in Syria." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797829/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Fig. 95</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E00FF89FF42F995B78F149F" blockId="88.[151,1437,1519,1977]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
Previous records: From the headwaters of the Khabour River (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FC9DF995B08314E7" author="Matschie, P." box="[840,1008,1663,1689]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="55 - 67" refId="ref55223" refString="Matschie, P. (1912) Uber einige Rassen des Steppenluchses Felis (Caracal) caracal. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1912, 55-67." type="journal article" year="1912">Matschie 1912</bibRefCitation>
) to Palmyra (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FB50F995B67D14E7" author="Evans, M. I." box="[1157,1294,1663,1689]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref49360" refString="Evans, M. I. (1994) Important Bird Areas in the Middle East. BirdLife International, Cambridge, 410 pp." type="book" year="1994">Evans 1994</bibRefCitation>
), a specimen in the Palmyra Archaeological Museum was killed by locals between the 1970s and the 1980s around Palmyra (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FF4AF92DB248149F" author="Masseti, M." box="[159,315,1735,1761]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="229 - 252" refId="ref55135" refString="Masseti, M. (2009) Carnivores of Syria. ZooKeys, 31, 229-252. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.31.170" type="journal article" year="2009">Masseti 2009</bibRefCitation>
), and a live Caracal was brought from Al-Badia to Doma Zoo in 2001 (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FB8DF92DB783149F" author="Shehab, A. H." box="[1112,1264,1735,1761]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref58608" refString="Shehab, A. H. (2002) Review of the wild mammal fauna in Syria. Ministry of Environmental Affairs, in cooperation with United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, GEF, 51 pp. [In Arabic]" type="book" year="2002">Shehab 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E00FF89FF42F901B241150F" blockId="88.[151,1437,1519,1977]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
Recent records: Local hunters indicated that the species is probably present in Deir Sawwan northwest of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E00FF89FAC9F901B61D157B" box="[1308,1390,1771,1797]" country="Syria" name="Halab" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Aleppo</collectingRegion>
and in Ghmam northeast of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E00FF89FE77F8E5B2891557" box="[418,506,1807,1833]" country="Syria" name="Al Ladhiqiyah" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Latakia</collectingRegion>
. However, further confirmation is needed, as some morphological similarities with the sympatric Jungle Cat
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E00FF89FE66F8D9B1411533" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1777" box="[435,562,1843,1869]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chaus">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FE66F8D9B1411533" box="[435,562,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Felis chaus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—which can be misidentified as
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E00FF89FC74F8D9B72A1533" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[929,1113,1843,1869]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Caracal" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caracal">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FC74F8D9B72A1533" box="[929,1113,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Caracal caracal</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—can affect the reliability of these records.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E00FF89FF42F891B00115C7" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E00FF89FF42F891B00115C7" blockId="88.[151,1437,1519,1977]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
Remarks:
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E00FF89FED2F891B12D15EB" box="[263,606,1915,1941]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FED2F891B2EF15EB" box="[263,412,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">C. c. aharonii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FE7CF891B12515EB" author="Matschie, P." box="[425,598,1915,1941]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="55 - 67" refId="ref55223" refString="Matschie, P. (1912) Uber einige Rassen des Steppenluchses Felis (Caracal) caracal. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1912, 55-67." type="journal article" year="1912">Matschie, 1912</bibRefCitation>
)
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was reported from
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E00FF89FCE5F891B0BB15EB" box="[816,968,1915,1941]" name="Iraq" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Mesopotamia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FC01F891B70D15EB" author="Matschie, P." box="[980,1150,1915,1941]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="55 - 67" refId="ref55223" refString="Matschie, P. (1912) Uber einige Rassen des Steppenluchses Felis (Caracal) caracal. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1912, 55-67." type="journal article" year="1912">Matschie 1912</bibRefCitation>
),
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FB5AF891B65215EB" box="[1167,1313,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">C. c. schmitzi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FAF8F891B3A315C7" author="Matschie, P." pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="55 - 67" refId="ref55223" refString="Matschie, P. (1912) Uber einige Rassen des Steppenluchses Felis (Caracal) caracal. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1912, 55-67." type="journal article" year="1912">Matschie, 1912</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
is present as elsewhere in Arabia (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FD89F875B01615C7" author="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J." box="[604,869,1951,1977]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref51172" refString="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J. (1991) The mammals of Arabia. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, Kent, UK, 354 pp." type="book" year="1991">Harrison &amp; Bates 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

257
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86. Red Fox,
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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(
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E00FF89FCC5FD59B77310B3" blockId="88.[151,1437,690,1473]" box="[784,1024,691,717]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">(IUCN Red List: LC)</paragraph>
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Subspecies:
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FEF7FD3DB2DE108F" box="[290,429,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">V. v. arabica</emphasis>
Thomas, 1902
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,
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FDB6FD3DB07A108F" box="[611,777,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">V. v. flavescens</emphasis>
J. E. Gray, 1843
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E00FF89FBD7FD3DB627108F" authority="Thomas, 1920" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[1026,1364,727,753]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" variety="palaestina">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FBD7FD3DB7D8108F" box="[1026,1195,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">V. v. palaestina</emphasis>
Thomas, 1920
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.
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Distribution: Widespread in dry open arid lands, forested areas, riparian habitats, short grasslands, and steppe landscapes across the country (
<figureCitation id="28E6BBB97E00FF89FE26FCF5B1341147" box="[499,583,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 94" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1073,1097]" captionTargetBox="[222,1366,181,1048]" captionTargetId="figure-22@90.[222,1366,181,1049]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 94. Records of the Red Fox Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) in Syria." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797827" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797827/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Fig. 94</figureCitation>
).
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E00FF89FF42FCA9B3931193" blockId="88.[151,1437,690,1473]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
Previous records: Tell Abiad (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FE38FCA9B1E51123" author="Misonne, X." box="[493,662,834,861]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="53 - 68" refId="ref55695" refString="Misonne, X. (1957) Mammiferes de la Turquie sud - orientale et du nord de la Syrie. Mammalia, 21, 53-68. https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1957.21.1.53" type="journal article" year="1957">Misonne 1957</bibRefCitation>
), Banias (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FCDCFCA9B7641123" author="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J." box="[777,1047,835,861]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref51172" refString="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J. (1991) The mammals of Arabia. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, Kent, UK, 354 pp." type="book" year="1991">Harrison &amp; Bates 1991</bibRefCitation>
), Tell Sheikh Hamad (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FACFFCA9B3A011FF" author="Kock, D. &amp; Krupp, F. &amp; Schneider, W." pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="177 - 183" refId="ref53052" refString="Kock, D., Krupp, F. &amp; Schneider, W. (1994) Einige Saugetiere aus dem Nahr al-Khabur-Gebiet, NE-Syrien. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen, 35 (4), 177-183." type="journal article" year="1994">
Kock
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FAB7FCA9B6E61123" box="[1378,1429,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">et al</emphasis>
. 1994
</bibRefCitation>
), Slenfe mountains (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FE6CFC8DB14A11FF" author="Serra, G." box="[441,569,871,897]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref57990" refString="Serra, G. (2004) Fauna literature review and fauna field study. Paragraphs 2. 2. 4 and 2. 2. 5 under the Introduction of the Management Plan Cedar-Fir Protected Area, Slenfe, Syria 2004 - 2010. Unpublished report under the project SY-GE- 57109 &quot; Conservation of biodiversity and protected areas management &quot;, xxx pp (to add in proof)." type="book" year="2004">Serra 2004</bibRefCitation>
), around Palmyra, Talila Reserve (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FC69FC8DB74F11FF" author="Serra, G." box="[956,1084,871,897]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref57933" refString="Serra, G. (2002) Proposal for an action plan to protect wildlife of Palmyrean desertic steppe. FAO report project GCP / SYR / 009 / ITA prepared upon request of the Syrian Ministry of Environment, available at FAO Representation in Damascus Syria, xxx pp (to add in proof)." type="book" year="2002">Serra 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FB92FC8DB66311FF" author="Serra, G. &amp; Mirreh, M. &amp; Kaddour, H. &amp; Razzouk, T. &amp; Al Jundi, A. &amp; Kanani, A. &amp; Batello, C. &amp; Williamson, D." box="[1095,1296,871,897]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref58161" refString="Serra, G., Mirreh, M., Kaddour, H., Razzouk, T., Al Jundi, A., Kanani, A., Batello, C. &amp; Williamson, D. (2009 a) Assessment and characterization of Al Talila Reserve and surrounding Palmyrean desert. IUCN / DGCS Project report. IUCN publication, 134 pp." type="book" year="2009">
Serra
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FB5FFC8DB7C811FF" box="[1162,1211,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">et al</emphasis>
. 2009a
</bibRefCitation>
, b),
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E00FF89FA94FC8DB6EB11FF" box="[1345,1432,871,897]" country="Syria" name="Al Ladhiqiyah" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Latakia</collectingRegion>
, Palmyra, environs of Deir-ez-Zor,
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E00FF89FDF1FC61B11311DB" box="[548,608,907,933]" country="Syria" name="Idlib" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Idleb</collectingRegion>
, Salamiyah, Ghota (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FC9FFC61B09A11DB" author="Masseti, M." box="[842,1001,907,933]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="229 - 252" refId="ref55135" refString="Masseti, M. (2009) Carnivores of Syria. ZooKeys, 31, 229-252. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.31.170" type="journal article" year="2009">Masseti 2009</bibRefCitation>
), Abu Qubays, Al-Furunlok and Jabal Abd Al-Aziz (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FEE2FC45B14D11B7" author="Daoud, A. &amp; Khalil, N." box="[311,574,943,969]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref48597" refString="Daoud, A. &amp; Khalil, N. (2009 a) Mammals Survey in Abu Qubays Reserve. Ministry of State for Environment Affairs, Damascus, Syria, 60 pp. [In Arabic]" type="book" year="2009">Daoud &amp; Khalil 2009a</bibRefCitation>
, b, c), steppes of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E00FF89FCD0FC45B0F911B7" box="[773,906,943,969]" country="Syria" name="Dayr az Zawr" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Deir ez-Zor</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E00FF89FC17FC45B75B11B7" box="[962,1064,943,969]" country="Syria" name="Ar Raqqah" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">ar-Raqqa</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FBE2FC45B7B211B7" author="Aidek, E." box="[1079,1217,943,969]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref44660" refString="Aidek, E. A, (2010) A guide to the Biodiversity of Deir ez - Zor Area. Al - Quds House for Sciences, Damascus, Syria. pp. 1-112. [In Arabic]" type="book chapter" year="2010">Aidek 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FB18FC45B3A71193" author="Murdoch, D. A. &amp; Aidek, A." pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="152 - 176" refId="ref56049" refString="Murdoch, D. A. &amp; Aidek, A. (2012) Birding Sites of the OSME Region 8 - The birds of the lower Syrian Euphrates. Sandgrouse, 34, 152-176." type="journal article" year="2012">Murdoch &amp; Aidek 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E00FF89FF42FC1DB67D16BB" blockId="88.[151,1437,690,1473]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Recent records: Qal’at Jandal (1994), Ar-Rawda steppe, ach-Chola, ad-Dukhoul, Al- Bolaiyah, Al-Bseireh, Al-Hjeifat steppe, ar- Rasafah, ash-Shaddady, as-Sarayim, as-Suwar, az-Zimlah, Al-Thlithawat, Mabroukah, Slouq, Jabal Abd Al-Aziz, Kabajep, Khadhra Almay (2006–2012), an-Nasriyeh, Atheria, Al-Qaryatein, Khanaser, Tual Al-Aba, Um Medf’a, northeast of Salamiyah, Al-Nabk (2011), Abu Qubays, Deir Sawwan, Ar-Rastan, Al-Lajat, east of Al Quneitra, Al-Rafeed, Mesiaf, Wadi Al-Qarn, Mueayzilah, Slenfeh, vicinity of Sweida, Sheen, Bloudan, Ain Albeida, Taldarah, Dannoun and ash-Sheikh Badr (2020–2021), Doma, Rsass and Al-Gheidha (2022).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E00FF89FF42FB25B38F17BF" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E00FF89FF42FB25B38F17BF" blockId="88.[151,1437,690,1473]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
Remarks: The distribution of Red Fox subspecies is poorly documented in
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E00FF89FC03FB25B7661697" box="[982,1045,1231,1257]" name="Syria" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Syria</collectingCountry>
; however, based on examination of photographic records, three subspecies may occur. The Arabian subspecies
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E00FF89FC31FB19B66B1773" authority="Thomas, 1902" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[996,1304,1267,1293]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="vulpes" variety="arabica">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FC31FB19B7031773" box="[996,1136,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">V. v. arabica</emphasis>
Thomas, 1902
</taxonomicName>
is probably confined to the arid plains of south and southeast
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E00FF89FD6AFAFDB18E174F" box="[703,765,1303,1329]" name="Syria" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Syria</collectingCountry>
, the Turkmenian subspecies
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E00FF89FBE8FAFDB6EF174F" authority="J. E. Gray, 1843" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1843" box="[1085,1436,1303,1329]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" variety="flavescens">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FBE8FAFDB790174F" box="[1085,1251,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">V. v. flavescens</emphasis>
J. E. Gray, 1843
</taxonomicName>
to
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E00FF89FF60FAD1B223172B" box="[181,336,1339,1365]" name="Iraq" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Mesopotamia</collectingCountry>
, while the Palestinian subspecies
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E00FF89FD1BFAD1B753172B" authority="Thomas, 1920" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[718,1056,1339,1365]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" variety="palaestina">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FD1BFAD1B00B172B" box="[718,888,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">V. v. palaestina</emphasis>
Thomas, 1920
</taxonomicName>
to the mountains of
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E00FF89FADFFAD1B61F172B" box="[1290,1388,1339,1365]" name="Lebanon" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E00FF89FF42FAB5B38F1707" box="[151,252,1375,1401]" name="Palestine" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Palestine</collectingCountry>
(see Larivière &amp; Pasitschniak-Arts 1996;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FD03FAB5B0AF1707" author="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J." box="[726,988,1375,1401]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" refId="ref51172" refString="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J. (1991) The mammals of Arabia. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, Kent, UK, 354 pp." type="book" year="1991">Harrison &amp; Bates 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FC33FAB5B7811707" author="Al-Sheikhly, O. F. &amp; Haba, M. K. &amp; Barbanera, F. &amp; Csorba, G. &amp; Harrison D. L." box="[998,1266,1374,1401]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="33 - 58" refId="ref45239" refString="Al-Sheikhly, O. F., Haba, M. K., Barbanera, F., Csorba, G. &amp; Harrison D. L. (2015) Checklist of the Mammals of Iraq (Chordata: Mammalia). Bonn Zoological Bulletin, 64 (1), 33-58." type="journal article" year="2015">
Al-Sheikhly
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FBA3FAB5B7D41707" box="[1142,1191,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
). Nevertheless, the ranges of these different subspecies may overlap in north and northeast
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E00FF89FBD2FA69B73617E3" box="[1031,1093,1411,1437]" name="Syria" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Syria</collectingCountry>
, a claim that warrants further research.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

180
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<mods:title id="13260BEAB00D5AEEA40731F78A853994">Checklist of Mammals of Syria</mods:title>
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85. Rüppell’s Fox,
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Subspecies:
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Distribution: Uncommon; confined to the deserts, semi-deserts and arid plains (
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Previous records: Talila Reserve (
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Serra
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FD88FE15B1E21067" box="[605,657,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
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), Palmyra, ar- Rasafah, and Mari (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FBBDFE15B6751067" author="Masseti, M." box="[1128,1286,511,537]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="229 - 252" refId="ref55135" refString="Masseti, M. (2009) Carnivores of Syria. ZooKeys, 31, 229-252. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.31.170" type="journal article" year="2009">Masseti 2009</bibRefCitation>
), dry steppes south of
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and
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E00FF89FE66FDC9B16A1043" box="[435,537,547,573]" country="Syria" name="Ar Raqqah" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">ar-Raqqa</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FDF2FDC9B1C21043" author="Aidek, E." box="[551,689,547,573]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref44660" refString="Aidek, E. A, (2010) A guide to the Biodiversity of Deir ez - Zor Area. Al - Quds House for Sciences, Damascus, Syria. pp. 1-112. [In Arabic]" type="book chapter" year="2010">Aidek 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FD69FDC9B0BE1043" author="Murdoch, D. A. &amp; Aidek, A." box="[700,973,547,573]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="152 - 176" refId="ref56049" refString="Murdoch, D. A. &amp; Aidek, A. (2012) Birding Sites of the OSME Region 8 - The birds of the lower Syrian Euphrates. Sandgrouse, 34, 152-176." type="journal article" year="2012">Murdoch &amp; Aidek 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E00FF89FF42FDADB39310FB" blockId="88.[151,1436,402,645]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Recent records: Jabal Al-Bishri, Ad-Dukhoul steppes, as-Sarayim, Feidhat Ibn Muwyin’e, and Kabajep (2006– 2012).</paragraph>
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88. Jungle Cat,
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E03FF8AFE84F9D6B2A51429" bold="true" box="[337,470,1596,1623]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Felis chaus</emphasis>
Schreber, 1777
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E03FF8AFD41F9D6B1851428" blockId="91.[151,1437,1596,1982]" box="[660,758,1596,1622]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
(
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)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E03FF8AFD28F9D6B09E1428" box="[765,1005,1596,1622]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E03FF8AFD28F9D6B09E1428" blockId="91.[151,1437,1596,1982]" box="[765,1005,1596,1622]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">(IUCN Red List: LC)</paragraph>
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Subspecies:
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E03FF8AFEF7F98BB2EA1404" box="[290,409,1632,1658]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">F. c. chaus</emphasis>
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(
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E03FF8AFE7FF98BB1AF1404" box="[426,732,1632,1658]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E03FF8AFE7FF98BB1681404" box="[426,539,1632,1658]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">F. c. furax</emphasis>
de Winton, 1898
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is synonym).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E03FF8AFF42F96EB17315C0" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E03FF8AFF42F96EB3B71574" blockId="91.[151,1437,1596,1982]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
Distribution: Fairly widespread but uncommon; populations are possibly decreased due to extensive persecution. The species occurs along the marshes, riparian thickets and riverbanks of the lower Euphrates Valley and
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E03FF8AFB28F942B6EA14BC" box="[1277,1433,1704,1730]" name="Iraq" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Mesopotamia</collectingCountry>
. The locals of Deir Ez-Zor refer to this species as “
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E03FF8AFD1CF927B0111498" box="[713,866,1740,1766]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">nimr al Furat</emphasis>
” (the leopard of the Euphrates) (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E03FF8AFB04F926B62B1498" author="Aidek, E." box="[1233,1368,1740,1766]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref44660" refString="Aidek, E. A, (2010) A guide to the Biodiversity of Deir ez - Zor Area. Al - Quds House for Sciences, Damascus, Syria. pp. 1-112. [In Arabic]" type="book chapter" year="2010">Aidek 2010</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="28E6BBB97E03FF8AFABAF926B3C41574" captionStart="FIGURE 97" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1056,1080]" captionTargetBox="[233,1354,181,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-22@92.[233,1354,181,1032]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 97. Records of the Jungle Cat Felis chaus Schreber, 1777 in Syria." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797833/files/figure.png" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Fig. 97</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E03FF8AFF42F8FEB1101508" blockId="91.[151,1437,1596,1982]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
Previous records: Tell Abiad and Ain Arous (headwaters of Al-Balikh River) (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E03FF8AFBC3F8FEB7CC1551" author="Misonne, X." box="[1046,1215,1812,1839]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="53 - 68" refId="ref55695" refString="Misonne, X. (1957) Mammiferes de la Turquie sud - orientale et du nord de la Syrie. Mammalia, 21, 53-68. https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1957.21.1.53" type="journal article" year="1957">Misonne 1957</bibRefCitation>
), Palmyra (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E03FF8AFA97F8FEB270152C" author="Serra, G. &amp; Mirreh, M. &amp; Kaddour, H. &amp; Razzouk, T. &amp; Al Jundi, A. &amp; Kanani, A. &amp; Batello, C. &amp; Williamson, D." pageId="91" pageNumber="92" refId="ref58161" refString="Serra, G., Mirreh, M., Kaddour, H., Razzouk, T., Al Jundi, A., Kanani, A., Batello, C. &amp; Williamson, D. (2009 a) Assessment and characterization of Al Talila Reserve and surrounding Palmyrean desert. IUCN / DGCS Project report. IUCN publication, 134 pp." type="book" year="2009">
Serra
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E03FF8AFA5DF8FFB3DE152C" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">et al</emphasis>
. 2009a
</bibRefCitation>
, b), along lower Syrian Euphrates and Hawaeijts (river islets) (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E03FF8AFC19F8D2B724152C" author="Aidek, E." box="[972,1111,1848,1874]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref44660" refString="Aidek, E. A, (2010) A guide to the Biodiversity of Deir ez - Zor Area. Al - Quds House for Sciences, Damascus, Syria. pp. 1-112. [In Arabic]" type="book chapter" year="2010">Aidek 2010</bibRefCitation>
), and vicinity of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E03FF8AFACDF8D2B6EE152D" box="[1304,1437,1848,1875]" country="Syria" name="Dayr az Zawr" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Deir ez-Zor</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E03FF8AFF4AF8B6B2491508" author="Masseti, M." box="[159,314,1884,1910]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="229 - 252" refId="ref55135" refString="Masseti, M. (2009) Carnivores of Syria. ZooKeys, 31, 229-252. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.31.170" type="journal article" year="2009">Masseti 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E03FF8AFE90F8B6B1241508" author="Murdoch, D. A. &amp; Aidek, A." box="[325,599,1884,1910]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="152 - 176" refId="ref56049" refString="Murdoch, D. A. &amp; Aidek, A. (2012) Birding Sites of the OSME Region 8 - The birds of the lower Syrian Euphrates. Sandgrouse, 34, 152-176." type="journal article" year="2012">Murdoch &amp; Aidek 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E03FF8AFF42F86BB17315C0" blockId="91.[151,1437,1596,1982]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Recent records: at-Tebni, Muhasan and Hatla (2007–2008), Mueileh and Haweijt Shraideh (2010), Al-Mri’iyah (2009), and Al-Mayadin (2021).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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89. African Wildcat,
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Forster, 1780
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Subspecies:
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E04FF8DFEF7F9B5B23E1406" box="[290,333,1630,1656]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">F. l.</emphasis>
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Distribution: Widespread but uncommon; populations are possibly decreased due to extensive persecution; confined to the wooded mountains and forests of the coastal region, arid steppes of Al-Badia south of
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to Palmyra, around
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).
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Previous records: Dariyya and near Al-Quneitra (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E04FF8DFD0DF904B0F11576" author="Harrison, D. L." box="[728,898,1774,1800]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="111 - 125" refId="ref51086" refString="Harrison, D. L. (1971) Observations on some notable Arabian mammals, with description of a new gerbil (Gerbillus, Rodentia, Cricetidae). Mammalia, 35 (1), 111-125. https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1971.35.1.111" type="journal article" year="1971">Harrison 1971</bibRefCitation>
), between Al-Quneitra and Rwihinah (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E04FF8DFA9DF904B3A01552" author="Shehab, A. H." pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref58608" refString="Shehab, A. H. (2002) Review of the wild mammal fauna in Syria. Ministry of Environmental Affairs, in cooperation with United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, GEF, 51 pp. [In Arabic]" type="book" year="2002">Shehab 2002</bibRefCitation>
), Palmyra (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E04FF8DFE87F8F8B16D1552" author="Serra, G. &amp; Mirreh, M. &amp; Kaddour, H. &amp; Razzouk, T. &amp; Al Jundi, A. &amp; Kanani, A. &amp; Batello, C. &amp; Williamson, D." box="[338,542,1810,1837]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" refId="ref58161" refString="Serra, G., Mirreh, M., Kaddour, H., Razzouk, T., Al Jundi, A., Kanani, A., Batello, C. &amp; Williamson, D. (2009 a) Assessment and characterization of Al Talila Reserve and surrounding Palmyrean desert. IUCN / DGCS Project report. IUCN publication, 134 pp." type="book" year="2009">
Serra
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E04FF8DFE43F8F9B2B41552" box="[406,455,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">et al</emphasis>
. 2009a
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), Palmyra and surrounding
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E04FF8DFC86F8F9B0B51553" box="[851,966,1811,1837]" country="Syria" name="Dimashq" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Damascus</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E04FF8DFC00F8F8B7011552" author="Masseti, M." box="[981,1138,1810,1836]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93" pagination="229 - 252" refId="ref55135" refString="Masseti, M. (2009) Carnivores of Syria. ZooKeys, 31, 229-252. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.31.170" type="journal article" year="2009">Masseti 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E04FF8DFF42F8DDB173150A" blockId="92.[151,1436,1594,1908]" pageId="92" pageNumber="93">Recent records: Jabal Al-Bishri (2007–2008), Palmyra (2009), Bmalkah (2016), Al-Kadmous (2020), Al-Nabk, Al-Makhbotah and Salkhad (2021).</paragraph>
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92. Egyptian Mongoose,
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Subspecies:
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E05FF8CFEF7F898B22015F5" box="[290,339,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">H. i.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E05FF8CFE8FF89BB2A615F5" box="[346,469,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">ichneumon</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
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.
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<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E05FF8CFF42F87FB6EB1589" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" type="distribution">
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Distribution: Uncommon; restricted to the coastal mountainous habitat and southwestern region (
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).
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E05FF8CFF42F853B7D415AD" blockId="93.[151,1432,1833,2039]" box="[151,1191,1977,2003]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
Previous records: Al-Quneitra (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E05FF8CFE23F853B1FE15AD" author="Shehab, A. H." box="[502,653,1977,2003]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref58608" refString="Shehab, A. H. (2002) Review of the wild mammal fauna in Syria. Ministry of Environmental Affairs, in cooperation with United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, GEF, 51 pp. [In Arabic]" type="book" year="2002">Shehab 2002</bibRefCitation>
), around
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E05FF8CFD20F853B02215AD" box="[757,849,1977,2003]" country="Syria" name="Al Ladhiqiyah" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Lattakia</collectingRegion>
and Al-Ghota (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E05FF8CFC2BF853B7E815AD" author="Masseti, M." box="[1022,1179,1977,2003]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="229 - 252" refId="ref55135" refString="Masseti, M. (2009) Carnivores of Syria. ZooKeys, 31, 229-252. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.31.170" type="journal article" year="2009">Masseti 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E05FF8CFF42F837B6EB1589" blockId="93.[151,1432,1833,2039]" box="[151,1432,2013,2039]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Recent records: Amreet (2010), Slenfeh (2014), Kersana and Sqoubin (2021), as-Sarsakiyah and ash-Sheir (2022).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

224
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91. Sand Cat,
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(
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Subspecies:
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E05FF8CFEF7FA74B2BB17C9" box="[290,456,1437,1463]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">F. m. harrisoni</emphasis>
Hemmer, Grubb &amp; Groves, 1976
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E05FF8CFF42FA2BB17C14F1" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E05FF8CFF42FA2BB1DA1781" blockId="93.[151,1436,1400,1787]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
Distribution: A nocturnal species widespread in Al-Badia to the south of
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, but less common southwest to Palmyra and west to Jabal Al-Bishri (
<figureCitation id="28E6BBB97E05FF8CFDEFFA0FB1EF1781" box="[570,668,1509,1535]" captionStart="FIGURE 100" captionStartId="94.[151,250,2002,2026]" captionTargetBox="[222,1366,1110,1978]" captionTargetId="figure-37@94.[222,1366,1110,1978]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURE 100. Records of the Sand Cat Felis margarita Loche, 1858 in Syria." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797839" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797839/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Fig. 100</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E05FF8CFF42F9E3B2891439" blockId="93.[151,1436,1400,1787]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
Previous records:Al-Talila,
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southeast of Palmyra (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E05FF8CFCC5F9E3B0B8145D" author="Serra, G. &amp; Abdallah, M. S. &amp; Al Qaim, G." box="[784,971,1545,1571]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="99 - 101" refId="ref58102" refString="Serra, G., Abdallah, M. S. &amp; Al Qaim, G. (2007) Occurrence of Ruppell's Fox, Vulpes rueppelli and Sand Cat, Felis margarita, in Syria. Zoology in the Middle East, 42, 99-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2007.10638252" type="journal article" year="2007">
Serra
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E05FF8CFC87F9E0B0F1145D" box="[850,898,1545,1571]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
),
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towards ar- Rasafah (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E05FF8CFA9AF9E3B3A11439" author="Aidek, E." pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref44660" refString="Aidek, E. A, (2010) A guide to the Biodiversity of Deir ez - Zor Area. Al - Quds House for Sciences, Damascus, Syria. pp. 1-112. [In Arabic]" type="book chapter" year="2010">Aidek, 2010</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E05FF8CFF08F9C7B29C1439" author="Murdoch, D. A. &amp; Aidek, A." box="[221,495,1581,1607]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="152 - 176" refId="ref56049" refString="Murdoch, D. A. &amp; Aidek, A. (2012) Birding Sites of the OSME Region 8 - The birds of the lower Syrian Euphrates. Sandgrouse, 34, 152-176." type="journal article" year="2012">Murdoch &amp; Aidek 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E05FF8CFF42F9BBB17C14F1" blockId="93.[151,1436,1400,1787]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
Recent records: Feidhat Ibn Muwyin’e, Khadhra Almay, ad-Dukhoul, Mueayzilah (south of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E05FF8CFB5DF9BBB67E1415" box="[1160,1293,1617,1643]" country="Syria" name="Dayr az Zawr" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Deir ez-Zor</collectingRegion>
), as-Sarayim and Jabal Al-Bishri (2006–2012).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E05FF8CFF42F973B00D1485" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E05FF8CFF42F973B00D1485" blockId="93.[151,1436,1400,1787]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
Remarks: The subspecies
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E05FF8CFE11F970B11C14CD" box="[452,623,1689,1715]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">F. m. harrisoni</emphasis>
Hemmer, Grubb &amp; Groves, 1976
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is confined to the arid plains of the Arabian Peninsula,
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, Sinai and
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E05FF8CFDE2F957B11714A9" box="[567,612,1725,1751]" name="Iraq" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Iraq</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E05FF8CFDA1F957B0F114A9" author="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J." box="[628,898,1725,1751]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref51172" refString="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J. (1991) The mammals of Arabia. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, Kent, UK, 354 pp." type="book" year="1991">Harrison &amp; Bates 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E05FF8CFC45F957B7FB14A9" author="Kitchener, A. C. &amp; Breitenmoser-Wursten, C. &amp; Eizirik, E. &amp; Gentry, A. &amp; Werdelin, L. &amp; Wilting, A. &amp; Yamaguchi, N. &amp; Abramov, A. V. &amp; Christiansen, P. &amp; Driscoll, C. &amp; Duckworth, J. W. &amp; Johnson, W. &amp; Luo, S. J. &amp; Meijaard, E. &amp; O'Donoghue, P. &amp; Sanderson, J. &amp; Seymour, K. &amp; Bruford, M. &amp; Groves, C. &amp; Hoffmann, M. &amp; Nowell, K. &amp; Timmons, Z. &amp; Tobe, S." box="[912,1160,1725,1751]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref52752" refString="Kitchener, A. C., Breitenmoser-Wursten, C., Eizirik, E., Gentry, A., Werdelin, L., Wilting, A., Yamaguchi, N., Abramov, A. V., Christiansen, P., Driscoll, C., Duckworth, J. W., Johnson, W., Luo, S. J., Meijaard, E., O'Donoghue, P., Sanderson, J., Seymour, K., Bruford, M., Groves, C., Hoffmann, M., Nowell, K., Timmons, Z. &amp; Tobe, S. (2017) A revised taxonomy of the Felidae. The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN / SSC Cat Specialist Group. Cat News Special Issue 11, 80 pp." type="book" year="2017">
Kitchener
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E05FF8CFBDDF954B74814A9" box="[1032,1083,1725,1751]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
); however, it could be a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E05FF8CFEF6F908B1141485" box="[291,615,1761,1787]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E05FF8CFEF6F908B2CD1485" box="[291,446,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">F. m. thinobia</emphasis>
(Ognev, 1926)
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E05FF8CFD77F90BB0011485" author="Burgin, C. J. &amp; Wilson, DE &amp; Mittermeier, R. A. &amp; Rylands, A. B. &amp; Lacher, T. E. &amp; Sechrest, W." box="[674,882,1761,1787]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref47847" refString="Burgin, C. J., Wilson, DE, Mittermeier, R. A., Rylands, A. B., Lacher, T. E. &amp; Sechrest, W. (2020) Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain, 1166 pp." type="book" year="2020">
Burgin
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E05FF8CFD23F908B0541485" box="[758,807,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

166
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90. European Wildcat,
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E05FF8CFE7FFB4AB13D16C5" bold="true" box="[426,590,1184,1211]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Felis silvestris</emphasis>
Schreber, 1777
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E05FF8CFF42FB2FB1F0169E" blockId="93.[151,1020,1184,1355]" box="[151,643,1221,1248]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
Subspecies:
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E05FF8CFEF7FB2CB2B416A1" box="[290,455,1222,1247]" italics="true" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">F. s. caucasica</emphasis>
(Satunin, 1905)
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.
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E05FF8CFF42FB03B1BA177D" blockId="93.[151,1020,1184,1355]" box="[151,713,1257,1283]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
Distribution: North of the coastal region. (
<figureCitation id="28E6BBB97E05FF8CFDA5FB03B1B2177D" box="[624,705,1257,1283]" captionStart="FIGURE 98" captionStartId="93.[151,250,1056,1080]" captionTargetBox="[233,1354,181,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-17@93.[233,1354,181,1032]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURE 98. Records of the African Wildcat Felis lybica Forster, 1780 and the European Wildcat, Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777 in Syria." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797835/files/figure.png" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Fig. 98</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E05FF8CFF42FAE7B07D1759" blockId="93.[151,1020,1184,1355]" box="[151,782,1293,1319]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">
Previous records: Al-Furunlok (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E05FF8CFE2FFAE7B0701759" author="Daoud, A. &amp; Khalil, N." box="[506,771,1293,1319]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" refId="ref48635" refString="Daoud, A. &amp; Khalil, N. (2009 b) Mammals Survey in Al - Ferunluk Reserve. Ministry of State for Environment Affairs, Damascus, Syria, 63 pp. [In Arabic]" type="book" year="2009">Daoud &amp; Khalil 2009b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E05FF8CFF42FADBB1F11735" blockId="93.[151,1020,1184,1355]" box="[151,642,1329,1355]" pageId="93" pageNumber="94">Recent records: Al-Shardoub Forest (2008).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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197
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83. Golden Jackal,
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Linnaeus, 1758
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E0DFF84FD02FC8DB0B411FF" blockId="85.[151,1437,835,1329]" box="[727,967,871,897]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">(IUCN Red List: LC)</paragraph>
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Subspecies:
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E0DFF84FEF7FC61B22B11DA" box="[290,344,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">C. a.</emphasis>
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Distribution: Abundant with a wide distribution in dry open arid lands, forested areas, riparian habitats, short grasslands, and steppe landscapes across the country; rarely in desert habitats. (
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)
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Previous records:
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E0DFF84FEB4FC1DB2C0166F" box="[353,435,1015,1041]" country="Syria" name="Halab" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Aleppo</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FE17FC1DB129166F" author="Russell, A." box="[450,602,1014,1041]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref57441" refString="Russell, A. (1756) The natural history of Aleppo, and parts adjacent. A Millar Publication, London, UK, 226 pp." type="book" year="1756">Russell 1756</bibRefCitation>
), around Tell Abiad (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FC92FC1DB09D166F" author="Misonne, X." box="[839,1006,1014,1041]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="53 - 68" refId="ref55695" refString="Misonne, X. (1957) Mammiferes de la Turquie sud - orientale et du nord de la Syrie. Mammalia, 21, 53-68. https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1957.21.1.53" type="journal article" year="1957">Misonne 1957</bibRefCitation>
), around Daraa (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FB7CFC1DB624166F" author="Kattinger, E." box="[1193,1367,1015,1041]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="11 - 32" refId="ref52635" refString="Kattinger, E. (1971) Beitrage zur Saugetierkunde der sudlichen Balkanhalbinsel und des Vorderen Orients (Syrien und Unteragypten). Bericht der naturforschenden Gesellschaft Bamberg, 46, 11-32." type="journal article" year="1971">Kattinger 1971</bibRefCitation>
), near
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E0DFF84FF42FBF1B39B164B" box="[151,232,1051,1077]" country="Syria" name="Hamah" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Hamah</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E0DFF84FEF6FBF1B206164B" box="[291,373,1051,1077]" country="Syria" name="Halab" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Aleppo</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FE53FBF1B1E5164B" author="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J." box="[390,662,1051,1077]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref51172" refString="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J. (1991) The mammals of Arabia. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, Kent, UK, 354 pp." type="book" year="1991">Harrison &amp; Bates 1991</bibRefCitation>
), vicinity of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E0DFF84FCFBFBF1B019164B" box="[814,874,1051,1077]" country="Syria" name="Idlib" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Idleb</collectingRegion>
, as-Sa’an to the northeast of Salamiyah, Slenfeh (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FF4AFBD5B2531627" author="Serra, G." box="[159,288,1087,1113]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref57990" refString="Serra, G. (2004) Fauna literature review and fauna field study. Paragraphs 2. 2. 4 and 2. 2. 5 under the Introduction of the Management Plan Cedar-Fir Protected Area, Slenfe, Syria 2004 - 2010. Unpublished report under the project SY-GE- 57109 &quot; Conservation of biodiversity and protected areas management &quot;, xxx pp (to add in proof)." type="book" year="2004">Serra 2004</bibRefCitation>
), Palmyra, and Jabal Al-Bilaas (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FD5AFBD5B05E1627" author="Masseti, M." box="[655,813,1087,1113]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="229 - 252" refId="ref55135" refString="Masseti, M. (2009) Carnivores of Syria. ZooKeys, 31, 229-252. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.31.170" type="journal article" year="2009">Masseti 2009</bibRefCitation>
), around Palmyra (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FBD3FBD5B7A71627" author="Serra, G. &amp; Mirreh, M. &amp; Kaddour, H. &amp; Razzouk, T. &amp; Al Jundi, A. &amp; Kanani, A. &amp; Batello, C. &amp; Williamson, D." box="[1030,1236,1087,1113]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref58161" refString="Serra, G., Mirreh, M., Kaddour, H., Razzouk, T., Al Jundi, A., Kanani, A., Batello, C. &amp; Williamson, D. (2009 a) Assessment and characterization of Al Talila Reserve and surrounding Palmyrean desert. IUCN / DGCS Project report. IUCN publication, 134 pp." type="book" year="2009">
Serra
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E0DFF84FB9EFBD5B70D1627" box="[1099,1150,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
. 2009a
</bibRefCitation>
, b), Abu Qubays, Al-Furunlok (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FEE7FB89B1451603" author="Daoud, A. &amp; Khalil, N." box="[306,566,1123,1149]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref48597" refString="Daoud, A. &amp; Khalil, N. (2009 a) Mammals Survey in Abu Qubays Reserve. Ministry of State for Environment Affairs, Damascus, Syria, 60 pp. [In Arabic]" type="book" year="2009">Daoud &amp; Khalil 2009a</bibRefCitation>
, b), and along the Euphrates Valley (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FC04FB89B7291603" author="Aidek, E." box="[977,1114,1123,1149]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref44660" refString="Aidek, E. A, (2010) A guide to the Biodiversity of Deir ez - Zor Area. Al - Quds House for Sciences, Damascus, Syria. pp. 1-112. [In Arabic]" type="book chapter" year="2010">Aidek 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FBB0FB89B6051603" author="Murdoch, D. A. &amp; Aidek, A." box="[1125,1398,1123,1149]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="152 - 176" refId="ref56049" refString="Murdoch, D. A. &amp; Aidek, A. (2012) Birding Sites of the OSME Region 8 - The birds of the lower Syrian Euphrates. Sandgrouse, 34, 152-176." type="journal article" year="2012">Murdoch &amp; Aidek 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E0DFF84FF42FB6DB775174F" blockId="85.[151,1437,835,1329]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Recent records: Qal’at Jandal (1994), Al-Hasrat, Abu Hardoub, Al Qouriyah, Buqruss, Al-Bseireh, Muhasan, Al-Mri’iyah, as-Suwar, Haweijt Saqur, Haweijt Kate’e, Mheimideh, Al-Misrab, at-Tebni, Maadan, Maskana, Jarablus, Khanaser, Al-Mansurah, ash-Shaddady, ar-Rastan, Tell Tamr (2006–2012), Al-Mozirieb, Koayah and Talila (2010), Mhardeh, Mesiaf, Hammam Wasil, Amreet, Al-Naqeeb, Nimreh, Al-Kadmous, Marmarita, Al-Quneitra, Smeihqiah, B’amrah, Taldarah, Jabla, Sheen, Al-Zwiteineh and Qarn Hilyah (2020–2023).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

175
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82. Brown Bear,
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Linnaeus, 1758
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Subspecies:
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.
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Distribution: Very rare; its former range extends from the coastal mountains, Mount Hermon, and
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. (
<figureCitation id="28E6BBB97E0DFF84FF4AFD81B38210FB" box="[159,241,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 89" captionStartId="86.[151,250,2013,2037]" captionTargetBox="[222,1365,1121,1988]" captionTargetId="figure-39@86.[222,1366,1121,1989]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 89. Records of the Brown Bear Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 in Syria." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797816" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797816/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 89</figureCitation>
)
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Previous records: Jabal Abd Al-Aziz (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FD98FD65B18210D7" author="Aharoni, J." box="[589,753,655,681]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="327 - 343" refId="ref44352" refString="Aharoni, J. (1930) Die Saugetiere Palastinas. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 5, 327-343." type="journal article" year="1930">Aharoni 1930</bibRefCitation>
), Mount Hermon and
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E0DFF84FC21FD65B73B10D7" box="[1012,1096,655,681]" country="Syria" name="Al Ladhiqiyah" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Latakia</collectingRegion>
by the end of 1950’s (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FA86FD65B3A710B3" author="Talbot L. M." pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref59755" refString="Talbot L. M. (1960) A look at threatened species. A report on some animals of the Middle East and southern Asia which are threatened with extermination. Published by the Fauna Preservation Society for IUCN, 137 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300000612" type="book" year="1960">Talbot 1960</bibRefCitation>
): at the present-time extinct in these places. The latest bear tracks were observed southeast of Bloudan in 2004 (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FF4BFD3DB25A108F" author="Hajjar, I." box="[158,297,727,753]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="7 - 11" refId="ref50778" refString="Hajjar, I. (2011) The Syrian bear still lives in Syria. International Bear News, IUCN / SSC Bear Specialist Group, 20 (1), 7-11." type="journal article" year="2011">Hajjar 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E0DFF84FF42FD11B6FC116B" blockId="85.[151,1437,475,789]" box="[151,1423,763,789]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Recent records: Bear footprints on snow were photographed near Bloudan (2018); yet, further research is needed.</paragraph>
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170
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81. Mediterranean Monk Seal,
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Distribution: Rare; confined to the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. Recorded in the northern part of the Syrian coast. (
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Previous records: Ras Al-Baseet by
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Mo
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E0DFF84FD8CFECDB1F9133F" box="[601,650,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
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and
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.
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Recent records: Locally most found to the northern part of the Syrian coast (see
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FBDBFEA1B66C131B" author="Guclusoy, H. &amp; Savas, Y." box="[1038,1311,331,357]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="777 - 783" refId="ref50460" refString="Guclusoy, H. &amp; Savas, Y. (2003) Interaction between monk seals Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779) and marine fish farms in the Turkish Aegean and management of the problem. Aquaculture Research, 34, 777-783. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00884.x" type="journal article" year="2003">Güçlüsoy &amp; Savas 2003</bibRefCitation>
), i.e., north of
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, mainly near the Research Institute (
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d’Azur), Burj Islam and the area between Um et-Tiur and Ras Al-Baseet (2004–2023), and Wadi Qandil (2013).
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296
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84. Gray Wolf,
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Subspecies:
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Sykes, 1831
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and
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Pocock, 1934
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Distribution:Abundant but uncommon; populations are possibly decreased due to extensive persecution; widespread in almost all habitats across the country but in small numbers. Heavy persecution by the nomads in central
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documented by G. Serra and MS Abdallah (2000–2010, unpublished report) and
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. (
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)
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Previous records:
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southwest of Ain Al-Arous (
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), Jabal Abd Al-Aziz, Buhayrat Al-Khatuniyah, Sabkhat al-Jabbul, Wadi Al-Azib, Jabal Al-Bishri, Jabal Al-Bilaas, Palmyra (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FBDFF9DDB7C0142F" author="Harrison, D. L." box="[1034,1203,1591,1617]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref51059" refString="Harrison, D. L. (1968) The mammals of Arabia. Vol. II. Ernest Benn Ltd, London, 381 pp." type="book" year="1968">Harrison 1968</bibRefCitation>
;
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Tohme
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E0DFF84FACDF9DDB620142F" box="[1304,1363,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
1975
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;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FF42F9B1B26C140B" author="Evans, M. I." box="[151,287,1627,1653]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref49360" refString="Evans, M. I. (1994) Important Bird Areas in the Middle East. BirdLife International, Cambridge, 410 pp." type="book" year="1994">Evans 1994</bibRefCitation>
), in many regions across
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(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FD5FF9B1B051140B" author="Shehab, A. H." box="[650,802,1627,1653]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref58608" refString="Shehab, A. H. (2002) Review of the wild mammal fauna in Syria. Ministry of Environmental Affairs, in cooperation with United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, GEF, 51 pp. [In Arabic]" type="book" year="2002">Shehab 2002</bibRefCitation>
), Palmyra, Jabal Al-Bishri, Efreen, and north of Slenfeh (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FF4AF995B24914E7" author="Masseti, M." box="[159,314,1663,1689]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="229 - 252" refId="ref55135" refString="Masseti, M. (2009) Carnivores of Syria. ZooKeys, 31, 229-252. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.31.170" type="journal article" year="2009">Masseti 2009</bibRefCitation>
), around Palmyra (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FDDEF995B1A114E7" author="Serra, G. &amp; Mirreh, M. &amp; Kaddour, H. &amp; Razzouk, T. &amp; Al Jundi, A. &amp; Kanani, A. &amp; Batello, C. &amp; Williamson, D." box="[523,722,1663,1689]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref58161" refString="Serra, G., Mirreh, M., Kaddour, H., Razzouk, T., Al Jundi, A., Kanani, A., Batello, C. &amp; Williamson, D. (2009 a) Assessment and characterization of Al Talila Reserve and surrounding Palmyrean desert. IUCN / DGCS Project report. IUCN publication, 134 pp." type="book" year="2009">
Serra
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E0DFF84FD9BF995B10D14E7" box="[590,638,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al</emphasis>
. 2009a
</bibRefCitation>
, b), Abu Qubays, Jabal Abd Al-Aziz (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FBA6F995B60614E7" author="Daoud, A. &amp; Khalil, N." box="[1139,1397,1663,1689]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refId="ref48597" refString="Daoud, A. &amp; Khalil, N. (2009 a) Mammals Survey in Abu Qubays Reserve. Ministry of State for Environment Affairs, Damascus, Syria, 60 pp. [In Arabic]" type="book" year="2009">Daoud &amp; Khalil 2009a</bibRefCitation>
, c), south of Al-Badia of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E0DFF84FE51F949B17414C3" box="[388,519,1699,1725]" country="Syria" name="Dayr az Zawr" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Deir ez-Zor</collectingRegion>
and Jabal Al-Bishri (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FD20F949B00D14C3" author="Aidek, E." box="[757,894,1699,1725]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref44660" refString="Aidek, E. A, (2010) A guide to the Biodiversity of Deir ez - Zor Area. Al - Quds House for Sciences, Damascus, Syria. pp. 1-112. [In Arabic]" type="book chapter" year="2010">Aidek 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E0DFF84FC5CF949B7E914C3" author="Murdoch, D. A. &amp; Aidek, A." box="[905,1178,1699,1725]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="152 - 176" refId="ref56049" refString="Murdoch, D. A. &amp; Aidek, A. (2012) Birding Sites of the OSME Region 8 - The birds of the lower Syrian Euphrates. Sandgrouse, 34, 152-176." type="journal article" year="2012">Murdoch &amp; Aidek 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E0DFF84FF42F92DB1741533" blockId="85.[151,1437,1374,1869]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
Recent records: Qal’at Jandal (1994), Jabal Al-Bishri, vicinity of Feidhat Ibn Muwyin’e, vicinity of Al-Mayadin (2006–2012), Deir Sawwan (2009), east of az-Zelif, an-Nasriyeh, vicinity of Salamiyah (2011), Fajlit, Al-Hjeifat, east of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E0DFF84FF3BF8E5B2361557" box="[238,325,1807,1833]" country="Syria" name="Al Ladhiqiyah" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Latakia</collectingRegion>
, Shahba, Jabla, Mesiaf, Salkhad, Rab’o,
<quantity id="77250AD97E0DFF84FCCAF8E5B01A1557" box="[799,873,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
east of Rbeidha, Deir as-Saleeb, Al-Matikh, and Rsass, Al-Gheidha (2020–2023).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="E4A2F7B47E0EFF87FF42FBDBB7C41637" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797814" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14797814" box="[151,1207,1073,1097]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797814/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" startId="86.[151,250,1073,1097]" targetBox="[222,1366,181,1049]" targetPageId="86" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E0EFF87FF42FBDBB7C41637" blockId="86.[151,1207,1073,1097]" box="[151,1207,1073,1097]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E0EFF87FF42FBDBB2531637" bold="true" box="[151,288,1073,1097]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">FIGURE 88.</emphasis>
Records of the Mediterranean Monk Seal
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E0EFF87FD1AFBDBB7291637" authority="(Hermann, 1779)" baseAuthorityName="Hermann" baseAuthorityYear="1779" box="[719,1114,1073,1097]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Monachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monachus">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E0EFF87FD1AFBDBB0D51637" box="[719,934,1073,1097]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Monachus monachus</emphasis>
(Hermann, 1779)
</taxonomicName>
in Syria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E4A2F7B47E0EFF87FF42F837B0B1158B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797816" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14797816" box="[151,962,2013,2037]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797816/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" startId="86.[151,250,2013,2037]" targetBox="[222,1365,1121,1988]" targetPageId="86" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E0EFF87FF42F837B0B1158B" blockId="86.[151,962,2013,2037]" box="[151,962,2013,2037]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E0EFF87FF42F837B253158B" bold="true" box="[151,288,2013,2037]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">FIGURE 89.</emphasis>
Records of the Brown Bear
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E0EFF87FD97F834B015158B" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[578,870,2013,2037]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Ursus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arctos">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E0EFF87FD97F834B1B1158B" box="[578,706,2014,2037]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Ursus arctos</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
in Syria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E4A2F7B47E0FFF86FF42FBDBB0AF1637" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797819" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14797819" box="[151,988,1073,1097]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797819/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" startId="87.[151,250,1073,1097]" targetBox="[222,1366,181,1046]" targetPageId="87" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E0FFF86FF42FBDBB0AF1637" blockId="87.[151,988,1073,1097]" box="[151,988,1073,1097]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E0FFF86FF42FBDBB2531637" bold="true" box="[151,288,1073,1097]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">FIGURE 90.</emphasis>
Records of the
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E0FFF86FE15FBDBB1231637" authority="Jackal" authorityName="Jackal" box="[448,592,1073,1097]" class="Ellioviricetes" family="Arenaviridae" genus="Golden" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Orthornavirae" order="Bunyavirales" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Negarnaviricota" rank="genus">Golden Jackal</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E0FFF86FD82FBD8B00C1637" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[599,895,1073,1097]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E0FFF86FD82FBD8B1AF1637" box="[599,732,1074,1097]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Canis aureus</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
in Syria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E4A2F7B47E0FFF86FF42F837B0DA158B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797821" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14797821" box="[151,937,2013,2038]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797821/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" startId="87.[151,250,2013,2037]" targetBox="[222,1366,1121,1989]" targetPageId="87" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E0FFF86FF42F837B0DA158B" blockId="87.[151,937,2013,2038]" box="[151,937,2013,2038]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E0FFF86FF42F837B253158B" bold="true" box="[151,288,2013,2037]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">FIGURE 91.</emphasis>
Records of the Gray Wolf
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E0FFF86FDE4F834B03F158B" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[561,844,2013,2037]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E0FFF86FDE4F834B1DA158B" box="[561,681,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Canis lupus</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
in Syria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E00FF89FF42FF7DB7F7131B" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E00FF89FF42FF7DB7F7131B" blockId="88.[151,1437,150,357]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
Remarks: Three subspecies were recognized in
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E00FF89FD61FF7DB19C12CF" box="[692,751,151,177]" name="Syria" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Syria</collectingCountry>
by earlier authors:
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FC1AFF7DB77312CF" box="[975,1024,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">C. l.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E00FF89FBDDFF7DB78D12CF" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1032,1278,150,177]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FBDDFF7DB73612CF" box="[1032,1093,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">lupus</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
, C.
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FAF9FF7DB6EE12CF" box="[1324,1437,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">l. pallipes</emphasis>
Sykes, 1831 and
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FE8AFF51B2A812AB" box="[351,475,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">C. l. arabs</emphasis>
Pocock, 1934 (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FD45FF51B0E012AB" author="Mech, L. D. &amp; Boitani, L." box="[656,915,187,213]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="124 - 129" refId="ref55446" refString="Mech, L. D. &amp; Boitani, L. (2004) Grey wolf. In: Sillero-Zubiri, C., Hoffmann, M. &amp; Macdonald, D. W. (Eds), Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN / SSC Canid Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, pp. 124-129." type="book chapter" year="2004">Mech &amp; Boitani 2004</bibRefCitation>
), but with undefined ranges.
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E00FF89FB33FF51B6EF12AB" author="Misonne, X." box="[1254,1436,186,213]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="53 - 68" refId="ref55695" refString="Misonne, X. (1957) Mammiferes de la Turquie sud - orientale et du nord de la Syrie. Mammalia, 21, 53-68. https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1957.21.1.53" type="journal article" year="1957">Misonne (1957)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that the Iranian subspecies
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FD90FF35B1AF1287" box="[581,732,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">C. l. pallipes</emphasis>
occurs in
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E00FF89FC8CFF35B0821287" box="[857,1009,223,249]" name="Iraq" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Mesopotamia</collectingCountry>
and around Tell Abiad, the northern subspecies
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FECFFEE9B2E51363" box="[282,406,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
C. l.
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E00FF89FE8CFEE9B2E51363" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[345,406,259,285]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">lupus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
would be putatively confined to the mountains of north and northwest
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E00FF89FB36FEE9B6521363" box="[1251,1313,259,285]" name="Syria" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Syria</collectingCountry>
, while the Arabian subspecies
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E00FF89FEA2FECDB29E133F" box="[375,493,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">C. l. arabs</emphasis>
occurs in the arid plains and wadies of south and southeast
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E00FF89FB5EFECDB7B9133F" box="[1163,1226,295,321]" name="Syria" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Syria</collectingCountry>
. The current status and distribution of wolves in
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E00FF89FE35FEA1B168131B" box="[480,539,331,357]" name="Syria" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Syria</collectingCountry>
are not fully known, hence, further research is needed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

162
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<mods:namePart id="CA9CA77D50EBBCED458155E9CAE3F1C9">Ibrahim, Amir</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5A584E594CB3CD2D4BF07D8969B9FC02">High Institute of Marine Research, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="43863689EBA62E70C92198EE36B9591F" type="email">amrz@just.edu.jo</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="A88E140A12184C6266620A54C623A78B">Museum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute of Biodiversity Change, Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F2F82AE240049819946D8C4CFFDF2A0F" type="email">r.hutterer@leibniz-lib.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="3D8F9CA3F758C866BEF31A1B0654E4BC">Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Prešernova 20, SI- 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="C8AE4946344F287C5A22E52CAC1FE6E0" type="email">bkrystufek@pms-lj.si</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="E3301F1B9242FE8F5BE4686FBC62C97C">Conservation biologist, Florence, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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110.Cuvier’s Beaked Whale,
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Status: Regular; stranded dead along the coast of
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,
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Status: Occasional; a single specimen was found stranded dead along the coast of
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<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E32FFBBFE01F962B10A14DC" author="Ibrahim, A." box="[468,633,1672,1698]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refId="ref51670" refString="Ibrahim, A. (2011 a) Field study on vulnerability of Syrian marine &amp; coastal habitats and vertebrates, and the adaptation to climate changes. Joint scientific cooperation between Tishreen University and higher commission for scientific research, Damascus, Syria, 125 pp." type="book" year="2011">Ibrahim 2011a</bibRefCitation>
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)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E32FFBBFBA8FB7AB61D16D4" box="[1149,1390,1168,1194]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E32FFBBFBA8FB7AB61D16D4" blockId="106.[151,1437,1167,1482]" box="[1149,1390,1168,1194]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">(IUCN Red List: LC)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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Subspecies:
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E32FFBBFEF7FB5FB2C616B0" box="[290,437,1205,1230]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">T.t. truncates</emphasis>
(Montagu, 1821)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E32FFBBFF42FB32B13E17B4" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E32FFBBFF42FB32B13E17B4" blockId="106.[151,1437,1167,1482]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">
Status: Regular; dolphins were found floating adrift in several places along the coasts of Ras Al-Baseet, Ibn Hani, Jableh and Banias (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E32FFBBFEA5FB16B1FD1768" author="Gonzalvo, J. &amp; Bearzi, G." box="[368,654,1276,1302]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refId="ref49976" refString="Gonzalvo, J. &amp; Bearzi, G. (2008) Action Plan for the conservation of cetaceans in Syria. Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC / SPA), 45 pp." type="book" year="2008">Gonzalvo &amp; Bearzi 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E32FFBBFD4FFB16B0601768" author="Saad, A." box="[666,787,1276,1302]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="17 - 18" refId="ref57554" refString="Saad, A. (2008) National overviews on the current status of Cetacean - Fisheries conflicts including by catch and depredation with a critical review of any historical data in Syria (Eastern Mediterranean basin). International Workshop on bycatch within the ACCBAMS Area Rome (FAO HQs), Italy, 17-18 September 2008, xxx pp. (to add in proof)" type="book chapter" year="2008">Saad 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E32FFBBFCCBFB16B0AF1768" author="Dede, A. &amp; Saad, A. &amp; Fakhri, M. &amp; Ozturk, B." box="[798,988,1276,1302]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="49 - 57" refId="ref48822" refString="Dede, A., Saad, A., Fakhri, M. &amp; Ozturk, B. (2012) Cetacean sightings in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the cruise in summer 2008. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, 18 (1), 49-57." type="journal article" year="2012">
Dede
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E32FFBBFCB4FB17B0E11768" box="[865,914,1276,1302]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E32FFBBFC32FB16B7FD1768" author="Ibrahim, A." box="[999,1166,1276,1302]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refId="ref51670" refString="Ibrahim, A. (2011 a) Field study on vulnerability of Syrian marine &amp; coastal habitats and vertebrates, and the adaptation to climate changes. Joint scientific cooperation between Tishreen University and higher commission for scientific research, Damascus, Syria, 125 pp." type="book" year="2011">Ibrahim 2011a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E32FFBBFB4CFB16B6231768" author="Saad, A. &amp; Ali, M. &amp; Badran, M. &amp; Aidek, A. &amp; Othman, A. &amp; Dib, S. &amp; Saleh, M. &amp; Ahmad, M. &amp; Badour, F." box="[1177,1360,1276,1302]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 177" refId="ref57624" refString="Saad, A., Ali, M., Badran, M., Aidek, A., Othman, A., Dib, S., Saleh, M., Ahmad, M. &amp; Badour, F. (2019) [Data on Syria]. In: Panigada, S., Boisseau, O., Canadas, A., Lambert, C., Laran, S., McLanaghan, R. &amp; Moscrop, A. (Eds.), ACCOBAMS, 2021. Estimates of Abundance and Distribution of Cetaceans, Marine Mega-fauna and Marine Litter in the Mediterranean Sea from 2018 - 2019 Surveys. ACCOBAMS Survey Initiative Project, Monaco, pp. 1-177." type="book chapter" year="2019">
Saad
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E32FFBBFB03FB17B67B1768" box="[1238,1288,1276,1302]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
) while others were encountered stranded dead at Jabla, Banias,
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, and Ibn Hani coasts (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E32FFBBFBA1FACAB6E41744" author="Gonzalvo, J. &amp; Bearzi, G." box="[1140,1431,1312,1338]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refId="ref49976" refString="Gonzalvo, J. &amp; Bearzi, G. (2008) Action Plan for the conservation of cetaceans in Syria. Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC / SPA), 45 pp." type="book" year="2008">Gonzalvo &amp; Bearzi 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E32FFBBFF42FAAEB2471720" author="Ibrahim, A." box="[151,308,1348,1374]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="17 - 19" refId="ref51636" refString="Ibrahim, A. (2008) Cetacean strandings along the Syrian coast. 5 th Meeting of ACCOBAMS Scientific Committee. ACCOBAMS, Rome, Italy, pp. 17-19." type="book chapter" year="2008">Ibrahim 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E32FFBBFE96FAAEB2F81720" author="Ibrahim, A." box="[323,395,1348,1374]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refId="ref51670" refString="Ibrahim, A. (2011 a) Field study on vulnerability of Syrian marine &amp; coastal habitats and vertebrates, and the adaptation to climate changes. Joint scientific cooperation between Tishreen University and higher commission for scientific research, Damascus, Syria, 125 pp." type="book" year="2011">2011a</bibRefCitation>
);
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E32FFBBFE74FAAEB28B1720" box="[417,504,1348,1374]" country="Syria" name="Al Ladhiqiyah" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Latakia</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E32FFBBFDD0FAAEB12F1720" box="[517,604,1348,1374]" country="Syria" name="Tartus" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Tartous</collectingRegion>
, Banias, and Ras Al Baseet coastlines (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E32FFBBFBF1FAAEB7D31720" author="Saad, A." box="[1060,1184,1348,1374]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" pagination="17 - 18" refId="ref57554" refString="Saad, A. (2008) National overviews on the current status of Cetacean - Fisheries conflicts including by catch and depredation with a critical review of any historical data in Syria (Eastern Mediterranean basin). International Workshop on bycatch within the ACCBAMS Area Rome (FAO HQs), Italy, 17-18 September 2008, xxx pp. (to add in proof)" type="book chapter" year="2008">Saad 2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E32FFBBFB7BFAAEB62B1720" author="Ibrahim, A." box="[1198,1368,1348,1374]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refId="ref51670" refString="Ibrahim, A. (2011 a) Field study on vulnerability of Syrian marine &amp; coastal habitats and vertebrates, and the adaptation to climate changes. Joint scientific cooperation between Tishreen University and higher commission for scientific research, Damascus, Syria, 125 pp." type="book" year="2011">Ibrahim 2011a</bibRefCitation>
). One injured individual was encountered near Laialina swimming club (
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E32FFBBFC45FA82B09D17FC" box="[912,1006,1384,1410]" country="Syria" name="Al Ladhiqiyah" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Lattakia</collectingRegion>
city) in
<date id="C46381FC7E32FFBBFB87FA82B79D17FC" box="[1106,1262,1384,1410]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" value="2019-10">October 2019</date>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E32FFBBFB2BFA82B3A017D8" author="Ibrahim, A. &amp; Hussein, C. &amp; Ibtahim, N. &amp; Arabia, I. &amp; Alshawy, F. &amp; Addour, F." pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refId="ref51842" refString="Ibrahim, A., Hussein, C., Ibtahim, N., Arabia, I., Alshawy, F. &amp; Addour, F. (2021) Field study on the protected areas, destructed habitats and endangered vertebrates in the Syrian coast, and ways of rehabilitation. Joint Scientific Cooperation between Tishreen Uni. and Higher Commission for Scientific Research, Damascus, Syria, 202 pp." type="book" year="2021">
Ibrahim
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E32FFBBFAB7FA83B6E617FC" box="[1378,1429,1384,1410]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
). A swimming dolphin was found
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west of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E32FFBBFD3BFA66B03117D8" box="[750,834,1420,1446]" country="Syria" name="Tartus" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Tartous</collectingRegion>
coast (see
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E32FFBBFC6BFA66B7EA17D8" author="Ibrahim, A. &amp; Hussein, C. &amp; Ibtahim, N. &amp; Arabia, I. &amp; Alshawy, F. &amp; Addour, F." box="[958,1177,1420,1446]" pageId="106" pageNumber="107" refId="ref51842" refString="Ibrahim, A., Hussein, C., Ibtahim, N., Arabia, I., Alshawy, F. &amp; Addour, F. (2021) Field study on the protected areas, destructed habitats and endangered vertebrates in the Syrian coast, and ways of rehabilitation. Joint Scientific Cooperation between Tishreen Uni. and Higher Commission for Scientific Research, Damascus, Syria, 202 pp." type="book" year="2021">
Ibrahim
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E32FFBBFBCBFA67B73C17D8" box="[1054,1103,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
). Recent records:
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northwest of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E32FFBBFEFFFA5AB20D17B4" box="[298,382,1456,1482]" country="Syria" name="Tartus" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Tartous</collectingRegion>
(2022) (
<figureCitation id="28E6BBB97E32FFBBFE0AFA5AB13317B4" box="[479,576,1456,1482]" captionStart="FIGURE 118" captionStartId="107.[151,250,1073,1097]" captionTargetBox="[222,1365,181,1049]" captionTargetId="figure-17@107.[222,1366,181,1049]" captionTargetPageId="107" captionText="FIGURE 118. Records of the Common Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus (G. Montagu, 1821) in Syria." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797880" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797880/files/figure.png" pageId="106" pageNumber="107">Fig. 118</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FF42FAB4B1881706" bold="true" box="[151,763,1374,1401]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
96. Mountain Gazelle,
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FE70FAB4B1271707" bold="true" box="[421,596,1374,1401]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Gazella gazella</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E38FFB1FCD7FAB5B0871707" blockId="96.[151,1437,1374,1725]" box="[770,1012,1375,1401]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">(IUCN Red List: EN)</paragraph>
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Subspecies:
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FEF7FA69B22917E2" box="[290,346,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">G. g.</emphasis>
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(Pallas, 1766)
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.
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Distribution: Uncertain status, apparently rare; confined to the mountainous habitat in northwest and southwest of
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(
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).
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Previous records: Khneiz (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FE15FA05B1151477" author="Misonne, X." box="[448,614,1518,1545]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="53 - 68" refId="ref55695" refString="Misonne, X. (1957) Mammiferes de la Turquie sud - orientale et du nord de la Syrie. Mammalia, 21, 53-68. https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1957.21.1.53" type="journal article" year="1957">Misonne 1957</bibRefCitation>
); Jabal Druze (Houran mount) (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FC1CFA05B7DF1477" author="Groves, C. P. &amp; Lay, D. M." box="[969,1196,1518,1545]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="27 - 36" refId="ref50271" refString="Groves, C. P. &amp; Lay, D. M. (1985) A new species of the genus Gazella (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae) from the Arabian Peninsula. Mammalia, 49, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1985.49.1.27" type="journal article" year="1985">Groves &amp; Lay 1985</bibRefCitation>
), and Mount Hermon (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FF4AF9F9B25B1453" author="Evans, M. I." box="[159,296,1555,1581]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref49360" refString="Evans, M. I. (1994) Important Bird Areas in the Middle East. BirdLife International, Cambridge, 410 pp." type="book" year="1994">Evans 1994</bibRefCitation>
).
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<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E38FFB1FF42F9DDB3BF14C3" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="discussion">
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Remarks: This species may still exist in southwestern
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(see
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FC57F9DDB77F142F" author="Evans, M. I." box="[898,1036,1591,1617]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref49360" refString="Evans, M. I. (1994) Important Bird Areas in the Middle East. BirdLife International, Cambridge, 410 pp." type="book" year="1994">Evans 1994</bibRefCitation>
). Unverified record of a hunted
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FA54F9DDB39B140B" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">G. gazella</emphasis>
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was reported south of Hadar in 1991. It is worth mentioning that this species still occurs in
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(Iskenderun) in eastern
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(see Çoğala &amp; Sözenb 2017) which may have occurred in northwestern
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in the past.
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95. Dorcas Gazelle,
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FE57FC1CB15F166F" bold="true" box="[386,556,1014,1041]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Gazella dorcas</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
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Subspecies:
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FEF7FBF1B229164B" box="[290,346,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">G. d.</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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.
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Distribution: Status uncertain; possibly extinct in the wild, this species was extirpated from many parts in Arabia 30–40 years ago (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FE88FB89B1F91603" author="Habibi, K. &amp; Williamson, D." box="[349,650,1123,1149]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="231 - 241" refId="ref50624" refString="Habibi, K. &amp; Williamson, D. (1997) Conservation and management of Arabian gazelles. In: Habibi, K., Abu-Zinada, A. &amp; Nader, I., (Eds.), The gazelles of Arabia. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Riyadh, KSA, pp. 231-241." type="book chapter" year="1997">Habibi &amp;Williamson 1997</bibRefCitation>
) and is probably extinct in the wild in
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(
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).
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Previous records: Historical records are available from the vicinity of Tell Abiad (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FBEFFB6DB79116DF" author="Misonne, X." box="[1082,1250,1158,1185]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="53 - 68" refId="ref55695" refString="Misonne, X. (1957) Mammiferes de la Turquie sud - orientale et du nord de la Syrie. Mammalia, 21, 53-68. https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1957.21.1.53" type="journal article" year="1957">Misonne 1957</bibRefCitation>
), east of Sweida (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FF4AFB41B24316BB" author="Habibi, K." box="[159,304,1195,1221]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref50578" refString="Habibi, K. (1998) Range rehabilitation and establishment of wildlife reserve in the Syrian steppe. Wildlife Management and Conservation in Talila Reserve. Mission Report. FAO Palmyra, GCP / SYR / 003 / ITA, Syria, 82 pp." type="book" year="1998">Habibi 1998</bibRefCitation>
), and the Yarmuk Valley (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FD85FB41B19E16BB" author="Masseti, M." box="[592,749,1195,1221]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="139 - 148" refId="ref55102" refString="Masseti, M. (2004) Artiodactyls of Syria. Zoology in the Middle East, 33, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2004.10638072" type="journal article" year="2004">Masseti 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
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Remarks: The species was previously assigned to the Saudi Gazelle
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FC49FB25B7211697" box="[924,1106,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Gazella saudiya</emphasis>
Carruthers &amp; Schwarz, 1935
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but it turned out to be a different taxon (see
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FD5BFB19B0511773" author="Groves, C. P." box="[654,802,1267,1293]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="193 - 198" refId="ref50189" refString="Groves, C. P. (1988) A catalogue of the genus Gazella. In: Dixon, A. &amp; Jones, D. (Eds.), Conservation and biology of desert antelopes, London, C. Helm, UK, pp. 193-198." type="book chapter" year="1988">Groves 1988</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FCFBFB19B75B1773" author="Hammond, R. L. &amp; Macasero, W. &amp; Flores, B. &amp; Mohammed, O. B. &amp; Wacher, T. W. &amp; Bruford, M. W." box="[814,1064,1267,1293]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="1123 - 1133" refId="ref50813" refString="Hammond, R. L., Macasero, W., Flores, B., Mohammed, O. B., Wacher, T. W. &amp; Bruford, M. W. (2001) Phylogenetic re-analysis of the Saudi gazelle and its implications for conservation. Conservation Biology, 15, 1123-1133. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.0150041123.x" type="journal article" year="2001">
Hammond
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FC79FB19B0AD1773" box="[940,990,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FBB1FB19B6EF1773" author="Mallon, D. P. &amp; Kingswood, S. C." box="[1124,1436,1267,1293]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref54741" refString="Mallon, D. P. &amp; Kingswood, S. C. (2001) Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 260 pp." type="book" year="2001">Mallon &amp; Kingswood 2001</bibRefCitation>
for a taxonomic revision).
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214
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FF42FE30B073138A" bold="true" box="[151,768,474,501]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
94. Striped Hyena,
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E38FFB1FEA8FE31B073138A" ID-CoL="6MGT8" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[381,768,474,501]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Hyaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hyaena">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FEA8FE31B141138B" bold="true" box="[381,562,474,501]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Hyaena hyaena</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E38FFB1FCD2FE31B08A138B" blockId="96.[151,1437,439,897]" box="[775,1017,475,501]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">(IUCN Red List: NT)</paragraph>
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Subspecies:
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E38FFB1FEF7FE15B1191067" box="[290,618,511,537]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FEF7FE15B2C01066" box="[290,435,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">H. h. syriaca</emphasis>
Matschie, 1900
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.
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Distribution: Widespread but uncommon; individuals are wide-ranging in almost all habitats across the country but in low numbers. Syrian populations have possibly decreased due to heavy persecution (e.g., by nomads as documented by G. Serra and MS Abdallah (2000–2010, unpublished report) and
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FBF4FD81B7DD10FB" author="Serra, G." box="[1057,1198,619,645]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref57933" refString="Serra, G. (2002) Proposal for an action plan to protect wildlife of Palmyrean desertic steppe. FAO report project GCP / SYR / 009 / ITA prepared upon request of the Syrian Ministry of Environment, available at FAO Representation in Damascus Syria, xxx pp (to add in proof)." type="book" year="2002">Serra (2002)</bibRefCitation>
(
<figureCitation id="28E6BBB97E38FFB1FB68FD81B65310FB" box="[1213,1312,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 103" captionStartId="97.[151,250,1073,1097]" captionTargetBox="[222,1366,181,1048]" captionTargetId="figure-17@97.[222,1366,181,1049]" captionTargetPageId="97" captionText="FIGURE 103. Records of the Striped Hyena Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758) in Syria." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797845/files/figure.png" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Fig. 103</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E38FFB1FF42FD65B67F116B" blockId="96.[151,1437,439,897]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
Previous records:
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E38FFB1FEB7FD65B2C710D7" box="[354,436,655,681]" country="Syria" name="Halab" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Aleppo</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FE10FD65B12E10D7" author="Russell, A." box="[453,605,654,681]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref57441" refString="Russell, A. (1756) The natural history of Aleppo, and parts adjacent. A Millar Publication, London, UK, 226 pp." type="book" year="1756">Russell 1756</bibRefCitation>
), as-Sukhnah (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FCD1FD65B0DB10D7" author="Maydon, H. C. A." box="[772,936,655,681]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref55415" refString="Maydon, H. C. A. (1930) A wild goose chase. Pt II. Game and Gun and Country Estate March 1930, 132 pp." type="book" year="1930">Maydon 1930</bibRefCitation>
), Al-Qaryatein (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FB8BFD65B65910D7" author="Lewis, R. E. &amp; Lewis, J. H. &amp; Atallah, S. I." box="[1118,1322,655,681]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="517 - 531" refId="ref54245" refString="Lewis, R. E., Lewis, J. H. &amp; Atallah, S. I. (1968) A review of Lebanese mammals. Carnivora, Pinnipedia, Hyracoidea and Artiodactyla. Journal of Zoology, 154, 517-531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb01683.x" type="journal article" year="1968">
Lewis
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FB78FD65B7AC10D7" box="[1197,1247,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al</emphasis>
. 1968
</bibRefCitation>
), between
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E38FFB1FF42FD59B26F10B3" box="[151,284,691,717]" country="Syria" name="Dayr az Zawr" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Deir ez-Zor</collectingRegion>
and Al-Qamishli,
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E38FFB1FE3BFD59B12710B3" box="[494,596,691,717]" country="Syria" name="Ar Raqqah" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">ar-Raqqa</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FDB1FD59B04010B3" author="Kumerloeve, H." box="[612,819,690,717]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="159 - 225" refId="ref53856" refString="Kumerloeve, H. (1975) Die Saugetiere (Mammalia) Syriens und des Libanons. Veroffentlichungen aus der. Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen, 18, 159-225." type="journal article" year="1975">Kumerloeve 1975</bibRefCitation>
), widely distribution (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FBFBFD59B64A10B3" author="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J." box="[1070,1337,691,717]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref51172" refString="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J. (1991) The mammals of Arabia. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, Kent, UK, 354 pp." type="book" year="1991">Harrison &amp; Bates 1991</bibRefCitation>
), around Palmyra (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FED6FD3DB2BE108F" author="Serra, G. &amp; Mirreh, M. &amp; Kaddour, H. &amp; Razzouk, T. &amp; Al Jundi, A. &amp; Kanani, A. &amp; Batello, C. &amp; Williamson, D." box="[259,461,727,753]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref58161" refString="Serra, G., Mirreh, M., Kaddour, H., Razzouk, T., Al Jundi, A., Kanani, A., Batello, C. &amp; Williamson, D. (2009 a) Assessment and characterization of Al Talila Reserve and surrounding Palmyrean desert. IUCN / DGCS Project report. IUCN publication, 134 pp." type="book" year="2009">
Serra
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FE92FD3DB20A108F" box="[327,377,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al</emphasis>
. 2009a
</bibRefCitation>
, b), vicinity of Palmyra, vicinity of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E38FFB1FCB5FD3DB0C4108F" box="[864,951,727,753]" country="Syria" name="Al Ladhiqiyah" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Latakia</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="B502F1E77E38FFB1FC16FD3DB7F5108F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3874162A7E38FFB1FF42FE30B78B11FF:B502F1E77E38FFB1FC16FD3DB7F5108F" box="[963,1158,727,753]" name="Slenfe mountains" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" stateProvince="Halab">Slenfe mountains</location>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FB40FD3DB666108F" author="Serra, G." box="[1173,1301,727,753]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref57990" refString="Serra, G. (2004) Fauna literature review and fauna field study. Paragraphs 2. 2. 4 and 2. 2. 5 under the Introduction of the Management Plan Cedar-Fir Protected Area, Slenfe, Syria 2004 - 2010. Unpublished report under the project SY-GE- 57109 &quot; Conservation of biodiversity and protected areas management &quot;, xxx pp (to add in proof)." type="book" year="2004">Serra 2004</bibRefCitation>
), vicinity of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E38FFB1FF42FD11B268116B" box="[151,283,763,789]" country="Syria" name="Dayr az Zawr" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Deir ez-Zor</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FEFCFD11B2B6116B" author="Masseti, M." box="[297,453,763,789]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="229 - 252" refId="ref55135" refString="Masseti, M. (2009) Carnivores of Syria. ZooKeys, 31, 229-252. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.31.170" type="journal article" year="2009">Masseti 2009</bibRefCitation>
), and Al-Badia around
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E38FFB1FD1CFD11B03F116B" box="[713,844,763,789]" country="Syria" name="Dayr az Zawr" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Deir ez-Zor</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FC8FFD11B097116B" author="Aidek, E." box="[858,996,763,789]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref44660" refString="Aidek, E. A, (2010) A guide to the Biodiversity of Deir ez - Zor Area. Al - Quds House for Sciences, Damascus, Syria. pp. 1-112. [In Arabic]" type="book chapter" year="2010">Aidek 2010</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FC3BFD11B673116B" author="Murdoch, D. A. &amp; Aidek, A." box="[1006,1280,763,789]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="152 - 176" refId="ref56049" refString="Murdoch, D. A. &amp; Aidek, A. (2012) Birding Sites of the OSME Region 8 - The birds of the lower Syrian Euphrates. Sandgrouse, 34, 152-176." type="journal article" year="2012">Murdoch &amp; Aidek 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E38FFB1FF42FCF5B78B11FF" blockId="96.[151,1437,439,897]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
Recent records: Qal’at Jandal (1994), Jabal Al-Bishri (2006–2012), vicinity of Maskana (2007), vicinity of Salamiyah, west of Deir Sawwan (2008), east of az-Zelif (2011), Ash Shaqraniya, Bisin, Shahba, vicinity of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E38FFB1FA87FCA9B6EB1123" box="[1362,1432,835,861]" country="Syria" name="Hims" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Homs</collectingRegion>
, east of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E38FFB1FF3DFC8DB25711FF" box="[232,292,871,897]" country="Syria" name="Idlib" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Idleb</collectingRegion>
, vicinity of Seidnaya, Smeid, Sreijes Al-Qeniah, Al-Areimah and Halbon (2020–2023).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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93. Small Indian Mongoose,
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Subspecies:
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Distribution: Uncommon; restricted to the lower Euphrates. First recorded in Al-Sue’iyeh, Hajeen and Al-Arqoub in the lower Euphrates Basin in western
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Remarks: Uncommon. Native to southern
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<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FD7EFECDB0C2133F" author="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J." box="[683,945,295,321]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref51172" refString="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J. (1991) The mammals of Arabia. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, Kent, UK, 354 pp." type="book" year="1991">Harrison &amp; Bates 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
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Al-Sheikhly
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FB9EFECDB70F133F" box="[1099,1148,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
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) and it has recently been recorded in
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. The species range has been extended and newly established in eastern
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along the borders with
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(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FEB3FE85B1D913F7" author="Al-Sheikhly, O. F. &amp; Mallon, D." box="[358,682,367,393]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="173 - 175" refId="ref45296" refString="Al-Sheikhly, O. F. &amp; Mallon, D. (2013) The Small Asian Mongoose Herpestes javanicus and the Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii in Iraq (Mammalia: Carnivora: Herpestidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 59 (2), 173-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2013.810882" type="journal article" year="2013">Al-Sheikhly &amp; Mallon 2013</bibRefCitation>
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<mods:namePart id="EC44E33648F3F49C536ED8A3406CD9CF">Al-Sheikhly, Omar F.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="CEAE1454FDB0C03A8EB508B62D7AF3CB" type="ORCID">0000-0002-0816-1955</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="AF93801C11DA96A32DAF051CA6173D87">Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="19A980D4A214BDAC77ADA565A58115D8" type="email">alsheikhlyomar@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="3B5B8424583072160D4214A252400A16">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F9AFC6921CA17946DEFFAAFE5DB4D5A2">2025</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="12084267B71FB5214DEC4176204FEC7D">2025-01-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="5689DE8B092E370F5364B584715CEE81">5580</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="1D42E8236ECE7615879D502EDF8E388B" type="ISSN">1175-5334</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="3874162A7E38FFB2FF42F900B0DA138B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3874162A7E38FFB2FF42F900B0DA138B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3874162A7E38FFB2FF42F900B0DA138B" lastPageId="99" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E38FFB1FF42F900B055157A" box="[151,806,1770,1797]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E38FFB1FF42F900B055157A" blockId="96.[151,1436,1770,1977]" box="[151,806,1770,1797]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FF42F900B055157A" bold="true" box="[151,806,1770,1797]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
97. Sand Gazelle (Reem),
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E38FFB1FE1FF900B055157A" authority="Thomas, 1897" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[458,806,1770,1797]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gazella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marica">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FE1FF900B10A157B" bold="true" box="[458,633,1770,1797]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Gazella marica</emphasis>
Thomas, 1897
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E38FFB1FCF8F901B0EF157B" box="[813,924,1771,1797]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="description">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E38FFB1FCF8F901B0EF157B" blockId="96.[151,1436,1770,1977]" box="[813,924,1771,1797]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
(
<figureCitation id="28E6BBB97E38FFB1FCE0F901B0E7157B" box="[821,916,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 106" captionStartId="98.[151,250,2002,2026]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1121,1978]" captionTargetId="figure-38@98.[151,1436,1121,1978]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 106. Sand Gazelle Gazella marica. Talila Reserve © Ahmad Aidek." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797854" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797854/files/figure.png" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Fig. 106</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E38FFB1FC71F901B7EB157B" box="[932,1176,1771,1797]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E38FFB1FC71F901B7EB157B" blockId="96.[151,1436,1770,1977]" box="[932,1176,1771,1797]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">(IUCN Red List: VU)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E38FFB2FF42F8E5B2FC1287" lastPageId="99" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E38FFB1FF42F8E5B0DC1533" blockId="96.[151,1436,1770,1977]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
Distribution: Status uncertain, probably common but in low numbers; confined to a narrow geographical range of arid plains west of Palmyra and in the southern of Al-Badia (
<figureCitation id="28E6BBB97E38FFB1FC95F8D9B0D01533" box="[832,931,1843,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 107" captionStartId="100.[151,250,1056,1080]" captionTargetBox="[240,1350,181,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-22@100.[233,1354,181,1032]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 107. Records of the Sand Gazelle (Reem) Gazella marica Thomas, 1897 andthe GoiteredGazelle Gazella subgutturosa (Güldenstädt, 1778) in Syria." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797856/files/figure.png" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Fig. 107</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E38FFB1FF42F8BDB01315C7" blockId="96.[151,1436,1770,1977]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
Previous records: as-Sukhnah (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FE23F8BDB1EA150F" author="Maydon, H. C. A." box="[502,665,1879,1905]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref55415" refString="Maydon, H. C. A. (1930) A wild goose chase. Pt II. Game and Gun and Country Estate March 1930, 132 pp." type="book" year="1930">Maydon 1930</bibRefCitation>
), Palmyra (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FCCFF8BDB74D150F" author="Dollman, G. &amp; Burlace, J. B." box="[794,1086,1878,1905]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref49044" refString="Dollman, G. &amp; Burlace, J. B. (1935) Rowland Ward's Records of Big Game. African &amp; Asiatic Sections, 10 th ed. Rowland Ward Publication, London, UK, 433 pp." type="book" year="1935">Dollman &amp; Burlace 1935</bibRefCitation>
), Palmyra, Jabal Al-Bilaas and Sabkhat al-Jabbul (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FEB8F891B28615EB" author="Evans, M. I." box="[365,501,1915,1941]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref49360" refString="Evans, M. I. (1994) Important Bird Areas in the Middle East. BirdLife International, Cambridge, 410 pp." type="book" year="1994">Evans 1994</bibRefCitation>
), Jazal, Gleighim and az-Zelif (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FC86F891B09015EB" author="Habibi, K." box="[851,995,1915,1941]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref50578" refString="Habibi, K. (1998) Range rehabilitation and establishment of wildlife reserve in the Syrian steppe. Wildlife Management and Conservation in Talila Reserve. Mission Report. FAO Palmyra, GCP / SYR / 003 / ITA, Syria, 82 pp." type="book" year="1998">Habibi 1998</bibRefCitation>
), Jazal and Jabal Abu Rejmein (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FA90F891B27615C7" author="Serra, G. &amp; Nahaz, M. M. &amp; Idan, M. &amp; Peske, L. &amp; Savioli, A. &amp; Bruschini, C. &amp; Alomari, K." pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref58229" refString="Serra, G., Nahaz, M. M., Idan, M., Peske, L., Savioli, A., Bruschini, C. &amp; Alomari, K. (2009 b) Assessment and characterization of the Ibis Protected Area in the Palmyra Desert - a proposed 5 - year management and development framework. IUCN publication, 156 pp." type="book" year="2009">
Serra
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E38FFB1FA5DF891B3DE15C7" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">et al</emphasis>
. 2009b
</bibRefCitation>
), Jabal Al-Bilaas, and Jabal Al-Bishri (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E38FFB1FD62F875B02715C7" author="Masseti, M." box="[695,852,1951,1977]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="619 - 623" refId="ref54975" refString="Masseti, M. (2000) Note on a Near - Eastern relic population of roe deer, Capreolus capreolus (L., 1758) (Mammalia, Artiodactyla). Biogeographia, 21, 619-623. https://doi.org/10.21426/B6110104" type="journal article" year="2000">Masseti 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="E4A2F7B47E39FFB0FF42FBDBB7601637" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797845" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14797845" box="[151,1043,1073,1098]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797845/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" startId="97.[151,250,1073,1097]" targetBox="[222,1366,181,1048]" targetPageId="97" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E39FFB0FF42FBDBB7601637" blockId="97.[151,1043,1073,1098]" box="[151,1043,1073,1098]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E39FFB0FF42FBDBB25E1637" bold="true" box="[151,301,1073,1097]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">FIGURE 103.</emphasis>
Records of the Striped Hyena
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E39FFB0FDB0FBD8B0C51637" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[613,950,1073,1097]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Hyaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hyaena">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E39FFB0FDB0FBD8B0701637" box="[613,771,1073,1097]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Hyaena hyaena</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
in Syria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E4A2F7B47E39FFB0FF42F837B76B158B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797847" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14797847" box="[151,1048,2013,2037]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797847/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" startId="97.[151,250,2013,2037]" targetBox="[222,1361,1121,1985]" targetPageId="97" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E39FFB0FF42F837B76B158B" blockId="97.[151,1048,2013,2037]" box="[151,1048,2013,2037]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E39FFB0FF42F837B25E158B" bold="true" box="[151,301,2013,2037]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">FIGURE 104.</emphasis>
Records of the
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E39FFB0FE18F834B11B158B" authority="Gazelle" authorityName="Gazelle" box="[461,616,2013,2037]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gazella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorcas">Dorcas Gazelle</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E39FFB0FDBAF837B0C8158B" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[623,955,2013,2037]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gazella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorcas">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E39FFB0FDBAF837B07B158B" box="[623,776,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Gazella dorcas</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</taxonomicName>
in Syria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E4A2F7B47E3AFFB3FF42FBDBB76B1637" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797851" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14797851" box="[151,1048,1073,1097]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797851/files/figure.png" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" startId="98.[151,250,1073,1097]" targetBox="[222,1366,181,1048]" targetPageId="98" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3AFFB3FF42FBDBB76B1637" blockId="98.[151,1048,1073,1097]" box="[151,1048,1073,1097]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3AFFB3FF42FBDBB25E1637" bold="true" box="[151,301,1073,1097]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">FIGURE 105.</emphasis>
Records of the Mountain Gazelle
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E3AFFB3FD5CFBDBB0C81637" authority="(Pallas, 1766)" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[649,955,1073,1097]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gazella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gazella">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3AFFB3FD5CFBDBB0541637" box="[649,807,1073,1097]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Gazella gazella</emphasis>
(Pallas, 1766)
</taxonomicName>
in Syria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E4A2F7B47E3AFFB3FF42F838B0DE1594" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797854" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14797854" box="[151,941,2002,2028]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797854/files/figure.png" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" startId="98.[151,250,2002,2026]" targetBox="[151,1436,1121,1978]" targetPageId="98" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3AFFB3FF42F838B0DE1594" blockId="98.[151,941,2002,2028]" box="[151,941,2002,2028]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3AFFB3FF42F838B25E1594" bold="true" box="[151,301,2002,2026]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">FIGURE 106.</emphasis>
Sand Gazelle
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E3AFFB3FE6AF838B12E1594" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[447,605,2002,2026]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gazella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marica">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3AFFB3FE6AF838B12E1594" box="[447,605,2002,2026]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Gazella marica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Talila Reserve © Ahmad Aidek.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3BFFB2FF42FF7DB2FC1287" blockId="99.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Recent records: Southern of Al-Badia, east and south of Sweida but in low numbers as they have been heavily persecuted by local poachers; az-Zelif (2011–2021); Al Muttaitah, Gleighim, Abu Sharshuh, Tell ad-Dab’e, and az-Zelif (2020–2021).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E3BFFB2FF42FEE9B0DA138B" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3BFFB2FF42FEE9B0DA138B" blockId="99.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
Remarks: The Sand Gazelle was first described as a full species (
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E3BFFB2FC57FEE9B7AB1363" authority="Thomas 1897" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[898,1240,259,285]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gazella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marica">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FC57FEE9B7421362" box="[898,1073,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Gazella marica</emphasis>
Thomas 1897
</taxonomicName>
), but placed later as a subspecies of the Goitered Gazelle
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E3BFFB2FDB6FECDB003133E" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[611,880,295,321]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gazella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="subgutturosa" subSpecies="marica">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FDB6FECDB003133E" box="[611,880,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">G. subgutturosa marica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Groves and Harrison 1967;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FB17FECDB3A0131B" author="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J." pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref51172" refString="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J. (1991) The mammals of Arabia. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, Kent, UK, 354 pp." type="book" year="1991">Harrison and Bates 1991</bibRefCitation>
). More recently, it has been split into distinct species again (
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E3BFFB2FC5BFEA1B772131A" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[910,1025,331,357]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gazella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marica">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FC5BFEA1B772131A" box="[910,1025,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">G. marica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) based on skull morphometrics and mitochondrial DNA analyses (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FE2DFE85B1AE13F7" author="Wacher, T. &amp; Wronski, T. &amp; Hammond, R. L. &amp; Winney, B. &amp; Blacket, M. J. &amp; Hundertmark, J. K. &amp; Mohammed, O. B. &amp; Omer, S. A. &amp; Macasero, W. &amp; Lerp, H. &amp; Plath, M. &amp; Bleidorn, C." box="[504,733,367,393]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="827 - 831" refId="ref60683" refString="Wacher, T., Wronski, T., Hammond, R. L., Winney, B., Blacket, M. J., Hundertmark, J. K., Mohammed, O. B., Omer, S. A., Macasero, W., Lerp, H., Plath, M. &amp; Bleidorn, C. (2011) Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences reveals polyphyly in the goitred gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa). Conservation Genetics, 12, 827-831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-010-0169-6" type="journal article" year="2011">
Wacher
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FD8EFE85B1E313F7" box="[603,656,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FD38FE85B08B13F7" author="Groves, C. P. &amp; Grubb P." box="[749,1016,367,393]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref50242" refString="Groves, C. P., Grubb P. (2011) Ungulate taxonomy. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 366 pp." type="book" year="2011">Groves &amp; Grubb 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FBDDFE85B78C13F7" author="Barmann, E. V. &amp; Wronski, T. &amp; Lerp, H. &amp; Azaza, B. &amp; Borner, S. &amp; Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Rossner, G. E. &amp; Worheide, G." box="[1032,1279,367,393]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="673 - 696" refId="ref46167" refString="Barmann, E. V., Wronski, T., Lerp, H., Azaza, B., Borner, S., Erpenbeck, D., Rossner, G. E. &amp; Worheide, G. (2013) A morphometric and genetic framework for the genus Gazella de Blainville, 1816 (Ruminantia: Bovidae) with special focus on Arabian and Levantine Mountain gazelles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169 (3), 673-696. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12066" type="journal article" year="2013">
Bärmann
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FBAFFE85B7C313F7" box="[1146,1200,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
). The gazelle populations in
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E3BFFB2FEE9FE79B20413D3" box="[316,375,403,429]" name="Syria" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Syria</collectingCountry>
are geographically separated by the Euphrates River, where
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E3BFFB2FBCDFE79B7FA13D2" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[1048,1161,403,429]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gazella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marica">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FBCDFE79B7FA13D2" box="[1048,1161,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">G. marica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs to the west of the Euphrates River while
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FE40FE5DB13413AF" box="[405,583,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">G. subgutturosa</emphasis>
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to the east (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FD1CFE5DB02A13AF" author="Habibi, K." box="[713,857,439,465]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref50578" refString="Habibi, K. (1998) Range rehabilitation and establishment of wildlife reserve in the Syrian steppe. Wildlife Management and Conservation in Talila Reserve. Mission Report. FAO Palmyra, GCP / SYR / 003 / ITA, Syria, 82 pp." type="book" year="1998">Habibi 1998</bibRefCitation>
). Genetic analysis of
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originated from west Palmyra and southwest of Al-Badia proved they were
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FCE5FE31B037138B" box="[816,836,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">G</emphasis>
.
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.
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183
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100. Western Roe Deer,
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Distribution: Uncertain status; apparently uncommon and in low numbers; occurs in wooded valleys of the coastal region and Sahl Al-Ghab, while it is extinct west of
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Previous records: Bush clad hills west of
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<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FD5BF9F9B0591453" author="Masseti, M." box="[654,810,1555,1581]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="619 - 623" refId="ref54975" refString="Masseti, M. (2000) Note on a Near - Eastern relic population of roe deer, Capreolus capreolus (L., 1758) (Mammalia, Artiodactyla). Biogeographia, 21, 619-623. https://doi.org/10.21426/B6110104" type="journal article" year="2000">Masseti 2000</bibRefCitation>
), Abu Qubays and Al-Furunlok (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FB40F9F9B6EB1453" author="Daoud, A. &amp; Khalil, N." box="[1173,1432,1555,1581]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref48597" refString="Daoud, A. &amp; Khalil, N. (2009 a) Mammals Survey in Abu Qubays Reserve. Ministry of State for Environment Affairs, Damascus, Syria, 60 pp. [In Arabic]" type="book" year="2009">Daoud &amp; Khalil 2009a</bibRefCitation>
, b), south of
<collectingMunicipality id="50063D467E3BFFB2FEC8F9DDB215142F" box="[285,358,1591,1617]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Aisam</collectingMunicipality>
but extinct since 1993 (
<collectorName id="1D28C2EA7E3BFFB2FDA7F9DDB1A0142F" box="[626,723,1591,1617]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">A Aidek</collectorName>
,
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E3BFFB2FD0BF9DDB06F142F" box="[734,796,1591,1617]" name="Syria" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Syria</collectingCountry>
, pers. comm. 2022).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3BFFB2FF42F9B1B00014E7" blockId="99.[151,1437,1339,1689]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Recent records: east of Slenfeh, Al-Furunlok and Abu Qubays (2008), Mashqita (2010), Deir Mama (2012), Masiat, ad-Daliah and Ghmam (2020–2021), and Ain ar-Rajm’ah (2022).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

183
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FF42FC44B1BF11B6" bold="true" box="[151,716,942,969]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
99. Nubian Ibex,
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FEB1FC45B16111B7" bold="true" box="[356,530,942,969]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Capra nubiana</emphasis>
F. Cuvier, 1825
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3BFFB2FD06FC45B0BB11B7" blockId="99.[151,1437,942,1293]" box="[723,968,943,969]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">(IUCN Red List: VU)</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3BFFB2FF42FC39B1A91193" blockId="99.[151,1437,942,1293]" box="[151,730,979,1005]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
Distribution: Confined to Golan Heights (
<figureCitation id="28E6BBB97E3BFFB2FDBEFC39B1BD1193" box="[619,718,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 108" captionStartId="100.[151,250,2015,2039]" captionTargetBox="[233,1352,1140,1990]" captionTargetId="figure-47@100.[233,1354,1140,1991]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 108. Records of the Nubian Ibex Capra nubiana F. Cuvier, 1825 in Syria." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797858/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Fig. 108</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3BFFB2FF42FC1DB64316DF" blockId="99.[151,1437,942,1293]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
Previous records: Labter Hills (Jabal Al-Abtar) southwest of Palmyra (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FC68FC1DB713166F" author="Maydon, H. C. A." box="[957,1120,1015,1041]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref55415" refString="Maydon, H. C. A. (1930) A wild goose chase. Pt II. Game and Gun and Country Estate March 1930, 132 pp." type="book" year="1930">Maydon 1930</bibRefCitation>
), a specimen obtained from east of Al-Qaryatein in the collection of the British Museum of Natural History (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FBD9FBF1B7C1164B" author="Harrison, D. L." box="[1036,1202,1051,1077]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref51059" refString="Harrison, D. L. (1968) The mammals of Arabia. Vol. II. Ernest Benn Ltd, London, 381 pp." type="book" year="1968">Harrison 1968</bibRefCitation>
). It was also reported in the Jabal ash-Sharqi mountain ranges north of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E3BFFB2FD61FBD5B0541627" box="[692,807,1087,1113]" country="Syria" name="Dimashq" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Damascus</collectingRegion>
which run southwest-northeast, as far as
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E3BFFB2FB3AFBD5B6411627" box="[1263,1330,1087,1113]" country="Syria" name="Halab" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Halab</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E3BFFB2FAEAFBD5B6E61627" box="[1343,1429,1087,1113]" country="Syria" name="Halab" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Aleppo</collectingRegion>
) and to just south of Tadmur (Palmyra), presumably in the Jabal al Khunayzir by
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FC2EFB89B7B41603" author="Shackleton, D. M." box="[1019,1223,1123,1149]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref58298" refString="Shackleton, D. M. (1997) Wild Sheep and Goats and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Caprinae. IUCN / SSC Caprinae Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 390 pp." type="book" year="1997">Shackleton (1997)</bibRefCitation>
based on (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FAEDFB89B3A016DF" author="Harrison, D. L." pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref51059" refString="Harrison, D. L. (1968) The mammals of Arabia. Vol. II. Ernest Benn Ltd, London, 381 pp." type="book" year="1968">Harrison 1968</bibRefCitation>
). However, the latter didn’t mention these sites where the species records remain unsubstainational.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E3BFFB2FF42FB41B76A1773" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3BFFB2FF42FB41B76A1773" blockId="99.[151,1437,942,1293]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
Remarks: Nubian Ibex was considered as a subspecies of the (
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E3BFFB2FCBBFB41B67C16BB" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[878,1295,1194,1221]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ibex" subSpecies="nubiana">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FCBBFB41B72616BB" box="[878,1109,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Capra ibex nubiana</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
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) but is now considered as a distinct species (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FDC0FB25B1D51697" author="Grubb, P." box="[533,678,1230,1257]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="637 - 722" refId="ref50326" refString="Grubb, P. (2005) Artiodactyla. In: D. E. Wilson, D. E. &amp; Reeder, D. M. (Eds.), Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd ed.), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA, pp. 637-722." type="book chapter" year="2005">Grubb 2005</bibRefCitation>
). The species might be extinct in
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by the end of the 1950s; however, it was reintroduced into the Golan Heights in 1970 (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FC9EFB19B77F1773" author="Shackleton, D. M." box="[843,1036,1267,1293]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref58298" refString="Shackleton, D. M. (1997) Wild Sheep and Goats and Their Relatives: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Caprinae. IUCN / SSC Caprinae Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 390 pp." type="book" year="1997">Shackleton 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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190
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98. Goitered Gazelle,
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FE4DFDC8B1FE1043" bold="true" box="[408,653,546,573]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Gazella subgutturosa</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3BFFB2FC5DFDC9B70F1043" blockId="99.[151,1436,546,897]" box="[904,1148,547,573]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">(IUCN Red List: VU)</paragraph>
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Subspecies:
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FEF7FDADB225101E" box="[290,342,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">G. s.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FE88FDADB29D101F" box="[349,494,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">subgutturosa</emphasis>
(Güldenstaedt, 1778)
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.
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Distribution: Confined to a narrow geographical range of arid plains and steppes near Jabal Abd Al-Aziz and
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(
<figureCitation id="28E6BBB97E3BFFB2FEEAFD65B2D210D7" box="[319,417,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 107" captionStartId="100.[151,250,1056,1080]" captionTargetBox="[240,1350,181,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-22@100.[233,1354,181,1032]" captionTargetPageId="100" captionText="FIGURE 107. Records of the Sand Gazelle (Reem) Gazella marica Thomas, 1897 andthe GoiteredGazelle Gazella subgutturosa (Güldenstädt, 1778) in Syria." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797856/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Fig. 107</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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Previous records:
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E3BFFB2FEBBFD59B2A710B3" box="[366,468,691,717]" country="Syria" name="Ar Raqqah" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">ar-Raqqa</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FE3CFD59B06F10B3" author="Dollman, G. &amp; Burlace, J. B." box="[489,796,690,717]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref49044" refString="Dollman, G. &amp; Burlace, J. B. (1935) Rowland Ward's Records of Big Game. African &amp; Asiatic Sections, 10 th ed. Rowland Ward Publication, London, UK, 433 pp." type="book" year="1935">Dollman &amp; Burlace 1935</bibRefCitation>
), vicinity of Tell Abiad (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FB98FD59B78910B3" author="Misonne, X." box="[1101,1274,690,717]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="53 - 68" refId="ref55695" refString="Misonne, X. (1957) Mammiferes de la Turquie sud - orientale et du nord de la Syrie. Mammalia, 21, 53-68. https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1957.21.1.53" type="journal article" year="1957">Misonne 1957</bibRefCitation>
), Ras Al-Ayn (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FF4AFD3DB21C108F" author="Kumerloeve, H." box="[159,367,726,753]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="159 - 225" refId="ref53856" refString="Kumerloeve, H. (1975) Die Saugetiere (Mammalia) Syriens und des Libanons. Veroffentlichungen aus der. Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen, 18, 159-225." type="journal article" year="1975">Kumerloeve 1975</bibRefCitation>
), Buhayrat Al-Khatuniyah, Jabal Abd Al-Aziz, and Ras Al-Ayn (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FB8DFD3DB790108F" author="Evans, M. I." box="[1112,1251,727,753]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref49360" refString="Evans, M. I. (1994) Important Bird Areas in the Middle East. BirdLife International, Cambridge, 410 pp." type="book" year="1994">Evans 1994</bibRefCitation>
), and Jabal Abd Al-Aziz (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3BFFB2FED5FD11B2EE116B" author="Masseti, M." box="[256,413,763,789]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="619 - 623" refId="ref54975" refString="Masseti, M. (2000) Note on a Near - Eastern relic population of roe deer, Capreolus capreolus (L., 1758) (Mammalia, Artiodactyla). Biogeographia, 21, 619-623. https://doi.org/10.21426/B6110104" type="journal article" year="2000">Masseti 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3BFFB2FF42FCF5B0DB1147" blockId="99.[151,1436,546,897]" box="[151,936,799,825]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Recent records: Southwest steppes of Jabal Abd al-Aziz (2019–2021).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3BFFB2FF42FCA9B04411FF" blockId="99.[151,1436,546,897]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
Remarks: Distribution may be extended into
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E3BFFB2FD46FCA9B0581123" box="[659,811,835,861]" name="Iraq" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Mesopotamia</collectingCountry>
based on photographic evidence obtained from steppes near Jabal Abd al-Aziz which proved to be
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.
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FF42F900B19E157A" bold="true" box="[151,749,1770,1797]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
101. Eurasian Wild Pig,
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FE6CF901B141157A" bold="true" box="[441,562,1770,1797]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Sus scrofa</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3BFFB2FD21F901B096157B" blockId="99.[151,1437,1735,2013]" box="[756,997,1771,1797]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">(IUCN Red List: LC)</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3BFFB2FF42F8E5B00D1557" blockId="99.[151,1437,1735,2013]" box="[151,894,1807,1833]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
Subspecies:
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Thomas, 1912
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and
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FDA5F8E5B1EE1556" box="[624,669,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S. s.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3BFFB2FD71F8E5B1801557" box="[676,755,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">libycus</emphasis>
Gray, 1868
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.
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3BFFB2FF42F8D9B27015A3" blockId="99.[151,1437,1735,2013]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
Distribution: Abundant; commonly found in forested areas, riparian habitats, densely-vegetated wetland edges, and steppe habitats from northwest
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E3BFFB2FE2DF8BDB139150F" box="[504,586,1879,1905]" country="Syria" name="Halab" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Aleppo</collectingRegion>
to the coastal region, Sahl Al-Ghab, Yarmuk Valley; in low numbers in the northeast of
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E3BFFB2FEF6F891B21215EB" box="[291,353,1915,1941]" name="Syria" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Syria</collectingCountry>
, where the species range may extend from
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E3BFFB2FC91F891B0E715EB" box="[836,916,1915,1941]" name="Turkey" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Turkey</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E3BFFB2FC1FF891B08415EB" box="[970,1015,1915,1941]" name="Iraq" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Iraq</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="28E6BBB97E3BFFB2FBD3F891B71B15EB" box="[1030,1128,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 110" captionStartId="101.[151,250,2013,2037]" captionTargetBox="[222,1364,1121,1989]" captionTargetId="figure-34@101.[222,1366,1121,1989]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 110. Records of the Eurasian Wild Pig Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 in Syria." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797862" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797862/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Fig. 110</figureCitation>
). Historically found around Palmyra and Damascus and in the lower Syrian Euphrates but extinct since the 1950s, due to extensive persecution by locals.
</paragraph>
<caption id="E4A2F7B47E3CFFB5FF42FBCAB2CC1622" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797856" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14797856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797856/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" startId="100.[151,250,1056,1080]" targetBox="[240,1350,181,1031]" targetPageId="100" targetType="figure">
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3CFFB5FF42FBCAB2591646" bold="true" box="[151,298,1056,1080]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">FIGURE 107.</emphasis>
Records of the Sand Gazelle (Reem)
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E3CFFB5FD4FFBCAB0BB1646" authority="Thomas, 1897" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1897" box="[666,968,1056,1080]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gazella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marica">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3CFFB5FD4FFBCAB0461646" box="[666,821,1056,1080]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Gazella marica</emphasis>
Thomas, 1897
</taxonomicName>
and the Goitered Gazelle
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3CFFB5FB13FBCAB6EF1646" box="[1222,1436,1056,1080]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Gazella subgutturosa</emphasis>
(Güldenstädt, 1778)
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in Syria.
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3CFFB5FF42F835B0981589" blockId="100.[151,1003,2015,2039]" box="[151,1003,2015,2039]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3CFFB5FF42F835B25E1589" bold="true" box="[151,301,2015,2039]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">FIGURE 108.</emphasis>
Records of the Nubian Ibex
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E3CFFB5FD84F835B0FD1589" authority="F. Cuvier, 1825" authorityName="F. Cuvier" authorityYear="1825" box="[593,910,2015,2039]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubiana">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3CFFB5FD84F835B1981589" box="[593,747,2015,2039]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Capra nubiana</emphasis>
F. Cuvier, 1825
</taxonomicName>
in Syria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E4A2F7B47E3DFFB4FF42FBDBB71D1637" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797860" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14797860" box="[151,1134,1073,1097]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797860/files/figure.png" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" startId="101.[151,250,1073,1097]" targetBox="[226,1366,181,1049]" targetPageId="101" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3DFFB4FF42FBDBB71D1637" blockId="101.[151,1134,1073,1097]" box="[151,1134,1073,1097]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3DFFB4FF42FBDBB25E1637" bold="true" box="[151,301,1073,1097]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">FIGURE 109.</emphasis>
Records of the Western Roe Deer
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E3DFFB4FD59FBDBB7621637" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[652,1041,1073,1097]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Capreolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capreolus">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3DFFB4FD59FBDBB02D1637" box="[652,862,1073,1097]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Capreolus capreolus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
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in Syria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E4A2F7B47E3DFFB4FF42F837B081158B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797862" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14797862" box="[151,1010,2013,2038]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797862/files/figure.png" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" startId="101.[151,250,2013,2037]" targetBox="[222,1364,1121,1989]" targetPageId="101" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3DFFB4FF42F837B081158B" blockId="101.[151,1010,2013,2038]" box="[151,1010,2013,2038]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3DFFB4FF42F837B258158B" bold="true" box="[151,299,2013,2037]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">FIGURE 110.</emphasis>
Records of the Eurasian Wild Pig
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E3DFFB4FD5FF834B0E6158B" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[650,917,2013,2038]" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Sus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scrofa">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3DFFB4FD5FF834B1811588" box="[650,754,2014,2038]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sus scrofa</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
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in Syria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3EFFB7FF42FF7DB201133F" blockId="102.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
Previous records: Lake Hijanah southeast of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E3EFFB7FD42FF7DB07912CF" box="[663,778,151,177]" country="Syria" name="Dimashq" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Damascus</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3EFFB7FCCFFF7DB09912CF" author="Mac Gregor, J." box="[794,1002,151,177]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref54496" refString="Mac Gregor, J. (1869) The Rob Roy on the Jordan. John Murray Publications, London, UK, 427 pp." type="book" year="1869">Mac Gregor 1869</bibRefCitation>
), around Palmyra and Jabal er-Ruwak (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3EFFB7FF4AFF51B22A12AB" author="Carruthers, D." box="[159,345,187,213]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref48018" refString="Carruthers, D. (1909) Big Game of Syria, Palestine and Sinai. The Field, 114, 1135." type="journal volume" year="1909">Carruthers 1909</bibRefCitation>
), in the forests north of
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E3EFFB7FD88FF51B1C212AB" box="[605,689,187,213]" country="Syria" name="Al Ladhiqiyah" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Latakia</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3EFFB7FD6BFF51B03A12AB" author="Talbot L. M." box="[702,841,187,213]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref59755" refString="Talbot L. M. (1960) A look at threatened species. A report on some animals of the Middle East and southern Asia which are threatened with extermination. Published by the Fauna Preservation Society for IUCN, 137 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300000612" type="book" year="1960">Talbot 1960</bibRefCitation>
), Slenfe mountains (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3EFFB7FBFEFF51B7D912AB" author="Serra, G." box="[1067,1194,187,213]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref57990" refString="Serra, G. (2004) Fauna literature review and fauna field study. Paragraphs 2. 2. 4 and 2. 2. 5 under the Introduction of the Management Plan Cedar-Fir Protected Area, Slenfe, Syria 2004 - 2010. Unpublished report under the project SY-GE- 57109 &quot; Conservation of biodiversity and protected areas management &quot;, xxx pp (to add in proof)." type="book" year="2004">Serra 2004</bibRefCitation>
), east of Al-Qamishli, Sabkhat al-Jabbul, Jarablus, Orontes Basin, Qattinah (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3EFFB7FD3EFF35B0CB1287" author="Kumerloeve, H." box="[747,952,222,249]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="159 - 225" refId="ref53856" refString="Kumerloeve, H. (1975) Die Saugetiere (Mammalia) Syriens und des Libanons. Veroffentlichungen aus der. Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen, 18, 159-225." type="journal article" year="1975">Kumerloeve 1975</bibRefCitation>
), Nabi-Houri to the north of Azaz (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3EFFB7FAEDFF35B23B1363" author="Zahoueh, S. &amp; Cheiko, M." pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref61420" refString="Zahoueh, S. &amp; Cheiko, M. (1993) Etude ecologique preliminaire de la region de Cyrrhus &quot; Nabi - Houri &quot; au nord d'Alep. Rapport de stage din d'etude. Faculte d'Agronomie, Universite d'Aleppo, Syrie, 92 pp." type="book" year="1993">Zahoueh &amp; Cheiko 1993</bibRefCitation>
), Kasab, Sahl Al-Ghab, and Yarmuk Valley (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3EFFB7FC94FEE9B0AD1363" author="Masseti, M." box="[833,990,259,285]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="139 - 148" refId="ref55102" refString="Masseti, M. (2004) Artiodactyls of Syria. Zoology in the Middle East, 33, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2004.10638072" type="journal article" year="2004">Masseti 2004</bibRefCitation>
), Abu Qubays and Al-Furunlok (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3EFFB7FA85FEE9B23B133F" author="Daoud, A. &amp; Khalil, N." pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref48597" refString="Daoud, A. &amp; Khalil, N. (2009 a) Mammals Survey in Abu Qubays Reserve. Ministry of State for Environment Affairs, Damascus, Syria, 60 pp. [In Arabic]" type="book" year="2009">Daoud &amp; Khalil 2009a</bibRefCitation>
, b).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3EFFB7FF42FEA1B2E8138B" blockId="102.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
Recent records: Deir Sawwan (2008–2009), as-Samra, Koayah (2010), Al-Khatuniyah (southwest of Al
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E3EFFB7FAECFEA1B6E3131B" box="[1337,1424,331,357]" country="Syria" name="Al Hasakah" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Hasaka</collectingRegion>
), Khaled Qello, Aabdeen, Al Tiah, Heit, Al-Bahlouliyah, Qismeen, Al-Qerdaha, Qarajaleh, Kafr Zeita, Um et-Tiur, Sreijes, Al Kadmous, Bmlakah, Al Qanjara, Mashqita, Sharifah, Al-Kneisat, Balluran, Ras Al-Baseet, Kafaria, Wadi Qandil, Al-Ajami, Jilleen, Sahm aj-Jolan, Al-Isawiyah, Kurfus, Efreen, Darkoush, Harf Al- Mseitrah, and vicinity of Kasab (2020–2021).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E3EFFB7FF42FE15B0301043" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E3EFFB7FF42FE15B0301043" blockId="102.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
Remarks:
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E3EFFB7FEDFFE15B1521067" box="[266,545,511,537]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3EFFB7FEDFFE15B2091067" box="[266,378,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">S. s. attila</emphasis>
Thomas, 1912
</taxonomicName>
is found along the Euphrates Valley, whereas
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E3EFFB7FBF2FE15B65C1067" authority="Gray, 1868" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1868" box="[1063,1327,511,537]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Meriones" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libycus">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3EFFB7FBF2FE15B7261066" box="[1063,1109,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">S. s.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E3EFFB7FB89FE15B7D81067" box="[1116,1195,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">libycus</emphasis>
Gray, 1868
</taxonomicName>
occurs in northwest
<collectingCountry id="C8CAE7AC7E3EFFB7FED8FDC9B23B1043" box="[269,328,547,573]" name="Syria" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Syria</collectingCountry>
and across the western and southern regions.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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Status: Occasional; a floating drifted specimen at Al-Bassah River (
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Dede
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105. Common Dolphin (Inner Mediterranean subpopulation),
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Status: Regular; stranded dead along the coasts of
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Ibrahim
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Saad
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. 2019
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104. Humpback Whale,
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Subspecies:
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Status: Occasional; stranded dead on the coast of
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;
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;
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;
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;
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), and a whale found swimming
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west of
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Saad
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. 2019
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) (
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103. Fin Whale,
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Subspecies:
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Status: Regular; stranded dead on the coast of Al-Hamidiyah/Khrabih in 2010 (
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102. Common Minke Whale,
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Status: Occasional; stranded dead on the southern coast of Banias (Al-Khrab) (
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2020
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Artiodactyla (
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Thewissen
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. In fact, cetaceans are deeply nested within the Artiodactyls; the two groups together form a monophyletic taxon, for which the name Cetartiodactyla is sometimes used (also see
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Song
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. 2012
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A total of 21 cetacean species were reported from the Mediterranean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3EFFB7FC37FCF5B6501147" author="Notarbartolo di Sciara, G." box="[994,1315,799,825]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref56371" refString="Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. (2002) Cetacean species occurring in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. In: Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. (Ed), Cetaceans of the Mediterranean and Black Seas: state of knowledge and conservation strategies. A report to the ACCOBAMS Secretariat, Monaco, February 2002. Section 3, 17 pp." type="book" year="2002">Notarbartolo di Sciara 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E3EFFB7FAFAFCF5B2371123" author="Gonzalvo, J. &amp; Bearzi, G." pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref49976" refString="Gonzalvo, J. &amp; Bearzi, G. (2008) Action Plan for the conservation of cetaceans in Syria. Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC / SPA), 45 pp." type="book" year="2008">Gonzalvo &amp; Bearzi 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Their status was assessed according to the species’ frequency and time of occurrence as regular, occasional, or accidental. Overall, nine cetacean species were recorded in the Syrian marine waters as (i) live swimming animals found in the sea, (ii) dead bodies floating in the water, (iii) drifted or (iv) stranded dead specimens along the Syrian coast. As only few research attempts were carried out, the status of the cetacean fauna in the
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marine waters is far to be fully known; therefore, further intensive research is needed.
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<mods:namePart id="19C5156F818FF21135714E843789F836">Benda, Petr</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="40674A3556927D5428AC26ADE5E838B6" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1988-0250</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="D969E77BB42D102CCBC5C2F170886203">Department of Zoology, National Museum (Natural History), Václavské nám. 68, 115 79 Praha 1 &amp; Department of Zoology, Charles</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D7DD52A49CC9746DAB416843160953A7" type="email">petr.benda@nm.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:namePart id="705A775A4D64AC4F60F7156AF1190120">Benda, Petr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2A544F8AEFA862BE6724FEA0852C373A">Department of Zoology, National Museum (Natural History), Václavské nám. 68, 115 79 Praha 1 &amp; Department of Zoology, Charles</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="376A413BF1C8ADD2057AAF3440324B7F" type="email">petr.benda@nm.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="D402AB4E6E01C4B3A0669F5DD1A0ADF1">Shkaky, Yesra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="924727F82EFE766F83C9C0213252CC89" type="ORCID">0009-0000-3514-9866</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="147DBCE8C394EB0FE29497A49996CBEA">General Organization of Remote Sensing, Department of Environmental Researches and Regional Planning, Syria</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="7D530DA17B7DE674C87DE81E55022974" type="email">yesrashkaky@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:namePart id="D64169919E133CF06C770D615BCBEF93">Shkaky, Yesra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="5937E927657502C822E09BE7C17425A0" type="ORCID">0009-0000-3514-9866</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="579989F22C1134B0333641A59EE43039">General Organization of Remote Sensing, Department of Environmental Researches and Regional Planning, Syria</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="CADB680F4027F2D2598F7774575744FA" type="email">yesrashkaky@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="D6ABBDE806239D75224949BB648A9AB7">Barbanera, Filippo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F6AEB2F0650376576EC1D7BEAAA90767">Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D5781B15AF6BFDEFFCF3C7A747C78D9B" type="email">filippo.barbanera@unipi.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:namePart id="F5FAEF3D2B5E1F2132FB908E4743D8B7">Barbanera, Filippo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0A40860B3BF0D917BA578BB73ED8C83B">Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="593D760F648591F224F2531E24B58D44" type="email">filippo.barbanera@unipi.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
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<mods:namePart id="F9455F6D5CA5303ED3BCAAA4C58415D8">Al-Sheikhly, Omar F.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="FDBD1BEC23AFEE7F803EA5DB4979D0B7" type="ORCID">0000-0002-0816-1955</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="DB1986DC6B79AE534DB0F08A506C8510">Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="A40AB2FE0D0A4F6FD4FD7CBED6051FE0" type="email">alsheikhlyomar@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:namePart id="62CC7D538940166AD8D22AC2339D5DCB">Al-Sheikhly, Omar F.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1AB8C5D97B45499CDA459E90A6185E27" type="ORCID">0000-0002-0816-1955</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="6D2660A79A3BB3D95FC63EA0D15CC22A">Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="51FF71380BE6E152ECDBC65EFE624425" type="email">alsheikhlyomar@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<treatment id="3874162A7E69FFE0FF42F8F9B67315C3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3874162A7E69FFE0FF42F8F9B67315C3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3874162A7E69FFE0FF42F8F9B67315C3" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E69FFE0FF42F8F9B0881553" box="[151,1019,1811,1838]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E69FFE0FF42F8F9B0881553" blockId="49.[151,1436,1811,1982]" box="[151,1019,1811,1838]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E69FFE0FF42F8F9B0881553" bold="true" box="[151,1019,1811,1838]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ Shehab
).
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E69FFE0FF42F895B67315C3" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E69FFE0FF42F895B67315C3" blockId="49.[151,1436,1811,1982]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Remarks: In the past reported as
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E69FFE0FDD1F895B1E315E7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[516,656,1919,1945]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Apodemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E69FFE0FDD1F895B1E315E7" box="[516,656,1919,1945]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">A. sylvaticus</emphasis>
@ -186,71 +186,7 @@ Filippucci
) according to skull characters; however, the nomenclature adopted here is based on
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E69FFE0FBE2F849B78F15C3" author="Krystufek, B." box="[1079,1276,1955,1981]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="43 - 51" refId="ref53265" refString="Krystufek, B. (2002) Identity of four Apodemus (Sylvaemus) types from the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Mammalia, 88 (1), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.2002.66.1.43" type="journal article" year="2002">Kryštufek (2002)</bibRefCitation>
.
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E6BFFE2FF42FF7CB0AE12CE" box="[151,989,150,177]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E6BFFE2FF42FF7CB0AE12CE" bold="true" box="[151,989,150,177]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
34. Macedonian Mouse,
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E6BFFE2FE6CFF7DB29F12CF" bold="true" box="[441,492,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Mus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E6BFFE2FE28FF7DB14312CF" bold="true" box="[509,560,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Mus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E6BFFE2FD94FF7CB1AB12CF" bold="true" box="[577,728,150,177]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">macedonicus</emphasis>
Petrov &amp; Ružić, 1983
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E6AFFE3FF42FBCAB39D1622" blockId="50.[151,1436,1056,1116]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E6AFFE3FF42FBCAB2531646" bold="true" box="[151,288,1056,1080]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 38.</emphasis>
Records of the Eastern Broad-toothed Field Mouse
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E6AFFE3FCFBFBCAB6EF1646" authority="(Danford &amp; Alston, 1877)" baseAuthorityName="Danford &amp; Alston" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[814,1436,1056,1080]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Apodemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus" subGenus="Sylvaemus">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E6AFFE3FCFBFBCAB0EB1646" box="[814,920,1056,1080]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Apodemus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E6AFFE3FC73FBCAB7621646" box="[934,1041,1056,1080]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Sylvaemus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E6AFFE3FBCAFBCBB7E31646" box="[1055,1168,1057,1080]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">mystacinus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E6AFFE3FB48FBCAB6E61646" author="Danford, C. G. &amp; Alston, R. E." box="[1181,1429,1056,1080]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="270 - 281" refId="ref48509" refString="Danford, C. G. &amp; Alston, R. E. (1877) On the mammals of Asia Minor I &amp; II. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 1887, 270-281." type="journal article" year="1877">Danford &amp; Alston, 1877</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
in Syria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E6AFFE3FF42F835B79B1589" blockId="50.[151,1256,2015,2039]" box="[151,1256,2015,2039]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E6AFFE3FF42F835B2531589" bold="true" box="[151,288,2015,2039]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 39.</emphasis>
Records of the Steppe Field Mouse
<taxonomicName id="77DDDCBF7E6AFFE3FD44F835B7F81589" authority="(Thomas, 1902)" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[657,1163,2015,2039]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Apodemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="witherbyi" subGenus="Sylvaemus">
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E6AFFE3FD44F835B1881589" box="[657,763,2015,2039]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Apodemus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E6AFFE3FCDCF835B0071589" box="[777,884,2015,2039]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Sylvaemus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E6AFFE3FC56F835B0901589" box="[899,995,2015,2039]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">witherbyi</emphasis>
(Thomas, 1902)
</taxonomicName>
in Syria.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E6BFFE2FC31FF7DB7A612CF" box="[996,1237,151,177]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E6BFFE2FC31FF7DB7A612CF" blockId="51.[151,1436,150,285]" box="[996,1237,151,177]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">(IUCN Red List: LC)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8C7F4B77E6BFFE2FF42FF51B64E1363" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E6BFFE2FF42FF51B2AA1287" blockId="51.[151,1436,150,285]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
Distribution: Status uncertain, probably abundant, and widely distributed in rural areas, but does not occur close to human settlements (
<figureCitation id="28E6BBB97E6BFFE2FEADFF35B2BF1287" box="[376,460,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="51.[151,250,1200,1224]" captionTargetBox="[222,1366,309,1176]" captionTargetId="figure-71@51.[222,1366,309,1177]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="FIGURE 40. Records of the Macedonian Mouse Mus (Mus) macedonicus Petrov &amp; Ružić, 1983 in Syria." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14797697" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14797697/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B062A73C7E6BFFE2FF42FEE9B64E1363" blockId="51.[151,1436,150,285]" box="[151,1341,259,285]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
Previous records:
<collectingRegion id="721969DE7E6BFFE2FEB5FEE9B2C11363" box="[352,434,259,285]" country="Syria" name="Halab" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Aleppo</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E6BFFE2FE14FEE9B1BA1363" author="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J." box="[449,713,259,285]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refId="ref51172" refString="Harrison, D. L. &amp; Bates, P. J. J. (1991) The mammals of Arabia. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, Kent, UK, 354 pp." type="book" year="1991">Harrison &amp; Bates 1991</bibRefCitation>
), Qater Maghara and el- Ukersheh (Shehab
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E6BFFE2FB63FEE9B7941363" box="[1206,1255,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">et al</emphasis>
. 2004).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</paragraph>
</treatment>
</document>

163
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34. Macedonian Mouse,
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Distribution: Status uncertain, probably abundant, and widely distributed in rural areas, but does not occur close to human settlements (
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Previous records:
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20.
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20. Golden Spiny Mouse,
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200
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@ -1,136 +1,134 @@
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25. Sundevall’s Jird,
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<paragraph id="B062A73C7E73FFFAFC1CFE15B7C91067" blockId="43.[151,1436,510,717]" box="[969,1210,511,537]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">(IUCN Red List: LC)</paragraph>
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Subspecies:
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<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E73FFFAFEF7FDC9B2C31043" box="[290,432,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">M. c. charon</emphasis>
Thomas, 1919
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.
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Distribution: Uncommon but has a wide distribution along the Euphrates Valley and
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(
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Previous records: Bir Umm Uqairiba (
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Kock
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E73FFFAFD41FD81B1B410FB" box="[660,711,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. 1994
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), es-Salihiyye, Kal’at er-Rahba, Tell Sheikh Hamad, Tell Al-Buderi and
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west of Lake Al-Khatuniyah (Buhayrat Al Khatuniyah), Halabiyyeh and Katir Magara (
<bibRefCitation id="D44CDACD7E73FFFAFA8BFD65B3A010B3" author="Kock, D." pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="117 - 122" refId="ref52942" refString="Kock, D. (1998) The gerbils and jirds of Syria (Mammalia: Rodentia: Muridae: Gerbillinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 77, 117-122." type="journal article" year="1998">Kock 1998</bibRefCitation>
), and ar- Rasafah (Shehab
<emphasis id="82A97B2E7E73FFFAFE2AFD59B14210B3" box="[511,561,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. 2004).
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18. Golden Hamster,
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<mods:title id="4C578DA5ACBACABC54B315F30963EE10">A new species of Trigonella sect. Ellipticae (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) from Iran, including cytogenetic and anatomical notes</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EE3E1D5F5CDA7D72AC1940CAFCAE4DBE">Ranjbar, Massoud</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="8F8865043C6EFFDBF3852582B10034CD" box="[136,890,1935,1960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C72D368F3C6EFFDBF3852582B10034CD" blockId="5.[136,890,1935,1960]" box="[136,890,1935,1960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicName id="00924D0C3C6EFFDBF3852582B0DD34CD" ID-CoL="9DPTS" authority="Ranjbar &amp; Z. Hajmoradi." authorityName="Ranjbar &amp; Z. Hajmoradi." authorityYear="2015" box="[136,679,1935,1960]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trigonella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bakhtiarica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="F5E6EA9D3C6EFFDBF3852582B3FF34CD" box="[136,389,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Trigonella bakhtiarica</emphasis>
Ranjbar &amp; Z. Hajmoradi.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="F5E6EA9D3C6EFFDBF1A02582B17934CD" bold="true" box="[685,771,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="EED557E63C6EFFDBF1A02582B17934CD" box="[685,771,1935,1960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation id="5FA92A0A3C6EFFDBF0062582B12D34CD" box="[779,855,1935,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,229,1707,1728]" captionTargetBox="[249,1350,324,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-14@2.[218,1370,263,1686]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Trigonella bakhtiarica Ranjbar &amp; Hajmoradi (Ranjbar 33055, BASU). A. habit with fruit. B. calyx. C. standard. D. wings. E. keel. F. ovary. G. androecium. H. pod of T. bakhtiarica. I. pod of T. aphanoneura. J. mitotic cell in T. bakhtiarica with 16 chromosome (2n = 2x = 16). K. meiotic cell in T. aphanoneura with 8 bivalents chromosome (2n = 2x = 16). Scale A = 2 cm, B–G = 1 cm, H–I = 5 mm, J–K = 2 μm" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13641628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13641628/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5FA92A0A3C6EFFDBF0682582B10C34CD" box="[869,886,1935,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[136,229,1316,1337]" captionTargetBox="[177,1411,175,1298]" captionTargetId="figure-14@3.[177,1411,175,1298]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of Trigonella bakhtiarica (●) and T. aphanoneura (■) in Iran." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13641630" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13641630/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">2</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C72D368F3C6EFFDBF38525D4B13C3B77" blockId="5.[136,1451,2009,2066]" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="F5E6EA9D3C6EFFDBF38525D4B13C3B77" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="31">
Affinis
<taxonomicName id="00924D0C3C6EFFDBF3DD25D4B079348B" box="[208,515,2009,2030]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trigonella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="aphanoneura" subSpecies="planta">Trigonella aphanoneura planta</taxonomicName>
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(nec ad
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) alta, vexillum
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(nec ±
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6EFFDBF75A25D4B6EA348B" box="[1111,1168,2009,2030]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
) longum, leguminibus ovato lanceolatis (nec oblongis),
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6EFFDBF2CE25F0B0663B77" box="[451,540,2045,2066]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="7.0">7–12 mm</quantity>
(nec
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6EFFDBF15C25F0B0CD3B77" box="[593,695,2045,2066]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="20.0">20–25 mm</quantity>
) longis differt.
</emphasis>
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Type:—
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<collectingCountry id="BF85761F3C6DFFD8F3DA22ADB36E33D0" box="[215,276,160,181]" name="Iran" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">IRAN</collectingCountry>
.
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,
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<collectorName id="6A6753593C6DFFD8F29F22C9B39B33BC" box="[402,481,196,217]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">Ranjbar</collectorName>
33055,
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(
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<collectionCode id="A183AE4A3C6DFFD8F19C22C9B0A933BC" box="[657,723,196,217]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">BASU</collectionCode>
, photo W
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).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C72D368F3C6DFFD8F3852304B7DC31B7" blockId="6.[136,1454,265,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">
Perennial,
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tall. Stem branched, glabrous or occasionally sparsely covered with appressed white hairs
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F6552304B2CE3223" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.35" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.5 mm</quantity>
long. Stipules herbaceous, 2–5 ×
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, adnate to the petiole for up to
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F7052320B61B3223" box="[1032,1121,301,326]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
, lanceolate, glabrous. Leaves 3-foliolate,
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F200235CB303320F" box="[269,377,337,362]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="8.0">8–17 mm</quantity>
long; petiole
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F114235CB002320F" box="[537,632,337,362]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2–5 mm</quantity>
long, glabrous to sparsely appressed hairy, similar to the stem. Leaflets obdeltoid to obcordate, 4–10 ×
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F2EB2378B03F32EB" box="[486,581,373,398]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="3.0">3–7 mm</quantity>
, truncate or emarginate, glabrous above, glabrous or sparsely appressed white hairy beneath, the hairs
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F2992394B06132D7" box="[404,539,409,434]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.35" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.5 mm</quantity>
long. Inflorescence an erect raceme, laxly 3–6-flowered, apex aristate; peduncles
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F38523B0B37E32B3" box="[136,260,445,470]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="cm" value="3.25" valueMax="5.2" valueMin="1.3">1.3–5.2 cm</quantity>
long. Pedicels
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F2A723B0B07C32B3" box="[426,518,445,470]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5 mm</quantity>
long. Bracts hyaline-membranous, 0.3–0.4 × ca.
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F72E23B0B60332B3" box="[1059,1145,445,470]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
, triangular, glabrous. Calyx ca.
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long, tubular, glabrous or rarely with sparse appressed hairs
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F09723ECB65B329F" box="[922,1057,481,506]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="0.35" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.5 mm</quantity>
long; teeth filiform to subulate, ca.
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F3852008B2B1317B" box="[136,203,517,542]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long. Corolla yellow. Standard 9–10 ×
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F19E2008B08E317B" box="[659,756,517,542]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 mm</quantity>
, obovate, tapering abruptly into the short cuneate claw, apex rounded. Wings ca.
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F26A2024B3CC3127" box="[359,438,553,578]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
long; blades oblong, apex rounded, 6–7 × ca.
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F0B02024B66F3127" box="[957,1045,553,578]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
, claw linear,
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long. Keel
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long; blades 5 ×
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F2A12040B07C3103" box="[428,518,589,614]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
; claw linear,
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F1912040B0803103" box="[668,762,589,614]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
long. Stamens diadelphous (9 fused + 1 free),
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long. Ovary
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with stipe ca.
<quantity id="006A9B6A3C6DFFD8F2D4207CB06131EF" box="[473,539,625,650]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long, glabrous. Pods 7–12 ×
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, ovate to lanceolate, widely rounded at the lateral side, with a slender stipe
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long, at the apex obtuse to rounded, beaked; valves straw-colored to pale brown to cream, rugose with shallow ridges and furrows, glabrous. Seeds 1–2, oblong, ca. 3 × ca.
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, greenish to brown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8F8865043C6DFFD8F3B020D0B11D3193" box="[189,871,733,758]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C72D368F3C6DFFD8F3B020D0B11D3193" blockId="6.[136,1454,265,938]" box="[189,871,733,758]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="F5E6EA9D3C6DFFD8F3B020D0B3393193" bold="true" box="[189,323,733,758]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">Phenology:</emphasis>
—Collected in flower and fruit in May and June.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8F8865043C6DFFD8F3B0210CB185307F" box="[189,1023,769,794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="C72D368F3C6DFFD8F3B0210CB185307F" blockId="6.[136,1454,265,938]" box="[189,1023,769,794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="F5E6EA9D3C6DFFD8F3B0210CB332307F" bold="true" box="[189,328,769,794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">Etymology:</emphasis>
—The species is named after the
<typeStatus id="1829882D3C6DFFD8F1B0210CB097307F" box="[701,749,769,794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">type</typeStatus>
locality, Bakhtiari,
<collectingCountry id="BF85761F3C6DFFD8F0C6210CB186307F" box="[971,1020,769,794]" name="Iran" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">Iran</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8F8865043C6DFFD8F3B02128B07D30CF" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C72D368F3C6DFFD8F3B02128B07D30CF" blockId="6.[136,1454,265,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="F5E6EA9D3C6DFFD8F3B02128B390305B" bold="true" box="[189,490,805,830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">Distribution and habitat:</emphasis>
—
<taxonomicName id="00924D0C3C6DFFD8F10B2128B0D9305B" box="[518,675,805,830]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trigonella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bakhtiarica">
<emphasis id="F5E6EA9D3C6DFFD8F10B2128B0D9305B" box="[518,675,805,830]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">T. bakhtiarica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a narrowly distributed endemic species, known only from the
<typeStatus id="1829882D3C6DFFD8F6762128B7D1305B" box="[1403,1451,805,830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">type</typeStatus>
locality (fig. 2). It was collected from a stony area in the mountainous region of the Sabz-kuh protected area.
<taxonomicName id="00924D0C3C6DFFD8F69A2144B36730E3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trigonella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphanoneura">
<emphasis id="F5E6EA9D3C6DFFD8F69A2144B36730E3" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">T. aphanoneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the closest relative of
<taxonomicName id="00924D0C3C6DFFD8F12D2160B0C630E3" box="[544,700,877,902]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trigonella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bakhtiarica">
<emphasis id="F5E6EA9D3C6DFFD8F12D2160B0C630E3" box="[544,700,877,902]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">T. bakhtiarica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is common in the dry-steppe of Boroujen protected area and a few localities in the
<collectingRegion id="0556F86D3C6DFFD8F237219CB07830CF" box="[314,514,913,938]" country="Iran" name="Esfahan" pageId="6" pageNumber="32">Esfahan Province</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>