diff --git a/data/01/92/33/019233DB753C51B5AAF4DF771A1C30B4.xml b/data/01/92/33/019233DB753C51B5AAF4DF771A1C30B4.xml index ec9e852c9f8..262082b46b3 100644 --- a/data/01/92/33/019233DB753C51B5AAF4DF771A1C30B4.xml +++ b/data/01/92/33/019233DB753C51B5AAF4DF771A1C30B4.xml @@ -1,85 +1,87 @@ - - - -Thyridium lauri sp. nov. (Thyridiaceae, Thyridiales): a new pathogenic fungal species of bay laurel from Italy + + + +Thyridium lauri sp. nov. (Thyridiaceae, Thyridiales): a new pathogenic fungal species of bay laurel from Italy - - -Author + + +Author -Leonardi, Giuseppa Rosaria -0000-0002-4676-5100 -Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy +Leonardi, Giuseppa Rosaria +0000-0002-4676-5100 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy - - -Author + + +Author -Aiello, Dalia -0000-0002-6018-6850 -Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy +Aiello, Dalia +0000-0002-6018-6850 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy - - -Author + + +Author -Di Pietro, Chiara -https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5746-8389 -Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy +Di Pietro, Chiara +https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5746-8389 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy - - -Author + + +Author -Gugliuzzo, Antonio -0000-0002-4118-2280 -Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy +Gugliuzzo, Antonio +0000-0002-4118-2280 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy - - -Author + + +Author -Tropea Garzia, Giovanna -0000-0002-2161-7021 -Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy +Tropea Garzia, Giovanna +0000-0002-2161-7021 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy - - -Author + + +Author -Polizzi, Giancarlo -0000-0001-8630-2760 -Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy +Polizzi, Giancarlo +0000-0001-8630-2760 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy - - -Author + + +Author -Voglmayr, Hermann -0000-0001-7666-993X -Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria +Voglmayr, Hermann +0000-0001-7666-993X +Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria -text - - -MycoKeys +text + + +MycoKeys - -2024 - -2024-11-15 + +2024 + +2024-11-15 - -110 + +110 - -211 -236 + +211 +236 -journal article -10.3897/mycokeys.110.129228 +journal article +305204 +10.3897/mycokeys.110.129228 +4e763d2f-b93b-4fce-9226-d3a06e945990 @@ -112,40 +114,43 @@ Referring to its host, - -Type -. - +Type. - + Italy • Sicily , Catania province -, plant nursery located in -Mascali +, +plant nursery located in Mascali , -37 ° 44.85 ' N +37°44.85'N , -15 ° 12.25 ' E +15°12.25'E -, isolated from diseased corticated twigs of +, + +isolated from diseased corticated twigs of Laurus nobilis + , 23 June 2021 , -G -. Polizzi ( +G. Polizzi +( holotype + WU-MYC -0052725 dried culture; ex-holotype culture +0052725 + +dried culture; ex-holotype culture ALF 11 = @@ -163,9 +168,7 @@ Referring to its host, On - -PDA - +PDA reaching 54–56 mm diameter after 21 days, first pale creamy to yellowish, cottony in the centre, with dense whitish aerial mycelium after 14 days, after 1 month colonies ochraceous to umber brown in the centre, with distinct concentric lighter and darker zones, aerial mycelium white or grayish in the centre, sparse or lacking towards the margins, forming dry effused patches of branched aerial conidiophores interspersed with spot-like to effused patches of densely branched conidiophores immersed in white to cream slimy conidial masses; reverse dark umber brown in the centre, with lighter and darker brown concentric zones towards the margins. On @@ -176,24 +179,14 @@ diameter after 21 days, colonies first whitish, from the centre becoming greenis three types , all of (sub) hyaline, thin-walled cells: (1) on tufts of aerial, several times loosely branched conidiophores, with straight elongate hyphal conidiophore cells and cylindrical to narrowly-ampulliform terminal or lateral conidiogenous cells (phialides) of variable length up to 50 µm long, producing conidia terminally; (2) on densely branched, interwoven-aggregated conidiophores, with knobby to sinuous conidiophore cells and terminal or lateral conidiogenous cells (polyphialides) of variable, irregular flexuous-knobby shape, 4–18 × 1.2–3.6 µm (n = 155), forming conidia terminally and / or laterally; and (3) on straight to bent adelophialides formed singly on hyphae at more or less right angles, 1–13 × 0.7–1.8 μm (n = 56), with a tiny pericline apical thickening, but without visible collarettes. Conidia hyaline to subhyaline, thin-walled, of two types -: (1) subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, uni- to irregularly multiguttulate, commonly aggregated in spot-like to effuse slimy masses, produced on the branched conidiophore -type -(2), (2.2 –) 3.0–3.8 (– 4.8) × (2.0 –) 2.3–3.0 (– 3.7) μm, l / w = (1.0 –) 1.2–1.5 (– 1.9) (n = 211); (2) elongate, ellipsoid to allantoid, mostly biguttulate with a guttule near each end, mainly borne from adelophialides but also on conidiophore -type -(1), (2.3 –) 3.0–4.0 (– 4.9) × (1 –) 1.3–2.0 (– 2.8) μm, l / w = (1.2 –) 1.8–2.8 (– 4.0) (n = 169). Subglobose to broadly ellipsoid conidia mainly produced in masses on - -PDA - +: (1) subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, uni- to irregularly multiguttulate, commonly aggregated in spot-like to effuse slimy masses, produced on the branched conidiophore type (2), (2.2 –) 3.0–3.8 (– 4.8) × (2.0 –) 2.3–3.0 (– 3.7) μm, l / w = (1.0 –) 1.2–1.5 (– 1.9) (n = 211); (2) elongate, ellipsoid to allantoid, mostly biguttulate with a guttule near each end, mainly borne from adelophialides but also on conidiophore type (1), (2.3 –) 3.0–4.0 (– 4.9) × (1 –) 1.3–2.0 (– 2.8) μm, l / w = (1.2 –) 1.8–2.8 (– 4.0) (n = 169). Subglobose to broadly ellipsoid conidia mainly produced in masses on +PDA in older parts of the colony; elongate to allantoid conidia commonly observed on CMD , more rarely on - -PDA - +PDA , produced within 3–4 days mainly in the actively growing younger parts of the colony. On inoculation plugs of - -PDA - +PDA cultures placed on CMD yeast-like cells observed 3 to 4 days after inoculation, developing by budding at one or two ends from swollen subglobose conidia. Sexual morph unknown. @@ -306,33 +299,39 @@ subglobose conidia from conidiophore type 2 ( Additional specimens examined. - + Italy • Sicily , Catania province -, plant nursery located in -Giarre +, +plant nursery located in Giarre , -37 ° 41.81 ' N +37°41.81'N , -15 ° 11.52 ' E +15°11.52'E -, isolated from twig necrosis of +, + +isolated from twig necrosis of Laurus nobilis + , 10 June 2021 , -G -. Polizzi ( +G. Polizzi +( + WU-MYC -0052726, dried culture +0052726 + +, dried culture ALF 2 ; @@ -342,29 +341,35 @@ subglobose conidia from conidiophore type 2 ( ) ; • - + Catania province -, plant nursery located in -Giarre +, +plant nursery located in Giarre , -37 ° 41.81 ' N +37°41.81'N , -15 ° 11.52 ' E +15°11.52'E -, isolated from twig necrosis of +, + +isolated from twig necrosis of Laurus nobilis + , 10 June 2021 , -G -. Polizzi ( +G. Polizzi +( + WU-MYC -0052727, dried culture +0052727 + +, dried culture ALF 6 ; diff --git a/data/6B/B7/9D/6BB79D7BCB54519EA46198D975B78B98.xml b/data/6B/B7/9D/6BB79D7BCB54519EA46198D975B78B98.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..36e86b40f46 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/6B/B7/9D/6BB79D7BCB54519EA46198D975B78B98.xml @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ + + + +Thyridium lauri sp. nov. (Thyridiaceae, Thyridiales): a new pathogenic fungal species of bay laurel from Italy + + + +Author + +Leonardi, Giuseppa Rosaria +0000-0002-4676-5100 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy + + + +Author + +Aiello, Dalia +0000-0002-6018-6850 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy + + + +Author + +Di Pietro, Chiara +https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5746-8389 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy + + + +Author + +Gugliuzzo, Antonio +0000-0002-4118-2280 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy + + + +Author + +Tropea Garzia, Giovanna +0000-0002-2161-7021 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy + + + +Author + +Polizzi, Giancarlo +0000-0001-8630-2760 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy + + + +Author + +Voglmayr, Hermann +0000-0001-7666-993X +Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria + +text + + +MycoKeys + + +2024 + +2024-11-15 + + +110 + + +211 +236 + + + +journal article +305204 +10.3897/mycokeys.110.129228 +4e763d2f-b93b-4fce-9226-d3a06e945990 + + + + + +Thyridium xishuangbannaense +(Karun., Tibpromma & X. F. Liu) Voglmayr + +comb. nov. + + + + + + + +Phialemoniopsis xishuangbannaensis +Karun., Tibpromma & X. F. Liu + +, in +Liu et al. (2023) + +. Basionym. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/B1/78/91/B17891688ED55318834639FAC2D46D3F.xml b/data/B1/78/91/B17891688ED55318834639FAC2D46D3F.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..3ee4187dbf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/B1/78/91/B17891688ED55318834639FAC2D46D3F.xml @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ + + + +Thyridium lauri sp. nov. (Thyridiaceae, Thyridiales): a new pathogenic fungal species of bay laurel from Italy + + + +Author + +Leonardi, Giuseppa Rosaria +0000-0002-4676-5100 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy + + + +Author + +Aiello, Dalia +0000-0002-6018-6850 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy + + + +Author + +Di Pietro, Chiara +https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5746-8389 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy + + + +Author + +Gugliuzzo, Antonio +0000-0002-4118-2280 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy + + + +Author + +Tropea Garzia, Giovanna +0000-0002-2161-7021 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy + + + +Author + +Polizzi, Giancarlo +0000-0001-8630-2760 +Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy + + + +Author + +Voglmayr, Hermann +0000-0001-7666-993X +Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria + +text + + +MycoKeys + + +2024 + +2024-11-15 + + +110 + + +211 +236 + + + +journal article +305204 +10.3897/mycokeys.110.129228 +4e763d2f-b93b-4fce-9226-d3a06e945990 + + + + + +Thyridium hipposidericola +(Karun., Tibpromma & X. F. Liu) Voglmayr + +comb. nov. + + + + + + + +Phialemoniopsis hipposidericola +Karun., Tibpromma & X. F. Liu + +, in +Liu et al. (2023) + +. Basionym. + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/C3/9A/66/C39A668E597E5A358BF2799B12B77496.xml b/data/C3/9A/66/C39A668E597E5A358BF2799B12B77496.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..392784d9c0e --- /dev/null +++ b/data/C3/9A/66/C39A668E597E5A358BF2799B12B77496.xml @@ -0,0 +1,513 @@ + + + +Two new species of Schizorhynchia (Kalyptorhynchia, Rhabdocoela, Platyhelminthes) from Japan + + + +Author + +Jimi, Naoto +0000-0001-8586-3320 +Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, 429 - 63 Sugashima, Toba, Mie, 517 - 0004, Japan & Centre for Marine & Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia + + + +Author + +Hookabe, Natsumi +0000-0002-3498-8614 +Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2 - 15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237 - 0061, Japan + + + +Author + +Imura, Satoshi +0000-0002-6803-6996 +National Institute of Polar Research, 10 - 3, Midoricho, Tachikawa 190 - 8518, Japan & Polar Science Program, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Tachikawa 190 - 8518, Japan + + + +Author + +Diez, Yander L. +0000-0001-8741-4799 +Museum of Nature Hamburg – Zoology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany & Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Universitaire Campus Gebouw D, B- 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium + +text + + +Zoosystematics and Evolution + + +2024 + +2024-11-15 + + +100 + + +4 + + +1585 +1598 + + + +journal article +10.3897/zse.100.125042 +5E91BC1B-10CD-4E10-8B3A-0300757562D9 + + + + + +Proschizorhynchella quadricaudata + +sp. nov. + + + + +Figs 2 +, +3 +, +4 (New Japanese name: Yotsuo-kuchibashi-mushi +) + + + + +Video material. + + +Video of male copulatory organ of + +Proschizorynchella +quadricaudata + +( +https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25568148.v1 +). + + + + +Type material. + + + + +Holotype + +• ( + +NSMT + +- Pl 6475): adult, intertidal sands, Imaihama Beach, + +30 Nov. 2019 + +, collected by NJ and NH; • one reference specimen ( + +NSMT + +- Pl 6476): intertidal sands, Ishibu Beach, + +30 Oct. 2019 + +, collected by NJ and NH; • one reference specimen ( + +NSMT + +- Pl 6477): intertidal sands, Manazuru, + +29 Oct. 2019 + +, collected by NJ and NH; • one reference specimen ( + +NSMT + +- Pl 6478): intertidal sands, Yoichi, + +15 May 2019 + +, collected by NJ and NH; • additional specimen: intertidal sands, Mihama, + +29 Oct. 2019 + +, collected by NJ and NH; • additional specimen: intertidal sands, Imaihama Beach, + +30 Nov. 2019 + +, collected by NJ and NH, used for DNA extraction. + + + + + +Description. + + +Body +2.2 mm +long ( +1.7–2.3 mm +, n = 4), +0.4 mm +at its widest point ( +0.4–0.5 mm +, n = 4). Live specimens yellowish and translucent (Fig. +2 +). Two pairs of short bristles (Figs +3 A +, +4 A +: br) and two pairs of small globular papillae (Figs +3 A +, +4 A +: gp) at anterior end. Proboscis consisting of two elongated lips, 360 μm in length, 100 μm at the widest part (Figs +2 A, B +, +3 A – C +, +4 A +: pr); a row of glands with 27–37 apertures in the four studied specimens on inner side of proboscis lips (Fig. +3 A, B, C +: indicated by white arrow, Fig. +4 A +); gland apertures rectangular; glands measuring 14–16 μm long and 6–8 μm in width in the four studied specimens. Pair of black eyes situated posterior to the proboscis (Figs +2 +, +4 A +). Pharynx located at midbody, 160–240 μm in length and 200–260 μm in width in the four studied specimens (Figs +2 B +, +3 G +). + + + + + + + +Proschizorhynchella quadricaudata + +sp. nov. +, live specimen. +A. +Holotype ( +NSMT +- Pl 6475); +B. +Reference specimen ( +NSMT +- Pl 6478). +A. +Whole specimen, dorsal view, pharynx discharged; +B. +Whole specimen, latero-dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm ( +A +); 0.3 mm ( +B +). Abbreviations: b, bursa; c, male copulatory organ; ca, common atrium; g, glands; oss, orange spherical structure; mgd, male genital duct; ov, ovary; ph, pharynx; s, stylet; sv, seminal vesicle; t, testis; v, vitellarium. + + + + + + + + +Proschizorhynchella quadricaudata + +sp. nov. +, live specimen, ( +A – F +) reference specimen ( +NSMT +- Pl 6478), ( +G, H +) holotype ( +NSMT +- Pl 6475). +A. +Anterior end; +B. +Proboscis with glands row; +C. +DIC view of proboscis with glands row (indicated by arrow); +D. +Midbody area; adhesive papillae are indicated by dashed lines (indicated by arrow); +E. +Overview of reproductive organs; +F. +Copulatory organ and common atrium; +G. +Pharynx; +H. +Tail with four finger-like projections. Scale bars: 200 μm ( +A +); 100 μm ( +B +); 200 μm ( +C – E +); 100 μm ( +F – H +). Abbreviations: br, bristles; ca, common atrium; g, glands; gp, globular papillae; mc, muscles; mgd, male genital duct; ov, ovary; ph, pharynx; pv, prostate vesicle; s, stylet; sv, seminal vesicle; t, testis. + + + + + + + + +Proschizorhynchella quadricaudata + +sp. nov. +, drawing based on a reference specimen ( +NSMT +- Pl 6478). +A. +Whole body; +B. +Male copulatory organ with stylet. Scale bars: 300 μm ( +A +); 100 μm ( +B +). Abbreviations: b, bursa; c, cirrus; ca, common atrium; e, eye; g, glands; gb, globular papillae; mgd, male genital duct; oss, orange spherical structure; ov, ovary; ph, pharynx; pr, proboscis; pv, prostate vesicle; sd, seminal duct; st, stylet; sv, seminal vesicle; t, testis; v, vitellarium; w, whisker. + + + +One adhesive girdle located at the level of the pharynx, composed of six adhesive papillae arranged at regular intervals (Fig. +3 D +: indicated by black arrows). Tail with four finger-like projections presents at the posterior end (Figs +3 H +, +4 B +: fp), each projection similar in size, 40–50 μm in length and 20–30 μm in width in the four studied specimens, muscles strongly developed at their middle part (Fig. +3 H +: mc). + + +Pair of testes, each 180 μm in diameter (Figs +2 +, +4 A +), located anterior to the pharynx. Seminal ducts widen and form a pair of seminal vesicles posterior to the pharynx (Figs +3 E +, +4 A, B +: sv), each 160 μm in length (150–170 μm, n = 4) and 40 μm in width (40–60 μm, n = 4). Seminal ducts (Fig. +4 B +: sd) fuse in a single duct just before entering the male copulatory bulb. Male copulatory organ comprising a proximal prostate vesicle and a distal stylet. Prostate vesicle globular, 80 μm both in length and width (60–120 μm, n = 4) (Figs +3 E +, +4 B +), separated in two packages; necks of the extracapsular prostate glands enter the copulatory bulb proximally. Stylet enclosed by the male genital duct, cone-shaped, 100–150 μm in length and 20–30 μm in width in the four studied specimens (Fig. +4 B +: st, mgd). Male genital duct opens into the common atrium (Fig. +3 E, F +: ca), and the latter leads to the exterior through the common genital pore. Common atrium brownish pigmented due to the secretions of atrial glands. + + +Female genital system consisting of a vitellarium (Fig. +2 A +: v) extending between the proboscis and the posterior end of the body, a single ovary (Figs +3 E +, +4 B +: ov), and bursa located behind the common genital atrium. + + + + +Diagnosis. + + +Species of + +Proschizorhynchella + +with its tail end exhibiting four finger-like projections. Proboscis with a well-developed row of glands on each lip. Cone-shaped stylet ~ 100 μm long. + + + + +Etymology. + + +The specific name is derived from a Latin prefix “ +quadri +” + adjective “ +caudata +”, referring to the tail with four finger-like projections of the new species. + + + + +Distribution and habitat. + + +Northern +Japan +: Yoichi, on fine-grained sand, lower intertidal. Central +Japan +: Manazuru, on coarse sand with rocks, lower intertidal; Imaihama ( +type +locality), on fine-grained sand, lower intertidal; Mihama, on fine-grained sand, lower intertidal; and Ishibu, fine-grained sand, lower intertidal. + + + + +Remarks. + + +The studied specimens show characteristics that, provisionally, allow us to include them within + +Proschizorhynchella + +. Species of + +Proschizorhynchella + +are schizorhynchids characterized by a simple male copulatory bulb forming a spiny cirrus and / or one or two stylets. The stylets are simple funnel structures, spiralized plates, or bear ridges ( +Schilke 1970 +; +Takeda and Kajihara 2018 +). The diagnostic characteristics provided by +Schilke (1970) +are shared by a group of species that likely belong to different genera ( +Noldt 1985 +; +Karling 1989 +). As noted by +Noldt (1985) +, the only character differentiating species of + +Proschizorhynchella + +from species of + +Proschizorhynchus +Meixner, 1928 + +, is the lack of the curved stylet in the former. However, the presence of a sclerotized mouthpiece in the bursa of species of + +Proschizorhynchus + +easily allows their differentiation from species of + +Proschizorhynchella +( +Armonies 2023 +) + +. + + +Karling (1989) +elaborated more on the idea that + +Proschizorhynchella + +includes a paraphyletic group of species and questioned the use of the pharynx position and testes number to differentiate among schizorhynchid genera. However, these authors and posterior ones ( +Takeda and Kajihara 2018 +) did not refine the diagnosis of + +Proschizorhynchella + +or make other taxonomical changes. Unfortunately, the morphological disparities among species of + +Proschizorhynchella + +have not been tested through molecular phylogenetic analyses, and none of the 18 previously known species of the genus has been molecularly tested (see Discussion). Therefore, we refrain from updating the diagnosis of + +Proschizorhynchella + +until more molecular and morphological data are available to elaborate a comprehensive reclassification of this taxon. + + +Among the other 18 known species of + +Proschizorhynchella + +, + +P. quadricaudata + +sp. nov. +can easily be differentiated because of the four finger-like projections of its posterior end, a characteristic not present in its congeners. The row of glands that opens along its proboscis lips is also unique in this species, and this character has only been reported for an undescribed species of + +Proschizorhynchella + +(see +Smith III et al. 2015 +: Fig. +3 A +). + + +Other characteristics are very variable among species of + +Proschizorhynchella + +(see +Takeda and Kajihara 2018 +). Most species have two eyes, two testes, and one gonopore. However, the number of adhesive belts varies from 0 to 3. + +Proschizorhynchella quadricaudata + +sp. nov. +exhibits a single adhesive belt at the level of the pharynx. Only three other species of + +Proschizorhynchella + +present a single belt: + +P. bivaginata +Schilke, 1970 + +; + +P. robusta +Noldt, 1989 + +; and + +P. schilkei +Karling, 1989 + +. + +Proschizorhynchella bivaginata + +is unique among these species because it has a cirrus in the copulatory bulb, whereas the other species have a stylet. + +Proschizorhynchella schilkei + +has two pairs of testes, and its stylet is a curved, comma-shaped hook, while + +P. robusta + +has a spiralized stylet ( +Karling 1989 +; +Noldt 1989 +). In contrast, the stylet of + +P. quadricaudata + +sp. nov. +is a simple and more or less straight tube. + + + + \ No newline at end of file