diff --git a/data/1D/50/76/1D507666303A5204EF2DFED0735207BB.xml b/data/1D/50/76/1D507666303A5204EF2DFED0735207BB.xml index 32468e9bf87..f83cb12519c 100644 --- a/data/1D/50/76/1D507666303A5204EF2DFED0735207BB.xml +++ b/data/1D/50/76/1D507666303A5204EF2DFED0735207BB.xml @@ -1,65 +1,65 @@ - - - -The dung beetles of Venezuela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): catalogue and updated distribution + + + +The dung beetles of Venezuela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae): catalogue and updated distribution - - -Author + + +Author -Rosa, Cecilia Lozano De La -36CFEA67-71C5-4F3C-97F8-B57E43C811CC -Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Estudios Botánicos y Agroforestales, Laboratorio de Ecología Espacial, Maracaibo, estado Zulia, Venezuela. -lozanoceci@gmail.com +Rosa, Cecilia Lozano De La +36CFEA67-71C5-4F3C-97F8-B57E43C811CC +Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Estudios Botánicos y Agroforestales, Laboratorio de Ecología Espacial, Maracaibo, estado Zulia, Venezuela. +lozanoceci@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Cupello, Mario -BDB03C18-7095-4EAA-8BDD-03CB4F79676D -Laboratório de Sistemática e Bioecologia de Coleoptera, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Currently at Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA. -mcupello@hotmail.com +Cupello, Mario +BDB03C18-7095-4EAA-8BDD-03CB4F79676D +Laboratório de Sistemática e Bioecologia de Coleoptera, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Currently at Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA. +mcupello@hotmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z. -2BC093C2-3E2B-466B-B31C-9F3D9FA844BC -Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. -vazdemello@gmail.com +Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z. +2BC093C2-3E2B-466B-B31C-9F3D9FA844BC +Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. +vazdemello@gmail.com -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2024 - -2024-10-11 + +2024 + +2024-10-11 - -959 + +959 - -1 + +1 - -1 -272 + +1 +272 - -https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2677/12401 + +https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2677/12401 -journal article -10.5852/ejt.2024.959.2677 -2118-9773 -13945464 -30872C13-516F-42FA-AFA7-30ADC6BF1BAF +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2024.959.2677 +2118-9773 +13945464 +30872C13-516F-42FA-AFA7-30ADC6BF1BAF @@ -189,17 +189,19 @@ Pardo-Díaz - + VENEZUELA ‒ Mérida -• 2 specs; +• +2 specs +; Arzobispo Chacón , -Mucutuy -environs; +Mucutuy environs +; 08°14′18″ N , 71°17′12″ W @@ -214,10 +216,13 @@ a.s.l. ; R. Acconcia -leg.; light; CEMT +leg.; +light +; +CEMT . ‒ - + Táchira @@ -229,15 +234,17 @@ leg.; light; CEMT ; Joffre B. -leg.; CEMT +leg.; +CEMT • - + 1 spec. ; + 42 km -SE of -San Cristóbal +SE of San Cristóbal + ; 700 m @@ -250,12 +257,14 @@ a.s.l. ; S. Peck leg.; -dung trap -30; CEMT +dung trap 30 +; +CEMT • - -4 specs; + +4 specs +; San Cristóbal , Parque Nacional Natural Paramillo @@ -265,10 +274,11 @@ leg.; ; J. Blanco -leg.; CEMT +leg.; +CEMT . ‒ - + Yaracuy @@ -297,10 +307,13 @@ a.s.l. P. Colmenares and H. Martínez -leg.; human faeces; CEMT +leg.; +human faeces +; +CEMT • - + 1 spec. ; Bolívar @@ -325,10 +338,13 @@ a.s.l. P. Colmenares and H. Martínez -leg.; human faeces; CEMT +leg.; +human faeces +; +CEMT • - + 1 spec. ; Bolívar @@ -353,7 +369,10 @@ a.s.l. P. Colmenares and H. Martínez -leg.; human faeces; CEMT +leg.; +human faeces +; +CEMT . diff --git a/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA0CB2C077EF9DEFC5A0AA3.xml b/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA0CB2C077EF9DEFC5A0AA3.xml index 2194419c6ea..890cb5be68e 100644 --- a/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA0CB2C077EF9DEFC5A0AA3.xml +++ b/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA0CB2C077EF9DEFC5A0AA3.xml @@ -1,46 +1,46 @@ - - - -The Aplocnemus Stephens, 1830, of Greece (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Dasytidae). A contribution to their knowledge + + + +The Aplocnemus Stephens, 1830, of Greece (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Dasytidae). A contribution to their knowledge - - -Author + + +Author -Liberti, Gianfranco +Liberti, Gianfranco -text - - -Natural History Sciences +text + + +Natural History Sciences - -2019 - -2018-11-29 + +2019 + +2018-11-29 - -6 + +6 - -1 + +1 - -3 -26 + +3 +26 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2019.389 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2019.389 -journal article -10.4081/nhs.2019.389 -2385-0922 -12523865 +journal article +10.4081/nhs.2019.389 +2385-0922 +12523865 - + @@ -55,9 +55,11 @@ Kiesenwetter, 1859 + + (Figs. 47-52) - + Haplocnemus abietum @@ -65,8 +67,6 @@ Kiesenwetter, 1859: 160 , 171, loc. typ. Oros Parnitha (near Athens); Schilsky, 1894a: 60; Pic, 1937: 30; Peacock, 1987: 153; Mayor, 2007: 412; Liberti, 2009: 346. - - = @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ Pic, 1908: 49 [ syn. n. -], loc. typ. Thes- salia; Pic, 1937: 42; Mayor, 2007: 413. +], loc. typ. Thessalia; Pic, 1937: 42; Mayor, 2007: 413. = @@ -95,11 +95,11 @@ Pic, 1921 a: 3 [ syn. n. -], loc. typ. Kefallo- nia; Pic, 1937: 32; Mayor, 2007: 412. +], loc. typ. Kefallonia; Pic, 1937: 32; Mayor, 2007: 412. - - + + The Kiesenwetter’s types of @@ -113,15 +113,14 @@ are probably lost. However only one Diplambe species -is known of the - - -Balkan peninsula and 2 +is known of the Balkan peninsula and 2 topotypes , ♂♂ , are available (see below under Material studied), well in agreement with the original description. + + 2 Syntypes ♂♂ of @@ -146,7 +145,7 @@ of MNHN Paris, coll. Pic” prr., added by R -. Constantin. They don’t show any mea- ningful difference with the common and widespread +. Constantin. They don’t show any meaningful difference with the common and widespread A . ( @@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ collection, at Although ♀♀ -no mea- ningful difference with +no meaningful difference with A . @@ -219,7 +218,7 @@ are in Pic collection, at 1 ♂ : “Graecia, Kephallenia” pr.; “ type -” hwA; “atricor- nis Pic” hwA; “ +” hwA; “atricornis Pic” hwA; “ TYPE ” prr @@ -236,8 +235,10 @@ are in Pic collection, at . + + -Both specimens probably collected by Paganetti between 1899 and 1914. Here again, no meaningful diffe- rence with +Both specimens probably collected by Paganetti between 1899 and 1914. Here again, no meaningful difference with A . @@ -251,7 +252,7 @@ has been detected. Description - ♂ -. Antennae evidently pectinate; articles 4-10 trasverse or very trasverse. Integuments blackishbrown, not very brigh; legs and antennae dark brown with tarsi more or less pale brown; mouthparts and palpi brow- nish; pubescence pale brown. Pronotum convex, max. width close to posterior border, rather lightly and sparsely punctured. Elytra very convex; lateral border double in basal half; sparsely punctured; surface between punctures moderately convex; elytral apices jointly rounded; apical angle rather well defined, right or slightly obtuse. Abdo- men first and second visible sternites simple; fifth sternite straight or slightly convex on posterior side. Last sternite median process short (Fig. 51). Fallobase and parameres unconnected (not fused together) (Fig. 50). +. Antennae evidently pectinate; articles 4-10 trasverse or very trasverse. Integuments blackishbrown, not very brigh; legs and antennae dark brown with tarsi more or less pale brown; mouthparts and palpi brownish; pubescence pale brown. Pronotum convex, max. width close to posterior border, rather lightly and sparsely punctured. Elytra very convex; lateral border double in basal half; sparsely punctured; surface between punctures moderately convex; elytral apices jointly rounded; apical angle rather well defined, right or slightly obtuse. Abdomen first and second visible sternites simple; fifth sternite straight or slightly convex on posterior side. Last sternite median process short (Fig. 51). Fallobase and parameres unconnected (not fused together) (Fig. 50). ♀ @@ -297,7 +298,7 @@ Dimensions in mm. TL: ) abietum -is the only known representative, in the Balkans, of this rather large and widespread subgenus; it is common and widespread throughout the whole southern part of the Pe- ninsula. It is probably present in +is the only known representative, in the Balkans, of this rather large and widespread subgenus; it is common and widespread throughout the whole southern part of the Peninsula. It is probably present in Turkey as well, at least in the European provinces, however, being @@ -345,7 +346,7 @@ Baile Herculane (Deubel,?, Serres prov.: Rodopoli (Angelini, 2007, CAn). Evros prov.: Mega Derio (Angelini, 2007, CAn); Melia (Cocquempot, 2004, CLi)(F). Ioannina prov.: Timfi, Farangi Vikou (Doguet, 1997, CCo)*. -Larissa prov.: Ossa (Egger, 1988, CEg; Saltini, 1998, CSl; Schülke, 1998, CPl; Ziegler, 2006, CZi); Spilià (Ange- lini, 2005, CAn). +Larissa prov.: Ossa (Egger, 1988, CEg; Saltini, 1998, CSl; Schülke, 1998, CPl; Ziegler, 2006, CZi); Spilià (Angelini, 2005, CAn). Viotia prov.: Arahova (Liberti, 1997, CLi); Sarandavli (Angelini, 2005, CAn). @@ -362,7 +363,7 @@ Baile Herculane (Deubel,?, Ahaïa prov.: Ano Diakoptò (Liberti, 1998, CLi); Aroania Ori (Rébl, 2010, CRe); Diakoftò (Angelini, 1998, CAn); Flamboura (Liberti, 1998, CLi); Kalavrita (Angelini, 1998, 1999, 2004, CAn; Cocquempot, 2004, CLi; Ziegler, 2010, CZi); Kalentzi (Angelini, 2004, CAn); Kastelli (Angelini, 2004, CAn); Lagovouni (Liberti, 1998, CLi); Mega Spileo (Ponel, 1996, CPn; Angelini, 1999, CAn); Stavrodromio (Angelini, 1999, CAn); Tripotama (Liberti, 1998, CLi). Korinthia prov.: Bouzi (Angelini, 1999, CAn); Lafka (Angelini, 1999, CAn); Messinò (Ziegler, 2010, CZi); Mossia (Angelini, 2004, CAn); Nemea (Wittmer, 1971, CCo)*; Riza (Teunissen, 1998, CCo)*; Stilia (Saltini, 1994, CSl); Stimfalia (Angelini, 2004, CAn). Ilia prov.: Katotari (Angelini, 2004, CAn); Olimbia (Angelini, 1999, CAn). -Arkadia prov.:Alonistena (Saltini, 2016, CSl); Dafni (Zie- gler, 2010, CZi); Dimitsana (Doguet, 1995, CCo)*; Kandila (Angelini, 2004, CAn); Kardaras (Angelini, 2004, CAn); Panagitsa (Konviçka, 2009, CKn); Pigadakia (Angelini, 2004, CAn); Stavrodromio (Angelini, 1999, CAn); Tripoli (Angelini, 1999, CAn); Vitina (Ziegler, 2007, 2010, CZi). +Arkadia prov.:Alonistena (Saltini, 2016, CSl); Dafni (Ziegler, 2010, CZi); Dimitsana (Doguet, 1995, CCo)*; Kandila (Angelini, 2004, CAn); Kardaras (Angelini, 2004, CAn); Panagitsa (Konviçka, 2009, CKn); Pigadakia (Angelini, 2004, CAn); Stavrodromio (Angelini, 1999, CAn); Tripoli (Angelini, 1999, CAn); Vitina (Ziegler, 2007, 2010, CZi). Argolida prov.: Ahladokambos (Angelini, 2004, CAn); Mili (Angelini, 1999, CAn). Lakonia prov.: Anavriti (Konviçka, 2009, CKn); Alepohori (Doguet, 1995, CCo)*; Gorani (Angelini, 2004, CAn); Kastania (Constantin, 1997, CCo)*; Toriza (Rébl, 2010, CRe); Vasiliki (Angelini, 2004, CAn). diff --git a/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA3CB2C0430FC6BFAB80EFD.xml b/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA3CB2C0430FC6BFAB80EFD.xml deleted file mode 100644 index 5fb964e52ca..00000000000 --- a/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA3CB2C0430FC6BFAB80EFD.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,143 +0,0 @@ - - - -The Aplocnemus Stephens, 1830, of Greece (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Dasytidae). A contribution to their knowledge - - - -Author - -Liberti, Gianfranco - -text - - -Natural History Sciences - - -2019 - -2018-11-29 - - -6 - - -1 - - -3 -26 - - - - -http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2019.389 - -journal article -10.4081/nhs.2019.389 -2385-0922 -12523865 - - - - - - - - -Aplocnemus angelinii -Liberti, 1995: 162 - - -, loc. typ. Policoro ( -Basilicata -, -Italy -); Liberti & Zinetti, 2009: 46. - - - - -For this species, description and drawings can be found in -Liberti (1995: 192 -, Figs. 19-21). - - - - -Distribution and comments - -Very close to -A -. - -( -A -.) -cylindricus -Kiesenwetter, 1863 - -, of which it might be considered a subspecies, it lives in peninsular -Italy -and in south-west of the Balkan Peninsula: records are known from -Albania -, Kerkyra Island ( -Liberti, 1995 -) and Ahaïa. - - -A -. - -( -A -.) -angelinii - -, although similar to the - -reitteri - -group of species (see common description above), is easily recognized for pronotum less convex and approx. square shaped, as wide as elytral max. width so to give the body a cylindrical appearance, and for the space between pun- ctures appearing brighter. - - - - -Materials studied - - -Albania - - - -Berat -° (Boldori, 1941, -MSNM -)(F) - -. - - -Greece - - - -Kerkyra prov. -: Kerkira° (Champion, 1927, -BMNH -). -Ahaïa prov. -: Metochi (Rébl, 2007, CRe)(F) - -. - - -This species is also present in central and southern -Italy -: please refer to -Liberti (1995) -and Liberti & Zinetti (2009) for the known localities in this Country. - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA5CB2A077EFF77FAA70C54.xml b/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA5CB2A077EFF77FAA70C54.xml index 0d80d62668a..1afbeca53e2 100644 --- a/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA5CB2A077EFF77FAA70C54.xml +++ b/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA5CB2A077EFF77FAA70C54.xml @@ -1,46 +1,46 @@ - - - -The Aplocnemus Stephens, 1830, of Greece (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Dasytidae). A contribution to their knowledge + + + +The Aplocnemus Stephens, 1830, of Greece (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Dasytidae). A contribution to their knowledge - - -Author + + +Author -Liberti, Gianfranco +Liberti, Gianfranco -text - - -Natural History Sciences +text + + +Natural History Sciences - -2019 - -2018-11-29 + +2019 + +2018-11-29 - -6 + +6 - -1 + +1 - -3 -26 + +3 +26 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2019.389 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2019.389 -journal article -10.4081/nhs.2019.389 -2385-0922 -12523865 +journal article +10.4081/nhs.2019.389 +2385-0922 +12523865 - + @@ -55,9 +55,11 @@ + + (Figs. 11, 36-38) - + Dasytes caelatus @@ -71,8 +73,6 @@ Brullé, 1832: 150 ]; Mayor, 2007: 410. - - = @@ -87,6 +87,8 @@ Kiesenwetter, 1859: 170 ]. + + Types - diff --git a/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA7CB370430F934FF1B0B08.xml b/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA7CB370430F934FF1B0B08.xml index a5aecd76d5c..9d856e8e865 100644 --- a/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA7CB370430F934FF1B0B08.xml +++ b/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFA7CB370430F934FF1B0B08.xml @@ -1,46 +1,46 @@ - - - -The Aplocnemus Stephens, 1830, of Greece (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Dasytidae). A contribution to their knowledge + + + +The Aplocnemus Stephens, 1830, of Greece (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Dasytidae). A contribution to their knowledge - - -Author + + +Author -Liberti, Gianfranco +Liberti, Gianfranco -text - - -Natural History Sciences +text + + +Natural History Sciences - -2019 - -2018-11-29 + +2019 + +2018-11-29 - -6 + +6 - -1 + +1 - -3 -26 + +3 +26 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2019.389 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2019.389 -journal article -10.4081/nhs.2019.389 -2385-0922 -12523865 +journal article +10.4081/nhs.2019.389 +2385-0922 +12523865 - + @@ -55,9 +55,11 @@ Kiesenwetter, 1863 + + (Fig. 10) - + Haplocnemus jejunus @@ -79,8 +81,9 @@ are probably lost, there has been general agreement on the interpretation of thi . + -Figs. 15-31 - 15-16) Aedeagus, spicular fork and last ventrite (tergite and sternite) in sternal view, as they appear on dissection: all sternites and tergites – but the last ones – have been removed. 17) Aedeagus (median lobe with dorsal lever and tegmen), lateral view. 18) Aedeagus (median lobe with dorsal lever and tegmen), dorsal view. 20) aedeagus (median lobe with dorsal lever and tegmen), lat- eral view. 19, 23-24, 28) Median lobes, lateral view. 21, 25-26, 29) Median lobe apices, sternal view. 22, 27, 30) Basal half of tegmen. 31) Last sternite. +Figs. 15-31 - 15-16) Aedeagus, spicular fork and last ventrite (tergite and sternite) in sternal view, as they appear on dissection: all sternites and tergites – but the last ones – have been removed. 17) Aedeagus (median lobe with dorsal lever and tegmen), lateral view. 18) Aedeagus (median lobe with dorsal lever and tegmen), dorsal view. 20) aedeagus (median lobe with dorsal lever and tegmen), laeral view. 19, 23-24, 28) Median lobes, lateral view. 21, 25-26, 29) Median lobe apices, sternal view. 22, 27, 30) Basal half of tegmen. 31) Last sternite. 15) @@ -156,7 +159,7 @@ Kiesenwetter, 1859 caelatus (Brullé, 1832) -; 36) Stavrodromio, Arkadia, GR; 37-38) Agios Nikolaos, Lako- nia, GR). 39-41) +; 36) Stavrodromio, Arkadia, GR; 37-38) Agios Nikolaos, Lakonia, GR). 39-41) A . @@ -183,6 +186,7 @@ Kiesenwetter, 1859 Scale 0.5 mm. + Description and drawings can be found in Liberti (1995: 167, Figs. 28-29) and Constantin (2007). @@ -202,27 +206,42 @@ An uncommon to rare species, sometimes collected in winter under barks of trees - + Materials studied + + Slovenia + + Branik [Reifenberg Castle] (Springer, 1942, MSNM -). +). + + Croatia + + Momian, Istra -(Schurmann, 1966, CLi). -Bulgaria -Balcik (Ziegler, 2015, CZi)F; Batovo (Ziegler, 2015, CZi)F; Sabla (Ziegler, 2015, CZi); Studen Kladenets (Chobanov, 2006, CMg). -Greece -Grevena prov.: Anixi (Berger, 2006, CBu)(F). -Turkey -(European) -Tekirdag prov. -: Yenice (Angelini, 2011, CLi)(F). Further localities, for other Countries, are reported +(Schurmann, 1966, CLi). -in Liberti (1995), Constantin (2007) and Liberti -(2009). + +Bulgaria + +Balcik (Ziegler, 2015, CZi)F; Batovo (Ziegler, 2015, CZi)F; Sabla (Ziegler, 2015, CZi); Studen Kladenets (Chobanov, 2006, CMg). + +Greece + +Grevena prov.: Anixi (Berger, 2006, CBu)(F). + +Turkey +(European) + + +Tekirdag prov. +: Yenice (Angelini, 2011, CLi)(F). + +Further localities, for other Countries, are reported in Liberti (1995), Constantin (2007) and Liberti (2009). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFAFCB2E044FF8CDFA350AFD.xml b/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFAFCB2E044FF8CDFA350AFD.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..259a41ea2a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFAFCB2E044FF8CDFA350AFD.xml @@ -0,0 +1,516 @@ + + + +The Aplocnemus Stephens, 1830, of Greece (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Dasytidae). A contribution to their knowledge + + + +Author + +Liberti, Gianfranco + +text + + +Natural History Sciences + + +2019 + +2018-11-29 + + +6 + + +1 + + +3 +26 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2019.389 + +journal article +10.4081/nhs.2019.389 +2385-0922 +12523865 + + + + +Determination key (males only) for the Greek species + + + + +This key includes 15 species of + +Aplocnemus + +( +A +.) plus one of +A +. ( + +Diplambe + +). No +A +. ( +Ischnopalpus +) is known from +Greece +. + + +The key uses, among others, male antennal characters: for this reason it is only applicable to males. Males can be recognized, from females, mostly for stronger antennae and, often, for elytral apical half parallel or only slightly widened; in the + +“ +reitteri + +group” the elytral apex is shortly and slightly flattened compared to females (namely less regularly rounded off). + + + + + + + +1 Elytral lateral border appearing double (at least in basal half) due to the presence of an elytral lateral carina close to the epipleuron (subgen. + +Diplambe + +). TL = 4.5-5.0 mm. A common species all over the southern part of the Balkan peninsula .......................... + +abietum + + + + + +- Elytral lateral border simple (subgen. + +Aplocnemus + +) ................................................................ +2 + + + + + + +2 Dorsal appearance variable: brown, greenish-grey, bluish or blackish; rather bright; moderately rough (Figs. 4-5). Pronotum and elytra roughness different; pronotum punctures from light to deep and strong, rather sparse, distance between punctures larger than their diameter, surface between punctures smooth and bright; elytral surface variably punctured or rugged. Antennae feebly serrate (nearly moniliate, Fig. 6), serrate (Fig. 7) or pectinate in males (Figs. 8-10) and serrate (from feebly to strongly) in females. Last palpi article securiform (hatchet shaped), truncated (apical side longer than, or equal to, inner side) .................. +3 + + + + +- Dorsal appearance deep black, dull, very rough (Fig. 3), at most with green reflections. Both pronotum and elytra very rough; pronotum punctures deep and strong, very dense, distance between punctures smaller than their diameter, surface between punctures more or less alutaceous or dull; elytral surface rough, with punctures at times coalescing into each other. Antennae serrate (Figs. 11-14), only slightly more evidently in males than in females. Last palpi article sub-elliptical, truncated (apical side slightly shorter than inner side) .................................................... +13 +(Couplets 13 to 16 include five species: + +angelinii + +, + +caelatus + +, + +cribrarius + +, + +henrici + +and + +reitteri + +. + +A +. +angelinii + +is well characterised by its approximately cylindrical shape and brighter appearance and + +A +. +caelatus + +shows green reflections. The other 3 are really similar to each other and are difficult to recognize on external chracters only. In all cases sexual differences are reduced: males differ only slightly from females for stronger antennae and elytral very apex feebly flattened). + + + + + + +3 ♂ +antennal articles 4 and 5 more or less triangular, narrower than 6-10; antennae strongly serrate or pectinate, with at least articles 6 and/or 7 either concave, S-shaped or approximately straight at inner side (Figs. 7-10) ........................................................ +4 + + + + +- +♂ +antennal articles 4-10 similar to each other; antennae moderately or feebly serrate (to moniliate), article 6 and 7 convex at inner side (Fig. 6) ......................... +10 + + + + + + +4 Pronotum transverse; feebly convex; approximately rectangular; lateral sides only feebly rounded: pronotum width in the middle slightly exceeding anterior and posterior sides; not (or very feebly) crenulated on lateral sides. Colour dark grey-green, elytral pubescence – at least in part – whitish gray. +♂ +antennae pectinate: articles 6–7 longer than wide, concave on inner side (Fig. 10). TL = 5.5-6.0 mm. A rare species spread in southern +France +, in +Italy +and probably all over the Balkans (possible presence in +Turkey +) ........................................................... + +jejunus + + + + + +- Pronotum more or less transverse, evidently convex, lateral sides more or less rounded (namely anterior and posterior sides shorter, max. width in the middle), lateral sides smooth or finely crenulated. Colour metallic blue, brown, dark greenish brown, bluish-black or blackish. Elytral pubescence blackish to pale brown, often with pale grey setae near lateral border. +♂ +antennae serrate to pectinate with articles 6-7 either straight or S-shaped on inner side ............................ +5 + + + + + + +5 Dorsal integuments blackish (often with greenish or bluish reflections) or metallic blue. Dorsal pubescence blackish. Legs black. First two visible sternites simple .................................................................... +6 + + + + +- Dorsal integuments dark-brown to greenish-brown. Dorsal pubescence often with pale setae close to elytral border (except in + +basalis + +where dorsal setae are black). Legs usually yellow at least in part. At least first visible sternite with a pubescent round impression in the middle (except in + +basalis + +where first and second visible sternites are simple) ...................................... +8 + + + + + + +6 Antennae serrate with internal border of articles 6-9 nearly straight. Antennae often with articles 1 to 4 more or less spotted yellow. Size smaller. TL = 4.0-5.0. Known from +Croatia +and +Greece +.................. + +serratus + + + + + +- Antennae strongly serrate to pectinate with internal border of articles 6-9 clearly S-shaped. Antennae entirely black. Size larger (TL = 4.7-7.0 mm) .......... +7 + + + + + + +7 Dorsal colour metallic blue. Antennae longer: article 3 triangular elongate, articles 6-9 approximately balanced. TL = 5.0-7.0 mm. Central Europe, peninsular +Italy +, Balkans; (possible presence in +Turkey +) ............... ....................................................................... + +integer + + + + + +- Dorsal colour blackish with greenish reflections. Antennae shorter: article 3 triangular balanced, articles 6-9 transverse. TL = +4.7-6.3 mm +. Known of Kerkyra island in +Greece +, southern +Italy +and +Sicily +.................. .................................................................... + +corcyricus + + + + + + + +8 Elytral pubescence entirely black. Dorsal surface dark brown. First two visible sternites simple. Size smaller. TL = 4.2-5.0 mm. +Croatia +, +Montenegro +, +Greece +, +Turkey +............................................................. + +basalis + + + + + +- Elytral pubescence at least in part (close to elytral border) paler, withish gray. Dorsal surface either brown or dark greenish. At least first sternite with a pubescent round impression in the middle. Size larger (TL = +4.8-5.9 mm +) .................................................... +9 + + + + + + +9 Dorsal punctuation rather light, colour greenish. First two visible sternites with a round, pubescent impression in the middle. TL = +4.8-5.9 mm +. +Greece +, +Turkey +............................................................. + +rufipes + + + + + +- Dorsal punctuation strong, colour brown. First visible sternite only with a round, pubescent impression in the middle. TL = +4.8-5.5 mm +. +Greece +, +Turkey +, +Cyprus +...... ....................................................................... + +pertusus + + + + + + + +10 Entirely black, legs and antennae included. Body shape elongate, approx. cylindrical with head only slightly narrower than pronotum (in its max. width). Size larger. TL = +6.8-7.5 mm +. Southern +Italy +, +Albania +, Kerkyra island in +Greece +............................. + +angelinii + + + + + +- At least tibiae yellowish or reddish. Body shape sub-oval with head clearly narrower than pronotum (in its max. width). Size smaller (TL < +5 mm +) ................. +11 + + + + + + +11 Pronotum very convex, not bordered on lateral sides. Elytra punctuation rather light and superficial, mainly in apical half. TL = +3.7-4.1 mm +.A rare, relictual species of +France +, +Italy +and +Greece +...................... + +quercicola + + + + + +- Pronotum moderately convex and clearly bordered on lateral sides, at times such border paler than dorsal integuments (yellowish to brown). Elytra punctuation strong with deep and sparse points, this character evident on the whole elytral surface ....................... +12 + + + + + + +12 Pronotum and elytra clearly crenulated on the whole lateral sides. Colour brown, pronotum lateral borders yellowish. 1 +st +and 2 +nd +sternites fitted with a pubescent, round impression. TL = +4.3-4.9 mm +. Known from Sicily and +Greece +..................................... + +marginatus + + + + + +- Pronotum weakly crenulated and elytra nearly smooth on lateral sides. Colour dark greenish brown. 1 +st +and 2 +nd +sternites simple, without round impression. TL = +4.5-4.7 mm +. All over Europe .................... + +nigricornis + + + + + + + +13 Body shape elongate, approx. cylindrical; head only slightly narrower than pronotum. Dorsal integuments moderately bright. TL = +6.8-7.5 mm +. Southern +Italy +, +Albania +, Kerkyra island in +Greece +............... + +angelinii + + + + + +- Body shape oval, head clearly narrower than pronotum. Dorsal integuments dull .......................................... +14 + + + + + + +14 Colour black with green reflections, rather dull.Antennae longer, antennal articles 6-9 similar to each other, triangular, rather large and wide; articles 4-5 also triangular but smaller, shorter and narrower (Fig. 11). Median process of last sternite +♂ +very short (Fig. 38). TL = +5.5-6.8 mm +. +Greece +............................ + +caelatus + + + + + +- Colour deep black, dull. Antennae shorter, antennal articles triangular, more or less gradually widened from 4 to 9. Median process of last sternite +♂ +from very short to moderately developed ........................ +15 + + + + + + +15 Pronotum lateral sides nearly smooth or slightly irregular, at most granulose. Median process of +♂ +last sternite rudimentary to very short. TL = +4.7-6.4 mm +. East +Bulgaria +, north-east +Greece +, +Turkey +....... + +reitteri + + + + + +- Pronotum finely but clearly crenulated on lateral sides. Median process of +♂ +last sternite rudimentary to moderately developed ............................................. +16 + + + + + + +16 Size smaller: TL = +4.3-4.9 mm +. Antennal article 3 narrower than 4 (Fig. 12). Median process of last sternite +♂ +embryonic or very short. +Greece +... + +cribrarius + + + + + +- Size larger: TL = 5.6-6.0 mm. Antennal article 3 nearly as wide as 4 (Fig. 14). Median process of last sternite +♂ +moderately developed (Fig. 41). +Bulgaria +, northern +Greece +.............................................. + +henrici + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFB8CB37077EF8F0FC140DD0.xml b/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFB8CB37077EF8F0FC140DD0.xml index 3313c0f2ea2..3fe33aceea3 100644 --- a/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFB8CB37077EF8F0FC140DD0.xml +++ b/data/8A/3C/8A/8A3C8A14FFB8CB37077EF8F0FC140DD0.xml @@ -1,46 +1,46 @@ - - - -The Aplocnemus Stephens, 1830, of Greece (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Dasytidae). A contribution to their knowledge + + + +The Aplocnemus Stephens, 1830, of Greece (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Dasytidae). A contribution to their knowledge - - -Author + + +Author -Liberti, Gianfranco +Liberti, Gianfranco -text - - -Natural History Sciences +text + + +Natural History Sciences - -2019 - -2018-11-29 + +2019 + +2018-11-29 - -6 + +6 - -1 + +1 - -3 -26 + +3 +26 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2019.389 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2019.389 -journal article -10.4081/nhs.2019.389 -2385-0922 -12523865 +journal article +10.4081/nhs.2019.389 +2385-0922 +12523865 - + @@ -51,10 +51,12 @@ + + (Fig. 6) - - + + Lagria nigricornis Fabricius, 1792: 81 @@ -67,10 +69,7 @@ Fabricius, 1792: 81 ]; Kiesenwetter, 1859: 173 [ Haplocnemus -]; Kiesenwetter, 1863: 655; Mulsant & Rey, 1868: 247; Schilsky, 1897: 48; Reitter, 1911: 289; Porta, 1929: 125; Pic, 1937: 37; Horion, 1953: 119; Kaszab, 1955: - - -105; Lohse, 1977: 180; Lohse, 1979: 73; Allenspach & Wittmer, 1979: 97; Majer, 1982: 430, Figs. 6-7, 22, 31 [ +]; Kiesenwetter, 1863: 655; Mulsant & Rey, 1868: 247; Schilsky, 1897: 48; Reitter, 1911: 289; Porta, 1929: 125; Pic, 1937: 37; Horion, 1953: 119; Kaszab, 1955: 105; Lohse, 1977: 180; Lohse, 1979: 73; Allenspach & Wittmer, 1979: 97; Majer, 1982: 430, Figs. 6-7, 22, 31 [ Aplocnemus @@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ Fabricius, 1792: 81 Distribution and comments - -A widespread but usual- ly uncommon species living in several northern European Countries, the whole of central and southern Europe, northwest +A widespread but usually uncommon species living in several northern European Countries, the whole of central and southern Europe, northwest Turkey (as below reported under “Materials studied”). @@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ Evros prov.: Leptokaria (Bense, 1990, ZMB ). -This being a widespread european species, further lo- calities in other countries can be found in Horion (1953), Allenspach & Wittmer (1979), Liberti (1995) and Constantin (2007). +This being a widespread european species, further localities in other countries can be found in Horion (1953), Allenspach & Wittmer (1979), Liberti (1995) and Constantin (2007). \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/8A/6B/28/8A6B2838F56FFFCEFD3EFB71FBCBB14B.xml b/data/8A/6B/28/8A6B2838F56FFFCEFD3EFB71FBCBB14B.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..53c974bb92e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/8A/6B/28/8A6B2838F56FFFCEFD3EFB71FBCBB14B.xml @@ -0,0 +1,479 @@ + + + +Ecology Of Amblycerus Crassipunctatus Ribeiro-Costa (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) In Seeds Of Humiriaceae, A New Host Family For Bruchids, With An Ecological Comparision To Other Species Of Amblycerus + + + +Author + +Johnson, Clarence Dan +Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, AZ 86011 U. S. A. +dan.johnson@nau.edu + + + +Author + +Romero, Jesús +Programa de Entomología y Acarología Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados Montecillo, Estado de México C. P. 56230, MÉXICO + + + +Author + +Raimúndez-Urrutia, Elena +Centro de Botanica Tropical, Instituto de Biología Experimental Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela Apartado 47114, Caracas, VENEZUELA + +text + + +The Coleopterists Bulletin + + +2001 + +2001-03-31 + + +55 + + +1 + + +37 +48 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x(2001)055[0037:eoacrc]2.0.co;2 + +journal article +10.1649/0010-065X(2001)055[0037:EOACRC]2.0.CO;2 +10102372 + + + + + + +Results + + + + + + +The hostplant. +The +family +Humiriaceae +and the 14 to 16 species of + +Vantanea + +are primarily from +South America +but also occur in +Panama +and +Costa Rica +( +Mabberley 1997 +). +Species +of + +Vantanea + +and the family +Humiriaceae +are shrubs or trees. +In +the +Amazon +, bats disperse fruits of species of + +Vantanea + +and + +Humiria + +but we know of no reports of bats feeding on fruits of + +V. minor +. + +The +size of the plant is dependent upon the area in which they grow. +In +the study area (see Host Records below), on sandy soil, + +V. minor + +is a shrub that may reach a height of + +2 m + +and foliage diameter of + + +3 m + +. + +The average size is + +1.5 m + +in height and + +2 m + +in foliage diameter. In areas with more rainfall and thus moist soils, + +V. minor + +may become large trees. The mature fruit of + +V. minor + +( +Figs. 1 +, +6 +) varies from 2.5 to 3.3 centimeters in diameter. The fruits persist on the plant for long periods of time. The fruits are almost impenetrable so they are most efficiently opened with a saw. The seeds are not as hard as the fruits, and have a high lipid content. Apparently, it is difficult for insects to enter and exit from these fruits because + +Amblycerus +crassipunctatus + +is the only beetle that feeds in its seeds. (A species of +Curculionidae +, however, was found feeding in seeds of another species of +Humiriaceae +, + +Humiria balsamifera +(Aubl.) St. Hil. + +, by Raimúndez­Urrutia.) + + + + +Fig. 1. +Fruits of + +Vantanea minor + +with eggs (E) and exit holes of +Amblycerus +crassipunctatus. + + + + + +Host Records for + +A. crassipunctatus + +: + +Vantanea minor +Bentham + +: +Venezuela +: +Bolivar +: +Arbustal Riworiwo +, via +Kavanayen +, +Gran Sabana +, + +VIII­1993 + +, +E. Raimúndez +, collector ( +2 specimens +.); + + +Shrub +land near the +Pemon +(native people of the +Gran Sabana +) community of +Iworiwo +(also known as +Liworiwo +), +5°36.88'N +– +61°29.66'W +, + +1,208 m +a. s. l. + +, + +V­15­1998 + +, +E. Raimúndez +, collector ( +7 specimens +) + +. + + + + +The insect. +One of the problems with studying bruchid beetles is that they spend the major portion of their lives inside host seeds and fruits. Thus it is difficult to follow larval behavior and development. Special instruments and techniques must be used for these studies that are also very time consuming. An advantage of studying bruchid beetles is that it is relatively easy to associate the insects with their hosts if one has sufficient diligence to collect seeds and plants and to have the plants identified accurately. The insects must be carefully reared from the seeds and identified. + + +A sample of 21 fruits was collected in +Venezuela +and brought to the laboratory. We used ambient laboratory temperature for rearing the insects and the following results were obtained. More than half of the fruits (52.38%) had bruchid eggs glued to them ( +Table 1 +). The most eggs laid on a fruit was eight, and the most adults that emerged from one fruit was two. The eggs were oviposited on the surface of fruits, which places them in Guild A of +Johnson (1981) +. + + + +Table 1. +Number of eggs and exit holes of + +Amblycerus +crassipunctatus + +on and in fruits of +Vantanea minor +. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
FruitNumber ofEmerged% emerged
numbereggs/fruitadultsadults
1100
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8200
911100
1022100
115120
12000
13000
143133.33
15400
16000
17300
18000
192150
2011100
21800
Total32721.87%
+ + +We counted the number of eggs laid on each fruit and then counted the number of adults that emerged from each fruit. The average number of adults that emerged per egg laid was 21.87% ( +Table 1 +). We considered that this average was probably low when compared with results that would be obtained under more controlled conditions and probably in nature. Examination of the eggs showed no evidence of mechanical damage or parasitism. We did find differences between hatched eggs and those not hatched. The eggs that hatched had dust that came from the hole drilled beneath the egg to provide entrance into the fruit. The eggs that did not hatch were transparent, and there was no sign of drilling beneath them, so these eggs may be infertile and could have been the reason for the low emergence. Another possibility was that the temperature and humidity were not ideal for them to thrive. + + +In this study of 21 fruits, six fruits (28.5%) had bruchid exit holes in them, so 28.5% of the fruits were damaged by +A. crassipunctatus. +In a separate study using 41 fruits, only 16 fruits (39%) contained seeds that had been fed upon by +A. crassipunctatus. + + +Eggs of +A. crassipunctatus +are ovoid, +1.2 to 1.3 mm +in length and +0.60 to 0.72 in +width ( +Fig. 3 +). A flange surrounds eggs with glue on the periphery ( +Fig. 4 +). This is not unique to eggs of species of + +Amblycerus + +( +Johnson and Kingsolver 1975 +), but may be common within the genus. The glue on the periphery of the flange that the female uses to attach the egg to the fruit is the only portion of the egg that is attached to the substrate. This makes eggs appear larger than they actually are. The size of the egg and flange together is +1.47 to 2.50 mm +in length and +1.25 to 2.12 in +width. The fringe area between the glue and the egg delimit an area that is not attached to the substrate. Eggs are therefore suspended above the surface of the substrate (see +Johnson and Kingsolver 1975 +, Fig. 10). This kind of attachment may prevent the egg from becoming detached from the fruit as it matures and during eclosion of the first instar larva or protect eggs against mechanical injuries. Although eggs are most often laid singly, they are occasionally oviposited in clumps of two or three and occasionally overlap each other. + + + +Fig. 2. +Cross section through fruit of + +Vantanea minor + +showing seed cavities filled with frass (F) produced by +Amblycerus +crassipunctatus. + + + +The first instar larva hatches, drills through the bottom of the egg, then drills into the fruit and then into a seed. The entry hole in the fruit is about +0.325 mm +in diameter. Once inside the fruit, the larva feeds on seeds, leaving frass packed inside the cavities where the seeds developed ( +Fig. 2 +). If these larvae are similar to other bruchid larvae, they then develop through several instars, feeding as they grow. The last larval instar builds a thin, translucent cocoon inside the fruit and also makes a round, almost complete exit hole in the fruit wall leaving only a thin window of tissue in the wall. The larva then pupates inside its pupal chamber ( +Fig. 5 +). When an adult emerges from the fruit it pushes on the round window and exits. The exit hole is +2.6 to 3.5 mm +in diameter ( +Fig. 6 +). The complete cycle is concluded in about two months. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/EF/A7/FD/EFA7FDC3DA4D561CB40C824B45CB7B75.xml b/data/EF/A7/FD/EFA7FDC3DA4D561CB40C824B45CB7B75.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..73dca1f2aa7 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/EF/A7/FD/EFA7FDC3DA4D561CB40C824B45CB7B75.xml @@ -0,0 +1,648 @@ + + + +Maesa flabellifera (Primulaceae), a new species from southeast Yunnan, China + + + +Author + +Wei, Dan +College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China + + + +Author + +Xu, Yuan +State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China & South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China + + + +Author + +Hao, Gang +College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China + + + +Author + +Utteridge, Timothy M. A. +0000-0003-2823-0337 +Botanical Research, Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569, Singapore + +text + + +PhytoKeys + + +2024 + +2024-10-30 + + +248 + + +189 +197 + + + +journal article +10.3897/phytokeys.248.135449 + + + + + +Maesa flabellifera +D. Wei, G. Hao & Utteridge + +sp. nov. + + + + +Figs 1 +, +2 + + + + +Type. + + + +China +• +Yunnan Province +: +Honghe Prefecture +, +Pingbian County +, +Dawei Mountain National Nature Reserve +; +22.93, 103.69 +; + +1871 m + +alt.; + +26 February 2021 + +(fl.); + +D. Wei +et al. Xu 210531 + +( +Holotype +: +IBSC +! barcode +IBSC 1025516 +) + +. + + + + +Diagnosis. + + + +Maesa flabellifera + +is morphologically similar to + +M. permollis + +, but clearly differs from the latter in the indumentum (lacking hairs vs. rusty hirsute hairs present), inflorescence structure (panicles 4.0- +6.5 cm +long with 7-16 branches vs. racemes or panicles +1-3 cm +long with up to 3 branches). It is also similar to + +M. kurzii + +, but can be distinguished by the indumentum (lacking hairs vs. presence of rusty tomentose and strigose hairs) and lamina texture (membranaceous vs. chartaceous). + + + + + + +Holotype of + +Maesa flabellifera +D. Wei, G. Hao & Utteridge + +, +sp. nov. +( +D. Wei et al. Xu 210531 +, IBSC 1025516, IBSC). + + + + + +Description. + + +Large shrub, up to +2.5 m +tall. +Indumentum +all parts lacking hairs, scales present on leaves, inflorescences and fruits, scales peltate, black, ± sessile, circular with irregular margins. +Branches +dark green with scattered lenticels, sparsely scaly. +Leaves +lamina broadly elliptic to obovate, +15-35 cm +long, +6-20 cm +wide, membranaceous, dark green above, pale grey-green below, adaxial and abaxial surface sparsely scaly; base obtuse to cuneate; margins serrulate-serrate with 20-34 teeth on each side; apex acuminate to obtuse, sometimes emarginate; mid-rib sparsely scaly adaxially and abaxially; secondary veins 10-18 pairs, craspedodromous; densely longitudinally glandular lines; petiole 1.5-3.0 cm long, sparsely scaly. +Staminate inflorescences +lateral (axillary), sometimes terminal, panicles, with 7-16 branches, 4.0- +6.5 cm +long, axis scaly; pedicels +0.5-1.5 mm +long; bracts ovate, +1.20-1.65 mm +long, scaly to densely scaly, margins entire, apex acute; bracteoles ± opposite, inserted at the base of the hypanthium, triangular, +0.90-1.35 mm +long, +0.4-0.6 mm +wide, apex acute, margins entire, scaly. +Staminate flowers +pentamerous, white; calyx lobes triangular, +1.25-1.60 mm +long, +0.70-1.05 mm +wide, margins entire, apex acute to rounded; corolla tube +1.9-2.3 mm +long, corolla lobes broadly triangular, +1.45-1.55 mm +long, +1.5-1.8 mm +wide, margins entire, apex rounded; stamens 5, arising 0.8-1.0 mm from the base of the corolla, filaments +1.14-1.37 mm +long, anthers +0.59-0.69 mm +long; hypanthium +0.75-1.20 mm +long, scaly to sparsely scaly; style 1.5-2.0 mm long, stigma ± 3 - lobed. +Pistillate inflorescences and flowers +not seen. +Fruits +sub-globose, ca. +3.5 mm +long, ca. +3 mm +in diameter, scaly to sparsely scaly; pedicels at fruiting +0.50-1.66 mm +long; bracteoles remaining ± opposite at the base of the fruit; persistent calyx lobes non-overlapping. + + + + + + + +Maesa flabellifera + +A +habitat +B +habit +C +node with petiole and base of inflorescence +D +abaxial and adaxial surfaces of leaf +E +inflorescence +F +bract (borne at base of pedicel) and bracteole (borne at base of the hypanthium) +G +flower after removal of corolla +H +corolla from G, opened flat +I +Infructescences. + + + + + +Distribution and habitat. + + +According to the specimens examined and the recent field investigations, + +Maesa flabellifera + +is presently found in Honghe Prefecture, +Yunnan Province +(Map +1 +). It is common in evergreen broad-leaved mixed forests at elevations of +1500-2200 m +. + + + + +Phenology. + +Flowering from January to March, fruiting from April to December. + + + +Etymology. + + +The specific epithet + +‘ +flabellifera + +’ is derived from the Latin ‘ flabella’ and ‘ fera’ to refer to its inflorescence with 7-16 branches of almost equal length and spreading, looking like a branching fan. + + + + +Vernacular name. + +Chinese Mandarin: shan xing du jing shan (扇形杜茎山). + + + +Preliminary conservation status. + + + +Maesa flabellifera + +is widely distributed in southeast +Yunnan +. In the populations in the Dawei Mountain National Nature Reserves (43993 hm +2 +) and Huanglian Mountain National Nature Reserves (65058 hm +2 +), the habitats are well-protected and not threatened and individuals have been found locally common in each site. Based on currently available data, + +M. flabellifera + +is preliminarily assessed as Least Concern (LC) according to IUCN Categories and Criteria ( +IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2024 +). + + + + + +Additional specimens examined ( +paratypes +). + + + + +China +, +Yunnan +, +Honghe Prefecture +• +Yuanyang County +, +Xinjie Town +; + +1891 m + +alt.; + +22 March 2023 + +(fl.); + +Wei +et al. Xu 231213 + +( +IBSC +, barcode +IBSC 1025520 +) + +• + +Lüchun County +, +Huanglian Mountain National Nature Reserve +; + +1865 m + +alt.; + +23 March 2023 + +(fl.); + +Wei +et al. Xu 231222 + +( +IBSC +, barcode +IBSC 1025523 +) + +• + +Jinping County +; + +2192 m + +alt.; + +16 January 2010 + +(fl.); + +Southeast Yunnan expedition + +. +GBOWS 956 +( +KUN +, barcode +KUN 1279679 +) + +• + +Pingbian County +; + +1520 m + +alt.; + +23 November 2009 + +(fr.); + +Qian +et al + +. +Pbdws 151 +( +KUN +, barcode +KUN 1339632 +) + +. + + + + +Notes. + + +Based on a phylogenetic analysis of molecular data, a new infrageneric classification of + +Maesa + +was proposed, dividing it into five subgenera, based on distribution and morphological characters ( +Sumanon et al. 2023 +). The species-level tree shows a strong signal of geographical distribution for the new infrageneric classification. It is speculated that + +Maesa flabellifera + +should be placed in the + +Maesa subg. Indicae +Sumanon, Eiserhardt & Utteridge + +, by far the most species-rich subgenus in +China +, with species of trees or shrubs mainly from the Asian Continent, since its morphology and distribution is consistent with this clade especially the leaf morphology, such as the serrulate-serrate margins. + + + + + + +Geographical distribution of + +Maesa flabellifera + +. + + + + +Maesa flabellifera + +belongs to the group of species with a longer corolla-tube. In the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae ( +Chen 1979 +), + +Maesa + +was divided into two sections based on the ratio of corolla-tube length to lobe length, namely + +Maesa sect. Maesa + +and + +M. sect. +Doraena + +[Thunb.] Nakai. There are eight species with a long corolla-tube similar to + +M. flabellifera + +in sect. + +Doraena + +[Thunb.] Nakai. This treatment was not adopted in the Flora of +China +( +Chen and Pipoly 1996 +). Although the long corolla-tube is a good character for species-level identification as a ‘ spot character’, the group is not monophyletic in the phylogenetic analysis ( +Sumanon et al. 2023 +) and is used here as a comparative tool. + + + +Maesa flabellifera + +is unique within the long corolla-tube species group, differing from all others by the following characters: lacking hairs on all parts; leaves thick, membranaceous and broadly elliptic to obovate, +15-35 cm +long and +8-20 cm +wide; long paniculate inflorescences, up to +6.5 cm +long, with 7-16 branches, each branch almost equal in length, looking like a branching fan arising from the leaf axils. + + +In the key to + +Maesa + +in the Flora of +China +( +Chen and Pipoly 1996 +), + +M. flabellifera + +would key out close to + +M. permollis +Kurz + +as they share the same leaf features and the long corolla-tube. However, + +M. flabellifera + +is unlikely to be confused with + +M. permollis + +by examination of the indumentum and inflorescence structure. Based on the herbarium and field observations, + +M. permollis + +is conspicuously hairy throughout with rusty hirsute hairs and the inflorescences are short, dense clustering of numerous flowers, forming compact, many-flowered inflorescence clusters. Moreover, + +M. flabellifera + +is found in higher elevations around +1500-2200 m +, compared to + +M. permollis + +which is encountered at lower elevations around +500-1600 m +. + + +Compared to the other + +Maesa +species + +with long corolla-tubes, + +M. flabellifera + +is most similar to + +M. kurzii + +, sharing broadly elliptic to obovate leaves and long paniculate inflorescences. However, the indumentum and lamina texture make + +M. flabellifera + +very distinctive and easily separated from + +M. kurzii + +, which has chartaceous leaves, usually rusty tomentose hairs throughout and inflorescences with rusty strigose hairs. Furthermore, the distributions of these two species are distinctly different and non-overlapping. + +Maesa flabellifera + +is currently only known from southeast Yunnan, situated in Honghe Prefecture. + +Maesa kurzii + +is located within +Myanmar +. A detailed comparison of these three species is shown in Table +1 +. + + + + + + +Morphological and ecological comparison between + +Maesa flabellifera + +and its allies. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Features +M. flabellifera + +M. permollis +M. kurzii
Indumentumlacking hairsrusty hirsute hairsrusty tomentose and strigose hairs
Leaf texturemembranaceousmembranaceouschartaceous
Inflorescence structurepanicles with 7-16 branchesracemes or panicles with up to 3 branchespanicles with 4-10 branches
Inflorescence length4.0-6.5 cm1-3 cm3.0-4.5 cm
Elevation1500-2200 m500-1600 m500-1000 m
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