diff --git a/data/03/FB/87/03FB8795FF82BD495E50B9D7E2201FC8.xml b/data/03/FB/87/03FB8795FF82BD495E50B9D7E2201FC8.xml index 7de4db83311..fd57f893e72 100644 --- a/data/03/FB/87/03FB8795FF82BD495E50B9D7E2201FC8.xml +++ b/data/03/FB/87/03FB8795FF82BD495E50B9D7E2201FC8.xml @@ -1,58 +1,60 @@ - - - -Conoidecyclics A-C from marine macroalga Turbinaria conoides: Newly described natural macrolides with prospective bioactive properties + + + +Conoidecyclics A-C from marine macroalga Turbinaria conoides: Newly described natural macrolides with prospective bioactive properties - - -Author + + +Author -Chakraborty, Kajal -* & Marine Bioprospecting Section of Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P. B. No. 1603, Cochin, Kerala State, & * +Chakraborty, Kajal +* & Marine Bioprospecting Section of Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P. B. No. 1603, Cochin, Kerala State, & * - - -Author + + +Author -Dhara, Shubhajit +Dhara, Shubhajit -text - - -Phytochemistry +text + + +Phytochemistry - -2021 - -112909 + +2021 + +112909 - -2021-11-30 + +2021-11-30 - -191 + +191 - -1 -14 + +1 +14 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112909 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112909 -journal article -10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112909 -1873-3700 -8258118 +journal article +264237 +10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112909 +8fb5ad8b-262f-4221-b858-8817e02af56a +1873-3700 +8258118 - + 2.4. Bioactive potential of the conoidecyclics isolated from -T. conoides +T. conoides @@ -67,9 +69,9 @@ Conoidecyclic A exhibited dual attenuation property against inducible inflammato 1.9 mM) and conoidecyclic C (IC 50 5-LOX 5.07 mM) ( -Table 2 +Table 2 ). The anti-inflammatory selectivity index (SI) was greater for conoidecyclic A (1.79) than those displayed by conoidecyclic B and C (1.65–1.68) as well as synthetic anti-inflammatory agents (ibuprofen, 0.44 and sodium salicylate, 0.73) ( -Table 2 +Table 2 ). The lesser selectivity ratio of synthetic anti-inflammatory agents specified the selective inhibition towards COX-1, leading to several side effects ( Laneuville et al., 1994 ). Therefore, it could possibly be concluded that conoidecyclic A, with higher SI and greater specificity towards COX-2 was noteworthy towards the development of selective anti-inflammatory therapeutic lead ( @@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ Conoidecyclic A exhibited dual attenuation property against inducible inflammato 50 > 1.80 mM) ( -Table 2 +Table 2 ). The radical scavenging activities (IC 50DPPH 1.20 and IC @@ -93,13 +95,13 @@ Conoidecyclic A exhibited dual attenuation property against inducible inflammato 50 1.46–1.69 mM). - + Table 2 Bioactivities of conoidecyclics A-C isolated from the organic extract of - + T. conoides and their molecular descriptors. @@ -292,13 +294,13 @@ Structure-activity relationship analysis was carried out by using different mole 2.5. Structure-activity correlation study analysis of conoidecyclic analogues isolated from -T. conoides +T. conoides The steric factors of the studied compounds might play pivotal roles towards their potential bioactivities. Notably, the electronic properties of conoidecyclic B and C were higher than those of conoidecyclic A ( -Table 2 +Table 2 ), even though the bioactivities of the latter were greater. This could be explained by the comparatively lesser steric bulkiness of conoidecyclic A (P 1092.7 cm 3 @@ -330,21 +332,21 @@ Swiss ADME tools were used ( ) for the estimation of different physicochemical parameters, drug-likeness, solubilities and ADME behaviors of the isolated compounds (conoidecyclics A-C). Based upon the specific physicochemical parameters, the qualitative prediction was performed, and only conoidecyclic A passed the filter of Lipinski’ s rule without any violation, whereas conoidecyclic B and C had one violation (MW > 500) ( -Table 3 +Table 3 ). Therefore, conoidecyclic A could possess greater oral bioavailability. Notably, all the three compounds could pass the filter of Veber rule without any violations ( -Table 3 +Table 3 ) ( Daina et al., 2017 ). In addition to that, predicted bioavailability score for the studied compounds were comparable (0.55) with that of ibuprofen (0.55), which apparently recognized at least 10% oral bioavailability in rat and permeability towards Caco-2 cell lines ( Daina et al., 2017 ) ( -Table 3 +Table 3 ). For the rapid estimation of drug-likeness, the bioavailability radar plot was adopted, and six physicochemical parameters (size, lipophilicity, polarity, flexibility, solubility and saturation) were taken into account (Fig. S34). The optimum range for each parameter was shown by a pink area. Evidently, conoidecyclic B and C displayed a deviation including larger size (MW > 500), even though no eccentricity was apparent for conoidecyclic A, and all the six values (comparing to ibuprofen, conoidecyclic A exhibited lesser flexibility) led to optimal physicochemical attributes leading to an acceptable oral bioavailability. Solubility is considered to be one of the vital parameters for drug development activities, and also related to absorption ( Daina et al., 2017 ). Estimated aqueous solubility (Log S; ESOL and SILICOS-IT) for three isolated compounds based on molecular structure were in a range of moderately soluble to soluble ( -Table 3 +Table 3 ). Logarithm value of skin permeability coefficient Kp (regarding pharmacokinetics) was calculated for the isolated compounds including the standard (ibuprofen), whereas more negative value of @@ -356,30 +358,22 @@ value (- /s) closer to that exhibited by conoidecyclic B and C (- 6.56 and - 7.25 cm /s, respectively) ( -Table 3 +Table 3 ). - -2.7. Kinetic properties of ACE-I, PTP-1B and 5- -LOX -inhibition - +2.7. Kinetic properties of ACE-I, PTP-1B and 5-LOX inhibition Kinetic studies were performed to determine the mode of inhibition of conoidecyclics A-C, and the inhibition constants ( Ki -) were determined by Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots. Conoidecyclics were found to inhibit ACE-I, PTP-1B and 5- -LOX -enzymes, in a non-competitive fashion as determined by the Lineweaver-Burk plot (Fig. S35). Increase of substrate concentrations could result in non-intersect series of line on Y-axis in the Lineweaver-Burk plot (Fig. S35) but intersected on the negative X axis ( +) were determined by Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots. Conoidecyclics were found to inhibit ACE-I, PTP-1B and 5-LOX enzymes, in a non-competitive fashion as determined by the Lineweaver-Burk plot (Fig. S35). Increase of substrate concentrations could result in non-intersect series of line on Y-axis in the Lineweaver-Burk plot (Fig. S35) but intersected on the negative X axis ( Ki ) in the Dixon plots ( Fig. 6 -). Conoidecyclic A exhibited lesser inhibition constant towards inhibition of ACE-I (1.1 mM), PTP-1B (1.2 mM) and 5- -LOX -(4.0 mM) than those displayed by other studied metabolites ( +). Conoidecyclic A exhibited lesser inhibition constant towards inhibition of ACE-I (1.1 mM), PTP-1B (1.2 mM) and 5-LOX (4.0 mM) than those displayed by other studied metabolites ( Fig. 6 ). An inverse relation of Vmax @@ -389,13 +383,11 @@ with various concentrations of conoidecyclics A-C inferred the non-competitive i Vmax (0.31–0.14, 0.29–0.17 and 0.32–0.17 ΔA min 1 -for ACE-I, PTP-1B and 5- -LOX -inhibition, respectively) ( -Table S2 +for ACE-I, PTP-1B and 5-LOX inhibition, respectively) ( +Table S2 ) than other studied macrolides, which implied that the former could efficiently bind with targeted enzyme to diminish the reaction velocity. - + Table 3 @@ -683,40 +675,32 @@ Log K= skin permeability coefficient. -2.8. In silico molecular modeling analysis of conoidecyclics isolated from - -T. conoides - + +2.8. In silico molecular modeling analysis of conoidecyclics isolated from +T. conoides + -The macrocyclic derivatives (conoidecyclics A-C) were subjected to in-silico molecular modeling studies against pro-inflammatory 5- -LOX -and COX-2 enzymes, and the results were obtained with the help of RMSD data. Conoidecyclic A, on molecular modeling with COX-2 and ACE-I exhibited three hydrogen bonding interactions with the enzyme active site, whereas five hydrogen bonds were apparent between the ligand and the active site amino acyl residues of PTP-1B ( +The macrocyclic derivatives (conoidecyclics A-C) were subjected to in-silico molecular modeling studies against pro-inflammatory 5-LOX and COX-2 enzymes, and the results were obtained with the help of RMSD data. Conoidecyclic A, on molecular modeling with COX-2 and ACE-I exhibited three hydrogen bonding interactions with the enzyme active site, whereas five hydrogen bonds were apparent between the ligand and the active site amino acyl residues of PTP-1B ( Fig. 3 , -Table 4 +Table 4 ). In comparison, conoidecyclic B and C exhibited lesser number of hydrogen bonding interactions with the active site of targeted enzymes ( Figs. 4–5 , -Table 4 +Table 4 ). Likewise, conoidecyclic A recorded least binding energy (13.34, 14.51, 13.87 and 11.27 kcal mol 1 -with 5- -LOX -, COX-2, PTP-1B and ACE-I respectively) and docking score (~ 12 to 15 kcal mol +with 5-LOX, COX-2, PTP-1B and ACE-I respectively) and docking score (~ 12 to 15 kcal mol 1 ) than those displayed by conoidecyclics B and C ( -Table 4 +Table 4 ). Likewise, the constant of enzyme inhibition, Ki -upon interaction with COX-2 and 5- -LOX -were lesser for conoidecyclic A (23.20 and 33.23 pM, respectively) followed by those of conoidecyclic B and C ( -Table 4 -). The lowest docking score as well as binding energy of conoidecyclic A described its greater attenuation potential against 5- -LOX -and COX-2 enzymes, which were reported to produce inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE +upon interaction with COX-2 and 5-LOX were lesser for conoidecyclic A (23.20 and 33.23 pM, respectively) followed by those of conoidecyclic B and C ( +Table 4 +). The lowest docking score as well as binding energy of conoidecyclic A described its greater attenuation potential against 5-LOX and COX-2 enzymes, which were reported to produce inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE 2 , PGG 2 diff --git a/data/03/FB/87/03FB8795FF8EBD475D06BE59E37419F2.xml b/data/03/FB/87/03FB8795FF8EBD475D06BE59E37419F2.xml index dafd701886f..e632088860b 100644 --- a/data/03/FB/87/03FB8795FF8EBD475D06BE59E37419F2.xml +++ b/data/03/FB/87/03FB8795FF8EBD475D06BE59E37419F2.xml @@ -1,58 +1,60 @@ - - - -Conoidecyclics A-C from marine macroalga Turbinaria conoides: Newly described natural macrolides with prospective bioactive properties + + + +Conoidecyclics A-C from marine macroalga Turbinaria conoides: Newly described natural macrolides with prospective bioactive properties - - -Author + + +Author -Chakraborty, Kajal -* & Marine Bioprospecting Section of Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P. B. No. 1603, Cochin, Kerala State, & * +Chakraborty, Kajal +* & Marine Bioprospecting Section of Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P. B. No. 1603, Cochin, Kerala State, & * - - -Author + + +Author -Dhara, Shubhajit +Dhara, Shubhajit -text - - -Phytochemistry +text + + +Phytochemistry - -2021 - -112909 + +2021 + +112909 - -2021-11-30 + +2021-11-30 - -191 + +191 - -1 -14 + +1 +14 - -http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112909 + +http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112909 -journal article -10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112909 -1873-3700 -8258118 +journal article +264237 +10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112909 +8fb5ad8b-262f-4221-b858-8817e02af56a +1873-3700 +8258118 - + 4.3. Chromatographic purification of organic extract of -T. conoides +T. conoides @@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ The solvent extract of - + T. conoides ( @@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ The solvent extract of through TC 5 ) ( -Table S1 +Table S1 ) based upon TLC (8:2 v/v, n -hexane:EtOAc) and RP C @@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) and 2, 2 -azino-bis-3- ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS + ) were found to be greater compared to others ( -Table S1 +Table S1 ), and therefore, were selected for downstream purification. Likewise, the sub-fraction TC 3 was subjected to fractionation on a silica gel (230–400 mesh) loaded glass column ( @@ -132,7 +134,7 @@ HPLC (MeOH–MeCN, 3:2 v/v) experiments. The fraction TC , 3.96% yield) eluted at n -hexane-EtOAc (6:4, v/v) displayed potential bioactivities ( -Table S1 +Table S1 ). Therefore, TC 3-4 was further subfractionated on fine silica gel (SP @@ -188,7 +190,7 @@ was subjected to flash chromatography on a silica gel column (230–400 mesh) wi ( 1.15 g , 3.83% yield) displayed greater bioactive potential than other column sub-fractions ( -Table S1 +Table S1 ), and flash chromatographic separation using a gradient elution of n -hexane/EtOAc yielded eleven fractions (13 mL/fraction), which were combined into three (TC diff --git a/data/33/6E/87/336E87952749FF8594B0DAA3FCA36A7D.xml b/data/33/6E/87/336E87952749FF8594B0DAA3FCA36A7D.xml index ee35e58edd7..83e4e67dc30 100644 --- a/data/33/6E/87/336E87952749FF8594B0DAA3FCA36A7D.xml +++ b/data/33/6E/87/336E87952749FF8594B0DAA3FCA36A7D.xml @@ -1,102 +1,105 @@ - - - -Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae) + + + +Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae) - - -Author + + +Author -Burgo, Agustina -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Burgo, Agustina +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Catley, Kefyn -Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, United States +Catley, Kefyn +Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Grismado, Cristian J. -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Grismado, Cristian J. +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Dupérré, Nadine -Museum of Nature Hamburg, Zoology, Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany +Dupérré, Nadine +Museum of Nature Hamburg, Zoology, Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Benjamin, Suresh P. -National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka +Benjamin, Suresh P. +National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka - - -Author + + +Author -Hormiga, Gustavo -Department of Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States +Hormiga, Gustavo +Department of Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Griswold, Charles -California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, United States +Griswold, Charles +California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Martínez, Leonel -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Martínez, Leonel +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Ramírez, Martín J. -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina -ramirez@macn.gov.ar +Ramírez, Martín J. +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +ramirez@macn.gov.ar -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2025 - -2025-01-10 + +2025 + +2025-01-10 - -203 + +203 - -1 + +1 - -1 -45 + +1 +45 - -https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 -0024-4082 +journal article +308037 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 +e6656583-afc1-4602-82d7-9a2233d1ded1 +0024-4082 +14831875 - + @@ -115,15 +118,15 @@ ( -Figs 1E, G +Figs 1E, G , -19G–I +19G–I , -20E, F +20E, F , -25–27 +25–27 , -28C +28C ) @@ -181,21 +184,21 @@ are similar to those of C. rastellus by having a fleshy median apophysis in the copulatory bulb and a two-pointed retrolateral patellar process ( -Fig. 19G–I +Fig. 19G–I ) but can be distinguished by the patellar process projected anteriorly and then curving abruptly, with its two apical thorns pointing posteriorly, and the median apophysis slightly narrower at the end. In C. rastellus ( -Fig. 19E, F +Fig. 19E, F ) the patellar apophysis projects posteriorly, and the median apophysis is distally expanded. Females differ from those of the other species by having the copulatory openings in a central position between the spermathecae, on depressions separated by median septum, and copulatory ducts not forming loops ( -Figs 20E, F +Figs 20E, F , -25E, G +25E, G , -26A–D, G, H +26A–D, G, H ) while the other species have the copulatory openings more advanced ( -Fig. 20B, D +Fig. 20B, D ). @@ -205,10 +208,10 @@ by having a fleshy median apophysis in the copulatory bulb and a two-pointed ret Male (MACN-Ar 42819): Total length 1.93. Carapace 0.83 long, 0.70 wide. Abdomen 1.10 long and 0.83 wide. Eye diameters and spacing: AME 0.05, ALE 0.08, PME 0.07, PLE 0.07; AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0,02, PME–PME 0,05, PME– PLE 0,03, ALE–PLE virtually contiguous; MOQ length 0.15, front width 0.12, rear width 0.18. Clypeus height 0.08. Carapace light brown, darker lines radiating from the central region, darker well-defined border, anterior region with setae. Chelicerae length 0.28, ratio 0.38. Endites yellowish-brown, as long as wide, posterior lateral edge rounded. Labium darker anteriorly. Sternum wider than long, length 0.45, width 0.55, dark brown, dark edge, lighter medially. Abdomen with grey, brown, and white mottling dorsally, four to five reddish posterior chevrons. Ventral grey mottling in longitudinal stripes. Pedipalp cymbium oval, slightly pointed distally, copulatory bulb with fleshy median apophysis; tibial apophysis short and recurved, patellar apophysis erect on dorsolateral surface, with two teeth ( -Fig. 19G–I +Fig. 19G–I ). Spinnerets in relatively compact group, with similar pigmentation, darker at the basal part and lighter distally. ALS total length 0.13; basal width 0.08. PMS total length 0.10. PLS total length 0.17. Legs light castaneous-yellow with arrows in the proximal segment of the femur, metatarsus and tarsus, dark in the distal segment of femur and patella. Leg measurements (formula 1243): leg I (total 2.66) femur 0.67, patella 0.25, tibia 0.47, metatarsus 0.75, tarsus 0.48 leg II (2.63) 0.75, 0.25, 0.67, 0.60, 0.36; leg III (2.21) 0.62, 0.22, 0.45, 0.55, 0.37; leg IV (2.58) 0.73, 0.25, 0.62, 0.65, 0.33; palp (0.86) 0.27, 0.20, 0.12, -, 0.27. Leg formula 1243. Pattern of spines: Femora: I d0-0-1. Patella: I d1-0-1, II d1-0-1, III d1- 0-1, IV d1-0-1. Tibia: I d1-0-1, p0-0-1, II d1-0-1, p0-0- 1, III d1-1-0, p0-0-1, v0-1-0, r0-0-1, IV d1-1-0, p0-0-1, v0-1-0, r0-0-1. Metatarsus: III p0-0-1, v0-1-1, r0-0-1; IV p0-0-1, v0-1-1, r0-0-1. Trichobothria on all tarsi d0-1-0; all metatarsi d0-1-0; all tibiae d0-1-0. - + Figure 25. @@ -220,7 +223,7 @@ Male (MACN-Ar 42819): Total length 1.93. Carapace 0.83 long, 0.70 wide. Abdomen , female (A–E, MACN-Ar 42819. G, MACN-Ar 42750). A, eyes, dorsal view. B, prosoma, anterior view. C, habitus lateral. D, habitus dorsal. E, epigyne, ventral view. F, habitus ventral. G, epigyne cleared, ventral view. - + Figure 26. @@ -234,17 +237,17 @@ Male (MACN-Ar 42819): Total length 1.93. Carapace 0.83 long, 0.70 wide. Abdomen Female (MACN-Ar 42819). Total length 2.27. Carapace 0.90 long, 0.75 wide. Abdomen 1.50 long and 1.18 wide. Eye diameters and spacing: AME 0.07, ALE 0.08, PME 0.07, PLE 0.08; AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0,02, PME–PME 0,07, PME–PLE 0,03, ALE–PLE virtually contiguous; MOQ length 0.18, front width 0.15, rear width 0.20. Anterior eye row slightly procurved in anterior view, posterior row slightly procurved in dorsal view. AME spaced less than their diameter. Clypeus unmarked, 0.12 high. Carapace light brown, slightly darker edges and darker thoracic V-shaped mark. Chelicerae short, with rastellum of five thick setae ( -Fig. 25B +Fig. 25B ). Endites about as long as wide, rounded posteriorly. Labium wider than long, darker anteriorly. Sternum yellowish brown, wider than long, width 0.58, length 0.50, edge thin brown. Dorsum of abdomen mottled, dark brown in the anterior central line and posterior laterals, mottled light brown in the anterior and posterior part, beige midzone. Epigyne ( -Figs 20E, F +Figs 20E, F , -25E–G +25E–G ) with two depressions bearing the copulatory openings, separated by median septum. Copulatory ducts relatively short, leading to spherical spermathecae. Spinnerets in relatively compact group, ALS separated by less than a diameter. Legs brownish, with darker pigmentation in the form of rings. Leg measurements (formula 1243): leg I (total 3.00) femur 0.83, patella 0.30, tibia 0.67, metatarsus 0.73, tarsus 0.47 leg II (2.97) 0.83, 0.32, 0.67, 0.70, 0.45; leg III (2.32) 0.70, 0.30, 0.47, 0.55, 0.30; leg IV (2.83) 0.80, 0.28, 0.65, 0.68, 0.42; palp (1.02) 0.33, 0.17, 0.22, -, 0.30. Pattern of spines: Femora: I p0-1. Patella: I d1-0-1, II d1-0-0, III d1-0-1, IV d1-0-1. Tibia: I d1-0-1 v1-0-1, II d0-0-1, III d1-1-0 r0-0-1 p0-0-1, IV d1-1-0 r0-0-1 p0-0-1. Metatarsus: III p0-1-1 r0-0-2 v0-1-0. Holotype female, measurements and spines: Total length 2.63. Carapace 1.00 long, 0.83 wide. Abdomen 1.65 long, 1.40 wide. Eye diameters and interdistances AME 0.05, ALE 0.07, PME 0.07, PLE 0.08; AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.06, PME–PME 0.09, PME– PLE 0.06, ALE–PLE virtually contiguous; MOQ length 0.20, anterior width 0.16, posterior width 0.23. Clypeus 0.13 (2.6× diameter AME). Chelicerae length 0.37, ratio 0.44. Sternum width 0.62, length 0.55. Leg measurements (formula 1423): leg I (total 3.07) femur 0.86, patella 0.28, tibia 0.63, metatarsus 0.76, tarsus 0.54; leg II (2.94) 0.81, 0.22, 0.62, 0.76, 0.53; leg III (2.54) 0.67, 0.29, 0.50, 0.62, 0.46; leg IV (3.01) 0.78, 0.28, 0.71, 0.75, 0.49; palp (1.00), 0.26, 0.15, 0.22, -, 0.37, 1.00. Leg formula 1423. Spines: (numerous spines broken, metatarsus and tarsus of leg II missing); pedipalp: patella d1-0-1; tibiae: p1-0-1; tarsi: d1-0-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Femora: no spines. Patellae: I d1-0- 1; II d1-0-1; III d1-0-1; IV d1-0-1. Tibiae: I d1-0-1; II d1-0-1; III d1-0-1, p1-0-1, v0-1-0, r1-0-1; IV d1-0-1, p1-0-1, v0-1-0, r1-0-1. Metatarsi: III p0-0-1, v0-1-2, r0-0-1; IV p0-0-1, v0-1-0, r0-0-1. - + Figure 27. Colour polymorphism in @@ -265,13 +268,13 @@ Colour polymorphism in The copulatory openings are most frequently found medially in the epigyne, on the posterior margins of the paired depressions, and the first stretch of the copulatory duct is diagonal upwards ( -Fig. 25E, F +Fig. 25E, F ). Some rare specimens have the copulatory openings in a more anterior position, on the external margins of the paired depressions, and the first stretch of the copulatory duct is transverse ( -Fig. 26A–C +Fig. 26A–C ) or slightly diagonal ( -Fig. 26D, G, H +Fig. 26D, G, H ). The copulatory duct may rarely describe a loop on the posterior margin, before entering the spermatheca (bottom arrow in -Fig. 26C +Fig. 26C ). We did not detect a geographical pattern of these infrequent morphologies, which are scattered across the species’ distribution in Chile , in @@ -285,11 +288,11 @@ The copulatory openings are most frequently found medially in the epigyne, on th ( holotype ). The body coloration is extremely variable ( -Figs 1G +Figs 1G , -27 +27 ). The phylogenetic analysis resulted in two groups of specimens (marked in shades of red on -Fig. 29 +Fig. 29 ), one from coastal localities in Chile ( @@ -327,7 +330,7 @@ from Parque , to El Chaltén, in Santa Cruz province ( -Fig. 28C +Fig. 28C ). @@ -1572,9 +1575,9 @@ divergence 0.2%), and thus are regarded as misidentified. The 10 analyses under maximum likelihood using the genomic backbone tree produced nine topologies, from which the one with the best fit (larger likelihood) was chosen ( -Fig. 29 +Fig. 29 ). For comparison, the analysis of the data without the genomic constraints produced a tree with very similar topology, except for some relationships of the outgroup taxa (Supporting Information, -Fig. S2 +Fig. S2 ). Hahniidae appear monophyletic with moderate to high support (bootstrap @@ -1598,7 +1601,7 @@ appear as monophyletic, confirming the male–female matching of the Taxonomy se Cybaeolus ( -Fig. 29 +Fig. 29 ). Since the two consecutive groups where Cybaeolus @@ -1618,9 +1621,9 @@ In the analysis under equal weights using the genomic constraint, Cybaeolus is monophyletic with high support values (bootstrap 99), as is each of the species within this genus (Supporting Information, -Fig. S3 +Fig. S3 ). For the rest of the tree the supports are low, although the optimal topology is similar in general to the one from the maximum likelihood analysis. The low support values may be attributed to the many terminals with sequences from only a single marker. In the implied weighting analysis using the genomic constraint (Supporting Information, -Fig. S4 +Fig. S4 ), the groups are also similar as in the previous analyses, but the support values are slightly higher than in the equal weights’ analysis. In both analyses, the parsimony optimization of the spinnerets’ arrangement is the same as in the maximum likelihood analysis. @@ -1628,81 +1631,81 @@ is monophyletic with high support values (bootstrap 99), as is each of the speci The three species show remarkable colour polymorphism, which seems unrelated to geographic location and time of collection, since many morphs were collected at the same time in the same locality ( -Figs 22 +Figs 22 , -24 +24 , -27 +27 ). There are also coincidences on the same morphs in different species. For example, (i) reddish chevrons, dark cardiac area, dark sides: C. pusillus ( -Fig. 22A +Fig. 22A . -2 +2 , A. -3 +3 , A. -11 +11 , -1 +1 , J, K. -2 +2 ) and C. delfini ( -Fig. 27D +Fig. 27D ); (ii) black with posterior red blotch: C. pusillus ( -Fig. 22A +Fig. 22A . -4 +4 , A. -19 +19 ) and C. delfini ( -Fig. 27E +Fig. 27E ); (iii) dark grey: C. pusillus ( -Figs. 22A +Figs. 22A . -5 +5 , A. -13 +13 ) and C. rastellus ( -Fig. 24D +Fig. 24D . -2 +2 ); (iv) dark band on pale background: C. pusillus ( -Fig. 22E +Fig. 22E ) and C. rastellus ( -Fig. 24C +Fig. 24C . -1 +1 , G). The examples above also show that similar colour morphs occur irrespective of sex. diff --git a/data/33/6E/87/336E87952763FFAE963EDDF6FD876DB2.xml b/data/33/6E/87/336E87952763FFAE963EDDF6FD876DB2.xml index 26d8c69d357..91f59410abf 100644 --- a/data/33/6E/87/336E87952763FFAE963EDDF6FD876DB2.xml +++ b/data/33/6E/87/336E87952763FFAE963EDDF6FD876DB2.xml @@ -1,102 +1,105 @@ - - - -Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae) + + + +Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae) - - -Author + + +Author -Burgo, Agustina -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Burgo, Agustina +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Catley, Kefyn -Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, United States +Catley, Kefyn +Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Grismado, Cristian J. -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Grismado, Cristian J. +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Dupérré, Nadine -Museum of Nature Hamburg, Zoology, Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany +Dupérré, Nadine +Museum of Nature Hamburg, Zoology, Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Benjamin, Suresh P. -National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka +Benjamin, Suresh P. +National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka - - -Author + + +Author -Hormiga, Gustavo -Department of Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States +Hormiga, Gustavo +Department of Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Griswold, Charles -California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, United States +Griswold, Charles +California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Martínez, Leonel -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Martínez, Leonel +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Ramírez, Martín J. -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina -ramirez@macn.gov.ar +Ramírez, Martín J. +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +ramirez@macn.gov.ar -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2025 - -2025-01-10 + +2025 + +2025-01-10 - -203 + +203 - -1 + +1 - -1 -45 + +1 +45 - -https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 -0024-4082 +journal article +308037 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 +e6656583-afc1-4602-82d7-9a2233d1ded1 +0024-4082 +14831875 - + @@ -136,7 +139,7 @@ resemble other entelegyne spiders of the RTA clade by having entelegyne genitali Cybaeolus ) differ by having the anterior lateral spinnerets well separated, with the posterior medians advanced in-between them, and the posterior laterals well separated, behind the anterior laterals or, most usually, at their sides, so that all the spinnerets are arranged in a row ( -Figs 7–10 +Figs 7–10 ). Additionally, they, including Cybaeolus @@ -152,15 +155,15 @@ and Simon, 1898 ), and the simple copulatory bulb with the thin embolus circling clockwise (left palp, ventral view), without conductor, and sometimes with a lightly sclerotized median apophysis as a simple lobe ( -Figs 15 +Figs 15 , -16 +16 ). Cybaeolus has grouped spinnerets ( -Figs 3–6 +Figs 3–6 ), but the male genitalia have the mentioned diagnostic characters; Amaloxenops @@ -172,7 +175,7 @@ and lack the patellar apophysis, but the tibial apophysis and the spinnerets are typical of the family. - + Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets of diff --git a/data/33/6E/87/336E87952764FFAC930BDD08FA946E7B.xml b/data/33/6E/87/336E87952764FFAC930BDD08FA946E7B.xml index ee60c3c6391..0afeb6804b0 100644 --- a/data/33/6E/87/336E87952764FFAC930BDD08FA946E7B.xml +++ b/data/33/6E/87/336E87952764FFAC930BDD08FA946E7B.xml @@ -1,102 +1,105 @@ - - - -Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae) + + + +Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae) - - -Author + + +Author -Burgo, Agustina -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Burgo, Agustina +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Catley, Kefyn -Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, United States +Catley, Kefyn +Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Grismado, Cristian J. -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Grismado, Cristian J. +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Dupérré, Nadine -Museum of Nature Hamburg, Zoology, Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany +Dupérré, Nadine +Museum of Nature Hamburg, Zoology, Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Benjamin, Suresh P. -National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka +Benjamin, Suresh P. +National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka - - -Author + + +Author -Hormiga, Gustavo -Department of Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States +Hormiga, Gustavo +Department of Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Griswold, Charles -California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, United States +Griswold, Charles +California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Martínez, Leonel -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Martínez, Leonel +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Ramírez, Martín J. -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina -ramirez@macn.gov.ar +Ramírez, Martín J. +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +ramirez@macn.gov.ar -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2025 - -2025-01-10 + +2025 + +2025-01-10 - -203 + +203 - -1 + +1 - -1 -45 + +1 +45 - -https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 -0024-4082 +journal article +308037 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 +e6656583-afc1-4602-82d7-9a2233d1ded1 +0024-4082 +14831875 - + @@ -165,15 +168,15 @@ Species of Cybaeolus resemble other hahniids by having a retrolateral hook-shaped tibial process with a groove through which (presumably) the embolus slides ( -Fig. 15I–K +Fig. 15I–K ), but are distinguished by having a retrolateral patellar process with two or more tips ( -Fig. 15D +Fig. 15D ), and spinnerets arranged in a group with the PMS posterior to the ALS ( -Figs 3–6 +Figs 3–6 ), instead of arranged in a line or having the PMS advanced in between the @@ -181,7 +184,7 @@ advanced in between the . - + Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets of @@ -200,27 +203,27 @@ Scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets of Small spiders (1.50–3.50) with eight eyes ( -Fig. 15A +Fig. 15A ), anterior eye row slightly procurved in anterior view, posterior row slightly procurved to straight in dorsal view, AME normally developed, PME separated by one diameter of PME, clypeus no greater than 2.5× diameter of AME . Colour patterns of prosoma, and especially of opisthosoma, extremely polymorphic ( -Figs. 21A +Figs. 21A , -22 +22 , -23A +23A , -24 +24 , -25D +25D , -26E +26E , -27 +27 ). Carapace light brown, with or without thoracic markings, without foveal furrow. Opisthosoma oval or elongate, it can be dark, pale, orange, or brown, mottled, with or without chevrons. Chelicerae with three or four promarginal and three retromarginal teeth, male with or without stridulatory file made of minute bumps, rastellum (a row of rake setae with thickened bases; -Fig. 18C +Fig. 18C ) present in females of C. delfini @@ -234,13 +237,13 @@ and C. pusillus . Endites not convergent, serrula in a transverse line ( -Fig. 18B +Fig. 18B ), posterior external margin variably inflated or projecting in males. Labium slightly wider than long, anterior edge straight, posterior slightly convex. Sternum shieldshaped, weakly concave anteriorly at base of labium. Male palp with simple retrolateral patellar apophysis with two or more distal thorns ( -Fig. 15D +Fig. 15D ), RTA acute, curved, furrowed, tip with regular teeth pointing backwards ( -Figs 15I–K +Figs 15I–K ); a swollen area near the RTA base bears several thick setae. Cymbium oval, with retrolateral furrow leading to RTA ( -Fig. 17J +Fig. 17J ). Copulatory bulb with disc-shaped tegulum, with a membranous patch where the fleshy median apophysis arises in C. delfini @@ -258,17 +261,17 @@ only the membranous patch present in Epigyne with paired copulatory openings, usually blocked with mating plugs ( -Figs 17H +Figs 17H , -18G +18G ). Copulatory ducts long, leading to spherical spermathecae, fertilization ducts short, on posterior margin; accessory bulb unremarkable, restricted to small bump with gland ducts near the copulatory opening (observed only in C. rastellus ; -Fig.18I +Fig.18I ). Spinnerets ( -Figs 3–6 +Figs 3–6 ) in relatively compact group, PLS 70–80° from @@ -314,19 +317,19 @@ with one cylindrical gland spigot in female, from six to 11 aciniform gland spig C. rastellus ; -Fig. 18E +Fig. 18E ). Leg formula 1243. Spination: femora I with dorsal and prolateral spines, patellae with two dorsal spines, tibiae I and II with dorsal and prolateral spines, tibiae II and IV with dorsal, prolateral, ventral, and retrolateral spines, metatarsi III and IV with prolateral, retrolateral, and ventral spines. Trichobothria with longitudinal fingerprint striae on proximal plate ( -Fig. 17F +Fig. 17F ), arranged on tarsi d0-1-0 or d0-1- 1-0 ( -Figs 17D +Figs 17D , -18D +18D ), metatarsi d0-1-0 and tibiae d0-1-0. Tarsal organ a simple keyhole ( -Fig. 17G +Fig. 17G ). - + Figure 9. Scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets of diff --git a/data/33/6E/87/336E87952766FFBE94DEDEF3FBB36F0B.xml b/data/33/6E/87/336E87952766FFBE94DEDEF3FBB36F0B.xml index 4ceb0a421fc..460380e899e 100644 --- a/data/33/6E/87/336E87952766FFBE94DEDEF3FBB36F0B.xml +++ b/data/33/6E/87/336E87952766FFBE94DEDEF3FBB36F0B.xml @@ -1,102 +1,105 @@ - - - -Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae) + + + +Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae) - - -Author + + +Author -Burgo, Agustina -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Burgo, Agustina +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Catley, Kefyn -Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, United States +Catley, Kefyn +Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Grismado, Cristian J. -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Grismado, Cristian J. +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Dupérré, Nadine -Museum of Nature Hamburg, Zoology, Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany +Dupérré, Nadine +Museum of Nature Hamburg, Zoology, Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Benjamin, Suresh P. -National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka +Benjamin, Suresh P. +National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka - - -Author + + +Author -Hormiga, Gustavo -Department of Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States +Hormiga, Gustavo +Department of Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Griswold, Charles -California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, United States +Griswold, Charles +California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Martínez, Leonel -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Martínez, Leonel +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Ramírez, Martín J. -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina -ramirez@macn.gov.ar +Ramírez, Martín J. +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +ramirez@macn.gov.ar -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2025 - -2025-01-10 + +2025 + +2025-01-10 - -203 + +203 - -1 + +1 - -1 -45 + +1 +45 - -https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 -0024-4082 +journal article +308037 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 +e6656583-afc1-4602-82d7-9a2233d1ded1 +0024-4082 +14831875 - + @@ -113,25 +116,25 @@ ( -Figs 1C, F +Figs 1C, F , -2A–I, K, L +2A–I, K, L , -3 +3 , -4 +4 , -17 +17 , -19A–C +19A–C , -20A, B +20A, B , -21 +21 , -22 +22 , -28A +28A ) @@ -235,7 +238,7 @@ and, . - + Figure 10. Scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets of @@ -259,7 +262,7 @@ Males and females differ from those of other species by lacking a rastellum of thick setae on the cheliceral promargin ( -Fig. 17B +Fig. 17B ). In addition, males are similar to those of C @@ -267,9 +270,9 @@ by lacking a rastellum of thick setae on the cheliceral promargin ( rastellus by having a dorsally curved retrolateral patellar process with three to five acute tips ( -Fig. 19A–C +Fig. 19A–C ), but differ by the lack a median apophysis in the tegulum ( -Fig. 19A, B +Fig. 19A, B ), which is found in males of C @@ -277,35 +280,35 @@ by having a dorsally curved retrolateral patellar process with three to five acu rastellus ( -Fig. 19D, E +Fig. 19D, E ) and C. delfini ( -Fig. 19G, H +Fig. 19G, H ). Females are similar to those of C. rastellus by having the copulatory openings anteriorly in the epigyne but can be distinguished by the copulatory ducts describing complete loops around the spermathecae, visible in ventral view ( -Figs 20A +Figs 20A , -21B, D +21B, D ). In comparison, in C. rastellus the loops are restricted to the mesal margins of the spermathecae ( -Figs 20C, D +Figs 20C, D , -23B–D +23B–D ). The copulatory openings are usually closer to each other than in C. rastellus , but this is variable across specimens ( -Fig. 21D–F +Fig. 21D–F ). @@ -390,13 +393,13 @@ dorsum mottled white with brick-red stripe over cardiac region extending posteri femur, patella and tibia light-yellow, cymbium dark brown. Pedipalp cymbium distinctly rounded, median apophysis absent, only a pale unsclerotized patch in its place ( -Fig. 19B +Fig. 19B ); tibial apophysis long and procurved, patellar apophysis recumbent on retrolateral surface armed with three or four teeth ( -Fig. 19B, C +Fig. 19B, C ). Spinnerets in relatively compact group ( -Fig. 4A +Fig. 4A ), pigmented, dusky-yellow with distal segments darker. Proximal segment of @@ -418,26 +421,26 @@ total length 0.19; distal segment length 0.04, proximal segment 0.15. morphology: ALS with one major ampullate gland spigot flanked by nubbin, and 12 piriform gland spigots ( -Fig. 4C +Fig. 4C ). PMS with one minor ampullate gland spigot and three aciniform gland spigots, one slightly larger ( -Fig. 4B +Fig. 4B ). PLS with four aciniform gland spigots ( -Fig. 4D +Fig. 4D ). Epiandrous spigots absent ( -Fig. 4E +Fig. 4E ). Legs all light yellow-brown, femora with black annulations distally, tibiae and metatarsi with faint markings. Leg measurements (formula 1243): leg I (total 3.62) femur 0.89, patella 0.31, tibia 0.89, metatarsus 0.90, tarsus 0.54; leg II (3.55) 0.99, 0.28, 0.86, 0.85, 0.57; leg III (2.91) 0.85, 0.28, 0.67, 0.66, 0.45; leg IV (3.29) 0.97, 0.27, 0.73, 0.81, 0.51; palp (1.02) 0.34, 0.21, 0.14, -, 0.33. - + Figure 11. Scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets of @@ -454,7 +457,7 @@ Scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets of Female ( holotype , -Fig. 21G–J +Fig. 21G–J , complemented with SEM data from other specimens ). Total length 2.38. Carapace 1.00 long, 0.80 wide. Abdomen 1.46 long, 0.99 wide. Eye diameters and spacing: @@ -468,15 +471,15 @@ Female ( –ALE 0.06, PME–PME 0.07, PME–PLE 0.09, ALE–PLE virtually contiguous; MOQ length 0.19, anterior width 0.14, posterior width 0.21. Anterior eye row slightly procurved in anterior view, posterior row slightly procurved in dorsal view. Clypeus height 0.11 (2.2× diameter of AME ). Carapace pale-yellow, with no thoracic markings, with only a trace of black border to Carapace. Chelicerae without rastellum ( -Fig. 17B +Fig. 17B ). Endites yellow-brown, as long as wide, posterior lateral edge rounded. Sternum yellow-brown with no markings, slightly wider than long. Abdomen dorsum mottled white over entire surface, anterior mid-dorsal aspect with darker line; venter white mottled blotches. Epigyne flat, centrally rugous, copulatory ducts open medially and anteriorly ( -Figs 17H, I +Figs 17H, I , -20A, B +20A, B , -21B, D, G, H +21B, D, G, H ), beginning with a lateral loop that passes dorsally to the spermatheca and continues in a second ventral loop that surrounds it; spermathecae large, spherical. Spinnerets in relatively compact group ( -Fig. 3A +Fig. 3A ), yellow-brown. ALS conical with wide base, @@ -498,23 +501,23 @@ total length 0.18; basal width 0.13, distal segment length 0.2, proximal segment length (not accessible); PLS total length 0.15; distal segment length 0.03, proximal segment length 0.12. Spigot morphology ( -Fig. 3 +Fig. 3 ): ALS with major ampullate gland spigot flanked by nubbin, and 12 piriform gland spigots ( -Fig. 3B +Fig. 3B ). PMS with one minor ampullate gland spigot, one cylindrical gland spigot, and five to six aciniform gland spigots, one slightly larger ( -Fig. 3C +Fig. 3C ). PLS with one cylindrical gland spigot, six aciniform gland spigots ( -Fig. 3D +Fig. 3D ). Legs all pale straw-colour with no markings. Leg measurements (formula 2143): leg I (total 2.96) femur 0.83, patella 0.29, tibia 0.67, metatarsus 0.73, tarsus 0.46; leg II (3.07) 0.82, 0.28, 0.71, 0.78 0.48; leg III (2.55) 0.76, 0.28, 0.51, 0.61, 0.39; leg IV (2.89) 0.76, 0.27, 0.72, 0.74, 0.40; palp (1.06) 0.34, 0.18, 0.21, -, 0.33. Pattern of spines: (most spines missing) pedipalp tarsi p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Femora: I p0-0-1 0-1. Tibiae: I d1-0-1; IV d1-0-1, v0-1-0. Metatarsi: III p0-1-1, v0-1-2, r0-0-1; IV p0-1-1, v0-1-2, r0-0-1. - + Figure 12. Scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets of @@ -533,15 +536,15 @@ Scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets of The male endites may be clearly projecting posteriorly (MACN-Ar 46682 MJR-2828) or swollen and slightly projecting (MACN-Ar 29776). The female copulatory openings are usually close to each other ( -Fig. 21B, D +Fig. 21B, D ), but they may be more separated in some specimens ( -Fig. 21E, F +Fig. 21E, F ). The body coloration is extremely variable ( -Figs 2A–I, K, L +Figs 2A–I, K, L , -22 +22 ), even among specimens from the same locality and collection event ( -Fig. 22A, K +Fig. 22A, K ). @@ -555,9 +558,9 @@ Specimens were found in webs on foliage of Chusquea bamboo ( -Fig. 1C +Fig. 1C ) and other trees and shrubs. The eggsacs are affixed to the underside of a leaf and guarded by the female ( -Fig. 1F +Fig. 1F ). @@ -579,11 +582,11 @@ Hoste, in Región de Magallanes, and in adjacent , to Tierra del Fuego province ( -Fig. 28A +Fig. 28A ). The gap without records between Parque Nacional Río Simpson in Región de Aysén, and Cueva del Milodón in Región de Magallanes may be due to low sampling effort in the area. - + Figure 13. Scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets of diff --git a/data/33/6E/87/336E87952774FF8394C4DF44FBA36AB0.xml b/data/33/6E/87/336E87952774FF8394C4DF44FBA36AB0.xml index 16962f48826..d71cd4f08fd 100644 --- a/data/33/6E/87/336E87952774FF8394C4DF44FBA36AB0.xml +++ b/data/33/6E/87/336E87952774FF8394C4DF44FBA36AB0.xml @@ -1,102 +1,105 @@ - - - -Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae) + + + +Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae) - - -Author + + +Author -Burgo, Agustina -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Burgo, Agustina +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Catley, Kefyn -Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, United States +Catley, Kefyn +Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Grismado, Cristian J. -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Grismado, Cristian J. +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Dupérré, Nadine -Museum of Nature Hamburg, Zoology, Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany +Dupérré, Nadine +Museum of Nature Hamburg, Zoology, Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany - - -Author + + +Author -Benjamin, Suresh P. -National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka +Benjamin, Suresh P. +National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka - - -Author + + +Author -Hormiga, Gustavo -Department of Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States +Hormiga, Gustavo +Department of Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Griswold, Charles -California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, United States +Griswold, Charles +California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, United States - - -Author + + +Author -Martínez, Leonel -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +Martínez, Leonel +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina - - -Author + + +Author -Ramírez, Martín J. -Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina -ramirez@macn.gov.ar +Ramírez, Martín J. +Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘ Bernardino Rivadavia’ - CONICET, Division of Arachnology, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C 1405 DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina +ramirez@macn.gov.ar -text - - -Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society - -2025 - -2025-01-10 + +2025 + +2025-01-10 - -203 + +203 - -1 + +1 - -1 -45 + +1 +45 - -https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 -journal article -10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 -0024-4082 +journal article +308037 +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165 +e6656583-afc1-4602-82d7-9a2233d1ded1 +0024-4082 +14831875 - + @@ -115,27 +118,27 @@ ( -Figs 1A, B +Figs 1A, B , -2J, M +2J, M , -5 +5 , -6 +6 , -15 +15 , -18 +18 , -19D–F +19D–F , -20C, D +20C, D , -23 +23 , -24 +24 , -28B +28B ) @@ -225,39 +228,39 @@ Both sexes are similar to C. delfini by having a rastellum of thick setae on the cheliceral promargin (although sometimes with thinner setae, see -Fig. 15B +Fig. 15B ). Males of this species are also similar to those of C. delfini by having a fleshy median apophysis in the copulatory bulb ( -Figs 15E, H +Figs 15E, H , -19D, E +19D, E ) and a two-pointed retrolateral patellar process. In C. rastellus the median apophysis is distally wider, and the patellar process is directed posteriorly ( -Fig. 19E, F +Fig. 19E, F ), instead of anteriorly as in C. delfini ( -Fig. 19H, I +Fig. 19H, I ). Females are similar to those of C. pusillus by having the copulatory openings anteriorly in the epigyne ( -Figs 20C, D +Figs 20C, D , -23B–D +23B–D ) but can be distinguished by these being further apart from each other, the shorter and thicker copulatory ducts, describing a closer loop on the mesal margin of the spermathecae, six-shaped in ventral view, and the smaller spermathecae. - + Figure 23. @@ -291,15 +294,15 @@ when not visible in the –ALE0.06, PME–PME 0.10,PME– PLE 0.09, ALE–PLE 0.02; MOQ length 0.16, anterior width 0.15, posterior width 0.24. Anterior eye row slightly procurved in anterior view, posterior row straight in dorsal view. Clypeus height 0.12 (2.4× diameter of AME ). Carapace castaneous with indistinct darker border, darker thoracic V-shaped mark, cephalic region weakly setose. Chelicerae orange-brown, without visible stridulatory file (weak stridulatory file observed in some specimens, on external-posterior side). Endites yellow-brown, longer than wide, posterior lateral edge strongly protruding ( -Fig. 15C +Fig. 15C ). Labium light brown. Sternum castaneous, as wide as long. Opisthosoma distinctly elongated, dorsum: whitishgrey with three to four sepia chevrons posteriorly, mottled laterally, without setae expect on anterior dorsum; venter: mottled greyish-white with two indistinct longitudinal marks extending from epigastric furrow to base of spinnerets, darker around spinnerets. Palpal cymbium oval, copulatory bulb with small median apophysis ( -Fig. 15E, H +Fig. 15E, H ), tibial apophysis long and procurved with several long, strong, upwardly curved setae at base, patellar apophysis recumbent on retrolateral side, with two or three teeth ( -Figs 15D +Figs 15D , -19E, F +19E, F ). Spinnerets in relatively compact group ( -Fig. 6A +Fig. 6A ), ALS pigmented, @@ -323,20 +326,20 @@ total length 0.13. total length 0.26; distal segment length 0.05, proximal segment length 0.21. Spigot morphology: ALS with one major ampullate gland spigot flanked by nubbin, and 12 piriform gland spigots ( -Fig. 6B +Fig. 6B ). PMS with one minor ampullate gland spigot and three aciniform gland spigots ( -Fig. 6C +Fig. 6C ). PLS with five aciniform gland spigots ( -Fig. 6D +Fig. 6D ). Epiandrous spigots absent ( -Fig. 6E +Fig. 6E ). Legs orange-brown, all articles strongly annulated, lightly spined. Leg measurements (formula 1243): leg I (total 4.13) femur 1.19, patella 0.32, tibia 1.00, metatarsus 0.99, tarsus 0.63; leg II (4.07) 1.15, 0.35, 1.04, 0.92, 0.62; leg III (3.06) 1.04, 0.28, 0.68, 0.61, 0.45, leg IV (3.45) 1.05, 0.32, 0.81, 0.77, 0.48, palp (1.30) 0.44, 0.25, 0.22, -, 0.39. Leg formula 1243. Pattern of spines: Femora: I d0-1-0, p0-0-1; II d0-1-1 (or 0-1-0), p0-0-1 (or p0-1-1-0); III d0-0-1, p0-0-1. Patellae: I d1-0-1; II d1-0-1; III d1-0-1; IV d1-0- 1. Tibia: I d1-0-1, p0-0-1; II d1-0-1, p0-1-1; III d1-0-1, p0-0-1, v0-1-1; IV d1-0-1, v0-1-1. Metatarsus: III p0-1-1, v0-0-2, r0-0-1; IV p0-1-1, v0-2-2, r0-0-1. - + Figure 24. Colour polymorphism in @@ -366,17 +369,17 @@ Female ( –ALE 0.06, PME–PME 0.09, PME–PLE 0.06, ALE–PLE 0.02; MOQ length 0.21, anterior width 0.16, posterior width 0.21. Clypeus height 0.13 (2.6× diameter of AME ). Carapace cephalic region castaneous, shading to orange-brown laterally and posteriorly very faint radiating thoracic marks, weakly setose in cephalic region. Chelicerae length 0.47, ratio: 0.51, dark orange-brown, with prominent rastellum near base of fang. Endites short, as wide as long, without the posterior lateral extension of the male. Labium dusky. Sternum orange-brown, about as long as wide. Abdomen dorsum grey mottled with white, dark purplish-brown mark over cardiac region, dark band around posterior tip of abdomen, venter; without markings, sparsely setose along midline. Epigyne rugose, copulatory openings on shallow elevations ( -Fig. 18G +Fig. 18G ), copulatory duct begins with a loop anterior to the spermatheca, continues with a second loop, and connects through the ventral part of the spermatheca ( -Figs 18H +Figs 18H , -20C, D +20C, D , -23B–D +23B–D ); accessory bulb as a small bump with gland ducts near the copulatory opening ( -Fig. 18I +Fig. 18I ). Spinnerets in relatively compact group ( -Fig. 5A +Fig. 5A ), ALS conical with wide base, distal segment of @@ -398,15 +401,15 @@ total length 0.20. total length 0.31; distal segment length 0.05, proximal segment length 0.26. Spigot morphology: ALS with one major ampullate gland spigot flanked by a nubbin and 13 piriform gland spigots ( -Fig. 5B +Fig. 5B ). PMS with one minor ampullate gland spigot, two cylindrical gland spigots, and eight aciniform gland spigots ( -Fig. 5C +Fig. 5C ). PLS with one cylindrical gland spigot and 11 aciniform gland spigots ( -Fig. 5D +Fig. 5D ). Spinneret topology PLS 70 ° from @@ -416,7 +419,7 @@ with one cylindrical gland spigot and 11 aciniform gland spigots ( ° anterior to ALS . Legs orange-brown, without distinct annulations but with dusky patches ventrally on femora and distally on metatarsus, pedipalp tarsi and tibiae dark orange-brown with patellae and femora a sharply contrasting light straw colour. Legs measurements: leg I (total 3.84), femur 1.11, patella 0.31, tibia 0.95, metatarsus 0.83, tarsus 0.64; leg II (3.86) 1.10, 0.37, 0.94, 0.90, 0.55; leg III (2.91) 0.90, 0.29, 0.64, 0.67, 0.41, leg IV (3.57) 1.06, 0.30, 0.86, 0.82, 0.53, palp (1.18), 0.33, 0.20, 0.27, -, 0.38. Pattern of spines: pedipalp patellae: d1-0- 1; tibiae: d1-0-0, p0-0-1; tarsi: d1-0-0, p1-1-1, v0-0-2, r1-1-1. Femora: I d0-0-1, p0-0-1 (or 2); II d0-0-1. Patellae all with: d1-0-1. Tibiae: I d1-0-1, p0-0-1; II d1-0-1, p0-0-1; III d1-0- 1, p0-0-1, vO1-1; IV d1-0-1, v0-1-1. Metatarsi: III and IV as male. Trichobothrial distribution tibiae: d1-2, metatarsi: d0-0- 1, tarsi: d0-1-0 or 0-1-1-0 ( -Fig. 18D +Fig. 18D ). @@ -426,11 +429,11 @@ with one cylindrical gland spigot and 11 aciniform gland spigots ( Some males have a weak stridulatory file on the external-posterior side of the chelicerae which is difficult to see.The cheliceral rastellum may have less conspicuous setae in some specimens. The body coloration is extremely variable ( -Figs 2J, +Figs 2J, M, -24 +24 ), even among specimens from the same locality and collection event ( -Fig. 24A, D +Fig. 24A, D ). @@ -440,7 +443,7 @@ M, Specimens were found in webs on foliage of trees, bamboo and shrubs in humid forests ( -Fig. 1A, B +Fig. 1A, B ). @@ -465,7 +468,7 @@ in Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi in , and Parque Nacional Los Alerces in Chubut province ( -Fig. 28B +Fig. 28B ).