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<taxonomicName id="BF73664396882CE0D4E3B2FA5B628727" ID-CoL="SZK8" authority="Flint, 1971" authorityName="Flint" authorityYear="1971" class="Insecta" family="Polycentropodidae" genus="Cernotina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cernotina cingulata" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1557" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cingulata">Cernotina cingulata Flint, 1971</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="0C220D3702A16C3F0E98B3D39BE7F282" pageId="0" pageNumber="1557">Amazonas</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="116776684442F483F9E30401F8956349" pageId="0" pageNumber="1557">Notes</paragraph>
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<bibRefCitation id="2A19335283A6165B95A9CB6CAC080CB5" author="Flint Jr, O. S." journalOrPublisher="Amazoniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1557" pagination="1 - 67" title="Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XII: Rhyacophilidae, Glossosomatidae, Philopotamidae, and Psychomyiidae from the Amazon Basin (Trichoptera)" volume="3" year="1971">Flint Jr 1971</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="F860DD1D249CC1FE4AC3F39C6290FB0B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:182436" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Camponotus fergusoni McArthur" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="322" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fergusoni">Camponotus fergusoni McArthur</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="E8B3C6DD89B918D439EB042FB83DF110" pageNumber="322">Worker. HW 1.2 - 2.8; HL 1.4 - 2.8; PW 1.15 - 2.0. Mostly black, propodeum with some red; finely punctate; propodeal dorsum concave; mesosoma and node covered with white fine short flat-lying short flat-lying setae. Major worker. Head sides straight, feebly tapering forward; vertex straight; clypeus with a few fine long setae, feebly projecting forward, anterior margin evenly concave; node summit blunt. Minor worker. Head sides straight, tapering forward; vertex convex; anterior clypeal margin median section wide, nearly straight, projecting forward; dense, short flat-lying setae nearly hiding integument; pronotum, mesonotum and half propodeum evenly convex; node with a long, feebly convex summit.</paragraph>
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1079.75175" ID-GBIF-Dataset="82f3b9c7-7670-4cd0-8320-ae845dea6c6a" ID-PMC="PMC8716507" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1079-89" ID-Pensoft-UUID="197A4D35B1015C98B02BCD9B2169132B" ID-PubMed="35068959" ID-ZooBank="E3D873CB7039478D898608E461087E98" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1079-89" checkinTime="1640261802980" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mushtaq, Hafiz Muhammad Saqib, Alatawi, Fahad Jaber, Kamran, Muhammad &amp; Flechtmann, Carlos Holger Wenzel" docDate="2021" docId="1EAD9C23BAE253F988B755EFE85BC37C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1079: 89-127" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1079" docPubDate="2021-12-22" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1079.75175" docTitle="Oligonychus kobachidzei" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="197A4D35B1015C98B02BCD9B2169132B" lastPageNumber="89" masterDocId="197A4D35B1015C98B02BCD9B2169132B" masterDocTitle="The genus Oligonychus Berlese (Acari, Prostigmata, Tetranychidae): taxonomic assessment and a key to subgenera, species groups, and subgroups" masterLastPageNumber="127" masterPageNumber="89" pageNumber="89" updateTime="1668151273943" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:namePart>Mushtaq, Hafiz Muhammad Saqib</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Alatawi, Fahad Jaber</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Kamran, Muhammad</mods:namePart>
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3.
<taxonomicName LSID="1EAD9C23-BAE2-53F9-88B7-55EFE85BC37C" authority="(Reck, 1947)" baseAuthorityName="Reck" baseAuthorityYear="1947" class="Arachnida" family="Tetranychidae" genus="Oligonychus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligonychus kobachidzei" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kobachidzei">Oligonychus kobachidzei (Reck, 1947)</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Reck" authorityYear="1947" class="Arachnida" family="Tetranychidae" genus="Paratetranychus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paratetranychus kobachidzei" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kobachidzei">Paratetranychus kobachidzei</taxonomicName>
Reck, 1947: 472.
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Host and distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Corylus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Corylus avellana" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="avellana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Corylus avellana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
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),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Juglans" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Juglans regia" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="regia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Juglans regia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Juglandaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" genus="Platanus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Platanus occidentalis" order="Proteales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Platanus occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. orientalis" order="Proteales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">P. orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Proteales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Platanaceae</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ulmus" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Ulmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ulmaceae</taxonomicName>
); Armenia, Azerbaijan and, Georgia.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Reck" baseAuthorityYear="1947" class="Arachnida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Oligonychus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligonychus kobachidzei" order="Prostigmata" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kobachidzei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Oligonychus kobachidzei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Reck) was described from male and female specimens from type host
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Platanaceae" genus="Platanus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Platanus occidentalis" order="Proteales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Platanus occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and type locality Georgia; however, the description lacked the key characters necessary for species confirmation (
<bibRefCitation author="Reck, GF" journalOrPublisher="Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" pagination="471 - 475" refId="B126" refString="Reck, GF, 1947. New species of tetranychid mites from Georgia. (Tetranychidae, Acari). Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR 8: 471 - 475" title="New species of tetranychid mites from Georgia. (Tetranychidae, Acari)." volume="8" year="1947">Reck 1947</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover,
<bibRefCitation author="Reck, GF" journalOrPublisher="Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" pagination="471 - 475" refId="B126" refString="Reck, GF, 1947. New species of tetranychid mites from Georgia. (Tetranychidae, Acari). Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR 8: 471 - 475" title="New species of tetranychid mites from Georgia. (Tetranychidae, Acari)." volume="8" year="1947">Reck (1947)</bibRefCitation>
did not specifically compare it with any other closely related
<taxonomicName authorityName="Berlese" authorityYear="1886" class="Arachnida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Oligonychus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oligonychus" order="Prostigmata" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Oligonychus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Although
<bibRefCitation author="Bagdasarian, AT" journalOrPublisher="R., Zoological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" refId="B4" refString="Bagdasarian, AT, 1957. Tetranychoid mites (superfamily Tetranychoidea). Fauna of the Armenian S.S.R. Erevan Akademia Nauk Armenia S.S. R., Zoological Institute" title="Tetranychoid mites (superfamily Tetranychoidea). Fauna of the Armenian S. S. R. Erevan Akademia Nauk Armenia S. S." year="1957">Bagdasarian (1957)</bibRefCitation>
re-described the species from other hosts (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Juglans" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Juglans regia" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="regia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Juglans regia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Ulmus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ulmus" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">Ulmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.) and locality (Armenia), the description still lacked details of the important morphological characters of both sexes. Further, it seems to us, based on the published literature that
<bibRefCitation author="Bagdasarian, AT" journalOrPublisher="R., Zoological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" refId="B4" refString="Bagdasarian, AT, 1957. Tetranychoid mites (superfamily Tetranychoidea). Fauna of the Armenian S.S.R. Erevan Akademia Nauk Armenia S.S. R., Zoological Institute" title="Tetranychoid mites (superfamily Tetranychoidea). Fauna of the Armenian S. S. R. Erevan Akademia Nauk Armenia S. S." year="1957">Bagdasarian (1957)</bibRefCitation>
did not observe the types of
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. kobachidzei" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="kobachidzei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">O. kobachidzei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as it necessary for confirming the taxonomic identity of Armenian specimens, when original description of
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. kobachidzei" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="kobachidzei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">O. kobachidzei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was poor. Also, the illustration of aedeagus (
<bibRefCitation author="Bagdasarian, AT" journalOrPublisher="R., Zoological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" refId="B4" refString="Bagdasarian, AT, 1957. Tetranychoid mites (superfamily Tetranychoidea). Fauna of the Armenian S.S.R. Erevan Akademia Nauk Armenia S.S. R., Zoological Institute" title="Tetranychoid mites (superfamily Tetranychoidea). Fauna of the Armenian S. S. R. Erevan Akademia Nauk Armenia S. S." year="1957">Bagdasarian 1957</bibRefCitation>
) was not clear and did not appear to be in a completely lateral position. The identity of
<taxonomicName lsidName="O. kobachidzei" pageId="0" pageNumber="89" rank="species" species="kobachidzei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="89">O. kobachidzei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its redescription is doubtful until the male and female are comprehensively described from the type host and locality.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

110
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<paragraph id="7344FB8DB3E6C4E5A4C0A5944F9BA0C4" pageId="0" pageNumber="110201">Parasite of</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9CDFFC6B89AA9FA4712EC8FB33816D53" pageId="0" pageNumber="110201">
amphibians -
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:
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<emphasis id="DC1482795218C0EC53DE901598479B11" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="110201">Bufo bufo</emphasis>
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;
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:
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.
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<emphasis id="C61AA9F0720E03C60C051C04B691D3DD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="110201">Site of infection</emphasis>
: lungs.
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<paragraph id="35EBE623EB90D8844458FEA0A790A542" pageId="0" pageNumber="110201">Distribution</paragraph>
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Occurring in Europe;
<emphasis id="B2C17A4469FC4D51D4AAD12DD6E5F49E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="110201">in Georgia</emphasis>
: EG: Aragvi River Basin, Jandari Lake reported by
<bibRefCitation id="CEDD490491194038F151D81C3BCDA98A" author="Burtikashvili, L." journalOrPublisher="Metsniereba, Tbilisi" pageId="0" pageNumber="110201" refId="B9905770" refString="Burtikashvili, L., Getzadze, L., Gogebashvili, I., Devdariani, T., Jankarashvili, E., Japaridze, L., Sagdieva, P., 1978. Results of Ecology-Parasitological investigations of Animals of the Aragvi River Basin. Metsniereba, Tbilisi" title="Results of Ecology-Parasitological investigations of Animals of the Aragvi River Basin" year="1978">Burtikashvili et al. (1978)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E4B334A2C63C27310A0F13CA9149D803" author="Burtikashvili, L." journalOrPublisher="Materials of III Transcaucasian Conference of Parasitology" pageId="0" pageNumber="110201" pagination="37 - 39" refId="B9905752" refString="Burtikashvili, L., Getzadze, L., 1981. To the study of parasite fauna of amphibians of Aragvi River Basin. Materials of III Transcaucasian Conference of Parasitology 3: 37 - 39" title="To the study of parasite fauna of amphibians of Aragvi River Basin" volume="3" year="1981">Burtikashvili and Getzadze (1981)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="4C00542F7FC852DFDD5BAE977A6E3719" author="Petriashvili, L." journalOrPublisher="Parasitological collection" pageId="0" pageNumber="110201" pagination="172 - 174" refId="B9901662" refString="Petriashvili, L., Giorgadze, J., Getzadze, L., Matsaberidze, K ., 1985. Materials to the study of amphibian helminths of Georgia. In: Materials of VI Transcaucasian Conference of Parasitology.: 172 - 174" title="Materials to the study of amphibian helminths of Georgia" volumeTitle="Materials of VI Transcaucasian Conference of Parasitology." year="1985">Petriashvili et al. (1985)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="A8A3CD72D84A99EFBDD7A84BC1B59C00" author="Murvanidze, L." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="110201" pagination="43 - 49" refId="B9901880" refString="Murvanidze, L., Nikolaishvili, K., Lomidze, T., 2008. The annotated list of amphibian helminths of Georgia. Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology 23: 43 - 49" title="The annotated list of amphibian helminths of Georgia" volume="23" year="2008">Murvanidze et al. (2008a)</bibRefCitation>
.
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<mods:title id="09EB18C1B088DCC0D3B90B1C8DCFE492">Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0205BBDC2B6A46CD9864470F7EB819C4">
<mods:date id="E88BA64DDD06EF8D8C23A60F09D3393E">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F7A6D4A0F3E9F0C58B7678A5CDDE75DB">11</mods:number>
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<treatment id="1EADFA54EBC75454B68464BA036D455D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1EADFA54EBC75454B68464BA036D455D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1EADFA54EBC75454B68464BA036D455D" lastPageNumber="99661" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
<subSubSection id="58520C921B36AE6A1827091E1FB7B652" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AEA30BF476F8B80501F4E1317DD15C3E" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
<taxonomicName id="DFF2B0365E1A21A024E7E7B343E54F3A" ID-CoL="45RZ7" ID-ENA="1541843" LSID="1EADFA54-EBC7-5454-B684-64BA036D455D" authority="(Philippi, 1851)" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1851" class="Gastropoda" family="Nassariidae" genus="Nassarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nassarius sinarum" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sinarum">Nassarius sinarum (Philippi, 1851)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DD6178580A2606276BE29E5CC14EF852" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" type="synonyms and combinations">
<paragraph id="DDB2E4B0CF1A277230A3F01E6C7D43ED" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Synonyms and Combinations</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D34F2BC1BD301EDCABA6D25988218BA" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
<emphasis id="8D27E8853E51410E5B748FDB919A4529" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Buccinum sinarum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E61890B38A270BF029AA330660F0BDAF" author="Philippi, R. A." journalOrPublisher="Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer order wenig gekannter Conchylien" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" refId="B8322423" refString="Philippi, R. A., 1851. . Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer order wenig gekannter Conchylien 3" volume="3" year="1851">Philippi 1851</bibRefCitation>
: v. 8, p. 63)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6665CC7E1B334E7CCAC26FF63DDCCD0F" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
<emphasis id="31584E2FB8DB4E0EF94DAB8F95A6811C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Nassa</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="19078F808C57570164A39001C2645D0C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Niotha</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B16676636AC6E1B11CFBC4673BE5BF87" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">sinarum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A74221EC0A1106CF5FE66EB2C7C237E6" author="Philippi, R. A." journalOrPublisher="Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer order wenig gekannter Conchylien" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" refId="B8322423" refString="Philippi, R. A., 1851. . Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer order wenig gekannter Conchylien 3" volume="3" year="1851">Philippi (1851)</bibRefCitation>
: v. 8, p. 63);
<bibRefCitation id="4A1A088595E57C29712DEF83EFF83B70" author="Tsuchiya, K" journalOrPublisher="Marine Mollusks in Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" refId="B9611321" refString="Tsuchiya, K, 2017. . Marine Mollusks in Japan 2" volume="2" year="2017">Tsuchiya (2017)</bibRefCitation>
: p. 910-917;
<bibRefCitation id="63FDE796C0359C30DC75D2EFD1AA487C" author="Okutani, Takashi" journalOrPublisher="Marine Mollusks in Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" refId="B8322415" refString="Okutani, Takashi, 2017. . Marine Mollusks in Japan 2" volume="2" year="2017">Okutani (2017)</bibRefCitation>
: p. 1375.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EEEE043F97162BE5F426A44527FB8ABB" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
<emphasis id="F373E3EF1FF7AC00A2832E4B51078123" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Nassarius</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E045F2CFF666036EA9E2B499ED81FB33" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Zeuxis</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="F75A8564F2FA3A7A417ADDFBA574008E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">sinarus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="00AF41E02D10CF4694405B048F22DB1F" author="Philippi, R. A." journalOrPublisher="Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer order wenig gekannter Conchylien" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" refId="B8322423" refString="Philippi, R. A., 1851. . Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer order wenig gekannter Conchylien 3" volume="3" year="1851">Philippi (1851)</bibRefCitation>
: v. 8, p. 63);
<bibRefCitation id="4F8D44F18073E55F07ADCF3EAF19894F" author="Cernohorsky, W. O." journalOrPublisher="Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="1 - 356" refId="B8322240" refString="Cernohorsky, W. O., 1984. Systematics of the family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). In: Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum.: 1 - 356" title="Systematics of the family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" volumeTitle="Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum." year="1984">Cernohorsky (1984)</bibRefCitation>
: v. 14, p. 289, pl. 31, figs. 10-11; pl. 32, fig. 1;
<bibRefCitation id="4B38451C1E183396588026A00AE452EE" author="Tamaki, A" journalOrPublisher="The Yuriyagai" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="63 - 81" refId="B9611349" refString="Tamaki, A, Mahori, N, Isihbashi, T, Fukuda, H, 2002. Invasion of two marine alien gastropods Stenothyra sp. and Nassarius (Zeuxis) sinarus (Caenogastropoda) into the Ariake Inland Sea, Kyushu, Japan. The Yuriyagai 8 (2): 63 - 81" title="Invasion of two marine alien gastropods Stenothyra sp. and Nassarius (Zeuxis) sinarus (Caenogastropoda) into the Ariake Inland Sea, Kyushu, Japan" volume="8" year="2002">Tamaki et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
: v. 8, no. 2, p. 63-81;
<bibRefCitation id="18388EE795831C698BCE4C34D1EE18EB" author="Lutaenko, Konstantin A." journalOrPublisher="NOWPAP DINRAC, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" refId="B8322373" refString="Lutaenko, Konstantin A., Furota, Toshio, Nakayama, Satoko, Shin, Kyoungsoon, Xu, Jing, 2013. Atlas of Marine Invasive Species in the NOWPAP Region. NOWPAP DINRAC, Beijing" title="Atlas of Marine Invasive Species in the NOWPAP Region" year="2013">Lutaenko et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
: p. 75.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B3B4F364328FCEA66AF22A1632933CF2" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
<emphasis id="CE8AA9E381A1A514C129F6348B5EAB84" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Nassarius</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="FA17B4CC4A793D3ED9F91284CAF7A835" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Tritonella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="44EA9101583AE6C5CFA5328AFB4E7910" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">semiplicatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="39C8D63CF3551DC5114B0B5F26EEF35A" author="Adams, A." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="94 - 114" refId="B8334698" refString="Adams, A., 1852. Catalogue of the species of Nassa, a genus of Gastero-podous mollusca belonging to the family Buccinidae, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, ESQ., with the description of some new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 19 (1): 94 - 114" title="Catalogue of the species of Nassa, a genus of Gastero-podous mollusca belonging to the family Buccinidae, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, ESQ., with the description of some new species" volume="19" year="1852">A. Adams (1852)</bibRefCitation>
: no. 19, p. 107);
<bibRefCitation id="4FB4F63D0869BC3328818EAF0192392B" author="Liu, Ruiyu" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" refId="B8322365" refString="Liu, Ruiyu, 2008. Checklist of Marine Biota of China Seas. Science Press, Beijing" title="Checklist of Marine Biota of China Seas" year="2008">Liu (2008)</bibRefCitation>
: p. 1267.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3DFF77D3954E6F422E71943EFF6CAC9C" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
<emphasis id="5371E2071BD9C73590E0E0F8D0B33A7E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Nassarius</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="E4240AF3880CE92EBF96ADA5895EA3DA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Zeuxis</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="1D9DA5102DC783DA1B122AB1172F5AB1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">semiplicatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1535B50640282915058C01B90A71DBB7" author="Adams, A." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="94 - 114" refId="B8334698" refString="Adams, A., 1852. Catalogue of the species of Nassa, a genus of Gastero-podous mollusca belonging to the family Buccinidae, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, ESQ., with the description of some new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 19 (1): 94 - 114" title="Catalogue of the species of Nassa, a genus of Gastero-podous mollusca belonging to the family Buccinidae, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, ESQ., with the description of some new species" volume="19" year="1852">A. Adams (1852)</bibRefCitation>
: no. 19, p. 107);
<bibRefCitation id="B0EB11476B2C97D7479F80B220092BFC" author="Zhang, S. P." journalOrPublisher="Oceanologia et Limnologica Sinica" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="791 - 5" refId="B8322492" refString="Zhang, S. P., Yang, J. W., 2010. Revision of species names of several Nassarius in China Seas. Oceanologia et Limnologica Sinica 41 (5): 791 - 5" title="Revision of species names of several Nassarius in China Seas" volume="41" year="2010">Zhang and Yang (2010)</bibRefCitation>
: v. 41, no. 5, p. 791-5.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F272BF90649D3111225EDF36DBC46D1" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
<emphasis id="EE0D2F0BAD091B4BC7217F688BCDD545" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Nassarius semiplicatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="775BE165E8E102195BC292BD99517E0E" author="Adams, A." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="94 - 114" refId="B8334698" refString="Adams, A., 1852. Catalogue of the species of Nassa, a genus of Gastero-podous mollusca belonging to the family Buccinidae, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, ESQ., with the description of some new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 19 (1): 94 - 114" title="Catalogue of the species of Nassa, a genus of Gastero-podous mollusca belonging to the family Buccinidae, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, ESQ., with the description of some new species" volume="19" year="1852">A. Adams (1852)</bibRefCitation>
: no. 19, p. 107);
<bibRefCitation id="4206E395FDD4D7D695D30F4B82EA79D0" author="Zhang, S. P." journalOrPublisher="Oceanologia et Limnologica Sinica" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="791 - 5" refId="B8322492" refString="Zhang, S. P., Yang, J. W., 2010. Revision of species names of several Nassarius in China Seas. Oceanologia et Limnologica Sinica 41 (5): 791 - 5" title="Revision of species names of several Nassarius in China Seas" volume="41" year="2010">Zhang and Yang (2010)</bibRefCitation>
: v. 41, no. 5, p. 791-5.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F049171D98EA51E9F2C4E0985AEDCF3" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
<emphasis id="C2F53D8A9B10BB0369EF7ED5827F358E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Zeuxis semiplicata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A2A18A642721A60028B245DA5817B11C" author="Adams, A." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="94 - 114" refId="B8334698" refString="Adams, A., 1852. Catalogue of the species of Nassa, a genus of Gastero-podous mollusca belonging to the family Buccinidae, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, ESQ., with the description of some new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 19 (1): 94 - 114" title="Catalogue of the species of Nassa, a genus of Gastero-podous mollusca belonging to the family Buccinidae, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, ESQ., with the description of some new species" volume="19" year="1852">A. Adams (1852)</bibRefCitation>
: no. 19, p. 107);
<bibRefCitation id="64725CD3C404F909ADCE36DF247FFAF4" author="Adams, A." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="94 - 114" refId="B8334698" refString="Adams, A., 1852. Catalogue of the species of Nassa, a genus of Gastero-podous mollusca belonging to the family Buccinidae, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, ESQ., with the description of some new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 19 (1): 94 - 114" title="Catalogue of the species of Nassa, a genus of Gastero-podous mollusca belonging to the family Buccinidae, in the Collection of Hugh Cuming, ESQ., with the description of some new species" volume="19" year="1852">A. Adams (1852)</bibRefCitation>
: v. 24, p. 233, pl. 23, figs. 164;
<bibRefCitation id="2D7241F3C548F75ADD89E7C300CC69BF" author="Cernohorsky, W. O." journalOrPublisher="Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="1 - 356" refId="B8322240" refString="Cernohorsky, W. O., 1984. Systematics of the family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). In: Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum.: 1 - 356" title="Systematics of the family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" volumeTitle="Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum." year="1984">Cernohorsky (1984)</bibRefCitation>
: v. 14, p. 154.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2C622A99E6979CD97EC78E7B843EDF6B" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" type="material examined">
<paragraph id="E9F50D3612DFE61D9E7182541E2EF447" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Material examined</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9156567DFB4D828A69D883402064A355" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
On 16 June 2022, two live specimens were collected from the Yeongsan River estuary at Jeollanam-do, Korea (34°46'48&quot;N, 126°26'31&quot;E), located at 219 Daeburyeok-ro Samho-eup, Yeongam-gun (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C865105D0FDA4C01DC9E5D8425BEB2FE" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F8330253" captionText="Figure 1. Sample collection site details. A The fine-scale location of the collection site was obtained using Ocean Data View (Schlitzer R, 2015, http: // odv. awi. de); B Photograph of the sampling location at the Yeongsan River, taken in June 2022 and provided by Sungha Cho." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.11.e99661.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/831478" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">1</figureCitation>
). The environmental conditions at the time of collection included a water temperature of 24.5°C, dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of 5.69 mg/l, salinity of 33.24 practical salinity units (PSU) and a pH of 8.37. The collector responsible for this sampling was Sungha Cho.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6B6E4E05216FF912DF105B065B4282A5" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" type="description">
<paragraph id="843ABB1433E47FC779E2F7071406BAD7" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph id="20BC2333CC54885394BE741DFA899B0B" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
Sample A, exhibiting a shell length of 14 mm and Sample B, with a shell length of 15 mm, are not fully developed individuals in comparison to the known maximum size of
<emphasis id="41B8669A569420574D20479F2464453A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">N</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="F631976012C798815362C8F2476B74B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">sinarum</emphasis>
, which reaches up to 20 mm (Fig.
<figureCitation id="DC74EA8D5A4D17ABE400365851B682F5" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F8330257" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological images of Nassarius sinarum from Korea, China and Japan. A &amp; B Specimens collected alive in the estuary at the mouth of the Yeongsan River in Korea (this study) and considered to be juvenile shells; apertural and dorsal views were photographed; C Specimen collected alive in China; D Specimen collected alive in the mudflats of Japan; morphological features of the apertural and dorsal views suggest it is an adult shell. Scale bars for A and B are 5 mm; scale bars for C and D are not provided. For original images and data, consult Suppl. material 1." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.11.e99661.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/828240" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">2</figureCitation>
). The undeveloped outer lip at the base further indicates that these specimens might be juveniles or subadults (Fig.
<figureCitation id="AE08BF3FF19DF7D5E366EC2DB0167A94" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F9524443" captionText="Figure 3. Scanning electron microscope images of the shell of Nassarius sinarum Specimen B, collected in this study. A Morphology, characterised by the absence of a developed callus and tooth in the aperture; B Axial ribs exhibiting a consistent appearance as they extend to the outer lip; C Body whorl sculpture; D Protoconch. Scale bar A &amp; B = 2 mm, C = 1 mm, D = 200 μm. For additional scanning electron microscopy images, please refer to Suppl. material 1." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.11.e99661.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/826249" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">3</figureCitation>
). Both individuals A and B seem to be at the same developmental stage. Samples A and B, collected in this study, were photographed in both apertural and dorsal views to facilitate morphological comparisons. Sample C, collected in China, is depicted in apertural and dorsal views and is considered a juvenile shell, similar in growth stage to Samples A and B from Korea, due to the absence of a developed thick outer lip (
<bibRefCitation id="2FE63D6C8ABE728B5AE79EC3A0F23D38" author="Lutaenko, Konstantin A." journalOrPublisher="NOWPAP DINRAC, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" refId="B9610582" refString="Lynio Nassarius sinarum: Research Grade Qualification https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/145648531 2023-03-30T00:00:00+03:00" year="2013">Lynio 2023</bibRefCitation>
). Nonetheless, the axial ribs become progressively thinner as they approach the outer lip, suggesting that the specimen may be at a more mature developmental stage. Specimen D, collected in Japan, appears to be an adult shell, based on morphological features observed in apertural and dorsal views and exhibits a greyish-brown hue with pale spiral bands (
<bibRefCitation id="DCB7F51292677B9B1597823D0B9F6F65" author="Lutaenko, Konstantin A." journalOrPublisher="NOWPAP DINRAC, Beijing" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" refId="B9610647" refString="Magokorogai カラムシロ: 自然観察の話 [In Japanese] https://magokorogai.seesaa.net/article/a37417324.html 2023-03-30T00:00:00+03:00" year="2013">Magokorogai 2013</bibRefCitation>
). The axial ribs are obtuse, spaced and knobbly at the shoulders, but become obsolete towards the base. The aperture is white inside and the callus on the columellar lip is demarcated, bearing one tooth at the posterior end. The anal canal is narrow and the inner wall of the outer lip is denticulated. In contrast, Korean Samples A and B, believed to be juveniles, display an aperture with uniform colouration and lack callus and tooth formation throughout the shell. Specifically, in the adult body whorl, the axial ribs weaken towards the outer lip, ultimately becoming nearly smooth, which is a key distinguishing feature of
<emphasis id="E2FD75CBE00BEA2B64358F1A769AF1A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">N. sinarum</emphasis>
, yet not observed in juvenile shells. Limited photographs of
<emphasis id="9D670E23E74A39911F637D5BE1472C0C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">N. sinarum</emphasis>
are available for comparison and those that exist are fragmentary.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7FB6C13897943C8AD7C4A36378175674" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8EED085C2CF91697C3DCA107542D34B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DFB825DDD367B0B663ADA27AB9F973B6" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
Initially,
<emphasis id="4245A52423DBA7B8028011ED9457F169" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">N. sinarum</emphasis>
was thought to be exclusive to the Yangtze River in China (
<bibRefCitation id="36F223CC314C63DB3751C2203C1ABE99" author="Cernohorsky, W. O." journalOrPublisher="Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="1 - 356" refId="B8322240" refString="Cernohorsky, W. O., 1984. Systematics of the family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). In: Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum.: 1 - 356" title="Systematics of the family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" volumeTitle="Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum." year="1984">Cernohorsky 1984</bibRefCitation>
). However, in 2004, its presence was later documented in Japan, where it was classified as an alien species (
<bibRefCitation id="8396A6661147A28444C3F746F62F9761" author="Mito, Toshikazu" journalOrPublisher="Global Environmental Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="171 - 191" refId="B8322382" refString="Mito, Toshikazu, Uesugi, Tetsuro, 2004. Invasive Alien Species in Japan : The status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research 8 (August): 171 - 191" title="Invasive Alien Species in Japan: The status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects" volume="8" year="2004">Mito and Uesugi 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Although
<bibRefCitation id="45418B048A833C25C1A436E9F4A6E3CE" author="Hong, Jae-Sang" journalOrPublisher="Plankton and Benthos Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="255 - 263" refId="B8322316" refString="Hong, Jae-Sang, Choi, Jin-Woo, Tsutsumi, Hiroaki, 2010. Concluding remarks on the joint survey of macrobenthic fauna on Suncheon Tidal Flats by the participants of &quot;Korea and Japan Joint Symposium on Biology of Tidal Flats 2009. Plankton and Benthos Research 5: 255 - 263" title="Concluding remarks on the joint survey of macrobenthic fauna on Suncheon Tidal Flats by the participants of &quot; Korea and Japan Joint Symposium on Biology of Tidal Flats 2009" volume="5" year="2010">Hong et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
reported observing it in Suncheon Bay, Korea in June 2009, the species' introduction remained uncertain due to a lack of corroborating data. This study documents the collection of live
<emphasis id="26B8A2D0D9F459BE435B72AE11590FB5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">N. sinarum</emphasis>
specimens from the Yeongsan River estuary in Korea, confirming that the species now inhabits Korea, China and Japan.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="78151B2D4D179E7CDBC1F534EB022DFE" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" type="molecular data">
<paragraph id="403CA646C67E03621C56736887ED68CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Molecular data</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0520C1FD1FDE440FF8BBC80523A0B553" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
The sequence files were submitted to the NCBI and assigned accession numbers: OP693482 (660 bp) for COI and OP719775 (372 bp) for H3. The NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis demonstrated that our
<emphasis id="F3FB1389C31CC4F952EF2A1C57209F47" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">N. sinarum</emphasis>
COI sequence matches that previously registered for
<emphasis id="47008D5FC21FCCB833B722DD5DB1C51A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">N. sinarum</emphasis>
, exhibiting 98.48-99.69% sequence similarity (Table
<tableCitation id="42247C0F2B6FC342B2282202D23ECB94" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T9533283" captionText="Table 1. The top 10 results for each of the NCBI BLAST searches, conducted on the COI and H 3 regions of Nassarius sinarum, are presented in descending order of percentage similarity." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/47E1C756695B33D744863822A7D66F80" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" tableUuid="47E1C756695B33D744863822A7D66F80">1</tableCitation>
).
<emphasis id="E4FAA64557D3EB2A55485384E3B8246F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">N. succinctus</emphasis>
was the nearest species, with 93.86% percent similarity. Our sequence's similarity as
<emphasis id="7BD76313737FB2374B2B448CA91F00FD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">N. sinarum</emphasis>
was further confirmed by a Maximum Likelihood tree, which was analysed for percentage similarity with the top 10 sequences retrieved from NCBI BLAST. Outgroups (
<emphasis id="8EAAE930939048022912F8C5F00C2F06" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Volutharpa perryi, Buccinum pemphigus</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="483B20D73ED3A25908694C779AEA6B61" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Neptunea cumingi</emphasis>
) were included to improve clustering and branch support (
<bibRefCitation id="54C4F16C6F1B789EBCAAE31F662FEB04" author="Yang, Yi" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="302 - 312" refId="B9610535" refString="Yang, Yi, Li, Qi, Kong, Lingfeng, Yu, Hong, 2019. Mitogenomic phylogeny of Nassarius (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoologica Scripta 48: 302 - 312" title="Mitogenomic phylogeny of Nassarius (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda)" volume="48" year="2019">Yang et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
). To bolster the robustness of the phylogenetic analysis, we incorporated an additional 29 species from the
<emphasis id="631C5B19B6B3085C8E836D5AB64C7876" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Nassarius</emphasis>
. The close clustering of
<emphasis id="E7D3AC016395A6D160C4C46BE21A88EF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">N. sinarum</emphasis>
within the phylogenetic COI tree suggests species consistency; no sequence differences were observed within species or between countries (Fig.
<figureCitation id="7E0DC7C0308B3C1F63F434A4480A199B" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F8330261" captionText="Figure 4. Maximum Likelihood tree of COI sequences of Nassarius sinarum collected in Korea. Bars represent genetic distances, letters preceding scientific names are NCBI accession numbers. A phylogenetic tree analysis conducted with the COI region demonstrates that N. sinarum has a distinctive species-indicative COI sequence." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.11.e99661.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/851439" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">4</figureCitation>
). An H3 phylogenetic analysis was performed for more accurate identification, using the same conditions as were used for the COI analysis. As the H3 region of
<emphasis id="45F7C7575254C665859A53785E5AFAAC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">N. sinarum</emphasis>
is novel to the NCBI database, species-level comparisons were not feasible. The H3 phylogenetic tree encompassed difficulties in distinguishing amongst species within the same genus (Fig.
<figureCitation id="ED0F2EB87575EBFA9881E90FD8FF6B4C" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F9794533" captionText="Figure 5. Maximum Likelihood tree of H 3 sequences of Nassarius sinarum collected in Korea. Bars represent genetic distances, letters preceding scientific names are NCBI accession numbers. A phylogenetic tree analysis conducted with the H 3 region reveals that H 3 sequences of N. sinarum cannot be used to clearly distinguish it from other Nassarius species." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.11.e99661.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/851440" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">5</figureCitation>
). Thus, it appears that H3 is not a suitable marker for differentiating species within the
<emphasis id="A0B594908F5C7577CBA1C891F2268E97" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Nassarius</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="07B6E0063BE441656567ED88DC714F1D" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" type="ecology and habitat">
<paragraph id="83BD2F90BE7CE4A2E17BD8096844BBAD" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Ecology and habitat</paragraph>
<paragraph id="67DE130DA471B3EA7F57EC8CEFD8C550" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
<emphasis id="85B902C37415640008338FA4AFE38BC9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Nassarius</emphasis>
, commonly known as nassa mud snails (USA) or dog whelks (UK), is a genus of small to medium-sized marine gastropod molluscs in the Nassariidae characterised by their scavenging behaviour. These shelled gastropods inhabit mud flats and sand flats, have a global distribution and have a diverse habitat range that spans from the intertidal zone to deep waters (depths of at least 1000 m) in temperate, subtropical, tropical and cold-water environments.
<emphasis id="6ED4E407CAD6C773132ED0F2CD0412FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Nassarius</emphasis>
species are highly active scavengers, feeding on crabs and carrion, such as dead fish. They often burrow into marine substrates, waiting with only their siphon exposed until detecting nearby food sources. Consistent with these ecological traits,
<emphasis id="0C26FB8DCA7971FD56B2BC0A684F50F8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">N. sinarum</emphasis>
inhabits both sandy and muddy mudflats and occupies various environments within the intertidal zone (
<bibRefCitation id="BA11E4B9BBFF32E7A672D1344F9F01C2" author="Okutani, Takashi" journalOrPublisher="Marine Mollusks in Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" refId="B8322415" refString="Okutani, Takashi, 2017. . Marine Mollusks in Japan 2" volume="2" year="2017">Okutani 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EB2504735CFA6903158ABB22088C92D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="7074754C624A2C1E549A12242F23C62E" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">Remarks</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA5B99F9599628F8CBF0E06063D6611F" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">
<bibRefCitation id="90FC5A6F38E7D629220CA6174E255989" author="Iwasaki, Keiji" journalOrPublisher="Japanese journal of benthology" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="22 - 44" refId="B9610674" refString="Iwasaki, Keiji, Kimura, Taeko, Kinoshita, Kyoko, Yamaguchi, Toshiyuki, Nishikawa, Teruaki, Nishi, Eijiroh, Yamanishi, Ryohei, Hayshi, Ikuo, Okoshi, Kenji, Kosuge, Takeharu, Suzuki, Takao, Henmi, Yasuhisa, Furota, Toshio, Mukai, Hiroshi, 2004. Human-mediated Introduction and Dispersal of Marine Organisms in Japan: Results of a Questionnaire Survey by the Committee for the Preservation of the Natural Environment, the Japanese Association of Benthology. Japanese journal of benthology 59: 22 - 44" title="Human-mediated Introduction and Dispersal of Marine Organisms in Japan: Results of a Questionnaire Survey by the Committee for the Preservation of the Natural Environment, the Japanese Association of Benthology" volume="59" year="2004">Iwasaki et al. (2004)</bibRefCitation>
documented damage related to the presence of
<emphasis id="77D08F319A4A5988D70FD00C8C057818" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">N. sinarum</emphasis>
, including predation on fish (e.g. gobies) captured in fishing nets, in Japan's Saga and Kumamoto Prefectures. The species is believed to have been introduced to Japan through the importation of edible shellfish from China. Currently classified as an alien species in Japan,
<emphasis id="AC0D4595D75A0EE85DF2ED85C00C545B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661">N. sinarum</emphasis>
's status as a harmful invasive species is still under evaluation by Japan's IAS (
<bibRefCitation id="11CF5700F7082250A48B767F52D2E453" author="Mito, Toshikazu" journalOrPublisher="Global Environmental Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="99661" pagination="171 - 191" refId="B8322382" refString="Mito, Toshikazu, Uesugi, Tetsuro, 2004. Invasive Alien Species in Japan : The status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research 8 (August): 171 - 191" title="Invasive Alien Species in Japan: The status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects" volume="8" year="2004">Mito and Uesugi 2004</bibRefCitation>
). Nevertheless, purported negative impacts on the fishing industry suggest that this species warrants attention and monitoring.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>