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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.1.e1005" ID-PMC="PMC3964706" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828--1005" ID-PubMed="24723750" ID-ZBK="318A4D11CEF24EC2A8D2319B0B858171" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1314-2828--e1005" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal " ModsDocTitle="New species of Lathrolestes Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Côte d’Ivoire" checkinTime="1553126859395" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Reshchikov, Alexey" docDate="2013" docId="1E7E4F3389EA3E3E1C65D86BB07D04A3" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 1: e1005" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 1" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.1.e1005" docTitle="Lathrolestes ivoriensis Reshchikov, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="B7B1AEA3-2DDD-48DE-B9AF-71384AFCFE5A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="1005" masterDocId="FF98FFD6FFD4FFBAFFB3CA506020EF00" masterDocTitle="New species of Lathrolestes Foerster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Cote d'Ivoire" masterLastPageNumber="1005" masterPageNumber="1005" pageNumber="1005" updateTime="1668122174712" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>New species of Lathrolestes Foerster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Cote d'Ivoire</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:namePart>Reshchikov, Alexey</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1005</mods:start>
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B7B1AEA3-2DDD-48DE-B9AF-71384AFCFE5A" authority="Reshchikov" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Lathrolestes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lathrolestes ivoriensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1005" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ivoriensis">Lathrolestes ivoriensis Reshchikov</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">Materials</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1962-12" collectionCode="RMCA" collectorName="J. Decelle" country="Cote d'Ivoire" latitude="6.8677197" location="Cote d'Ivoire" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-3.7636027" pageId="0" pageNumber="1005" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="Holotype">
Type status:
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">Holotype</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: recordedBy:
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">J. Decelle</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">1</specimenCount>
; sex:
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">female</specimenType>
; Location: country:
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Côte">Cote</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Ivoire">d'Ivoire</normalizedToken>
</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince: Abengourou; verbatimLocality: Amangouakro; verbatimLatitude:
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.8677197">6°52'3.79&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
; verbatimLongitude:
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-3.7636027">3°45'48.97&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="1005" value="1962-12">xii.1962</collectingDate>
; Record Level: institutionCode:
<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">RMCA</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1005" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">Body length 10 mm (Fig. 1a). Antenna with 35 flagellomeres. Scape 1.54 times as long as wide (Fig. 1b). Head narrowed behind eyes (Fig. 2b), matt, sparsely and shallowly punctate on granulated surface. Maximum length of temple 0.63X transverse eye diameter; minimum length of temple 0.53X transverse eye diameter. Width of face 1.18X height of eye (Fig. 1b), in dorsolateral profile very slightly convex, with bulge, sparsely (more densely in the middle) and shallowly punctate on granulated surface; frons the same; interspace between hind half of lateral ocellus and eye and vertex matt, with shallow sparse punctures, 3.36X of transverse ocellus diameter (Fig. 2b). Clypeus not separated from face, sparsely punctate, very slightly projecting anteriorly (Fig. 1b); apical margin of clypeus obtuse. Tentorial pit large and elongate. Malar space 0.76X basal mandible width, its margin banded by rugosity starting from tentorial pit. Lower mandible tooth longer than upper. Occipital carina medially complete, reaching hypostomal carina at base of mandible.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">Mesosoma matt. Notauli vestigial (Fig. 2b). Mesopleuron matt, granulated, with weak sparse punctures. Tarsus with apical article not enlarged (Fig. 2a). Claws pectinate till its half with not high teeth (Fig. 2a). Wings infuscate (Fig. 1a). Fore wing with areolet petiolate. Rs intercepting pterostigma before its middle. 2m-cu straight, with single bulla. Hind wing with cu-a intercepted below middle. Metapleurum granulated. Propodeum matt, impunctate, basal transverse carina and costula absent, area superomedia elongate (Fig. 2d). Body with fine moderately dense setae.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">Metasoma matt, evenly covered with moderately short dense setae, shallowly punctate. First metasomal tergite 2.6X as long as apically wide; without shallow median longitudinal impression; bordered by lateral longitudinal carinae and dorsal longitudinal carinae (rather good defined in middle (Fig. 2e). Second metasomal tergite slightly elongate (Fig. 2f). Ovipositor straight, stout dorsally, without notch (Fig. 2c), as long as metasomal height.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">Coloration (Figs 1, 2). Face, basal part of clypeus, malar space, basal part of mandible, temples around eye yellow. Apical part of clypeus, mandible, frons, vertex and outer part of temple black. Antenna, palps,mostly pronotum, notum (excluding horseshoe spot in its hind part), tegula, veins and pterostigma, coxae, trochanters, tarsi, hind legs entirely, hind part of 1st and 2nd metasomal tergites and entirely further tergites, ovipositor sheath dark brown. Lower part of pronotum, horseshoe spot in hind part of notum, scutellum, postscutellum, propodeum, mesopleurum, femur and tibia of fore and middle legs, 1st and 2nd (excluding their hind parts) reddish.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1005" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">Diagnosis</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">
This species differs from other species of the genus by the combination of the following character states: head narrowed behind eyes, clypeus not separated from face, margin of malar space banded by rugosity starting from tentorial pit, wings infuscate, claws pectinate till its half with not high teeth (Fig. 2a), basal transverse carina and costula absent, area superomedia elongate (Fig. 2d), ovipositor straight, stout dorsally, without notch (Fig. 2c), as long as metasomal height. This species morphologically closely related to
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Lathrolestes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lathrolestes jennyae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1005" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jennyae">Lathrolestes jennyae</taxonomicName>
Gauld, 1997,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Lathrolestes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lathrolestes xochiquetzalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1005" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xochiquetzalis">Lathrolestes xochiquetzalis</taxonomicName>
Reshchikov, 2011 and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Lathrolestes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lathrolestes kukulcanis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1005" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kukulcanis">Lathrolestes kukulcanis</taxonomicName>
Reshchikov, 2011 (all from Central America) with which it shares similar coloration of clypeus (yellow and black in apical part) and well defined dorsal longitudinal carinae of 1st metasomal tergite. The new species clearly differs from Mexican species by the longer first metasomal tergite (2.6X as long as apically wide versus shorter than 1.6-1.9 X as long in the Mexican species), absence of basal transverse carina of the propodeum and costula (Fig. 2d), ovipositor as long as metasomal height, straight, stout dorsally, without notch (Fig. 2c) and unique coloration (Figs 1, 2) (see description). From the single known Afrotropical species,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Lathrolestes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lathrolestes ruwenzoricus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1005" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruwenzoricus">Lathrolestes ruwenzoricus</taxonomicName>
(Benoit, 1955) the new species is distinguished on the basis of colour (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Lathrolestes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lathrolestes ruwenzoricus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1005" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruwenzoricus">Lathrolestes ruwenzoricus</taxonomicName>
is entirely black except for reddish fore legs).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1005" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">Etymology</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">The species epithet refers to the name of the country where it was collected.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1005" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1005">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Côte">Cote</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Ivoire">d'Ivoire</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<bibCitation author="Linnaeus" pagination="134" title="Panicum vulpinum" volumeTitle="Amoenitates Academicae 4" year="1759">
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1759" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulpinum">
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Linnaeus
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,
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<typeStatus>Lectotype</typeStatus>
(Merrill,
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="722">Interpret. Rumph. Herb. Amb.</emphasis>
: 91. 1917): [icon] &quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="722">
<taxonomicName authority="W.Young" authorityName="W.Young" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Gramen" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gramen</taxonomicName>
caricosum
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&quot; in Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. 6: 17, t. 7, f. 2 B. 1750. -
<typeStatus>Epitype</typeStatus>
(Veldkamp in Cafferty &amp; al. in
<emphasis italics="true" pageNumber="722">Taxon</emphasis>
49: 253. 2000): Indonesia. Amboina,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jul–Nov">Jul-Nov</normalizedToken>
1913, Robinson, Pl. Rumphianae Amboinensis No. 41 (L;
<typeStatus>iso-</typeStatus>
BM).
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<paragraph pageNumber="722">
Current name:
<taxonomicName authority="(Poir.)" authorityName="Kerguélen" authorityYear="1987" baseAuthorityName="Poir." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parviflora">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageNumber="722">Setaria parviflora</emphasis>
(Poir.)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kerguélen">Kerguelen</normalizedToken>
(
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
).
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<paragraph id="96683E023141923AFF18FB7A09EE99C5" blockId="0.[151,658,1240,1298]" box="[151,658,1240,1264]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">
<heading id="CD20896E3141923AFF18FB7A09EE99C5" bold="true" box="[151,658,1240,1264]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="54" reason="2">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103141923AFF18FB7A09EE99C5" bold="true" box="[151,658,1240,1264]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="51D745813141923AFF18FB7A094A99C5" authority="Kallies &amp; Arita" authorityName="Kallies &amp; Arita" box="[151,566,1240,1264]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Phycodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interstincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103141923AFF18FB7A0AFD99C5" bold="true" box="[151,385,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">Phycodes interstincta</emphasis>
Kallies &amp; Arita
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF905F6B3141923AFDB2FB7A09EE99C5" box="[573,658,1240,1264]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96683E023141923AFF18FB590A799827" blockId="0.[151,658,1240,1298]" box="[151,261,1275,1298]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">
(
<figureCitation id="0EEC22873141923AFF11FB590B819827" box="[158,253,1275,1298]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[212,1436,934,1647]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,890,1671]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Phycodes species. Figs 1 – 2. Phycodes interstincta sp. nov. 1. Female, holotype, alar expanse 23.5 mm. 2. Female genitalia, a. pouch-like structure of the ovipositor, b. ostium plate. 3. Phycodes maculata, male, India, Sikkim (BMNH)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277025/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">Figs 1, 2</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DECD6D893141923AFF18FAE2083098A9" pageId="0" pageNumber="54" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="96683E023141923AFF18FAE2083098A9" blockId="0.[151,1437,1344,2026]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">
<typeStatus id="496C80A03141923AFF18FAE20B829862" box="[151,254,1344,1367]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="80D1F58B3141923AFE84FAE20A129862" box="[267,366,1344,1367]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="EEC07E923141923AFEF4FAE20AC19862" box="[379,445,1344,1367]" name="China" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">China</collectingCountry>
, Guangdong, Guangzhou, Mt. Huolushan,
<date id="E26918C23141923AFC18FAE20F5E9862" box="[919,1058,1344,1367]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54" value="2008-07-08">8. VII. 2008</date>
, leg. Chen Liusheng; deposited in Department of Entomology, South
<collectingCountry id="EEC07E923141923AFD82FAC10931984F" box="[525,589,1379,1402]" name="China" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">China</collectingCountry>
Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong,
<collectingCountry id="EEC07E923141923AFBE4FAC10FD2984F" box="[1131,1198,1379,1402]" name="China" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">China</collectingCountry>
.
<typeStatus id="496C80A03141923AFB37FAC10E58984F" box="[1208,1316,1379,1402]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCount id="80D1F58B3141923AFAA1FAC10EE4984F" box="[1326,1432,1379,1402]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
, same data; deposited in National Science Museum Tokyo,
<collectingCountry id="EEC07E923141923AFC87FA27083498A9" box="[776,840,1413,1436]" name="Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">Japan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DECD6D893141923AFF48FA0A0A009ADF" pageId="0" pageNumber="54" type="description">
<paragraph id="96683E023141923AFF48FA0A0E5C9A2F" blockId="0.[151,1437,1344,2026]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103141923AFF48FA0A0A2E98F5" bold="true" box="[199,338,1448,1472]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">Description.</emphasis>
Female (
<figureCitation id="0EEC22873141923AFE33FA0A0A82988A" box="[444,510,1448,1471]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[212,1436,934,1647]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,890,1671]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Phycodes species. Figs 1 – 2. Phycodes interstincta sp. nov. 1. Female, holotype, alar expanse 23.5 mm. 2. Female genitalia, a. pouch-like structure of the ovipositor, b. ostium plate. 3. Phycodes maculata, male, India, Sikkim (BMNH)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277025/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
,
<typeStatus id="496C80A03141923AFD80FA0A090D988A" box="[527,625,1448,1471]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
). Alar expanse 23.5 mm, forewing length 11.3 mm, body length
<quantity id="512F93E73141923AFAC7FA0A0EE5988A" box="[1352,1433,1448,1471]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="0" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
. Head: black; antenna simple, black, entirely covered with rough black scales; frons and vertex black; pericephalic scales black with individual yellow scales dorsally, white laterally; labial palps bright white, terminal segment black. Thorax: black; patagia black dorsally, bright white laterally; legs black, coxae white; femurs white along posterior margins; hindtibia between tibial spurs ventrally white. Forewing black; with a well-developed deep orange fascia near base, a distinct elongated spot at both costa and posterior edge medially, and three irregular spots of the same color apically; fringe black; underside very similar to upper side but somewhat lighter and with orange markings bigger. Hindwing uniformly blackish brown; fringe yellow, black towards the apex and the anal margin; underside with yellow streaks near base, a yellow patch in the cell and a short and narrow yellow band along anterior margin towards apex. Abdomen: black; sternites 1+2 bright white, sternite 3 dirty white, sternite 4 with narrow white posterior margin, sternite 5 dirty white with a black patch near posterior margin, sternite 6 white in the middle; anal tuft laterally bright white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96683E023141923AFF48F88709389AF2" blockId="0.[151,1437,1344,2026]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">
Female Genitalia (
<figureCitation id="0EEC22873141923AFE19F8870AA09A09" box="[406,476,1829,1852]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[212,1436,934,1647]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,890,1671]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Phycodes species. Figs 1 – 2. Phycodes interstincta sp. nov. 1. Female, holotype, alar expanse 23.5 mm. 2. Female genitalia, a. pouch-like structure of the ovipositor, b. ostium plate. 3. Phycodes maculata, male, India, Sikkim (BMNH)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277025/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
): Ovipositor relatively short, with a weakly developed triangular pouch-like structure posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="0EEC22873141923AFE90F8EA0A1A9A6A" box="[287,358,1864,1887]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[212,1436,934,1647]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,890,1671]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Phycodes species. Figs 1 – 2. Phycodes interstincta sp. nov. 1. Female, holotype, alar expanse 23.5 mm. 2. Female genitalia, a. pouch-like structure of the ovipositor, b. ostium plate. 3. Phycodes maculata, male, India, Sikkim (BMNH)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277025/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
a); papillae anales well developed; apophyses anteriores relatively short, about half as long as apophyses posteriores; ostium large, membranous, with a narrow sclerotized plate posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="0EEC22873141923AFB2CF8C90F9A9AB7" box="[1187,1254,1899,1922]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[212,1436,934,1647]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,890,1671]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Phycodes species. Figs 1 – 2. Phycodes interstincta sp. nov. 1. Female, holotype, alar expanse 23.5 mm. 2. Female genitalia, a. pouch-like structure of the ovipositor, b. ostium plate. 3. Phycodes maculata, male, India, Sikkim (BMNH)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277025/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
b); tergite 8 well sclerotized; sternite 8 reduced to a narrow band; ductus bursae very long and narrow, with a well-sclerotized antrum; corpus bursae globular, without signum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96683E023141923AFF48F8710A009ADF" blockId="0.[151,1437,1344,2026]" box="[199,380,2003,2026]" pageId="0" pageNumber="54">Male. Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DECD6D893140923BFF48FF350F979F1A" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="96683E023140923BFF48FF350F979F1A" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,836]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFF48FF350A409D9A" bold="true" box="[199,316,151,175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Habitually,
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFE4EFF3A09D59D9A" box="[449,681,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Phycodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interstincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFE4EFF3A09D59D9A" box="[449,681,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Phycodes interstincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF905F6B3140923BFD3EFF3508749D9A" box="[689,776,151,175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" rank="species">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFD3EFF3508749D9A" bold="true" box="[689,776,151,175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is closest to
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFC16FF3A0F169D9A" box="[921,1130,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Phycodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFC16FF3A0F169D9A" box="[921,1130,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Phycodes maculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0EEC22873140923BFBF5FF3A0FC79D9A" box="[1146,1211,152,175]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="1.[151,269,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[212,1436,934,1647]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,890,1671]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Phycodes species. Figs 1 – 2. Phycodes interstincta sp. nov. 1. Female, holotype, alar expanse 23.5 mm. 2. Female genitalia, a. pouch-like structure of the ovipositor, b. ostium plate. 3. Phycodes maculata, male, India, Sikkim (BMNH)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/277025/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) and to an unnamed species from Sumatra (
<bibRefCitation id="F24643F33140923BFE13FF1809539DE4" author="Kallies" box="[412,559,186,209]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" refString="Kallies, A. (2000) The Brachodidae of Sumatra (Lepidoptera, Sesioidea). Heterocera Sumatrana, 12 (2), 97 - 107." type="journal article" year="2000">Kallies 2000</bibRefCitation>
). From both of these species it can be easily separated by the entirely black hindwings (with yellow maculation in both species compared); the presence of a distinct orange fascia and five orange spots on the forewing (without any distinct fascia but with numerous smaller yellow spots in both species compared) and the absence of transverse streaks in the forewing termen (present in
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFC16FE800F579C0C" box="[921,1067,290,313]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Phycodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFC16FE800F579C0C" box="[921,1067,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Ph. maculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The morphology of the female genitalia of the new species, in particular the well-sclerotized 8th sternite, the short ovipositor with its pouch-like structure and the long ductus bursae, is unusual among its congeners and differs from all other species of
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFA96FEC80E039CB4" box="[1305,1407,362,385]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Phycodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFA96FEC80E039CB4" box="[1305,1407,362,385]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Phycodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in which the female is known. The female genitalia of neither
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFCA4FE2F08C09C91" box="[811,956,397,420]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Phycodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculata">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFCA4FE2F08C09C91" box="[811,956,397,420]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Ph. maculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nor the unnamed species from Sumatra are known. The male of
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFEFBFE1209649CF2" box="[372,536,432,455]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Phycodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interstincta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFEFBFE1209649CF2" box="[372,536,432,455]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Ph. interstincta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BF905F6B3140923BFD90FE0D09099CF2" box="[543,629,431,455]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" rank="species">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFD90FE0D09099CF2" bold="true" box="[543,629,431,455]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is unknown; however, we speculate that it has a similar general appearance to the female as distinct sexual dimorphism is absent in other species of
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFC59FE700F409CDC" box="[982,1084,466,489]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Phycodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFC59FE700F409CDC" box="[982,1084,466,489]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Phycodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Males of
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFB33FE700E479CDC" box="[1212,1339,466,489]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">P. m a c u l a t a</emphasis>
and the undescribed Sumatran species are unusual in the genus
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFD6AFE5708379F39" box="[741,843,501,524]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Phycodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFD6AFE5708379F39" box="[741,843,501,524]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Phycodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to their laterally flattened, flagellum-like antennae. Additional material from all three species discussed here is required to confirm their generic placement.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DECD6D893140923BFF48FD9808CA9E71" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="96683E023140923BFF48FD9808CA9E71" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,836]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFF48FD980A3A9F67" bold="true" box="[199,326,570,594]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Discussion.</emphasis>
The genus
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFE4EFD98095B9F64" box="[449,551,570,593]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Phycodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFE4EFD98095B9F64" box="[449,551,570,593]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Phycodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was characterized in detail by
<bibRefCitation id="F24643F33140923BFCFDFD980F519F64" author="Diakonoff" box="[882,1069,570,593]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" refString="Diakonoff, A. N. (1986) Glyphipterigidae auctorum sensu lato. (Glyphipterigidae sensu Meyrick, 1913). In: Amsel, H. G. et al. (Eds.), Microlepidoptera Palaearctica 7. Braun, Karlsruhe, 436 pp., 175 pls." type="book" year="1986">Diakonoff (1986)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="F24643F33140923BFBEEFD980F819F64" author="Kallies" box="[1121,1277,570,593]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" refString="Kallies, A. (1998) A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Oriental and Australian Brachodidae (Lepidoptera, Sesioidea). Tinea, 15 (4), 312 - 337." type="journal article" year="1998">Kallies (1998)</bibRefCitation>
. Together with
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFF18FDFF0AF59F41" authority="Walker, 1863" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,393,605,628]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Nigilgia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFF18FDFF0B929F41" box="[151,238,605,628]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Nigilgia</emphasis>
Walker, 1863
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFE18FDFF09C09F41" authority="Kallies, 1998" authorityName="Kallies" authorityYear="1998" box="[407,700,605,628]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Paranigilgia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFE18FDFF09639F41" box="[407,543,605,628]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Paranigilgia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F24643F33140923BFDA6FDFF09C09F41" author="Kallies" box="[553,700,605,628]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" refString="Kallies, A. (1998) A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Oriental and Australian Brachodidae (Lepidoptera, Sesioidea). Tinea, 15 (4), 312 - 337." type="journal article" year="1998">Kallies, 1998</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFD46FDFF0F799F41" authority="Kallies, 2004" authorityName="Kallies" authorityYear="2004" box="[713,1029,605,628]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Phycodopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFD46FDFF08159F41" box="[713,873,605,628]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Phycodopteryx</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F24643F33140923BFCFDFDFF0F799F41" author="Kallies" box="[882,1029,605,628]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" refString="Kallies, A. (2004) The Brachodidae of the Oriental region and adjacent territories (Lepidoptera: Sesioidea). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 147, 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2004">Kallies, 2004</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFBCDFDFF0EF89F41" authority="Meyrick, 1920" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1920" box="[1090,1412,605,628]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Hoplophractis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFBCDFDFF0FA09F41" box="[1090,1244,605,628]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Hoplophractis</emphasis>
Meyrick, 1920
</taxonomicName>
it belongs to the subfamily Phycodinae, currently considered a subfamily of
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFC3DFD220F409FA2" box="[946,1084,640,663]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brachodidae</taxonomicName>
. This association was introduced by
<bibRefCitation id="F24643F33140923BFF35FD000A3B9F8C" author="Rebel" box="[186,327,674,697]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" refString="Rebel, H. (1907) Zoologische Ergebnisse der Expedition der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Sudarabien und Sokotra im Jahre 1898 / 99. Denkschriften der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 71 (2), 31 - 129." type="journal article" year="1907">Rebel (1907)</bibRefCitation>
and later followed by
<bibRefCitation id="F24643F33140923BFDB1FD0009959F8C" author="Heppner" box="[574,745,674,697]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" refString="Heppner, J. B. (1981) Brachodidae. In: Heppner, J. B. &amp; Duckworth, W. D. Classification of the Superfamily Sesioidea (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 314, 1 - 144." type="journal article" year="1981">Heppner (1981)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="F24643F33140923BFC90FD0008A39F8C" author="Diakonoff" box="[799,991,674,697]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" refString="Diakonoff, A. N. (1986) Glyphipterigidae auctorum sensu lato. (Glyphipterigidae sensu Meyrick, 1913). In: Amsel, H. G. et al. (Eds.), Microlepidoptera Palaearctica 7. Braun, Karlsruhe, 436 pp., 175 pls." type="book" year="1986">Diakonoff (1986)</bibRefCitation>
. Even though some characters have been discussed that support such a placement (
<bibRefCitation id="F24643F33140923BFDD4FD6709849FE9" author="Heppner" box="[603,760,709,732]" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" refString="Heppner, J. B. (1981) Brachodidae. In: Heppner, J. B. &amp; Duckworth, W. D. Classification of the Superfamily Sesioidea (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 314, 1 - 144." type="journal article" year="1981">Heppner 1981</bibRefCitation>
) no convincing synapomorphy has been described that would conclusively confirm a close relationship of Brachodinae and Phycodinae genera. A recent molecular study (
<bibRefCitation id="F24643F33140923BFAAEFD4A0B8F9E14" author="Mutanen" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" refString="Mutanen, M., Wahlberg, N. &amp; Kaila, L. (2010) Comprehensive gene and taxon coverage elucidates radiation patterns in moths and butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences, 277 (1695), 2839 - 2848." type="journal article" year="2010">
Mutanen
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFA06FD4A0BCF9E14" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
) included only a single genus of Brachodinae,
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFD70FCA80F689E14" authority="Turner, 1913" authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1913" box="[767,1044,778,801]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Synechodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFD70FCA808079E14" box="[767,891,778,801]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Synechodes</emphasis>
Turner, 1913
</taxonomicName>
, while Phycodinae genera were not considered. Thus, the systematic position of
<taxonomicName id="51D745813140923BFDFDFC8F09A49E71" box="[626,728,813,836]" class="Insecta" family="Brachodidae" genus="Phycodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A4A3E2103140923BFDFDFC8F09A49E71" box="[626,728,813,836]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="55">Phycodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains unresolved.
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<paragraph id="072767D4DE48386450D496C168FB866E" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Taxon classification Animalia Stylommatophora Plectopylidae</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5388FE7E8C56EB0543F020FA95FA79F6" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="EDE035873F243573994E0DECBAD85291" ID-CoL="3HK49" authority="Moellendorff, 1901" authorityName="Moellendorff" authorityYear="1901" class="Gastropoda" family="Plectopylidae" genus="Gudeodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gudeodiscus (Veludiscus) emigrans" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="emigrans" subGenus="Veludiscus">
Gudeodiscus (Veludiscus) emigrans (
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, 1901)
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<paragraph id="E20350DA4A5DB4B0FFC7949DD53DF995" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9AAB08E9C18D091A6E20A2BB1C730451" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
A medium-sized to large species with dense, fine riblets; shell flat, callus always, apertural fold usually present. Parietal wall with C-shaped posterior lamella; anterior lamella (if present) slightly S-shaped; if anterior lamella is missing; one lower plica or four parallel plicae are visible in front of the lamella; palatal wall with almost straight, slightly oblique, depressed Z-shaped or Y-shaped plicae (Figures 13
<normalizedToken id="4CA9720FF20E9D284FD59E6564390899" originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
).
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<paragraph id="7F9D0E6AFD4AC364C94AD8FBB04C6288" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="188B91F4D6803B56ED7AF0138B24CE95" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="5B9D1BA5251FD600656B9D849BBCBA5D" class="Gastropoda" family="Plectopylidae" genus="Gudeodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gudeodiscus phlyarius" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="phlyarius">Gudeodiscus phlyarius</taxonomicName>
has stronger apertural fold, a straight anterior parietal lamella (in the Chinese populations assigned to
<taxonomicName id="08ACB0AFB62EA821E729DE612F2EEAD0" class="Gastropoda" family="Plectopylidae" genus="Gudeodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gudeodiscus phlyarius" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="phlyarius" subSpecies="werneri">Gudeodiscus phlyarius werneri</taxonomicName>
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, 2013 = synonym of
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, sometimes dissolved into small denticles) and usually a somewhat elevated spire.
<taxonomicName id="991597CC2077C947C786C38B8966EAF1" class="Gastropoda" family="Plectopylidae" genus="Gudeodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gudeodiscus messageri" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="messageri">Gudeodiscus messageri</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="A1637D34AD27106D0B39EB19AB23CB79" class="Gastropoda" family="Plectopylidae" genus="Gudeodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gudeodiscus hemmeni" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hemmeni">Gudeodiscus hemmeni</taxonomicName>
sp. n. and
<taxonomicName id="B2E86239C4664B55B0306A0EB2B022BC" class="Gastropoda" family="Plectopylidae" genus="Gudeodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gudeodiscus anceyi" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="anceyi">Gudeodiscus anceyi</taxonomicName>
have two parietal lamellae or several small denticles standing in a line at the position of the first lamella.
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<paragraph id="75879F995905DFDC67FEA387297686F5" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">General distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4A1C7242CA2164CB3FFC40BF378FCA6A" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
The three subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="10254DCB52CB20AFD4417964CDE01F27" class="Gastropoda" family="Plectopylidae" genus="Gudeodiscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gudeodiscus emigrans" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="emigrans">Gudeodiscus emigrans</taxonomicName>
are known from northern Vietnam and northern Guangxi.
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