diff --git a/data/DF/01/AC/DF01AC5A7A6A0911FF2EF940FD63F8EA.xml b/data/DF/01/AC/DF01AC5A7A6A0911FF2EF940FD63F8EA.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..39c93caedd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/DF/01/AC/DF01AC5A7A6A0911FF2EF940FD63F8EA.xml @@ -0,0 +1,2262 @@ +<document id="53FA4571A3988C8B1E329EAE70B1F652" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae011" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244915" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1732847055209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Funston, Gregory F." docDate="2024" docId="DF01AC5A7A6A0911FF2EF940FD63F8EA" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae011.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae011" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.9:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Oksoko avarsan" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="2338D4227A680937FFAFFFC8FF9BFFEF" masterDocTitle="Osteology of the two-fingered oviraptorid Oksoko avarsan (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria)" masterLastPageNumber="47" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1733515798293" updateUser="carolina"> +<mods:mods id="7B018041D5B6E581D1FF63BECA3EDEC1" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3"> +<mods:titleInfo id="A7ED94FC333CD164491A282216497B4F"> +<mods:title id="8AD7131DC7863B2E587B05D9B60A2FE3">Osteology of the two-fingered oviraptorid Oksoko avarsan (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria)</mods:title> +</mods:titleInfo> +<mods:name id="E29685FCA10F9DAF5EFCDA612E3C9353" type="personal"> +<mods:role id="4D34B6F5F7744C7EF1E5884CAED5CA33"> 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type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier> +<mods:identifier id="9FFCCEF852580CD88FD1CC8C49B2A92C" type="Zenodo-Dep">14244915</mods:identifier> +</mods:mods> +<treatment id="DF01AC5A7A6A0911FF2EF940FD63F8EA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF01AC5A7A6A0911FF2EF940FD63F8EA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF01AC5A7A6A0911FF2EF940FD63F8EA" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +<subSubSection id="1FB24EC77A6A0935FF2EF940FDD6F94F" box="[129,589,1672,1696]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A6A0935FF2EF940FDD6F94F" blockId="2.[126,779,1672,1978]" box="[129,589,1672,1696]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +The four known specimens of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A6A0935FE1DF940FDD6F94F" authority="Funston, Tsogtbaatar, Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Sullivan & Currie, 2020" box="[434,589,1672,1696]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6A0935FE1DF940FDD6F94F" box="[434,589,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<subSubSection id="1FB24EC77A6A0933FDFCF940FD0EF99C" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="multiple"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A6A0935FDFCF940FBFFF891" blockId="2.[126,779,1672,1978]" lastBlockId="2.[825,1476,1174,1981]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +(MPC-D 100/33, MPC-D 102/11, MPC-D 102/12, and MPC-D 102/110) compriseatleastsixindividuals.MPC-D 100/33 andMPC-D 102/12 each represent a single partial skeleton, whereas MPC-D 102/11 includes a relatively complete skeleton (MPC-D 102/11.a) and three cranial bones of another individual (MPC-D 102/11.b). The main block of MPC-D 102/110 includes two relatively complete skeletons and a partial skeleton of a third individual. These individuals are sub-numbered MPC-D 102/110.a, MPC-D 102/110.b, and MPC-D 102/110.c, in descending order of completeness. MPC-D 102/11 and MPC-D 102/110 were probably collected from the same assemblage (Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6A0935FC96FB1DFCF1FB03" box="[825,874,1236,1260]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis> +2020), which has a minimum number of four individuals based on right quadrates. As discussed by Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6A0935FA90FB3CFAF5FAE3" box="[1343,1390,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis> +(2020), the provenance of this assemblage is uncertain because the specimens were confiscated from poachers, who excavated the skeletons illegally. Several lines of evidence suggest that MPC-D 102/110 was collected from either Bugiin Tsav or Guriliin Tsav in the north-western part of the Nemegt Basin. Geochemical fingerprinting on MPC-D 102/110 strongly suggests that the specimens are from the Nemegt Formation, specifically the Nemegt locality, although the Bugiin Tsav and Guriliin Tsav localities were not included in that sample ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A6A0935FAA7F9C6FA2AF9C9" author="Fanti F & Bell PR & Tighe M" box="[1288,1457,1550,1574]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="51 - 64" refId="ref29908" refString="Fanti F, Bell PR, Tighe M et al. Geochemical fingerprinting as a tool for repatriating poached dinosaur fossils in Mongolia: a case study for the Nemegt Locality, Gobi Desert. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2017; 494: 51 - 64." type="journal article" year="2017"> +Fanti +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6A0935FAEAF9C6FAEDF9C9" box="[1349,1398,1550,1574]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis> +2017 +</bibRefCitation> +). Another line of evidence is an abandoned ankylosaur skeleton re-discovered in 2018 at Guriliin Tsav, poached using similar methods and materials as used to collect MPC-D 102/110 ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A6A0935FA33F9A4FCECF94D" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[129,194,989,1013]" captionTargetBox="[130,1472,145,961]" captionTargetId="figure-446@2.[129,1473,144,962]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Provenance of Oksoko avarsan.Map of Mongolia (A) showing the location of the satellite image in panel B. Satellite image (B) of the Western Gobi, showing the Nemegt Basin and the two localities that have produced Oksoko avarsan specimens of known provenance. Photographs (C, D) of similar collection techniques between MPC-D 102/110 (C) and an ankylosaur jacket abandoned by poachers (D) at the Guriliin Tsav locality. Note similarity in collection materials (i.e. yellow plastic bags as separators, thin pre-formed plaster bandages), and in matrix type between the two specimens. Images courtesy Philip Currie (C) and Federico Fanti (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244919" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244919/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation> +). Both field jackets are made of thin pre-prepared blaster bandages with blue fibres, and yellow plastic bags were used as a separating layer. As these features of the specimens are unusual, this suggests, minimally, that the same group of poachers collected both specimens. Lastly, legitimately collected specimens of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A6A0935FC3BF8E0FBA9F8D0" box="[916,1074,1832,1856]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6A0935FC3BF8E0FBA9F8D0" box="[916,1074,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +are known from Bugiin Tsav (MPC-D 100/33) and Guriliin Tsav (MPC-D 102/12), showing that this taxon was present in the area. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A6A0934FCFAF84EFF61F8B2" blockId="2.[825,1476,1174,1981]" lastBlockId="3.[112,763,1705,1979]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3"> +Specimens of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A6A0935FC5BF84EFB02F872" box="[1012,1177,1926,1950]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6A0935FC5BF84EFB02F872" box="[1012,1177,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and other oviraptorosaurs housed in the collections of the CMN, MPC, ROM, TMP, and UALVP were examined firsthand and measured using digital calipers (±0.1 mm) or a fabric measuring tape (± +<quantity id="9050B0A97A6B0934FD1DF900FD74F90F" box="[690,751,1736,1760]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity> +). Information about other specimens was taken from the literature. The specimens were photographed using a Nikon D5000, Nikon D7200, or Nikon COOLPIX AW120 camera with a variety of lenses. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A6B0934FFDEF98DFEA9F996" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244921" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244921/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[113,178,1605,1629]" targetBox="[117,1453,150,1573]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A6B0934FFDEF98DFEA9F996" blockId="3.[113,1413,1605,1657]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6B0934FFDEF98DFF52F9B2" bold="true" box="[113,201,1605,1629]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 3.</emphasis> +Holotype block of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A6B0934FED0F98DFD8BF9B2" box="[383,528,1605,1629]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6B0934FED0F98DFD8BF9B2" box="[383,528,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Skeletal reconstruction (A) of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A6B0934FC96F98DFC52F9B2" box="[825,969,1605,1629]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6B0934FC96F98DFC52F9B2" box="[825,969,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and photograph (B) of the holotype specimen (MPC-D 102/110). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A6B0933FF22F8ADFD0EF99C" blockId="3.[112,763,1705,1979]" lastBlockId="4.[128,778,1346,1652]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4"> +CT scans of MPC-D 102/110 were performed at The National Museum of Natural History and Science in +<collectingRegion id="956CD3AE7A6B0934FDB1F84CFDFBF873" box="[542,608,1924,1948]" country="Japan" name="Tokyo" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tokyo</collectingRegion> +, +<collectingCountry id="2FBF5DDC7A6B0934FDC7F84CFD38F874" box="[616,675,1924,1947]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Japan</collectingCountry> +.Despite minimal matrix adhered to the specimen, the scans suffered from severe beam hardening artefacts and ghosting, such that the borders of many elements at the surface are difficult to discern. Contrast within the block is relatively poor, especially within the endocranial cavities, which cannot be segmented. Contrast surrounding each cranium is particularly low, and thus details of their morphology cannot be ascertained from the CT scans. However, many of the more robust postcranial bones, including the vertebrae and limbs, can be adequately distinguished from the matrix and each other, and thus are useful for visualizing which parts of the individuals are preserved and how they are arranged, although their morphologies cannot be reconstructed. These images verify the arrangement of the specimens, their positions with respect to each other, and the associations between skulls and postcrania ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A6C0933FE17FA77FE6FFA38" box="[440,500,1471,1495]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[171,1400,147,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-5@5.[168,1404,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. Computed tomography images of MPC-D 102/110. A, photograph of MPC-D 102/110 to show orientation of skeletons.Image stacks (B, C) of CT scan data showing maximum slice values across two slice intervals.B, slices 170–860 showing position of skull of MPC-D 102/110.a and highlighting a cervical vertebra apparent in both slice intervals (yellow arrow). C, slices 330–430 showing faded images of the vertebral series (blue arrows), continuous with the cervical vertebra in slices 170–860 (yellow arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244925/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 5</figureCitation> +). This latter aspect of the arrangement of the skeletons was initially ambiguous because of the unusual positions of the skulls appressed to the sternae. However, CT images show that the cervical vertebrae of each specimen are curled to form a spiral, confirming the ownership of each skull, as interpreted by Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6C0933FDBDF995FDDAF99B" box="[530,577,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis> +(2020). +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +<caption id="03D74DC47A6C0933FF2EFB42FC64FAFD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244923/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[129,194,1162,1186]" targetBox="[134,1468,148,1129]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A6C0933FF2EFB42FC64FAFD" blockId="4.[129,1438,1162,1298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6C0933FF2EFB42FF43FB4D" bold="true" box="[129,216,1162,1186]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 4.</emphasis> +Skeletal representation of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A6C0933FE7EFB42FDF9FB4D" box="[465,610,1162,1186]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6C0933FE7EFB42FDF9FB4D" box="[465,610,1162,1186]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Reconstructions of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A6C0933FC8BFB42FC2EFB4D" box="[804,949,1162,1186]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6C0933FC8BFB42FC2EFB4D" box="[804,949,1162,1186]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +with elements shaded by abundance. The skull was treated as a single element, rather than parsing out individual cranial elements. The complete cervical series of MPC-D 102/110 were considered to be present, based on CT scan data. Elements are shaded in increments of 15%. The least abundant element is the pygostyle, recovered only in MPC-D 102/12, the pectoral girdle is known in two specimens, MPC-D 102/110 and MPC-D 100/33, whereas the right tibia and caudal vertebrae 4–5 (with associated chevrons) are known in all individuals ( +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6C0933FC19FB33FC53FAFD" box="[950,968,1275,1298]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N</emphasis> += 6). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<subSubSection id="1FB24EC77A6C0911FEF0F963FD63F8EA" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A6C0933FEF0F963FDB0F92A" blockId="4.[351,555,1706,1733]" box="[351,555,1706,1733]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5"> +<heading id="0C5FAA207A6C0933FEF0F963FDB0F92A" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[351,555,1706,1733]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6C0933FEF0F963FDB0F92A" bold="true" box="[351,555,1706,1733]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D E SCR I P T I O N</emphasis> +</heading> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A6C0933FF2EF91FFB9FF93D" blockId="4.[129,779,1751,1963]" lastBlockId="4.[824,1476,1346,1746]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5"> +Between the six skeletons known, every skeletal element of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A6C0933FF2EF93EFE84F8E1" box="[129,287,1782,1806]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6C0933FF2EF93EFE84F8E1" box="[129,287,1782,1806]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is represented ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A6C0933FE64F93EFD91F8E1" box="[459,522,1782,1806]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1605,1629]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,150,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-173@3.[114,1458,144,1577]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Holotype block of Oksoko avarsan. Skeletal reconstruction (A) of Oksoko avarsan, and photograph (B) of the holotype specimen (MPC-D 102/110)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244921/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 3</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A6C0933FDB7F93EFDBEF8E1" box="[536,549,1782,1806]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[134,1468,148,1129]" captionTargetId="figure-360@4.[129,1473,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Skeletal representation of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstructions of Oksoko avarsan with elements shaded by abundance.The skull was treated as a single element, rather than parsing out individual cranial elements. The complete cervical series of MPC-D 102/110 were considered to be present, based on CT scan data. Elements are shaded in increments of 15%. The least abundant element is the pygostyle, recovered only in MPC-D 102/12, the pectoral girdle is known in two specimens, MPC-D 102/110 and MPC-D 100/33, whereas the right tibia and caudal vertebrae 4–5 (with associated chevrons) are known in all individuals (N = 6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244923/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">4</figureCitation> +). Each of these is exquisitely preserved and has suffered minimal post-mortem scavenging or weathering, and moderate to no crushing. These specimens reveal an oviraptorid with a distinctive cranial crest, short forelimbs with only two functional digits, elongate hindlimbs, and a relatively short tail ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A6C0933FE46F85BFDBDF844" box="[489,550,1939,1963]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1605,1629]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,150,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-173@3.[114,1458,144,1577]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Holotype block of Oksoko avarsan. Skeletal reconstruction (A) of Oksoko avarsan, and photograph (B) of the holotype specimen (MPC-D 102/110)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244921/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation> +). MPC-D 102/110.a is the most complete skeleton, including a complete skull and skeleton, missing only the distal caudal vertebrae. MPC-D 102/110.b preserves a slightly disarticulated skull, parts of the vertebral column, a forelimb, the pelvis, and the hindlimbs. MPC-D 102/110.c preserves a partial ilium, some vertebrae, and a complete tibiotarsus that was revealed by CT scans. Thus, the individuals in MPC-D 102/110 ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A6C0933FB1EFA36FB77F9F9" box="[1201,1260,1534,1558]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1605,1629]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,150,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-173@3.[114,1458,144,1577]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Holotype block of Oksoko avarsan. Skeletal reconstruction (A) of Oksoko avarsan, and photograph (B) of the holotype specimen (MPC-D 102/110)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244921/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 3</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A6C0933FB58FA36FA9FF9F9" box="[1271,1284,1534,1558]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[171,1400,147,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-5@5.[168,1404,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. Computed tomography images of MPC-D 102/110. A, photograph of MPC-D 102/110 to show orientation of skeletons.Image stacks (B, C) of CT scan data showing maximum slice values across two slice intervals.B, slices 170–860 showing position of skull of MPC-D 102/110.a and highlighting a cervical vertebra apparent in both slice intervals (yellow arrow). C, slices 330–430 showing faded images of the vertebral series (blue arrows), continuous with the cervical vertebra in slices 170–860 (yellow arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244925/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">5</figureCitation> +) provide excellent representation of the skeleton of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A6C0933FB3BF9D5FAABF9DA" box="[1172,1328,1565,1589]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6C0933FB3BF9D5FAABF9DA" box="[1172,1328,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Nonetheless, articulation of these specimen means that some elements are not visible in all views, and so some bones are better represented by the completely prepared specimens: MPC-D 100/33, MPC-D 102/11.a, MPC-D 102/12, and the fully prepared manus of MPC-D 102/110.a. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A6C0933FB88F939FB4FF8E3" blockId="4.[825,1476,1777,1965]" box="[1063,1236,1777,1804]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6C0933FB88F939FB4FF8E3" bold="true" box="[1063,1236,1777,1804]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cranial skeleton</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A6C093FFC96F8D0FEC1FECA" blockId="4.[825,1476,1777,1965]" lastBlockId="8.[129,779,144,293]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5"> +The skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a and MPC-D 102/110.b are complete ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A6C0933FC04F8FFFC71F8A0" box="[939,1002,1847,1871]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 6</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A6C0933FC57F8F0FB9EF8A0" box="[1016,1029,1848,1871]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">7</figureCitation> +), but are crushed mediolaterally. The posterior portion of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.b, including the braincase and suspensorium, is disarticulated slightly from the anterior part of the skull and rotated so that it is oriented perpendicular to the remainder of the cranium ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A6E0931FD25F8A9FD5CF896" box="[650,711,1889,1913]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6</figureCitation> +). The skull of MPC-D 102/11.a is relatively complete, but is missing most of the anterior parts of the face, palate, and mandible ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A6E0931FD4FF868FCDDF896" box="[736,838,1889,1976]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 8</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A6E0931FCFDF8A9FCC4F896" box="[850,863,1889,1913]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">9</figureCitation> +). The left side of the skull is roughly articulated and is well preserved. The right and posterior sides have been crushed and lie on a single plane parallel to the left side of the skull. Three extra skull bones from a second individual (MPC-D 102/11.b) are preserved alongside the more complete skull of MPC-D 102/11.a: the postorbital, quadratojugal, and quadrate ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFD1BFF07FD62FF08" box="[692,761,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[322,1249,148,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-4@11.[319,1254,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10. Disarticulated cranial elements of MPC-D 102/11.b. Postorbital (A–D), quadratojugal (E–H), and quadrate (I-L) in lateral (A, E, K), medial (B, F), posterior (C, J), anterior (D, I), dorsal (G), and ventral (H, L) views. Abbreviations:cnd, condyle; frp, frontal process; jf, jugal facet; jp, jugal process; pp, posterior process; qf, quadrate facet; qjf, quadratojugal foramen; qjp, quadratojugal process; sqp, squamosal process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244939/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 10</figureCitation> +). The other specimens (MPC-D 100/33 and MPC-D 102/12) lack cranial elements. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A6D0932FFDEF8E4FBB4F877" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244925" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244925/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[113,178,1836,1860]" targetBox="[171,1400,147,1804]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A6D0932FFDEF8E4FBB4F877" blockId="5.[113,1442,1836,1944]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6D0932FFDEF8E4FF52F8AB" bold="true" box="[113,201,1836,1860]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 5.</emphasis> +Computed tomography images of MPC-D 102/110. A, photograph of MPC-D 102/110 to show orientation of skeletons. Image stacks (B, C) of CT scan data showing maximum slice values across two slice intervals. B, slices 170–860 showing position of skull of MPC-D 102/110.a and highlighting a cervical vertebra apparent in both slice intervals (yellow arrow). C, slices 330–430 showing faded images of the vertebral series (blue arrows), continuous with the cervical vertebra in slices 170–860 (yellow arrow). +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="03D74DC47A6E0931FF2EF8E4FAF4F8AB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244927" box="[129,1391,1836,1860]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" targetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A6E0931FF2EF8E4FAF4F8AB" blockId="6.[129,1391,1836,1860]" box="[129,1391,1836,1860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6E0931FF2EF8E4FF43F8AB" bold="true" box="[129,216,1836,1860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 6.</emphasis> +Skulls of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A6E0931FE9DF8E4FE58F8AB" box="[306,451,1836,1860]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6E0931FE9DF8E4FE58F8AB" box="[306,451,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="03D74DC47A6F0930FFDEF8E4FEEBF877" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" targetBox="[336,1237,148,1803]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A6F0930FFDEF8E4FEEBF877" blockId="7.[113,1423,1836,1944]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6F0930FFDEF8E4FF52F8AB" bold="true" box="[113,201,1836,1860]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 7.</emphasis> +The skull of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A6F0930FEEFF8E4FE4BF8AB" box="[320,464,1836,1860]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6F0930FEEFF8E4FE4BF8AB" box="[320,464,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A6F0930FEFCF881FEE5F88F" box="[339,382,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis> +(2020). Abbreviations: cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A60093FFE3EFE8DFE62FEB0" blockId="8.[127,779,325,1547]" box="[401,505,325,351]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFE3EFE8DFE62FEB0" box="[401,505,325,351]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Premaxilla</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A60093FFF2EFEA3FE1AF9E4" blockId="8.[127,779,325,1547]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +The premaxilla ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFE80FEA3FEF6FE6C" box="[303,365,363,387]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 6</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFED4FEA4FE13FE6C" box="[379,392,364,387]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">7</figureCitation> +) is completely preserved in MPC-D 102/110.a and MPC-D 102/110.b, but only a small portion is present in MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFE1FFE62FE7CFE2D" box="[432,487,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8</figureCitation> +). It is tall dorsoventrally and constricted anteroposteriorly. Dorsally, it is divided by the naris into two processes: the nasal process extending dorsally and the subnarial process directed posterodorsally. The nasal process is much narrower than the subnarial process in lateral view, unlike in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFF4AFD8FFDC9FDB0" authority="Clark et al. 2001" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="2001" box="[229,594,583,607]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFF4AFD8FFE07FDB0" box="[229,412,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFE0BFD8FFDC9FDB0" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" box="[420,594,583,607]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFE4AFD8FFD8CFDB0" box="[485,535,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFDCFFD8FFEB6FD91" authority="Clark et al. 2001" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="2001" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Khaan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mckennai"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFDCFFD8FFC92FDB0" box="[608,777,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Khaan mckennai</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFF2EFDAEFEB6FD91" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" box="[129,301,614,638]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFF6EFDAFFF68FD91" box="[193,243,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFE94FDAFFD4CFD91" authority="(Lu et al. 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Lu" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[315,727,614,638]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Nemegtomaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barsboldi"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFE94FDAFFDBCFD91" box="[315,551,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nemegtomaia barsboldi</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFD99FDAEFD4BFD91" author="Lu J & Tomida Y & Azuma Y" box="[566,720,614,638]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="95 - 130" refId="ref30841" refString="Lu J, Tomida Y, Azuma Y et al. New oviraptorid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Nemegt Formation of Southwestern Mongolia. Bulletin of the National Science Museum of Tokyo Series C 2004; 30: 95 - 130." type="journal article" year="2004"> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFDF2FDAFFD13FD91" box="[605,648,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis> +. 2004 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFF2EFD4DFD81FD72" authority="(Barsbold 1986)" baseAuthorityName="Barsbold" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[129,538,645,669]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Rinchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFF2EFD4DFEFEFD72" box="[129,357,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rinchenia mongoliensis</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFEDCFD4DFD89FD72" author="Barsbold R" box="[371,530,645,669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref29344" refString="Barsbold R. The predatory dinosaurs - oviraptors. Herpetologische Untersuchungen in der Mongolischen Volksrepublik 1986: 210 - 23. Academia Nauk SSSR." type="book" year="1986">Barsbold 1986</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, where these processes are subequal in width ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFEDCFD6DFD91FD52" author="Barsbold R" box="[371,522,677,701]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref29344" refString="Barsbold R. The predatory dinosaurs - oviraptors. Herpetologische Untersuchungen in der Mongolischen Volksrepublik 1986: 210 - 23. Academia Nauk SSSR." type="book" year="1986">Barsbold 1986</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFDB8FD6DFD59FD52" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" box="[535,706,677,701]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFDF8FD6DFD13FD52" box="[599,648,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFD60FD6DFC98FD52" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Rowe T" box="[719,771,677,701]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref29648" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Rowe T. Cranial anatomy of Citipati osmolskae (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria), and a reinterpretation of the holotype of Oviraptor philoceratops. American Museum Novitates 2002; 3364: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFF2EFD0CFE9CFD33" author="Lu J & Tomida Y & Azuma Y" box="[129,263,708,732]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="95 - 130" refId="ref30841" refString="Lu J, Tomida Y, Azuma Y et al. New oviraptorid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Nemegt Formation of Southwestern Mongolia. Bulletin of the National Science Museum of Tokyo Series C 2004; 30: 95 - 130." type="journal article" year="2004"> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFF0EFD0DFF4BFD33" box="[161,208,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2004 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFEBDFD0CFD89FD33" author="Balanoff AM & Norell MA" box="[274,530,708,732]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref29150" refString="Balanoff AM, Norell MA. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: Theropoda). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 372: 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">Balanoff and Norell 2012</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFDB2FD0CFD46FD33" author="Funston GF & Mendonca SE & Currie PJ" box="[541,733,708,732]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="101 - 120" refId="ref30146" refString="Funston GF, Mendonca SE, Currie PJ et al. Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2018; 494: 101 - 120." type="journal article" year="2018"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFDD8FD0DFD3DFD33" box="[631,678,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +). In contrast, the nasal process is wider than the subnarial process in +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFF2FFCCBFF78FCF4" box="[128,227,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFF2FFCCBFF2DFCF5" authorityName="Xu & Han" authorityYear="2010" box="[128,182,771,794]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Banji" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Banji</taxonomicName> +long +</emphasis> +Xu and Han 2010, +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFE0EFCCBFF2EFCD5" authority="Lu et al. 2015" authorityName="Lu" authorityYear="2015" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Huanansaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFE0EFCCBFD22FCF4" box="[417,697,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Huanansaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFD13FCCBFF2EFCD5" author="Lu J & Pu H & Kobayashi Y" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref31015" refString="Lu J, Pu H, Kobayashi Y et al. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications. Scientific Reports 2015; 5: 11490." type="journal volume" year="2015"> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFD73FCCBFC98FCF4" box="[732,771,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis> +. 2015 +</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFF43FCEAFDD0FCD5" authority="Lu et al. 2016" authorityName="Lu" authorityYear="2016" box="[236,587,802,826]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFF43FCEAFE27FCD5" box="[236,444,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFE6EFCEAFDD0FCD5" author="Lu J & Chen R & Brusatte SL" box="[449,587,802,826]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref31055" refString="Lu J, Chen R, Brusatte SL et al. A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species preserved in an unusual posture. Scientific Reports 2016; 6: 35780." type="journal volume" year="2016"> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFE4DFCEBFD90FCD5" box="[482,523,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis> +. 2016 +</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +. The nasal process of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFF34FC89FF7DFCB6" authorityName="Funston, Tsogtbaatar, Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Sullivan & Currie" authorityYear="2020" box="[155,230,833,857]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFF34FC89FF7DFCB6" box="[155,230,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oksoko</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +curves posterodorsally so that it forms a small part of the continuous semicircular crest with the nasals, frontals, and parietals, but not to the same extent as the anteroposteriorly broad premaxilla of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFEE3FC57FD80FC58" box="[332,539,927,951]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFEE3FC57FD80FC58" box="[332,539,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. In +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFDEFFC57FD46FC58" box="[576,733,927,951]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFDEFFC57FD46FC58" box="[576,733,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, the nasal process extends dorsally to the ventral third of the naris, whereas in +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFF5AFC17FEC2FC19" box="[245,345,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFF5AFC17FEB0FC19" authorityName="Xu & Han" authorityYear="2010" box="[245,299,991,1014]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Banji" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Banji</taxonomicName> +long +</emphasis> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFE23FC16FDEBFC19" baseAuthorityName="Barsbold" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[396,624,990,1014]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Rinchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFE23FC16FDEBFC19" box="[396,624,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rinchenia mongoliensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +the premaxilla extends far above the naris (Xu and Han 2010, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFDD4FC36FF2EFBDA" author="Funston GF & Mendonca SE & Currie PJ" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="101 - 120" refId="ref30146" refString="Funston GF, Mendonca SE, Currie PJ et al. Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2018; 494: 101 - 120." type="journal article" year="2018"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFD77FC36FC91FBFA" box="[728,778,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +). The subnarial process of the premaxilla is broad and tapers posteriorly. Posteriorly, it separates the lacrimal and nasal anteriorly and prevents the maxilla from contacting the nasal on the lateral surface of the skull. The lateral surface of the body of the premaxilla is pierced by multiple small foramina. Ventral to the small, oval naris, there is a lateral depression in the premaxilla similar to that of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFE7CFB11FF5BFAFF" authority="(Clark et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmoslkae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFE7CFB11FD11FB1E" box="[467,650,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Citipati osmoslkae</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFD36FB11FF2EFAFF" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFD76FB11FC91FB1E" box="[729,778,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, but shallower than the prominent fossa in +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFD0FFB31FC92FAFF" box="[672,777,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFD0FFB31FD4DFAFF" authorityName="Xu & Han" authorityYear="2010" box="[672,726,1273,1296]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Banji" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Banji</taxonomicName> +long +</emphasis> +(Xu and Han 2010). The occlusal margin of the premaxilla has at least two denticulations, but this area is broken in both individuals and there may have been more. The occlusal edge of the premaxilla is relatively longer anteroposteriorly than in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFF0DFA5DFE15FA42" baseAuthorityName="Barsbold" baseAuthorityYear="1986" box="[162,398,1429,1453]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Rinchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFF0DFA5DFE15FA42" box="[162,398,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rinchenia mongoliensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +or +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFE11FA5DFF2EFA23" authority="Lu et al. 2017" authorityName="Lu" authorityYear="2017" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Corythoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jacobsi"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFE11FA5DFD06FA42" box="[446,669,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Corythoraptor jacobsi</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFD06FA5DFF2EFA23" author="Lu J & Li G & Kundrat M" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref31094" refString="Lu J, Li G, Kundrat M et al. High diversity of the Ganzhou oviraptorid fauna increased by a new ' cassowary-like' crested species. Scientific Reports 2017; 7: 6393." type="journal volume" year="2017"> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFD7CFA5DFC98FA42" box="[723,771,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis> +. 2017 +</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +, more comparable to +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFE0EFA7CFDC2FA23" box="[417,601,1460,1484]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFE0EFA7CFDC2FA23" box="[417,601,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +or +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFD2FFA7DFF7AFA04" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFD2FFA7DFF45FA04" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Nemegtomaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barsboldi">Nemegtomaia barsboldi</taxonomicName> +. +</emphasis> +The palatal surface of the premaxilla cannot be seen on any of the specimens. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A60093FFE30F9E2FE77F9AB" blockId="8.[415,492,1578,1604]" box="[415,492,1578,1604]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFE30F9E2FE77F9AB" box="[415,492,1578,1604]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Maxilla</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A60093FFF2EF999FBBAFEE9" blockId="8.[127,779,1617,1954]" lastBlockId="8.[825,1476,144,262]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +The maxilla ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFEAAF999FEA4F986" box="[261,319,1617,1641]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 6</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFEE6F999FECDF987" box="[329,342,1617,1640]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">7</figureCitation> +) is missing in MPC-D 102/11.a and poorly preserved in both individuals of MPC-D 102/110, but best observed in MPC-D 102/110.b ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFE6DF947FD97F948" box="[450,524,1679,1703]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6B</figureCitation> +). The antorbital fossa is small and the antorbital fenestra is divided in two by a dorsally expanding strut of bone ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFE26F906FE49F909" box="[393,466,1742,1766]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6B</figureCitation> +), as in most oviraptorids. The jugal process is relatively short and extends only partway under the orbit. The labial–buccal transition on the lateral side of the maxilla is marked by a ridge, ventral to which there is a pronounced lateral tubercle, as in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFE00F883FF47F86C" authority="(Funston et al. 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Funston" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Rinchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFE00F883FD14F88C" box="[431,655,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rinchenia mongoliensis</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFD30F884FF4BF86C" author="Funston GF & Mendonca SE & Currie PJ" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="101 - 120" refId="ref30146" refString="Funston GF, Mendonca SE, Currie PJ et al. Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2018; 494: 101 - 120." type="journal article" year="2018"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFD57F884FF02F86C" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. The presence of longitudinal palatal ridges on the maxilla, as exhibited in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFEFEF842FE07F84E" box="[337,412,1930,1953]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFEFEF842FE07F84E" box="[337,412,1930,1953]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Citipati</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, cannot be determined because of overlying matrix. Likewise, the maxillovomeral tubercle (=palatal ‘tooth’), which is present in all oviraptorids, is obscured by matrix in MPC-D 102/110, so the contribution of the maxilla cannot be determined. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A60093FFBF1FEEDFB05FED0" blockId="8.[1118,1182,293,319]" box="[1118,1182,293,319]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFBF1FEEDFB05FED0" box="[1118,1182,293,319]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nasals</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A60093FFC96FE84FBCFF84E" blockId="8.[824,1477,332,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +The fused nasals ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFC53FE84FBCCFE8B" box="[1020,1111,332,356]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStartId-0="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionStartId-1="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-2="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-3="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox-0="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetBox-1="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetBox-2="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetBox-3="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetId-0="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetId-1="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetId-2="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetId-3="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionText-0="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." captionText-1="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." captionText-2="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." captionText-3="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 6–9</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFBC9FE84FB1BFE8B" box="[1126,1152,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="12.[129,194,975,999]" captionTargetBox="[135,1469,150,942]" captionTargetId="figure-556@12.[129,1473,144,947]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 11. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in dorsal view, showing clefts between paired elements and unfused frontals. Dotted lines indicate sutures between bones, anterior is to the right. Abbreviations: l. fr, left frontal; nas, nasals; par, parietals; r. fr, right frontal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244941/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">11</figureCitation> +) are complete but crushed in both individuals of MPC-D 102/110. Only the posterolateral wings of the nasals are preserved in MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFAD1FE43FA27FE4C" box="[1406,1468,395,419]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 8</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFC96FE62FCDDFE2D" box="[825,838,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">9</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFCFDFE62FCF7FE2D" box="[850,876,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="12.[129,194,975,999]" captionTargetBox="[135,1469,150,942]" captionTargetId="figure-556@12.[129,1473,144,947]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 11. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in dorsal view, showing clefts between paired elements and unfused frontals. Dotted lines indicate sutures between bones, anterior is to the right. Abbreviations: l. fr, left frontal; nas, nasals; par, parietals; r. fr, right frontal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244941/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">11</figureCitation> +). In this individual, the nasals are fused along the midline, but posteriorly a suture is still visible ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFB63FE01FA8FFE0E" box="[1228,1300,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="12.[129,194,975,999]" captionTargetBox="[135,1469,150,942]" captionTargetId="figure-556@12.[129,1473,144,947]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 11. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in dorsal view, showing clefts between paired elements and unfused frontals. Dotted lines indicate sutures between bones, anterior is to the right. Abbreviations: l. fr, left frontal; nas, nasals; par, parietals; r. fr, right frontal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244941/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 11</figureCitation> +). Like +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFACCFE01FC28FDEE" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Rinchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFACCFE01FC28FDEE" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rinchenia mongoliensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFC4DFE21FB2EFDEE" box="[994,1205,489,513]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Corythoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jacobsi"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFC4DFE21FB2EFDEE" box="[994,1205,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Corythoraptor jacobsi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, the great size of the nasals is mostly due to expansion of the lateral descending processes. Similar to +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFC00FDE0FADAFDD0" authority="(Clark et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[943,1345,551,575]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFC00FDE0FBF3FDD0" box="[943,1128,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFBD1FDEFFAADFDD0" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" box="[1150,1334,551,575]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFB6DFDE0FB6CFDD0" box="[1218,1271,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFAD0FDEFFB5DFDB0" authority="(Balanoff and Norell 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Balanoff and Norell" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Khaan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mckennai"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFAD0FDEFFC0DFDB0" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Khaan mckennai</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFC04FD8FFB20FDB0" author="Balanoff AM & Norell MA" box="[939,1211,583,607]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref29150" refString="Balanoff AM, Norell MA. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: Theropoda). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 372: 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">Balanoff and Norell 2012</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, the posterodorsal part of the premaxilla excludes the maxilla from contributing to the naris and from contacting the nasal on the lateral surface of the skull. The elliptical naris is displaced far dorsally, unlike +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFC96FD0DFBCBFD33" box="[825,1104,708,732]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Huanansaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFC96FD0DFBCBFD33" box="[825,1104,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Huanansaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFB28FD0CFACFFD33" box="[1159,1364,708,732]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFB28FD0CFACFFD33" box="[1159,1364,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and overlies the antorbital fenestra, similar to +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFB1EFD2CFC0EFCF4" authority="(Clark et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFB1EFD2CFAFFFD14" box="[1201,1380,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFADCFD2BFC11FCF4" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFA1EFD2CFCC9FCF4" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, but differing from the elongate naris of +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFA9EFCCBFA0FFCF4" box="[1329,1428,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFA9EFCCBFAFDFCF5" authorityName="Xu & Han" authorityYear="2010" box="[1329,1382,771,794]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Banji" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Banji</taxonomicName> +long +</emphasis> +(Xu and Han 2010), which extends further ventrally. In +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFAE3FCEAFA0EFCD5" authorityName="Funston, Tsogtbaatar, Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Sullivan & Currie" authorityYear="2020" box="[1356,1429,802,826]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFAE3FCEAFA0EFCD5" box="[1356,1429,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oksoko</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, the naris extends above the dorsal margin of the orbit; posteriorly its ventral margin is level with the top of the orbit. In contrast, the naris is smaller and situated further anteroventrally in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFACEFC48FC28FC58" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Rinchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFACEFC48FC28FC58" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rinchenia mongoliensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and probably +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFBE7FC57FA86FC58" box="[1096,1309,927,951]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Corythoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jacobsi"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFBE7FC57FA86FC58" box="[1096,1309,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Corythoraptor jacobsi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFA82FC68FAF1FC58" box="[1325,1386,928,951]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">contra</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFADEFC68FCF6FC38" author="Lu J & Li G & Kundrat M" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref31094" refString="Lu J, Li G, Kundrat M et al. High diversity of the Ganzhou oviraptorid fauna increased by a new ' cassowary-like' crested species. Scientific Reports 2017; 7: 6393." type="journal volume" year="2017"> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFA3CFC68FA58FC58" box="[1427,1475,927,951]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2017 +</bibRefCitation> +). In +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFC0AFC77FC76FC38" authorityName="Funston, Tsogtbaatar, Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Sullivan & Currie" authorityYear="2020" box="[933,1005,959,983]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFC0AFC77FC76FC38" box="[933,1005,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oksoko</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, the anterior midline process forms less than half the length of the nasal, and curves anteroventrally to meet the posterodorsal process of the premaxilla. It lacks the step-like process present in +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFC5EFBD5FBC8FBDA" box="[1009,1107,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFC5EFBD5FBBDFBDB" authorityName="Xu & Han" authorityYear="2010" box="[1009,1062,1053,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Banji" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Banji</taxonomicName> +long +</emphasis> +that demarcates the posterior extent of the premaxillo-nasal crest. In lateral view ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFB52FBF4FAA3FBBB" box="[1277,1336,1084,1108]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 6</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFAEDFBF4FAD4FBBC" box="[1346,1359,1084,1107]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">7</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFAF5FBF4FAFCFBBB" box="[1370,1383,1084,1108]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">8</figureCitation> +), the anterior midline process of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFB94FB93FB1EFB9C" authorityName="Funston, Tsogtbaatar, Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Sullivan & Currie" authorityYear="2020" box="[1083,1157,1115,1139]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFB94FB93FB1EFB9C" box="[1083,1157,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oksoko</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is broad dorsoventrally, the result of a septal ridge on its ventral surface. The lateral descending processes host several pneumatic cavities, which vary in position between each specimen. In the better-preserved MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFC06FB11FC7CFB1E" box="[937,999,1241,1265]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 8</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A60093FFC5BFB11FB95FB1E" box="[1012,1038,1241,1265]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="12.[129,194,975,999]" captionTargetBox="[135,1469,150,942]" captionTargetId="figure-556@12.[129,1473,144,947]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 11. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in dorsal view, showing clefts between paired elements and unfused frontals. Dotted lines indicate sutures between bones, anterior is to the right. Abbreviations: l. fr, left frontal; nas, nasals; par, parietals; r. fr, right frontal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244941/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">11</figureCitation> +), the midline rami of the fused nasals are thickened and rounded dorsally, delimiting a lateral recess in which the pneumatic cavities lie. These complex asymmetric pneumatic pockets are similar to those of MPC-D 100/42 and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFC94FA9EFC6BFA81" box="[827,1008,1366,1390]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFC94FA9EFC6BFA81" box="[827,1008,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFB8CFA9FFB12FA81" box="[1059,1161,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFB8CFA9FFBC3FA81" authorityName="Xu & Han" authorityYear="2010" box="[1059,1112,1367,1390]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Banji" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Banji</taxonomicName> +long +</emphasis> +, and appear to fully penetrate the nasal and open into the nasal passage, but they are not as extensive as in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFC75FA5DFB2AFA42" box="[986,1201,1429,1453]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Corythoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jacobsi"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFC75FA5DFB2AFA42" box="[986,1201,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Corythoraptor jacobsi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +or +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFB77FA5DFA27FA42" box="[1240,1468,1429,1453]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Rinchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFB77FA5DFA27FA42" box="[1240,1468,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rinchenia mongoliensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, where they form a honeycomb-like internal structure. The buttress formed by the fused nasals above the pneumatic pockets in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFCFBFA3BFC05F9E4" authorityName="Funston, Tsogtbaatar, Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Sullivan & Currie" authorityYear="2020" box="[852,926,1523,1547]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFCFBFA3BFC05F9E4" box="[852,926,1523,1547]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oksoko</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is confluent with the similarly thickened dorsal parts of the frontals and parietals. Together, they form a raised rim on the dorsal margin of the cranial crest. The posterior suture with the frontal is simple and straight, like in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFABFF999FB98F967" authority="(Clark et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFABFF999FA5FF986" box="[1296,1476,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFCECF9B8FC63F967" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" box="[835,1016,1648,1672]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFC29F9B9FC21F967" box="[902,954,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, and does not have the interdigitating irregularity present in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFBBBF947FB27F948" baseAuthorityName="Balanoff and Norell" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1044,1212,1679,1703]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Khaan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mckennai"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFBBBF947FB27F948" box="[1044,1212,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Khaan mckennai</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFB5DF947FA59F948" box="[1266,1474,1679,1703]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFB5DF947FA59F948" box="[1266,1474,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFCEBF967FBDCF928" author="Balanoff AM & Norell MA" box="[836,1095,1711,1735]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref29150" refString="Balanoff AM, Norell MA. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: Theropoda). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 372: 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">Balanoff and Norell 2012</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFBFCF967FB45F928" author="Lu J & Chen R & Brusatte SL" box="[1107,1246,1711,1735]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref31055" refString="Lu J, Chen R, Brusatte SL et al. A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species preserved in an unusual posture. Scientific Reports 2016; 6: 35780." type="journal volume" year="2016"> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFBDAF967FB3EF928" box="[1141,1189,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2016 +</bibRefCitation> +). The fused nasals are arched transversely so that their wing-like posterolateral processes are nearly vertically oriented, as in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFB43F925FA59F8EA" box="[1260,1474,1773,1797]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Corythoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jacobsi"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFB43F925FA59F8EA" box="[1260,1474,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Corythoraptor jacobsi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFCCBF8C5FBDFF8CA" box="[868,1092,1805,1829]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Rinchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFCCBF8C5FBDFF8CA" box="[868,1092,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rinchenia mongoliensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Although this may be exaggerated by transverse crushing of the skulls in MPC-D 102/110, a similar arched morphology is present in an undeformed skull of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A60093FFAD8F884FC00F86C" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFAD8F884FC00F86C" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +(MPC-D 100/978; +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A60093FFBC9F8A3FA93F86C" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" box="[1126,1288,1899,1923]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A60093FFB0BF8A3FB4AF86C" box="[1188,1233,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +), where the nasals contribute to a cranial crest. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A61093EFFDEF8E4FBA7F877" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" targetBox="[319,1252,147,1805]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A61093EFFDEF8E4FBA7F877" blockId="9.[113,1456,1836,1944]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A61093EFFDEF8E4FF52F8AB" bold="true" box="[113,201,1836,1860]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 8.</emphasis> +The skull of +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A61093EFEEFF8E4FE4DF8AB" box="[320,470,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A61093EFEEFF8E4FE49F8AB" box="[320,466,1836,1860]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan">Oksoko avarsan</taxonomicName> +. +</emphasis> +Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A61093EFF57F881FEBFF88F" box="[248,292,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis> +(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A61093EFE45F848FDBFF878" box="[490,548,1920,1943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="ecto">r. ecto</taxonomicName> +, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="03D74DC47A62093DFF2EF8E4FB20F877" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" targetBox="[308,1295,149,1804]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A62093DFF2EF8E4FB20F877" blockId="10.[129,1432,1836,1944]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A62093DFF2EF8E4FF43F8AB" bold="true" box="[129,216,1836,1860]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 9.</emphasis> +The skull of +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A62093DFEE0F8E4FE7DF8AB" box="[335,486,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A62093DFEE0F8E4FE79F8AB" box="[335,482,1836,1860]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan">Oksoko avarsan</taxonomicName> +. +</emphasis> +Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view. Images modified from Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A62093DFECDF881FE16F88F" box="[354,397,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis> +(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A62093DFE25F848FE5FF878" box="[394,452,1920,1943]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="ecto">r. ecto</taxonomicName> +, right ectopterygoid; +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A62093DFD21F848FD5AF878" box="[654,705,1920,1943]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="exo">r. exo</taxonomicName> +, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="03D74DC47A63093CFFDEF8E4FF25F878" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244939" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244939/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[113,178,1836,1860]" targetBox="[322,1249,148,1804]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A63093CFFDEF8E4FF25F878" blockId="11.[113,1436,1836,1943]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A63093CFFDEF8E4FF4DF8AB" bold="true" box="[113,214,1836,1860]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 10.</emphasis> +Disarticulated cranial elements of MPC-D 102/11.b. Postorbital (A–D), quadratojugal (E–H), and quadrate (I-L) in lateral (A, E, K), medial (B, F), posterior (C, J), anterior (D, I), dorsal (G), and ventral (H, L) views. Abbreviations: cnd, condyle; frp, frontal process; jf, jugal facet; jp, jugal process; pp, posterior process; qf, quadrate facet; qjf, quadratojugal foramen; qjp, quadratojugal process; sqp, squamosal process. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="03D74DC47A64093BFF2EFC07FEE6FBF0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244941" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244941/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[129,194,975,999]" targetBox="[135,1469,150,942]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A64093BFF2EFC07FEE6FBF0" blockId="12.[129,1438,975,1055]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFF2EFC07FF7EFC08" bold="true" box="[129,229,975,999]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 11.</emphasis> +The skull of +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFEF4FC07FE69FC08" box="[347,498,975,999]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A64093BFEF4FC07FE75FC08" box="[347,494,975,999]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan">Oksoko avarsan</taxonomicName> +. +</emphasis> +Photograph of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in dorsal view, showing clefts between paired elements and unfused frontals. Dotted lines indicate sutures between bones, anterior is to the right. Abbreviations: l. fr, left frontal; nas, nasals; par, parietals; r. fr, right frontal. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A64093BFE36FB87FE6BFB86" blockId="12.[128,779,1103,1823]" box="[409,496,1103,1129]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFE36FB87FE6BFB86" box="[409,496,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lacrimal</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A64093BFF2EFBBDFE3BF8F0" blockId="12.[128,779,1103,1823]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +The lacrimal ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A64093BFEBBFBBDFEC5FB62" box="[276,350,1141,1165]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6B</figureCitation> +) is well preserved in all three skulls, but best observed in MPC-D 102/110.b. The lacrimal contacts the nasal dorsally, the maxilla and premaxilla anteriorly, and the frontal posteriorly above the orbit. Like other oviraptorids, the lacrimal has a poorly developed anterior nasal process, and lacks the T-shape present in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A64093BFE06FADAFC92FAC5" authority="Qiang et al. 1998" authorityName="Qiang" authorityYear="1998" box="[425,777,1298,1322]" class="Reptilia" family="Caudipterygidae" genus="Caudipteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oviraptorosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zoui"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFE06FADAFDCFFAC5" box="[425,596,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Caudipteryx zoui</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A64093BFDF6FADAFC92FAC5" author="Qiang J & Currie PJ & Norell MA" box="[601,777,1298,1322]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="753 - 61" refId="ref31675" refString="Qiang J, Currie PJ, Norell MA et al. Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature 1998; 393: 753 - 61." type="journal article" year="1998"> +Qiang +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFD30FADBFD52FAC5" box="[671,713,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis> +. 1998 +</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +and deinonychosaurs. The foramen for the lacrimal duct faces anteriorly and opens into a shallow subhorizontal channel on the lateral surface of the lacrimal. The pneumatic pockets seen on +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFD7BFAB9FF31FA48" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A64093BFD7BFAB9FC92FA67" authorityName="Xu & Han" authorityYear="2010" box="[724,777,1393,1416]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Banji" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Banji</taxonomicName> +long +</emphasis> +(Xu and Han 2010), +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A64093BFE24FA58FC9FFA48" authority="(Clark et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[395,772,1423,1447]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFE24FA58FDA4FA48" box="[395,575,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A64093BFDE0FA47FD62FA48" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" box="[591,761,1423,1447]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFD20FA58FD24FA48" box="[655,703,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A64093BFF2EFA67FDD5FA28" authority="(Balanoff and Norell 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Balanoff and Norell" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[129,590,1455,1479]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Khaan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mckennai"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFF2EFA67FEB3FA28" box="[129,296,1455,1479]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Khaan mckennai</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A64093BFE94FA67FDD8FA28" author="Balanoff AM & Norell MA" box="[315,579,1455,1479]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref29150" refString="Balanoff AM, Norell MA. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: Theropoda). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 372: 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">Balanoff and Norell 2012</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A64093BFD26FA67FF52FA09" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFD26FA67FF52FA09" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +are present on only one individual, MPC-D 102/110.b. The frontal process is long, but does not extend posteriorly past the nasal. A triangular process of the frontal separates the lacrimal from the dorsal edge of the orbit, creating a Z-shaped suture in lateral view. The jugal process curves posteroventrally to meet the jugal, forming an inclined posterodorsal margin to the antorbital fenestra. The preorbital bar of the lacrimal is anteriorly pierced at its midlength by a small, vertical slit that communicates with the orbit. The preorbital bar is flared slightly laterally, its posterior margin is broadly concave, and it forms the entire anterior margin of the orbit. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A64093BFE0DF8F7FE7CF8B6" blockId="12.[129,778,1855,1980]" box="[418,487,1855,1881]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFE0DF8F7FE7CF8B6" box="[418,487,1855,1881]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Frontal</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A64093BFF2EF8ADFC63F8D7" blockId="12.[129,778,1855,1980]" lastBlockId="12.[825,1476,1103,1848]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +The frontal ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A64093BFEA8F8ADFEFBF892" box="[263,352,1893,1917]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStartId-0="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionStartId-1="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-2="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-3="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox-0="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetBox-1="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetBox-2="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetBox-3="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetId-0="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetId-1="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetId-2="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetId-3="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionText-0="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." captionText-1="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." captionText-2="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." captionText-3="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 6–9</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A64093BFEC1F8ADFE13F892" box="[366,392,1893,1917]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="12.[129,194,975,999]" captionTargetBox="[135,1469,150,942]" captionTargetId="figure-556@12.[129,1473,144,947]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 11. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in dorsal view, showing clefts between paired elements and unfused frontals. Dotted lines indicate sutures between bones, anterior is to the right. Abbreviations: l. fr, left frontal; nas, nasals; par, parietals; r. fr, right frontal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244941/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11</figureCitation> +) is well preserved in each skull. It is taller dorsoventrally than long anteroposteriorly, which is unusual for a theropod. It forms most of the dorsal part of the orbit, with the postorbital, and is invaded by the supratemporal fenestra posteriorly. It tapers dorsally, so that it is longer anteroposteriorly above the orbit than on the dorsal margin of the cranial crest. It contacts the lacrimal and nasal anteriorly, the postorbital laterally, the parietal posteriorly, and the laterosphenoid posterolaterally. The postorbital process is elongated dorsoventrally to accommodate the tall frontal process of the postorbital, and continues dorsally as a distinct ridge separating the supraorbital and supratemporal portions of the frontal. The supraorbital part of the frontal is concave laterally, and has a dorsoventrally oriented pneumatic depression on most of its lateral surface. The supratemporal part of the frontal is not pierced by pneumatic openings, but the breakage pattern on the left side of MPC-D 102/11.a suggests that it may have been hollow above the braincase, as in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A64093BFBE9F9CEFA26F9F1" authority="(Clark et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1094,1469,1542,1566]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFBE9F9CEFB61F9F1" box="[1094,1274,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A64093BFAA6F9CEFA2AF9F1" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" box="[1289,1457,1542,1566]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFAE7F9CEFAE3F9F1" box="[1352,1400,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. Unlike MPC-D 102/110, the frontals of MPC-D 102/11.a are not fused, but all three individuals have a simple, straight contact. The frontals are separated only slightly posteriorly by the parietals, with which they have a simple, obtusely angled contact. The supraorbital rim lacks a supraciliary lip, which is the case in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A64093BFC26F90AFA99F935" authority="(Clark et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[905,1282,1730,1754]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFC26F90AFBA5F935" box="[905,1086,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A64093BFBE3F90AFB6CF935" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" box="[1100,1271,1730,1754]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFB23F90AFB26F935" box="[1164,1213,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, but not in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A64093BFA2EF90AFB23F916" authority="(Balanoff and Norell 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Balanoff and Norell" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Khaan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mckennai"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFA2EF90AFC0DF916" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Khaan mckennai</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A64093BFC07F929FB37F916" author="Balanoff AM & Norell MA" box="[936,1196,1761,1785]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref29150" refString="Balanoff AM, Norell MA. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: Theropoda). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 372: 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">Balanoff and Norell 2012</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. The dorsal surface of the orbit is badly crushed in all individuals, but appears to have a groove posteriorly. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A64093BFBF6F895FB39F898" blockId="12.[825,1474,1885,1979]" box="[1113,1186,1885,1911]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFBF6F895FB39F898" box="[1113,1186,1885,1911]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Parietal</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A64093AFC96F84CFE26FCB6" blockId="12.[825,1474,1885,1979]" lastBlockId="13.[112,763,144,857]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13"> +The parietal ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A64093BFC67F84CFBBAF873" box="[968,1057,1923,1948]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStartId-0="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionStartId-1="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-2="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-3="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox-0="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetBox-1="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetBox-2="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetBox-3="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetId-0="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetId-1="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetId-2="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetId-3="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionText-0="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." captionText-1="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." captionText-2="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." captionText-3="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 6–9</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A64093BFB80F84CFBD2F873" box="[1071,1097,1924,1948]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="12.[129,194,975,999]" captionTargetBox="[135,1469,150,942]" captionTargetId="figure-556@12.[129,1473,144,947]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 11. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in dorsal view, showing clefts between paired elements and unfused frontals. Dotted lines indicate sutures between bones, anterior is to the right. Abbreviations: l. fr, left frontal; nas, nasals; par, parietals; r. fr, right frontal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244941/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11</figureCitation> +) is preserved in each skull. It is tall dorsoventrally, similar to +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A64093BFBFBF86BFAB2F854" box="[1108,1321,1955,1979]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A64093BFBFBF86BFAB2F854" box="[1108,1321,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, but this has probably been slightly exaggerated by transverse crushing in each individual. The parietals of MPC-D 102/11.a are fused completely, although a furrow is still visible on the dorsal midline ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFF05FF26FF69FEE9" box="[170,242,238,262]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="12.[129,194,975,999]" captionTargetBox="[135,1469,150,942]" captionTargetId="figure-556@12.[129,1473,144,947]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 11. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in dorsal view, showing clefts between paired elements and unfused frontals. Dotted lines indicate sutures between bones, anterior is to the right. Abbreviations: l. fr, left frontal; nas, nasals; par, parietals; r. fr, right frontal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244941/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 11</figureCitation> +). The lateral surface of the parietal is deeply concave, to accommodate mandibular adductor musculature. The sagittal crest is tall, extending about +<quantity id="9050B0A97A65093AFE75FEE5FDB9FEAB" box="[474,546,301,325]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity> +above the apex of the nuchal crest in MPC-D 102/11.a, and is transversely expanded, tapering posteriorly. The nuchal crest is pronounced, like in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFFDEFE43FE1CFE4C" box="[113,391,395,419]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Huanansaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFFDEFE43FE1CFE4C" box="[113,391,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Huanansaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and merges at the midline with the sagittal crest. The posterior end of the sagittal crest is near the apex of the cranial crest, posterior to which the skull roof descends steeply ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFEA6FE21FEDDFDEE" box="[265,326,489,513]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 6</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFEFEFE21FEC5FDEF" box="[337,350,489,512]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFEC6FE21FE18FDEE" box="[361,387,489,513]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="14.[128,193,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[134,1467,149,1740]" captionTargetId="figure-95@14.[129,1473,144,1745]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 12. Reconstruction of the skull and jaws of Oksoko avarsan. Idealized reconstruction of the craniomandibular skeleton in left lateral view, based on MPC-D 102/110.a, with information from MPC-D 102/11.a." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244944" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244944/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12</figureCitation> +). A similarly sloped skull roof is present in most oviraptorids, except +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFE6DFDC1FDBEFDCF" box="[450,549,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFE6DFDC1FE6CFDCF" authorityName="Xu & Han" authorityYear="2010" box="[450,503,521,544]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Banji" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Banji</taxonomicName> +long +</emphasis> +(Xu and Han 2010), +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFFDEFDEFFE6EFDD0" authority="Barsbold 1986" authorityName="Barsbold" authorityYear="1986" box="[113,501,551,575]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Conchoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFFDEFDEFFED1FDD0" box="[113,330,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Conchoraptor gracilis</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFEF7FDEFFE6EFDD0" author="Barsbold R" box="[344,501,551,575]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref29344" refString="Barsbold R. The predatory dinosaurs - oviraptors. Herpetologische Untersuchungen in der Mongolischen Volksrepublik 1986: 210 - 23. Academia Nauk SSSR." type="book" year="1986">Barsbold 1986</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFDA1FDE0FD72FDD0" author="Funston GF & Mendonca SE & Currie PJ" box="[526,745,551,575]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="101 - 120" refId="ref30146" refString="Funston GF, Mendonca SE, Currie PJ et al. Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2018; 494: 101 - 120." type="journal article" year="2018"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFDDEFDE0FD33FDD0" box="[625,680,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +), +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFFDEFD8FFDDEFDB0" authority="(Balanoff and Norell 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Balanoff and Norell" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[113,581,583,607]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Khaan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mckennai"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFFDEFD8FFE81FDB0" box="[113,282,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Khaan mckennai</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFE81FD8FFDA1FDB0" author="Balanoff AM & Norell MA" box="[302,570,583,607]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref29150" refString="Balanoff AM, Norell MA. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: Theropoda). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 372: 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">Balanoff and Norell 2012</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFD2CFD8FFF67FD91" authority="Lu et al. 2013" authorityName="Lu" authorityYear="2013" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Yulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mini"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFD2CFD8FFD61FDB1" box="[643,762,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Yulong mini</emphasis> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFF3CFDAFFF59FD91" box="[147,194,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +2013 +</taxonomicName> +. The parietal contributes only to the posterior half of the medial surface of the supratemporal fenestra, contrasting with +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFF0BFD6DFDC4FD52" authority="(Balanoff and Norell 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Balanoff and Norell" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[164,607,677,701]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Khaan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mckennai"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFF0BFD6DFED3FD52" box="[164,328,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Khaan mckennai</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFEF8FD6DFDCFFD52" author="Balanoff AM & Norell MA" box="[343,596,677,701]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref29150" refString="Balanoff AM, Norell MA. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: Theropoda). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 372: 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">Balanoff and Norell 2012</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, where it forms the majority of this surface. The transversely straight but dorsally arched occipital margin of the parietal is the widest point of the bone ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFF18FCCBFF64FCF4" box="[183,255,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="12.[129,194,975,999]" captionTargetBox="[135,1469,150,942]" captionTargetId="figure-556@12.[129,1473,144,947]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 11. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in dorsal view, showing clefts between paired elements and unfused frontals. Dotted lines indicate sutures between bones, anterior is to the right. Abbreviations: l. fr, left frontal; nas, nasals; par, parietals; r. fr, right frontal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244941/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 11</figureCitation> +). In MPC-D 102/110.a, b, the arched margin of the parietal contacts the supraoccipital and exoccipital posteriorly and the squamosal laterally. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A65093AFE31FCB1FE56FC7C" blockId="13.[113,764,889,1578]" box="[414,461,889,915]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFE31FCB1FE56FC7C" box="[414,461,889,915]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Jugal</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A65093AFFDEFC57FE9CF9C5" blockId="13.[113,764,889,1578]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +The jugal ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFF4FFC57FE87FC58" box="[224,284,927,951]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 7</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFE87FC57FEAEFC58" box="[296,309,927,951]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8</figureCitation> +) is best observed in MPC-D 102/110.a and MPC-D 102/11.a. It is triradiate and relatively robust compared to other oviraptorids, but remarkably similar to that of +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFD6AFC17FF01FBFA" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFD6AFC17FD61FC19" authorityName="Xu & Han" authorityYear="2010" box="[709,762,991,1014]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Banji" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Banji</taxonomicName> +long +</emphasis> +(Xu and Han 2010) and somewhat similar to +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFDC5FC36FF6AFBDA" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Huanansaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFDC5FC36FF6AFBDA" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Huanansaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFE84FBD5FE66FBDA" box="[299,509,1053,1077]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFE84FBD5FE66FBDA" box="[299,509,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFDBEFBD5FD3DFBDB" author="Lu J & Pu H & Kobayashi Y" box="[529,678,1052,1077]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref31015" refString="Lu J, Pu H, Kobayashi Y et al. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications. Scientific Reports 2015; 5: 11490." type="journal volume" year="2015"> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFD99FBD5FDF1FBDA" box="[566,618,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +2015 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFD1AFBD5FD72FBDA" author="Lu J & Chen R & Brusatte SL" box="[693,745,1053,1077]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref31055" refString="Lu J, Chen R, Brusatte SL et al. A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species preserved in an unusual posture. Scientific Reports 2016; 6: 35780." type="journal volume" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation> +). Unlike most oviraptorids where the ventral margin of the jugal is straight or dorsally arched, in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFE1DFB93FE67FB9C" authorityName="Funston, Tsogtbaatar, Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Sullivan & Currie" authorityYear="2020" box="[434,508,1115,1139]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFE1DFB93FE67FB9C" box="[434,508,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Oksoko</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +it is slightly sinuous, also similar to +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFF73FBB3FE68FB7C" box="[220,499,1147,1171]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Huanansaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFF73FBB3FE68FB7C" box="[220,499,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Huanansaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFD88FBB3FD6EFB7C" box="[551,757,1147,1171]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFD88FBB3FD6EFB7C" box="[551,757,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. The maxillary process is dorsoventrally broad towards its posterior base and tapers anteriorly where it meets the lacrimal and maxilla. The postorbital process is wide in lateral view, and has an anterior facet for the postorbital that extends ventrally only a third of the length of the postorbital process. In +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFD1EFAD0FE08FAA0" authority="(Clark et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFD1EFAD0FF48FAA0" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFF4CFAFFFE13FAA0" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" box="[227,392,1335,1359]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFE8EFAFFFECBFAA0" box="[289,336,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFE6BFAFFFF61FA81" authority="(Balanoff and Norell 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Balanoff and Norell" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Khaan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mckennai"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFE6BFAFFFDF1FAA0" box="[452,618,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Khaan mckennai</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFDD5FAFFFF74FA81" author="Balanoff AM & Norell MA" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref29150" refString="Balanoff AM, Norell MA. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: Theropoda). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 372: 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">Balanoff and Norell 2012</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +this facet extends much further ventrally, almost to the junction of the postorbital process and the other two processes of the jugal. The quadratojugal process of the jugal is short and laterally overlies the quadratojugal. It is much shorter and more robust than that of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFED4FA1BFF2BF9E4" authority="(Funston et al. 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Funston" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Rinchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFED4FA1BFDC5FA04" box="[379,606,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rinchenia mongoliensis</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFDC1FA1CFF3EF9E4" author="Funston GF & Mendonca SE & Currie PJ" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="101 - 120" refId="ref30146" refString="Funston GF, Mendonca SE, Currie PJ et al. Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2018; 494: 101 - 120." type="journal article" year="2018"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFD65FA1CFD60FA04" box="[714,763,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, where it is bifurcated posteriorly to interfinger with the quadratojugal. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A65093AFE2CF981FE73F98C" blockId="13.[387,488,1609,1635]" box="[387,488,1609,1635]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFE2CF981FE73F98C" box="[387,488,1609,1635]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Postorbital</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A65093AFFDEF9B8FB13FE2D" blockId="13.[113,763,1648,1985]" lastBlockId="13.[810,1459,144,450]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +The postorbital ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFE8DF9B8FEE1F967" box="[290,378,1648,1672]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStartId-0="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionStartId-1="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-2="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox-0="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetBox-1="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetBox-2="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetId-0="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetId-1="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetId-2="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionText-0="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." captionText-1="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." captionText-2="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 6–8</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFE28F9B8FE3AF967" box="[391,417,1648,1672]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[322,1249,148,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-4@11.[319,1254,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10. Disarticulated cranial elements of MPC-D 102/11.b. Postorbital (A–D), quadratojugal (E–H), and quadrate (I-L) in lateral (A, E, K), medial (B, F), posterior (C, J), anterior (D, I), dorsal (G), and ventral (H, L) views. Abbreviations:cnd, condyle; frp, frontal process; jf, jugal facet; jp, jugal process; pp, posterior process; qf, quadrate facet; qjf, quadratojugal foramen; qjp, quadratojugal process; sqp, squamosal process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244939/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10</figureCitation> +) is preserved in all of the articulated skulls and an isolated postorbital is present with MPC-D 102/11.b ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFF4AF967FEB5F928" box="[229,302,1711,1735]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[322,1249,148,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-4@11.[319,1254,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10. Disarticulated cranial elements of MPC-D 102/11.b. Postorbital (A–D), quadratojugal (E–H), and quadrate (I-L) in lateral (A, E, K), medial (B, F), posterior (C, J), anterior (D, I), dorsal (G), and ventral (H, L) views. Abbreviations:cnd, condyle; frp, frontal process; jf, jugal facet; jp, jugal process; pp, posterior process; qf, quadrate facet; qjf, quadratojugal foramen; qjp, quadratojugal process; sqp, squamosal process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244939/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 10</figureCitation> +). The postorbital is tall and its frontal process is vertical, which distinguishes this taxon from all other oviraptorids, except +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFEF9F925FF2AF8CA" authority="(Funston et al. 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Funston" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Rinchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFEF9F925FDD9F8EA" box="[342,578,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rinchenia mongoliensis</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFDF2F926FF3EF8CA" author="Funston GF & Mendonca SE & Currie PJ" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="101 - 120" refId="ref30146" refString="Funston GF, Mendonca SE, Currie PJ et al. Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2018; 494: 101 - 120." type="journal article" year="2018"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFD6EF926FD60F8EA" box="[705,763,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. In other oviraptorids, the frontal process is oriented anterodorsally, and is typically shorter than the jugal process. In MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFEC4F883FE34F88C" box="[363,431,1867,1891]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 8</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFE6DF883FE47F88C" box="[450,476,1867,1891]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[322,1249,148,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-4@11.[319,1254,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10. Disarticulated cranial elements of MPC-D 102/11.b. Postorbital (A–D), quadratojugal (E–H), and quadrate (I-L) in lateral (A, E, K), medial (B, F), posterior (C, J), anterior (D, I), dorsal (G), and ventral (H, L) views. Abbreviations:cnd, condyle; frp, frontal process; jf, jugal facet; jp, jugal process; pp, posterior process; qf, quadrate facet; qjf, quadratojugal foramen; qjp, quadratojugal process; sqp, squamosal process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244939/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10</figureCitation> +) and MPC-D 102/110.b, the jugal process is shorter than the frontal process, and only forms half of the posterior orbital margin. It is slightly longer in MPC-D 102/110.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFEEAF861FEE6F82E" box="[325,381,1961,1985]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7</figureCitation> +), where it forms almost two-thirds of the orbital margin. Overall, the jugal process is less robust and more gently curved than in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFBEBFF67FA83FF28" box="[1092,1304,175,199]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Corythoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jacobsi"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFBEBFF67FA83FF28" box="[1092,1304,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Corythoraptor jacobsi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFA8CFF78FC31FF08" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Huanansaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFA8CFF78FC31FF08" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Huanansaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, or +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFC70FF07FB28FF08" box="[991,1203,207,231]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFC70FF07FB28FF08" box="[991,1203,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFB65FF07FAFCFF09" author="Lu J & Pu H & Kobayashi Y" box="[1226,1383,206,231]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref31015" refString="Lu J, Pu H, Kobayashi Y et al. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications. Scientific Reports 2015; 5: 11490." type="journal volume" year="2015"> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFB5DFF07FAB3FF08" box="[1266,1320,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +2015 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFAD6FF07FA36FF08" author="Lu J & Chen R & Brusatte SL" box="[1401,1453,207,231]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref31055" refString="Lu J, Chen R, Brusatte SL et al. A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species preserved in an unusual posture. Scientific Reports 2016; 6: 35780." type="journal volume" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFC85FF26FCC5FEE9" author="Lu J & Li G & Kundrat M" box="[810,862,238,262]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref31094" refString="Lu J, Li G, Kundrat M et al. High diversity of the Ganzhou oviraptorid fauna increased by a new ' cassowary-like' crested species. Scientific Reports 2017; 7: 6393." type="journal volume" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation> +), but is similar in these respects to +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFB15FF26FC39FECA" authority="(Clark et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFB15FF26FAF0FEE9" box="[1210,1387,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFAD5FF26FC0DFECA" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFC85FEC6FCC0FECA" box="[810,859,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. The anterior (orbital) margin of the postorbital is strongly sinuous, with a concave orbital portion and a convex frontal portion. In most oviraptorids, the anterior margin of the postorbital is smoothly concave. The squamosal process is unbroken only in MPC-D 102/110.b, where it is dorsoventrally broad and anteroposteriorly short. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A65093AFB95FE29FB38FE14" blockId="13.[1082,1187,481,507]" box="[1082,1187,481,507]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFB95FE29FB38FE14" box="[1082,1187,481,507]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Squamosal</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A65093AFC85FDC0FA0DFC39" blockId="13.[808,1460,520,983]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +The squamosal ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFC78FDC0FBABFDCF" box="[983,1072,520,544]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStartId-0="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionStartId-1="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-2="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-3="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox-0="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetBox-1="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetBox-2="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetBox-3="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetId-0="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetId-1="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetId-2="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetId-3="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionText-0="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." captionText-1="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." captionText-2="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." captionText-3="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 6–9</figureCitation> +) forms the posterodorsal corner and upper margin of the subrectangular infratemporal fenestra. The postorbital process has a lateral rugosity and a dorsolateral groove for the postorbital. The lateral aspect of the squamosal is divided into two main parts by a curved ridge that delimits the corner of the infratemporal fenestra ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFBECFD6DFB12FD52" box="[1091,1161,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="14.[128,193,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[134,1467,149,1740]" captionTargetId="figure-95@14.[129,1473,144,1745]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 12. Reconstruction of the skull and jaws of Oksoko avarsan. Idealized reconstruction of the craniomandibular skeleton in left lateral view, based on MPC-D 102/110.a, with information from MPC-D 102/11.a." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244944" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244944/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 12</figureCitation> +). Anteroventral to this ridge, the squamosal is laterally depressed and probably would have anchored adductor musculature. Medially the squamosal has an anteroposteriorly wide contact with the parietal, best observed in MPC-D 102/110.b ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFBB2FCEAFBFEFCD5" box="[1053,1125,802,826]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 6B</figureCitation> +). The squamosal bifurcates ventrally, as in all oviraptorids. The posterior process contacts the paroccipital process of the exoccipital and encapsulates the external auditory meatus. Ventromedially, the squamosal contacts and fuses to the quadrate, and ventrolaterally it contacts the quadratojugal, where it borders the external auditory meatus. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A65093AFB86FC3EFB2EFBFF" blockId="13.[1065,1205,1014,1040]" box="[1065,1205,1014,1040]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFB86FC3EFB2EFBFF" box="[1065,1205,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Quadratojugal</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A65093AFC85FBD5FC39FA04" blockId="13.[810,1460,1053,1515]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +The triradiate quadratojugal ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFBFDFBD5FB2FFBDA" box="[1106,1204,1053,1077]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStart-4="Figure 10" captionStartId-0="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionStartId-1="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-2="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-3="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionStartId-4="11.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox-0="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetBox-1="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetBox-2="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetBox-3="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetBox-4="[322,1249,148,1804]" captionTargetId-0="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetId-1="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetId-2="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetId-3="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetId-4="figure-4@11.[319,1254,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionTargetPageId-4="11" captionText-0="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." captionText-1="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." captionText-2="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." captionText-3="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." captionText-4="Figure 10. Disarticulated cranial elements of MPC-D 102/11.b. Postorbital (A–D), quadratojugal (E–H), and quadrate (I-L) in lateral (A, E, K), medial (B, F), posterior (C, J), anterior (D, I), dorsal (G), and ventral (H, L) views. Abbreviations:cnd, condyle; frp, frontal process; jf, jugal facet; jp, jugal process; pp, posterior process; qf, quadrate facet; qjf, quadratojugal foramen; qjp, quadratojugal process; sqp, squamosal process." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244939" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/14244939/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 6–10</figureCitation> +) is not fused to the quadrate, even in the large, isolated individual (MPC-D 102/11.b; +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFC85FB93FCE8FB9C" box="[810,883,1115,1139]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[322,1249,148,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-4@11.[319,1254,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10. Disarticulated cranial elements of MPC-D 102/11.b. Postorbital (A–D), quadratojugal (E–H), and quadrate (I-L) in lateral (A, E, K), medial (B, F), posterior (C, J), anterior (D, I), dorsal (G), and ventral (H, L) views. Abbreviations:cnd, condyle; frp, frontal process; jf, jugal facet; jp, jugal process; pp, posterior process; qf, quadrate facet; qjf, quadratojugal foramen; qjp, quadratojugal process; sqp, squamosal process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244939/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 10</figureCitation> +) associated with MPC-D 102/11.a. The anterior process lies medial to the jugal and forms about two-thirds of the ventral margin of the infratemporal fenestra. Dorsally, the ascending process forms at least half of the posterior border of the infratemporal fenestra, although its full extent is obscured by fusion to the squamosal. The ascending process contacts the quadrate along most of its length, but is separated ventrally by a quadrate foramen. The posterior process of the quadratojugal forms a cap on the lateral surface of the quadrate, and has a tab-like posteroventral extension. The posterior process is relatively long, comparable to +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFB93FA5DFB3BFA42" box="[1084,1184,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFB93FA5DFBEAFA43" authorityName="Xu & Han" authorityYear="2010" box="[1084,1137,1429,1452]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Banji" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Banji</taxonomicName> +long +</emphasis> +Xu and Han 2010, +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFAC7FA5DFBD5FA23" authority="(Clark et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFAC7FA5DFC17FA23" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFC33FA7CFBD8FA23" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" box="[924,1091,1460,1484]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFC75FA7DFB91FA23" box="[986,1034,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A65093AFB28FA7DFC06FA04" authority="(Fanti et al. 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Fanti" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Nemegtomaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barsboldi"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFB28FA7DFAF4FA23" box="[1159,1391,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nemegtomaia barsboldi</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A65093AFAD1FA7CFC0AFA04" author="Fanti F & Currie PJ & Badamgarav D" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref29866" refString="Fanti F, Currie PJ, Badamgarav D. New Specimens of Nemegtomaia from the Baruungoyot and Nemegt Formations (Late Cretaceous) of Mongolia (C Lalueza-Fox, Ed.). PLoS One 2012; 7: e 31330." type="journal volume" year="2012"> +Fanti +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFC85FA1CFCC2FA04" box="[810,857,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al.</emphasis> +2012 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A65093AFBEEF9C3FB07F9CA" blockId="13.[809,1460,1547,1985]" box="[1089,1180,1547,1573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A65093AFBEEF9C3FB07F9CA" box="[1089,1180,1547,1573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Quadrate</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A650938FC85F9F9FD28FF28" blockId="13.[809,1460,1547,1985]" lastBlockId="15.[113,762,144,199]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14"> +The quadrate ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFC11F9F9FBBBF9A6" box="[958,1056,1585,1609]" captionStart-0="Figure 6" captionStart-1="Figure 7" captionStart-2="Figure 8" captionStart-3="Figure 9" captionStart-4="Figure 10" captionStartId-0="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionStartId-1="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-2="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionStartId-3="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionStartId-4="11.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox-0="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetBox-1="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetBox-2="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetBox-3="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetBox-4="[322,1249,148,1804]" captionTargetId-0="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetId-1="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetId-2="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetId-3="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetId-4="figure-4@11.[319,1254,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionTargetPageId-4="11" captionText-0="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." captionText-1="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." captionText-2="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." captionText-3="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." captionText-4="Figure 10. Disarticulated cranial elements of MPC-D 102/11.b. Postorbital (A–D), quadratojugal (E–H), and quadrate (I-L) in lateral (A, E, K), medial (B, F), posterior (C, J), anterior (D, I), dorsal (G), and ventral (H, L) views. Abbreviations:cnd, condyle; frp, frontal process; jf, jugal facet; jp, jugal process; pp, posterior process; qf, quadrate facet; qjf, quadratojugal foramen; qjp, quadratojugal process; sqp, squamosal process." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244939" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/14244939/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 6–10</figureCitation> +) is poorly exposed in MPC-D 102/110, and in MPC-D 102/11.a it is badly damaged on the left and preserved only in posterior view on the right ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFB49F9B8FA84F967" box="[1254,1311,1648,1672]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 9</figureCitation> +). The isolated right quadrate from MPC-D 102/11.b is incomplete, but useful for determining morphology ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A65093AFBC6F967FB2AF928" box="[1129,1201,1711,1735]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="11.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[322,1249,148,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-4@11.[319,1254,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 10. Disarticulated cranial elements of MPC-D 102/11.b. Postorbital (A–D), quadratojugal (E–H), and quadrate (I-L) in lateral (A, E, K), medial (B, F), posterior (C, J), anterior (D, I), dorsal (G), and ventral (H, L) views. Abbreviations:cnd, condyle; frp, frontal process; jf, jugal facet; jp, jugal process; pp, posterior process; qf, quadrate facet; qjf, quadratojugal foramen; qjp, quadratojugal process; sqp, squamosal process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244939/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 10</figureCitation> +). Medially, the quadrate contacts the parasphenoid, pro-otic, and pterygoid; laterally, the quadratojugal; and dorsally, the squamosal. It does not appear to contact the exoccipital/opisthotic extensively, although on both sides of MPC-D 102/11.a these bones are disarticulated and this area is not visible in the skulls of MPC-D 102/110. The optic wing of the quadrate is oblique to the midline, extending anterodorso-medially to postero-ventro-laterally, and covers most of the lateral surface of the braincase. Anteriorly, the optic wing of the quadrate contacts the epipterygoid. At this point, it also contacts the pterygoid ventrally. The condyles of the quadrate are saddle-shaped as in other oviraptorosaurs. There is a large, vertically oriented, oval quadratojugal foramen, formed entirely by excavation of the quadrate. Just medial to this, on the posterior side of the quadrate, there is a deep depression. There is a vertical ridge on the posterior surface of the quadrate, just lateral to the optic wing. The lateral surface of the quadrate contacts—but is not fused with—the quadratojugal, and this contact is raised into a distinct process with a cotyle bifurcated by a ridge. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A660939FF2FF925FCCCF8CE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244944" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244944" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244944/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[128,193,1773,1797]" targetBox="[134,1467,149,1740]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A660939FF2FF925FCCCF8CE" blockId="14.[128,1426,1773,1825]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A660939FF2FF925FF7FF8EA" bold="true" box="[128,228,1773,1797]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 12.</emphasis> +Reconstruction of the skull and jaws of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A660939FDF3F925FD76F8EA" box="[604,749,1773,1797]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A660939FDF3F925FD76F8EA" box="[604,749,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Idealized reconstruction of the craniomandibular skeleton in left lateral view, based on MPC-D 102/110.a, with information from MPC-D 102/11.a. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A670938FEC2FF2FFE65FEEE" blockId="15.[112,764,231,983]" box="[365,510,231,257]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FEC2FF2FFE65FEEE" box="[365,510,231,257]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Palatal skeleton</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A670938FFDEFEC5FDE5FC38" blockId="15.[112,764,231,983]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +The palatal skeleton is incomplete in MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FD18FEC5FD6EFECA" box="[695,757,269,293]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 8</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FFDEFEE5FFE5FEAA" box="[113,126,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">9</figureCitation> +), with only the pterygoids, ectopterygoids, and a small part of the right palatine preserved. In MPC-D 102/110, the palatal skeleton is mostly obscured by the overlying mandible ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FD1FFEA3FD72FE6C" box="[688,745,363,387]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6</figureCitation> +). The ectopterygoid has a dorsally curved maxillary process, which would have contacted the maxilla dorsally and the palatine anteriorly. Anteriorly, the pterygoid has a crescentic contact with the ectopterygoid in lateral view, as in almost all oviraptorids, although this suture appears more pointed in +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FD95FDC1FD04FDCF" box="[570,671,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A670938FD95FDC1FDF4FDCF" authorityName="Xu & Han" authorityYear="2010" box="[570,623,521,544]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Banji" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Banji</taxonomicName> +long +</emphasis> +(Xu and Han 2010) than in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A670938FE95FDEFFE4DFDD0" box="[314,470,551,575]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FE95FDEFFE4DFDD0" box="[314,470,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. The ramus of the pterygoid is short anteroposteriorly, tall dorsoventrally, and concave on its ventral surface. The pterygoid ramus lacks the deep dorsal excavation present in +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FE8DFD4EFE1EFD72" box="[290,389,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A670938FE8DFD4EFECCFD72" authorityName="Xu & Han" authorityYear="2010" box="[290,343,646,669]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Banji" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Banji</taxonomicName> +long +</emphasis> +(Xu and Han 2010). The pterygoids are separated by an interpterygoid vacuity like in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A670938FDD8FD6DFE34FD33" authority="(Wei et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Wei" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Jiangxisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FDD8FD6DFF6AFD33" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Jiangxisaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A670938FEAAFD0CFE3FFD33" author="Wei X & Pu H & Xu L" box="[261,420,708,732]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="899 - 904" refId="ref32129" refString="Wei X, Pu H, Xu L et al. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 2013; 87: 899 - 904." type="journal article" year="2013"> +Wei +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FE99FD0DFEF2FD33" box="[310,361,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +2013 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, and like other oviraptorosaurs ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A670938FFD3FD2BFEAAFD14" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Rowe T" box="[124,305,739,763]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref29648" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Rowe T. Cranial anatomy of Citipati osmolskae (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria), and a reinterpretation of the holotype of Oviraptor philoceratops. American Museum Novitates 2002; 3364: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2002"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FF10FD2CFF68FD14" box="[191,243,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +2002 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A670938FEEEFD2BFD88FD14" author="Balanoff AM & Xu X & Kobayashi Y" box="[321,531,739,763]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref29182" refString="Balanoff AM, Xu X, Kobayashi Y et al. Cranial osteology of the theropod dinosaur Incisivosaurus gauthieri (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria). American Museum Novitates 2009; 3651: 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="2009"> +Balanoff +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FE0EFD2CFE4EFD14" box="[417,469,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +2009 +</bibRefCitation> +), the pterygoid lacks a transverse flange, although this area is poorly exposed in MPC-D 102/11.a. The pterygoid has a broad posterodorsally facing contact with the quadrate, from which it tapers anteriorly. Posteriorly, it underlies the optic wing of the quadrate, and is mostly obscured by crushing. At its posterior end, it is dorsoventrally tall and transversely thin. At this point, it contacts the basipterygoid process of the basisphenoid medially. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A670938FE3FFC3FFE40FBFE" blockId="15.[112,764,1015,1985]" box="[400,475,1015,1041]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FE3FFC3FFE40FBFE" box="[400,475,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Occiput</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A670938FFDEFBD5FABFFBFA" blockId="15.[112,764,1015,1985]" lastBlockId="15.[810,1461,144,1045]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +The occiput is not visible on either skull of MPC-D 102/110 ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FD7BFBD5FFE5FBBB" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6</figureCitation> +). In MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FEDDFBF4FE37FBBB" box="[370,428,1084,1108]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 9</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FE19FBF4FE4BFBBB" box="[438,464,1084,1108]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[130,195,1360,1384]" captionTargetBox="[132,1466,147,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-278@16.[129,1473,144,1332]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13.Braincase of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the braincase elements of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior view. Box in (A) shows location of illustration (B), arrows show perspectives of panels (C–E). Details (C–E) of the braincase region, showing exoccipital in ventrolateral view (C), exoccipital in medial view (D), and lateral surface of braincase in right lateral view (E). The background in (D) has been darkened to improve clarity.Abbreviations::bo, contact for basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bt, basal tuber; CN XII, foramina for cranial nerve XII; de, ductus endolymphaticus; endo, endocranial cavity; me, metotic fissure; occ, occipital condyle; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; sq, contact for squamosal; st, stapes; supr, supraoccipital; tsc, insertion for m. transversospinalis capitis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244946/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">13</figureCitation> +) it is well preserved and none of the bones of the occiput are fused, although the basioccipital and basisphenoid have begun to co-ossify. The trapezoidal supraoccipital is disarticulated from the rest of the occiput. The facets for the exoccipitals on the supraoccipital are separated by a groove, indicating that the supraoccipital contributed to the foramen magnum. The supraoccipital tapers anterodorsally, where it would have fit between the squamosal processes of the fused parietals. The dorsal surface of the supraoccipital bears two longitudinal, shallow, elliptical depressions. The ventral surface of the supraoccipital has a lateral lamina on each side, which would have formed the walls of the foramen magnum. The exoccipitals were not yet fused to the basioccipital, similar to +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FF21FA1CFF68FA04" box="[142,243,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A670938FF21FA1CFF58FA04" authorityName="Xu & Han" authorityYear="2010" box="[142,195,1492,1515]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Banji" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Banji</taxonomicName> +long +</emphasis> +, the +<typeStatus id="8813A3EE7A670938FE87FA1BFE1FFA04" box="[296,388,1491,1515]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus> +of which probably also represents a juvenile individual (Xu and Han 2010). Both exoccipitals have been rotated anterolaterally from life position, which exposes their medial sides ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FE91F9F9FE1CF9A6" box="[318,391,1585,1609]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[130,195,1360,1384]" captionTargetBox="[132,1466,147,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-278@16.[129,1473,144,1332]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13.Braincase of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the braincase elements of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior view. Box in (A) shows location of illustration (B), arrows show perspectives of panels (C–E). Details (C–E) of the braincase region, showing exoccipital in ventrolateral view (C), exoccipital in medial view (D), and lateral surface of braincase in right lateral view (E). The background in (D) has been darkened to improve clarity.Abbreviations::bo, contact for basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bt, basal tuber; CN XII, foramina for cranial nerve XII; de, ductus endolymphaticus; endo, endocranial cavity; me, metotic fissure; occ, occipital condyle; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; sq, contact for squamosal; st, stapes; supr, supraoccipital; tsc, insertion for m. transversospinalis capitis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244946/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 13</figureCitation> +). A medioventral process indicates that the exoccipital formed only the dorsolateral corner of the occipital condyle. The exoccipital is thickened dorsomedially where it contacts the supraoccipital, and tapers laterally towards the dorsal border of the paroccipital process. The paroccipital process curves ventrally, and has a raised, undulating lateral edge. Medially, the base of the paroccipital process has a depression, which is bordered laterally by a rounded ridge that extends along the long axis of the paroccipital process. On the medial (internal) surface, which forms the posterior wall of the foramen magnum, there are multiple foramina ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FDA1F8A3FDF2F86C" box="[526,617,1899,1923]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[130,195,1360,1384]" captionTargetBox="[132,1466,147,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-278@16.[129,1473,144,1332]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13.Braincase of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the braincase elements of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior view. Box in (A) shows location of illustration (B), arrows show perspectives of panels (C–E). Details (C–E) of the braincase region, showing exoccipital in ventrolateral view (C), exoccipital in medial view (D), and lateral surface of braincase in right lateral view (E). The background in (D) has been darkened to improve clarity.Abbreviations::bo, contact for basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bt, basal tuber; CN XII, foramina for cranial nerve XII; de, ductus endolymphaticus; endo, endocranial cavity; me, metotic fissure; occ, occipital condyle; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; sq, contact for squamosal; st, stapes; supr, supraoccipital; tsc, insertion for m. transversospinalis capitis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244946/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 13D</figureCitation> +). The largest, the metotic foramen, remains filled with matrix, but presumably housed the foramen for cranial nerves IX, X, and XI, as in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A670938FC83FF59FC2FFF47" box="[812,948,145,168]" class="Reptilia" genus="Incisivosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oviraptorosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FC83FF59FC2FFF47" box="[812,948,145,168]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Incisivosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and deinonychosaurians ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A670938FB6BFF58FA36FF47" author="Currie PJ & Zhao XJ" box="[1220,1453,144,168]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="2231 - 47" refId="ref29755" refString="Currie PJ, Zhao XJ. A new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) braincase from the dinosaur park formation (Campanian) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1993; 30: 2231 - 47." type="journal article" year="1993">Currie and Zhao 1993</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A670938FC85FF67FC32FF28" author="Currie PJ" box="[810,937,175,199]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="576 - 91" refId="ref29689" refString="Currie PJ. New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1995; 15: 576 - 91." type="journal article" year="1995">Currie 1995</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A670938FC19FF67FBE5FF28" author="Balanoff AM & Xu X & Kobayashi Y" box="[950,1150,175,199]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref29182" refString="Balanoff AM, Xu X, Kobayashi Y et al. Cranial osteology of the theropod dinosaur Incisivosaurus gauthieri (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria). American Museum Novitates 2009; 3651: 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="2009"> +Balanoff +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FBBDFF78FBD8FF28" box="[1042,1091,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +2009 +</bibRefCitation> +). The opening of the metotic foramen on the external surface of the braincase is not visible in MPC-D 102/11.a because of the dislocation of the exoccipitals, and this area has not been fully prepared in MPC-D 102/110.a and MPC-D 102/110.b. Posteroventral to the metotic foramen are three internal foramina for cranial nerve XII ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FAB1FE84FAEDFE8B" box="[1310,1398,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[130,195,1360,1384]" captionTargetBox="[132,1466,147,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-278@16.[129,1473,144,1332]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13.Braincase of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the braincase elements of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior view. Box in (A) shows location of illustration (B), arrows show perspectives of panels (C–E). Details (C–E) of the braincase region, showing exoccipital in ventrolateral view (C), exoccipital in medial view (D), and lateral surface of braincase in right lateral view (E). The background in (D) has been darkened to improve clarity.Abbreviations::bo, contact for basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bt, basal tuber; CN XII, foramina for cranial nerve XII; de, ductus endolymphaticus; endo, endocranial cavity; me, metotic fissure; occ, occipital condyle; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; sq, contact for squamosal; st, stapes; supr, supraoccipital; tsc, insertion for m. transversospinalis capitis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244946/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 13D</figureCitation> +), one extra compared to +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A670938FC5DFEA4FBE1FE6C" box="[1010,1146,364,387]" class="Reptilia" genus="Incisivosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oviraptorosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FC5DFEA4FBE1FE6C" box="[1010,1146,364,387]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Incisivosaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, where there are two. Cranial nerve XII also exits through two foramina on the exterior surface of the exoccipital ventrolateral to the occipital condyle ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FA22FE62FCCDFE0E" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[130,195,1360,1384]" captionTargetBox="[132,1466,147,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-278@16.[129,1473,144,1332]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13.Braincase of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the braincase elements of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior view. Box in (A) shows location of illustration (B), arrows show perspectives of panels (C–E). Details (C–E) of the braincase region, showing exoccipital in ventrolateral view (C), exoccipital in medial view (D), and lateral surface of braincase in right lateral view (E). The background in (D) has been darkened to improve clarity.Abbreviations::bo, contact for basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bt, basal tuber; CN XII, foramina for cranial nerve XII; de, ductus endolymphaticus; endo, endocranial cavity; me, metotic fissure; occ, occipital condyle; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; sq, contact for squamosal; st, stapes; supr, supraoccipital; tsc, insertion for m. transversospinalis capitis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244946/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 13C</figureCitation> +). On the internal surface of the foramen magnum, dorsal to the foramina for cranial nerve XII, is a small foramen set in a concavity, for the ductus endolymphaticus ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FABAFDC0FAEAFDCF" box="[1301,1393,520,544]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[130,195,1360,1384]" captionTargetBox="[132,1466,147,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-278@16.[129,1473,144,1332]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13.Braincase of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the braincase elements of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior view. Box in (A) shows location of illustration (B), arrows show perspectives of panels (C–E). Details (C–E) of the braincase region, showing exoccipital in ventrolateral view (C), exoccipital in medial view (D), and lateral surface of braincase in right lateral view (E). The background in (D) has been darkened to improve clarity.Abbreviations::bo, contact for basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bt, basal tuber; CN XII, foramina for cranial nerve XII; de, ductus endolymphaticus; endo, endocranial cavity; me, metotic fissure; occ, occipital condyle; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; sq, contact for squamosal; st, stapes; supr, supraoccipital; tsc, insertion for m. transversospinalis capitis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244946/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 13D</figureCitation> +). The basioccipital is articulated with the basisphenoid, and although they have begun to co-ossify in this individual, they were not yet fully fused. The occipital condyle is kidney-shaped, and has a ventrally constricted neck. The basal tubera are situated ventral to the occipital condyle in posterior view ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FAB9FD6DFAC6FD52" box="[1302,1373,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="16.[130,195,1360,1384]" captionTargetBox="[132,1466,147,1327]" captionTargetId="figure-278@16.[129,1473,144,1332]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 13.Braincase of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the braincase elements of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior view. Box in (A) shows location of illustration (B), arrows show perspectives of panels (C–E). Details (C–E) of the braincase region, showing exoccipital in ventrolateral view (C), exoccipital in medial view (D), and lateral surface of braincase in right lateral view (E). The background in (D) has been darkened to improve clarity.Abbreviations::bo, contact for basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bt, basal tuber; CN XII, foramina for cranial nerve XII; de, ductus endolymphaticus; endo, endocranial cavity; me, metotic fissure; occ, occipital condyle; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; sq, contact for squamosal; st, stapes; supr, supraoccipital; tsc, insertion for m. transversospinalis capitis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244946/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 13</figureCitation> +), rather than level with it as in +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FBA7FD0CFB2FFD33" box="[1032,1204,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +Citpati +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A670938FBFDFD0CFB2FFD33" box="[1106,1204,708,732]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae">osmolskae</taxonomicName> +</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A670938FB6CFD0CFAFDFD33" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" box="[1219,1382,708,732]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FAAFFD0DFAB5FD33" box="[1280,1326,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +: fig. 6). The basal tubera are not widely spaced and are relatively small, which may be a consequence of the early developmental stage of MPC-D 102/11.a. The basisphenoid is not well exposed in MPC-D 102/11.a, but several features can be discerned. It has begun to co-ossify with the basioccipital, but there is still a suture. The basipterygoid processes face ventrolaterally, and are separated by a dorsoventrally oriented groove. This groove extends dorsally to the basisphenoid recess. Lateral wings of the basisphenoid extend dorsally to encapsulate the basioccipital, and contact the exoccipital and probably pro-otic. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A670938FB84FBFEFB29FBA0" blockId="15.[810,1461,1077,1578]" box="[1067,1202,1077,1103]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FB84FBFEFB29FBA0" box="[1067,1202,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Braincase wall</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A670938FC85FB94FABBF9C5" blockId="15.[810,1461,1077,1578]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +Most of the lateral wall of the braincase is obscured by the overlying bones in MPC-D 102/110 ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FB29FBB3FB5BFB7C" box="[1158,1216,1147,1171]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6</figureCitation> +), but on the left side of MPC-D 102/11.a parts of the laterosphenoid and parasphenoid are exposed ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FC6AFB71FB9CFB3E" box="[965,1031,1209,1233]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8</figureCitation> +). The laterosphenoid extends dorsally into the supratemporal fenestra, terminating just dorsal to the supratemporal bar in lateral view. Only the anterior part of the pro-otic is exposed, where it is pierced by the large foramen ovale. For such a delicate element, the parasphenoid rostrum is exceptionally preserved in MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FA88FA9EFAF9FA81" box="[1319,1378,1366,1390]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[319,1252,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-4@9.[315,1257,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al.(2020). Abbreviations: art, articular region of mandible; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; l. ecto, left ectopterygoid; lacr, lacrimal; latr, laterosphenoid; nas, nasal; nasr, nasal recesses; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; proo, pro-otic; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244935" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244935/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8</figureCitation> +). It occupies the space dorsal to the interpterygoid vacuities, and has been taphonomically shifted dorsally so that it lies at the centre of the orbit. It is transversely narrow but dorsoventrally tall and straplike. The anterior end is modified into a ‘boot’, superficially similar in shape to the pubic boot of most oviraptorosaurs. At its posterior end, it is pierced by two small foramina. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A670938FB82F981FB2BF98C" blockId="15.[1069,1200,1609,1635]" box="[1069,1200,1609,1635]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FB82F981FB2BF98C" box="[1069,1200,1609,1635]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Scleral ossicles</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A670938FC85F9B8FBBCF8EA" blockId="15.[810,1459,1648,1797]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +Dozens of small, crushed plates of bone are present in the orbits of both MPC-D 102/110.a–b ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FBDBF947FB28F948" box="[1140,1203,1679,1703]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 6</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FB6FF958FB56F948" box="[1216,1229,1680,1703]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">7</figureCitation> +). The more complete plates are roughly square, with rounded corners. The largest is 6.5 mm in height and +<quantity id="9050B0A97A670938FBA8F906FBD8F90A" box="[1031,1091,1742,1766]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity> +in length, about 20% the anteroposterior length of the orbit. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A670938FBEEF8EDFB07F8D0" blockId="15.[810,1459,1829,1985]" box="[1089,1180,1829,1855]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FBEEF8EDFB07F8D0" box="[1089,1180,1829,1855]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mandible</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A670926FC85F883FD00FF08" blockId="15.[810,1459,1829,1985]" lastBlockId="17.[113,763,144,231]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16"> +The lateral surface of the mandible is well preserved in MPC-D 102/110.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FC03F8A3FC74F86C" box="[940,1007,1899,1923]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[179,1423,147,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-81@6.[176,1426,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skulls of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs of the skulls of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B) in left lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244927/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 6</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A670938FBAEF8A3FB95F86D" box="[1025,1038,1899,1922]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">7</figureCitation> +), but is mostly missing from MPC-D 102/11.a. The dentary is tall and downturned anteriorly like in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A670938FCD8F862FAD3F82E" authority="(Wei et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Wei" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[887,1352,1961,1985]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Jiangxisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FCD8F862FB1EF82E" box="[887,1157,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Jiangxisaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A670938FB35F861FAA6F82E" author="Wei X & Pu H & Xu L" box="[1178,1341,1961,1985]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="899 - 904" refId="ref32129" refString="Wei X, Pu H, Xu L et al. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 2013; 87: 899 - 904." type="journal article" year="2013"> +Wei +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A670938FB63F862FA9BF82E" box="[1228,1280,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis> +2013 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, but with a pronounced ventral chin. The occlusal margin is concave anterodorsally and the labial surface is marked by minute foramina. The posterodorsal ramus is broad and strap-like, tapering posteriorly where it contacts the surangular above the heartshaped external mandibular fenestra, which does not extend as far anteriorly into the dentary as in +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A780927FDBDF90AFDECF936" box="[530,631,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A780927FDBDF90AFDDCF936" authorityName="Xu & Han" authorityYear="2010" box="[530,583,1730,1753]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Banji" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Banji</taxonomicName> +long +</emphasis> +(Xu and Han 2010). The posteroventral ramus of the dentary is long, extending as far as the surangular fossa on the lateral side of the surangular, and it tapers where it underlies the angular. The coronoid process is tall and protrudes far above the rest of the mandible, but does not appear to be medially deflected like it is in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A780927FF2EF8B6FDD9F87A" authority="(Wei et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Wei" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[129,578,1917,1941]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Jiangxisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A780927FF2EF8B6FE11F87A" box="[129,394,1917,1941]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Jiangxisaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A780927FE32F8B5FDADF87A" author="Wei X & Pu H & Xu L" box="[413,566,1917,1941]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="899 - 904" refId="ref32129" refString="Wei X, Pu H, Xu L et al. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 2013; 87: 899 - 904." type="journal article" year="2013"> +Wei +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A780927FE64F8B6FE67F87A" box="[459,508,1917,1941]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis> +2013 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. The dorsal margin of the mandible has only a single apex, in the surangular, rather than two apices, as is the case in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A780927FB07F9EDFA59F9D3" box="[1192,1474,1572,1596]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Huanansaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A780927FB07F9EDFA59F9D3" box="[1192,1474,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Huanansaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and the Dzamyn Khondt oviraptorid. The surangular prong is broken in MPC-D 102/110.a, but appears to be present in MPC-D 102/110.b. The angular is straplike and extends to the anterior end of the external mandibular fenestra. The surangular has a deep recess, which may have housed a surangular foramen, but this region is broken. The articular has a tall, convex articular ridge and a small, posteriorly directed retroarticular process. As in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A780927FCD6F8D7FADDF8D8" authority="(Funston et al. 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Funston" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[889,1350,1823,1847]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Rinchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A780927FCD6F8D7FBC6F8D8" box="[889,1117,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Rinchenia mongoliensis</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A780927FBDFF8D7FAA0F8D8" author="Funston GF & Mendonca SE & Currie PJ" box="[1136,1339,1823,1847]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="101 - 120" refId="ref30146" refString="Funston GF, Mendonca SE, Currie PJ et al. Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2018; 494: 101 - 120." type="journal article" year="2018"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A780927FB62F8E8FB64F8D8" box="[1229,1279,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, and unlike all other oviraptorosaurs, the retroarticular process of MPC-D 102/110.a is composed predominantly of the surangular, rather than including a contribution from the angular. The presence of a coronoid, reported only occasionally but probably present throughout +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A790926FF40FF58FE04FF47" baseAuthorityName="Barsbold" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[239,415,144,168]" class="Reptilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oviraptorosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Oviraptorosauria</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A790926FE1EFF58FDC5FF47" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Rowe T" box="[433,606,144,168]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref29648" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Rowe T. Cranial anatomy of Citipati osmolskae (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria), and a reinterpretation of the holotype of Oviraptor philoceratops. American Museum Novitates 2002; 3364: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2002"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FE5EFF59FDB8FF47" box="[497,547,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis> +2002 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A790926FDC3FF58FF3EFF28" author="Balanoff AM & Xu X & Kobayashi Y" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref29182" refString="Balanoff AM, Xu X, Kobayashi Y et al. Cranial osteology of the theropod dinosaur Incisivosaurus gauthieri (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria). American Museum Novitates 2009; 3651: 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="2009"> +Balanoff +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FD66FF59FD60FF47" box="[713,763,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis> +2009 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A790926FF1FFF78FE2BFF28" author="Funston GF & Currie PJ" box="[176,432,175,199]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref30038" refString="Funston GF, Currie PJ. New material of Chirostenotes pergracilis (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria) from the Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Historical Biology 2020; 33." type="journal volume" year="2020">Funston and Currie 2020</bibRefCitation> +), cannot be determined because none of the mandibles can be observed in medial view. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A780927FF2DFA98FA1EFA1B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244946" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244946" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244946/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[130,195,1360,1384]" targetBox="[132,1466,147,1327]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A780927FF2DFA98FAE4FA53" blockId="16.[129,1457,1360,1524]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A780927FF2DFA98FF7CFA87" bold="true" box="[130,231,1360,1384]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figure 13.</emphasis> +Braincase of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A780927FECEFA98FE69FA87" box="[353,498,1360,1384]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A780927FECEFA98FE69FA87" box="[353,498,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the braincase elements of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior view. Box in (A) shows location of illustration (B), arrows show perspectives of panels (C–E). Details (C–E) of the braincase region, showing exoccipital in ventrolateral view (C), exoccipital in medial view (D), and lateral surface of braincase in right lateral view (E). The background in (D) has been darkened to improve clarity. Abbreviations::bo, contact for basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bt, basal tuber; CN +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A780927FF2EFA09FA1EFA1B" blockId="16.[129,1457,1360,1524]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17"> +XII, foramina for cranial nerve XII; de, ductus endolymphaticus; endo, endocranial cavity; me, metotic fissure; occ, occipital condyle; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; sq, contact for squamosal; st, stapes; supr, supraoccipital; tsc, insertion for +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A780927FB26FA15FA1AFA1B" box="[1161,1409,1500,1524]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">m. transversospinalis capitis</emphasis> +. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A790926FEC5FECEFD99FECF" blockId="17.[362,514,262,288]" box="[362,514,262,288]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FEC5FECEFD99FECF" box="[362,514,262,288]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ceratobranchial</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A790926FFDEFEE5FD49FE0E" blockId="17.[112,763,301,481]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +A long, rod-shaped ceratobranchial is preserved just lateral to the mandible of MPC-D 102/110.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FE6BFE84FE67FE8C" box="[452,508,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[336,1237,148,1803]" captionTargetId="figure-4@7.[332,1241,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7. The skull of Oksoko avarsan. Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/110.a in left lateral view. Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:cer, ceratobranchial; dent, dentary; exo, exoccipital; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; lacr, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; nar, naris; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; scler, sclerotic ossicles; sq, squamosal; sur, surangular." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244929/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 7</figureCitation> +). The anterior end of the element is expanded dorsoventrally. The shaft is straight and cylindrical, unlike the curved ceratobranchial of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A790926FDE7FE43FEB4FE2D" authority="(Clark et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FDE7FE43FD60FE4C" box="[584,763,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A790926FFD3FE62FEB8FE2D" author="Clark JM & Norell MA & Barsbold R" box="[124,291,426,450]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="209 - 13" refId="ref29608" refString="Clark JM, Norell MA, Barsbold R. Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2001; 21: 209 - 13." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FF15FE63FF71FE2D" box="[186,234,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. The ceratobranchial is nearly half the length of the mandible, and about one-third the length of the skull. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A790926FEC3FDC9FE64FDF4" blockId="17.[112,764,513,1045]" box="[364,511,513,539]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FEC3FDC9FE64FDF4" bold="true" box="[364,511,513,539]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Axial skeleton</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A790926FFDEFDEFFEDDFBFA" blockId="17.[112,764,513,1045]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +Alongside the anteriormost cervical vertebrae, only the posterior sacral vertebrae and the ventral surfaces of the caudal vertebrae are exposed in MPC-D 102/110 ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FE7BFDAEFD95FD91" box="[468,526,614,638]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1605,1629]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,150,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-173@3.[114,1458,144,1577]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Holotype block of Oksoko avarsan. Skeletal reconstruction (A) of Oksoko avarsan, and photograph (B) of the holotype specimen (MPC-D 102/110)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244921/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3</figureCitation> +). The axial skeleton of MPC-D 102/11.a is represented by an incomplete atlas, a partial axis, two anterior cervical vertebrae ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FDB5FD6DFDCFFD52" box="[538,596,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9</figureCitation> +), four posterior dorsal vertebrae, a sacrum composed of three co-ossified vertebrae, and a complete caudal series. A nearly complete vertebral column is known from MPC-D 102/12, although it is missing the sacrum and the anterior cervical vertebrae. Only the sacrum and caudal vertebrae are currently mounted with MPC-D 100/33, but photographs taken in +<date id="23163B8C7A790926FE7DFCA9FDE0FC96" box="[466,635,865,889]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2001-09">September 2001</date> +by P. Currie show a nearly complete axial series, including the atlas–axis, anterior cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, a sacrum, and caudal vertebrae. Together, the vertebrae from all specimens represent the entire axial column, and most positions are represented by multiple individuals. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A790926FECDFBFDFD92FBA0" blockId="17.[111,764,1077,1954]" box="[354,521,1077,1103]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FECDFBFDFD92FBA0" box="[354,521,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Cervical vertebrae</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A790926FFDEFB93FCEBFC58" blockId="17.[111,764,1077,1954]" lastBlockId="17.[809,1460,144,951]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +There are 12 cervical vertebrae, including the atlas and axis ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FD7BFB93FF10FB7C" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="18.[129,194,1090,1114]" captionTargetBox="[132,1468,148,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-425@18.[129,1473,144,1062]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 14. Cervical vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstruction (A) of cervical series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens.Articulated series of middle to posterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 in left lateral view (B). Atlas–axis of MPC-D 100/33 in left lateral view (C). Articulated anterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral (D), dorsal (E), and ventral (F) views. Posterior cervical vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral (G) and anterior (H) views. Abbreviations: ax, axis; C4–C10, fourth to tenth cervical vertebrae; C11na, neural arch of eleventh cervical vertebra; cent, centrum; cr, cervical rib; epi, epipophysis; int, atlas intercentrum; nc, neural canal; neur, neuropophysis; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; post, postzygapophysis; pre prezygapophysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244948" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244948/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 14</figureCitation> +). The anterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FD7BFBB3FFE5FB5D" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9</figureCitation> +) are incompletely ossified, and their articulation with the base of the skull obscures the morphology of the centra. The neural arches are not fused to the centra and have low neural spines. The right side of the neural arch of the atlas is exposed and is separate from the left, but the two halves would probably have fused later in life.The atlas intercentrum and the odontoid process of the axis are missing, so their morphology cannot be discerned. The axis has an anteroposteriorly long neural spine, which is transversely thickened distally and extends posteriorly past the centrum. The first postaxial cervical vertebra has a relatively tall and fingerlike neural spine, although the rest of the neural arch is broad and dorsoventrally flattened, typical of oviraptorosaurs ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A790926FD0AFA3BFE8DF9C5" author="Balanoff AM & Norell MA" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref29150" refString="Balanoff AM, Norell MA. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: Theropoda). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 372: 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">Balanoff and Norell 2012</bibRefCitation> +). MPC-D 102/12 and MPC-D 100/33 provide more information on the entire cervical vertebral series ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FD7BF9F9FF10F986" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="18.[129,194,1090,1114]" captionTargetBox="[132,1468,148,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-425@18.[129,1473,144,1062]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 14. Cervical vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstruction (A) of cervical series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens.Articulated series of middle to posterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 in left lateral view (B). Atlas–axis of MPC-D 100/33 in left lateral view (C). Articulated anterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral (D), dorsal (E), and ventral (F) views. Posterior cervical vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral (G) and anterior (H) views. Abbreviations: ax, axis; C4–C10, fourth to tenth cervical vertebrae; C11na, neural arch of eleventh cervical vertebra; cent, centrum; cr, cervical rib; epi, epipophysis; int, atlas intercentrum; nc, neural canal; neur, neuropophysis; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; post, postzygapophysis; pre prezygapophysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244948" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244948/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 14</figureCitation> +). The atlas–axis ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FEEAF999FE05F986" box="[325,414,1617,1641]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="18.[129,194,1090,1114]" captionTargetBox="[132,1468,148,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-425@18.[129,1473,144,1062]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 14. Cervical vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstruction (A) of cervical series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens.Articulated series of middle to posterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 in left lateral view (B). Atlas–axis of MPC-D 100/33 in left lateral view (C). Articulated anterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral (D), dorsal (E), and ventral (F) views. Posterior cervical vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral (G) and anterior (H) views. Abbreviations: ax, axis; C4–C10, fourth to tenth cervical vertebrae; C11na, neural arch of eleventh cervical vertebra; cent, centrum; cr, cervical rib; epi, epipophysis; int, atlas intercentrum; nc, neural canal; neur, neuropophysis; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; post, postzygapophysis; pre prezygapophysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244948" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244948/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 14C</figureCitation> +) of MPC-D 100/33 is tightly adhered, but sutures are still visible between the atlas intercentrum and the axis. The neuropophyses of the atlas are fused to each other along the midline and have begun to co-ossify with the intercentrum. The neural spine of the axis is missing in this specimen, but its morphology is bulbous in MPC-D 102/110 and MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FE92F8C5FEE3F8CA" box="[317,376,1805,1829]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9</figureCitation> +). In contrast, the neural spine of the third cervical is peglike ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FEDDF8E4FE37F8AB" box="[370,428,1836,1860]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="10.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[308,1295,149,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[304,1299,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 9. The skull of Oksoko avarsan.Photograph (A) and illustration (B) of the skull of MPC-D 102/11.a in right lateral view.Images modified from Funston et al. (2020). Abbreviations:art, articular; atl, atlas neuropophysis; ax, axis; bs, basisphenoid; bo, basioccipital; c3, third cervical vertebra; fr, frontal; l. exo, left exoccipital; nas, nasal; par, parietal; pbs, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pter, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; r. ecto, right ectopterygoid; r.exo, right exoccipital; sq, squamosal; supr, supraoccipital." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244937" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244937/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9</figureCitation> +). The centra of the anterior cervical vertebrae have steeply inclined articular faces and widely spaced parapophyses, resulting in a triradiate appearance in ventral view ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FF71F842FEAFF84D" box="[222,308,1930,1954]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="18.[129,194,1090,1114]" captionTargetBox="[132,1468,148,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-425@18.[129,1473,144,1062]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 14. Cervical vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstruction (A) of cervical series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens.Articulated series of middle to posterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 in left lateral view (B). Atlas–axis of MPC-D 100/33 in left lateral view (C). Articulated anterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral (D), dorsal (E), and ventral (F) views. Posterior cervical vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral (G) and anterior (H) views. Abbreviations: ax, axis; C4–C10, fourth to tenth cervical vertebrae; C11na, neural arch of eleventh cervical vertebra; cent, centrum; cr, cervical rib; epi, epipophysis; int, atlas intercentrum; nc, neural canal; neur, neuropophysis; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; post, postzygapophysis; pre prezygapophysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244948" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244948/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 14F</figureCitation> +). Each has a deep, lateral pleurocoel and a concave, posterior articular surface.The neural arches are as wide as they are long and have large, circular, dorsomedially facing, anteriorly extending prezygapophyses. These are connected to the postzygapophyses by a broad lamina, from which the transverse processes barely protrude. Large, moundlike epipophyses ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FC9AFEE5FC10FEAA" box="[821,907,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="18.[129,194,1090,1114]" captionTargetBox="[132,1468,148,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-425@18.[129,1473,144,1062]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 14. Cervical vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstruction (A) of cervical series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens.Articulated series of middle to posterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 in left lateral view (B). Atlas–axis of MPC-D 100/33 in left lateral view (C). Articulated anterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral (D), dorsal (E), and ventral (F) views. Posterior cervical vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral (G) and anterior (H) views. Abbreviations: ax, axis; C4–C10, fourth to tenth cervical vertebrae; C11na, neural arch of eleventh cervical vertebra; cent, centrum; cr, cervical rib; epi, epipophysis; int, atlas intercentrum; nc, neural canal; neur, neuropophysis; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; post, postzygapophysis; pre prezygapophysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244948" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244948/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 14E</figureCitation> +) sit on the dorsal surfaces of the postzygapophyses, seemingly comparable to those in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A790926FB0BFE85FA28FE8B" box="[1188,1459,332,356]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Jiangxisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FB0BFE85FA28FE8B" box="[1188,1459,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Jiangxisaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A790926FCF7FEA3FBB3FE6C" box="[856,1064,363,387]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FCF7FEA3FBB3FE6C" box="[856,1064,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A790926FB94FEA3FB4CFE6C" author="Wei X & Pu H & Xu L" box="[1083,1239,363,387]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="899 - 904" refId="ref32129" refString="Wei X, Pu H, Xu L et al. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 2013; 87: 899 - 904." type="journal article" year="2013"> +Wei +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FBC4FEA4FB07FE6C" box="[1131,1180,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis> +2013 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A790926FB4BFEA4FAEFFE6C" author="Lu J & Chen R & Brusatte SL" box="[1252,1396,363,387]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref31055" refString="Lu J, Chen R, Brusatte SL et al. A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species preserved in an unusual posture. Scientific Reports 2016; 6: 35780." type="journal volume" year="2016"> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FAA7FEA4FAA2FE6C" box="[1288,1337,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis> +2016 +</bibRefCitation> +), and these appear to become larger in more posterior vertebrae, like in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A790926FCECFE63FB62FE2D" authority="(Lu et al. 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Lu" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[835,1273,426,450]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Huanansaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FCECFE63FBCCFE2D" box="[835,1111,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Huanansaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A790926FBC8FE62FB76FE2D" author="Lu J & Pu H & Kobayashi Y" box="[1127,1261,426,450]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref31015" refString="Lu J, Pu H, Kobayashi Y et al. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications. Scientific Reports 2015; 5: 11490." type="journal volume" year="2015"> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FB28FE63FB2EFE2D" box="[1159,1205,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis> +2015 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. The neural spines are low and square. Based on their absence, the cervical ribs had not yet fused in MPC-D 100/33, but in MPC-D 102/12, some appear to have fused to the parapophyses. MPC-D 102/12 is missing the anterior cervical vertebrae but preserves the mid and posterior cervical vertebrae. The centra become relatively taller posteriorly along the cervical vertebral series ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FAE3FDAEFA39FD91" box="[1356,1442,614,638]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="18.[129,194,1090,1114]" captionTargetBox="[132,1468,148,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-425@18.[129,1473,144,1062]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 14. Cervical vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstruction (A) of cervical series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens.Articulated series of middle to posterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 in left lateral view (B). Atlas–axis of MPC-D 100/33 in left lateral view (C). Articulated anterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral (D), dorsal (E), and ventral (F) views. Posterior cervical vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral (G) and anterior (H) views. Abbreviations: ax, axis; C4–C10, fourth to tenth cervical vertebrae; C11na, neural arch of eleventh cervical vertebra; cent, centrum; cr, cervical rib; epi, epipophysis; int, atlas intercentrum; nc, neural canal; neur, neuropophysis; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; post, postzygapophysis; pre prezygapophysis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244948" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244948/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 14B</figureCitation> +), and this is accompanied by broadening of the neural arches so that they are wider than they are long, like in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A790926FAA4FD6DFA28FD52" baseAuthorityName="Balanoff and Norell" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1291,1459,677,701]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Khaan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mckennai"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FAA4FD6DFA28FD52" box="[1291,1459,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Khaan mckennai</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A790926FCF5FD0CFBB6FD33" box="[858,1069,708,732]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FCF5FD0CFBB6FD33" box="[858,1069,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. The centra retain large pleurocoels, but the articular faces become less inclined posteriorly along the series. Regardless, the posterior articular face remains concave throughout the series. The transverse processes become better developed and fuse to the cervical ribs, which decrease in relative length successively. The epipophyses are large until about the eighth postaxial cervical vertebra, after which they decrease in size. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A790926FB8DFC1FFB20FC1E" blockId="17.[809,1461,983,1954]" box="[1058,1211,983,1009]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A790926FB8DFC1FFB20FC1E" box="[1058,1211,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Dorsal vertebrae</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A790926FC85FC36FCE3F84D" blockId="17.[809,1461,983,1954]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18"> +A complete dorsal vertebral series is preserved with each of MPC-D 102/12 and MPC-D 100/33, although they are better preserved in MPC-D 102/12 ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FBCEFBF4FB3EFBBB" box="[1121,1189,1084,1108]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[337,1232,150,1812]" captionTargetId="figure-4@19.[337,1234,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Dorsal vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12. Articulated dorsal series in left lateral view (A). Third cervicodorsal vertebra (B–G) in right lateral (B), anterior (C), dorsal (D), left lateral (E), posterior (F), and ventral (G) views. Posterior dorsal vertebra (H–M) in right lateral (H), anterior (I), dorsal (J), left lateral (K), posterior (L), and ventral (M) views.Abbreviations: hypa, hypantrum; hypp, hypapophysis; hyps, hyposphene; idpf, infradiapophyseal fossa; ipref, infraprezygapophyseal fossa; ipostf, infrapostzygapophyseal fossa; k, ventral keel; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; post, postzygapophysis; pre, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244950" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244950/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 15</figureCitation> +). The posterior dorsal vertebrae, the sacral vertebrae, and four of the anterior caudal vertebrae are articulated with the right ilium of MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FC9AFB52FCE5FB5D" box="[821,894,1178,1202]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="20.[129,194,673,697]" captionTargetBox="[133,1469,148,641]" captionTargetId="figure-747@20.[129,1473,144,645]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 16. Sacral vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Sacra of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–C) and MPC-D 100/33 (D). Dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae with associated right ilium of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral (A), ventral (B), and dorsal (C) views.Sacrum of MPC-D 100/33 in ventral (D) view. Abbreviations: c1–c2, first and second caudal vertebrae; cs, caudosacral; cs1–2, first and second caudosacral vertebrae; d8–d10, eigth to tenth dorsal vertebrae; ds, dorsosacral; ivf, intervertebral fenestra; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; sr, sacral rib; sr5–6, fifth and sixth sacral ribs; sut, suture; vg, ventral groove." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244952/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 16</figureCitation> +). The dorsal vertebral series comprises 10 vertebrae, which increase in size successively. The anterior three vertebrae have hypapophyses, which are largest on the anterior one and smallest on the posterior one. The centra are barrel-shaped with a ventral keel and develop a ventral curve in lateral view towards the posterior end of the series. This is accompanied by an increase in the size of the lateral pleurocoel—which is present on all dorsal vertebrae—and a transverse broadening of the centrum. In MPC-D 102/12, the neural arches are fused to the centra, and in most cases the suture is closed ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FAF4FA7CFA39FA23" box="[1371,1442,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[337,1232,150,1812]" captionTargetId="figure-4@19.[337,1234,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Dorsal vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12. Articulated dorsal series in left lateral view (A). Third cervicodorsal vertebra (B–G) in right lateral (B), anterior (C), dorsal (D), left lateral (E), posterior (F), and ventral (G) views. Posterior dorsal vertebra (H–M) in right lateral (H), anterior (I), dorsal (J), left lateral (K), posterior (L), and ventral (M) views.Abbreviations: hypa, hypantrum; hypp, hypapophysis; hyps, hyposphene; idpf, infradiapophyseal fossa; ipref, infraprezygapophyseal fossa; ipostf, infrapostzygapophyseal fossa; k, ventral keel; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; post, postzygapophysis; pre, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244950" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244950/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 15</figureCitation> +). This is not the case in MPC-D 100/33, where the neural arches are not fused and in many cases have become disarticulated. The parapophyses of MPC-D 102/12 are large and concave. They become more dorsally positioned posteriorly along the dorsal vertebral series, transitioning from a location exclusively on the centrum (D1–D5), to bridging the neurocentral suture (D6–D8), to exclusively on the neural arch (D9, D10). The neural arches are deeply excavated by infraprezygapophyseal, infradiapophyseal, and infrapostzygapophyseal fossae, which in some cases have merged, leaving a strut of bone remaining ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A790926FA22F925FCC3F8CB" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="19.[113,178,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[337,1232,150,1812]" captionTargetId="figure-4@19.[337,1234,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 15. Dorsal vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Dorsal vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12. Articulated dorsal series in left lateral view (A). Third cervicodorsal vertebra (B–G) in right lateral (B), anterior (C), dorsal (D), left lateral (E), posterior (F), and ventral (G) views. Posterior dorsal vertebra (H–M) in right lateral (H), anterior (I), dorsal (J), left lateral (K), posterior (L), and ventral (M) views.Abbreviations: hypa, hypantrum; hypp, hypapophysis; hyps, hyposphene; idpf, infradiapophyseal fossa; ipref, infraprezygapophyseal fossa; ipostf, infrapostzygapophyseal fossa; k, ventral keel; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; post, postzygapophysis; pre, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244950" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244950/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 15H</figureCitation> +). The infraprezygapophyseal fossae become shallower in more posterior vertebrae, whereas the infradiapophyseal and infrapostzygapophyseal fossae remain deep throughout. The neural spines become taller until D8, after which they are slightly shorter. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A7A0925FF2EFB8AFAC7FB09" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244948" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244948" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244948/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[129,194,1090,1114]" targetBox="[132,1468,148,1058]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7A0925FF2EFB8AFAF6FB99" blockId="18.[129,1467,1090,1254]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7A0925FF2EFB8AFF7EFBB5" bold="true" box="[129,229,1090,1114]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figure 14.</emphasis> +Cervical vertebrae of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7A0925FE1CFB8AFDDFFBB5" box="[435,580,1090,1114]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7A0925FE1CFB8AFDDFFBB5" box="[435,580,1090,1114]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Reconstruction (A) of cervical series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens. Articulated series of middle to posterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 in left lateral view (B). Atlas–axis of MPC-D +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7A0925FF2EFBB2FAC7FB09" blockId="18.[129,1467,1090,1254]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">100/33 in left lateral view (C). Articulated anterior cervical vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral (D), dorsal (E), and ventral (F) views. Posterior cervical vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral (G) and anterior (H) views. Abbreviations: ax, axis; C4–C10, fourth to tenth cervical vertebrae; C11na, neural arch of eleventh cervical vertebra; cent, centrum; cr, cervical rib; epi, epipophysis; int, atlas intercentrum; nc, neural canal; neur, neuropophysis; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; post, postzygapophysis; pre prezygapophysis.</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7A0925FED4FADDFD94FAC0" blockId="18.[379,527,1301,1327]" box="[379,527,1301,1327]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7A0925FED4FADDFD94FAC0" box="[379,527,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Sacral vertebrae</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7A0925FF2EFAF4FB4DF969" blockId="18.[128,779,1340,1959]" lastBlockId="18.[825,1476,1301,1670]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +There are six sacral vertebrae ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7A0925FE7CFAF4FD85FABB" box="[467,542,1340,1364]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="20.[129,194,673,697]" captionTargetBox="[133,1469,148,641]" captionTargetId="figure-747@20.[129,1473,144,645]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 16. Sacral vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Sacra of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–C) and MPC-D 100/33 (D). Dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae with associated right ilium of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral (A), ventral (B), and dorsal (C) views.Sacrum of MPC-D 100/33 in ventral (D) view. Abbreviations: c1–c2, first and second caudal vertebrae; cs, caudosacral; cs1–2, first and second caudosacral vertebrae; d8–d10, eigth to tenth dorsal vertebrae; ds, dorsosacral; ivf, intervertebral fenestra; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; sr, sacral rib; sr5–6, fifth and sixth sacral ribs; sut, suture; vg, ventral groove." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244952/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 16</figureCitation> +), which are all fused in MPC-D 100/33. In contrast, only three vertebrae have been co-ossified to form the sacrum in MPC-D 102/110.a, MPC-D 102/110.b, and MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7A0925FDF6FA52FD2BFA5D" box="[601,688,1434,1458]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="20.[129,194,673,697]" captionTargetBox="[133,1469,148,641]" captionTargetId="figure-747@20.[129,1473,144,645]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 16. Sacral vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Sacra of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–C) and MPC-D 100/33 (D). Dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae with associated right ilium of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral (A), ventral (B), and dorsal (C) views.Sacrum of MPC-D 100/33 in ventral (D) view. Abbreviations: c1–c2, first and second caudal vertebrae; cs, caudosacral; cs1–2, first and second caudosacral vertebrae; d8–d10, eigth to tenth dorsal vertebrae; ds, dorsosacral; ivf, intervertebral fenestra; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; sr, sacral rib; sr5–6, fifth and sixth sacral ribs; sut, suture; vg, ventral groove." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244952/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 16B</figureCitation> +), which reflects the early ontogenetic stages of these individuals. Like all oviraptorosaurs, the centra of the sacrum have large, lateral pleurocoels and are flattened ventrally. However, they are not flattened to the same degree as in caenagnathids and the pleurocoels sit above the ventral surface of the sacrum rather than opening to the ventral surface. The second sacral vertebra shows an incipient ventral keel, whereas sacral vertebrae 3–6 have a midline groove. The anterior sacral neural arches of MPC-D 100/33 are missing, but the posterior ones have fused together into a fan-like sheet of bone. In MPC-D 102/11.a, the neural spines remain separate dorsally ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7A0925FDBCF93BFDF2F8E4" box="[531,617,1779,1803]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="20.[129,194,673,697]" captionTargetBox="[133,1469,148,641]" captionTargetId="figure-747@20.[129,1473,144,645]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 16. Sacral vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Sacra of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–C) and MPC-D 100/33 (D). Dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae with associated right ilium of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral (A), ventral (B), and dorsal (C) views.Sacrum of MPC-D 100/33 in ventral (D) view. Abbreviations: c1–c2, first and second caudal vertebrae; cs, caudosacral; cs1–2, first and second caudosacral vertebrae; d8–d10, eigth to tenth dorsal vertebrae; ds, dorsosacral; ivf, intervertebral fenestra; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; sr, sacral rib; sr5–6, fifth and sixth sacral ribs; sut, suture; vg, ventral groove." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244952/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 16A</figureCitation> +), but their ventral bases have begun to fuse. Unlike in caenagnathids, the transverse processes and their accompanying sacral ribs do not vary in position along the sacral series. Rather, in each vertebra they are consistently located at the level of the neurocentral suture. As in caenagnathids, however, the transverse process and sacral rib of sacral vertebra 5 appear to be the largest, although not forming the same hatchet-shaped process. The lack of sacral fusion in MPC-D 102/11.a provides insight into the somitic origin of the sacral series. The three fused sacral vertebrae probably represent the primordial sacral vertebrae, based on the extent of their fusion early in life. Indeed, three sacral vertebrae are fused even before hatching in oviraptorids ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A7A0925FB2EFA1AFAB6FA05" author="Norell MA & Clark JM & Chiappe LM" box="[1153,1325,1490,1514]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref31381" refString="Norell MA, Clark JM, Chiappe LM. An embryonic oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 2001; 3315: 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2001"> +Norell +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7A0925FB68FA1AFB6EFA05" box="[1223,1269,1490,1514]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis> +2001 +</bibRefCitation> +). Accordingly, the anteriormost sacral vertebra must have been recruited from the dorsal series and two caudosacral vertebrae must have been incorporated from the tail ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7A0925FBF7F9F8FB34F9A7" box="[1112,1199,1584,1608]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="20.[129,194,673,697]" captionTargetBox="[133,1469,148,641]" captionTargetId="figure-747@20.[129,1473,144,645]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 16. Sacral vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Sacra of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–C) and MPC-D 100/33 (D). Dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae with associated right ilium of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral (A), ventral (B), and dorsal (C) views.Sacrum of MPC-D 100/33 in ventral (D) view. Abbreviations: c1–c2, first and second caudal vertebrae; cs, caudosacral; cs1–2, first and second caudosacral vertebrae; d8–d10, eigth to tenth dorsal vertebrae; ds, dorsosacral; ivf, intervertebral fenestra; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; sr, sacral rib; sr5–6, fifth and sixth sacral ribs; sut, suture; vg, ventral groove." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244952/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 16A</figureCitation> +). This is supported by the morphology of these vertebrae, which most closely resemble the dorsal and caudal vertebrae, respectively. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7A0925FB81F96EFB56F92F" blockId="18.[825,1475,1702,1952]" box="[1070,1229,1702,1728]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7A0925FB81F96EFB56F92F" box="[1070,1229,1702,1728]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Caudal vertebrae</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7A0923FC96F904FC36FB83" blockId="18.[825,1475,1702,1952]" lastBlockId="20.[825,1475,857,1132]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19"> +The complete caudal vertebral series of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7A0925FB74F904FAE2F90B" box="[1243,1401,1740,1764]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7A0925FB74F904FAE2F90B" box="[1243,1401,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +would have had 29 caudal vertebrae, the last three of which fuse into a pygostyle later in life for a total count of 27 caudal vertebrae ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7A0925FCEBF8E2FC12F8AD" box="[836,905,1834,1858]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="21.[113,178,1198,1222]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,149,1167]" captionTargetId="figure-306@21.[114,1458,144,1171]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 17. Caudal vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstruction (A) of caudal series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens.Vertebrae shaded blue are preserved only in MPC-D 102/11.a (B), whereas those shaded red (the pygal vertebrae) are preserved only in MPC-D 102/12 (C). Vertebrae shaded purple are represented by both specimens. Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view (B). Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral view (C), mirrored to match the orientation of MPC-D 102/11. Proximal caudal vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 (D, E) in right lateral (D) and dorsal (E) views. Pygal vertebrae of MPC-D 102/11.a (F) and MPC-D 102/12 (G), showing incorporation of additional vertebrae into the pygostyle. Distal caudal of MPC-D 102/12 (H–J) in left lateral (H), dorsal (I), and anterior (J) views. Abbreviations:idpf, infradiapophyseal fossa; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; p1–p3, first to third pygal vertebrae; post, postzygapophysis; pre, prezygapophysis; rpl, resorbed pleurocoel; spdf, supradiapophyseal fossa; tp, transverse process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244954/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 17</figureCitation> +). MPC-D 102/11.a preserves 27 of the 29 caudal vertebrae ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7A0925FCD9F882FC52F88D" box="[886,969,1866,1890]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="21.[113,178,1198,1222]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,149,1167]" captionTargetId="figure-306@21.[114,1458,144,1171]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 17. Caudal vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstruction (A) of caudal series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens.Vertebrae shaded blue are preserved only in MPC-D 102/11.a (B), whereas those shaded red (the pygal vertebrae) are preserved only in MPC-D 102/12 (C). Vertebrae shaded purple are represented by both specimens. Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view (B). Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral view (C), mirrored to match the orientation of MPC-D 102/11. Proximal caudal vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 (D, E) in right lateral (D) and dorsal (E) views. Pygal vertebrae of MPC-D 102/11.a (F) and MPC-D 102/12 (G), showing incorporation of additional vertebrae into the pygostyle. Distal caudal of MPC-D 102/12 (H–J) in left lateral (H), dorsal (I), and anterior (J) views. Abbreviations:idpf, infradiapophyseal fossa; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; p1–p3, first to third pygal vertebrae; post, postzygapophysis; pre, prezygapophysis; rpl, resorbed pleurocoel; spdf, supradiapophyseal fossa; tp, transverse process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244954/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 17B</figureCitation> +), and is missing only the last two pygal vertebrae. MPC-D 102/12 has the complete pygal series, but is missing the proximal caudal vertebrae ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7A0925FBF6F840FB28F84F" box="[1113,1203,1928,1952]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="21.[113,178,1198,1222]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,149,1167]" captionTargetId="figure-306@21.[114,1458,144,1171]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 17. Caudal vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstruction (A) of caudal series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens.Vertebrae shaded blue are preserved only in MPC-D 102/11.a (B), whereas those shaded red (the pygal vertebrae) are preserved only in MPC-D 102/12 (C). Vertebrae shaded purple are represented by both specimens. Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view (B). Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral view (C), mirrored to match the orientation of MPC-D 102/11. Proximal caudal vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 (D, E) in right lateral (D) and dorsal (E) views. Pygal vertebrae of MPC-D 102/11.a (F) and MPC-D 102/12 (G), showing incorporation of additional vertebrae into the pygostyle. Distal caudal of MPC-D 102/12 (H–J) in left lateral (H), dorsal (I), and anterior (J) views. Abbreviations:idpf, infradiapophyseal fossa; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; p1–p3, first to third pygal vertebrae; post, postzygapophysis; pre, prezygapophysis; rpl, resorbed pleurocoel; spdf, supradiapophyseal fossa; tp, transverse process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244954/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 17C</figureCitation> +), which were presumably lost at the same time as the sacral vertebrae, resulting in a total of 27 vertebrae, the last three of which are fused into the pygostyle. MPC-D 100/33 has 23 caudal vertebrae from the middle part of the tail, missing both the proximal and distal vertebrae. MPC-D 102/110.a–c preserve seven, four, and seven caudal vertebrae, respectively, from the base of the tail, but are missing the distal parts of the tail. The centra of the proximal caudal vertebrae have pleurocoels, like in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7C0923FE00FBFDFD7FFBA2" authority="(Wei et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Wei" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[431,740,1076,1101]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Jiangxisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7C0923FE00FBFDFDA9FBA3" box="[431,562,1077,1100]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Jiangxisaurus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A7C0923FDECFBFCFD42FBA3" author="Wei X & Pu H & Xu L" box="[579,729,1076,1100]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="899 - 904" refId="ref32129" refString="Wei X, Pu H, Xu L et al. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 2013; 87: 899 - 904." type="journal article" year="2013"> +Wei +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7C0923FDDEFBFDFD3BFBA3" box="[625,672,1076,1100]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis> +2013 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, although in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7C0923FF42FB9CFEACFB83" authorityName="Funston, Tsogtbaatar, Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Sullivan & Currie" authorityYear="2020" box="[237,311,1108,1132]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7C0923FF42FB9CFEACFB83" box="[237,311,1108,1132]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Oksoko</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +they are reduced in size relative to the dorsal and sacral vertebrae. From the 19th caudal vertebra to the tip of the tail, pleurocoels are absent. In MPC-D 102/12, some of the proximal pleurocoels have become infilled with bone, but their borders can still be discerned ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7C0923FE40FB19FDDCFB06" box="[495,583,1233,1257]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="21.[113,178,1198,1222]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,149,1167]" captionTargetId="figure-306@21.[114,1458,144,1171]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 17. Caudal vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstruction (A) of caudal series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens.Vertebrae shaded blue are preserved only in MPC-D 102/11.a (B), whereas those shaded red (the pygal vertebrae) are preserved only in MPC-D 102/12 (C). Vertebrae shaded purple are represented by both specimens. Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view (B). Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral view (C), mirrored to match the orientation of MPC-D 102/11. Proximal caudal vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 (D, E) in right lateral (D) and dorsal (E) views. Pygal vertebrae of MPC-D 102/11.a (F) and MPC-D 102/12 (G), showing incorporation of additional vertebrae into the pygostyle. Distal caudal of MPC-D 102/12 (H–J) in left lateral (H), dorsal (I), and anterior (J) views. Abbreviations:idpf, infradiapophyseal fossa; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; p1–p3, first to third pygal vertebrae; post, postzygapophysis; pre, prezygapophysis; rpl, resorbed pleurocoel; spdf, supradiapophyseal fossa; tp, transverse process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244954/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 17D</figureCitation> +). The centra of the caudal vertebrae are barrel-shaped, rather than anteroposteriorly elongated as in many theropods. Posteriorly along the vertebral series, each centrum is slightly more elongate relative to its height ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7C0923FF7EFA86FEA4FA89" box="[209,319,1358,1382]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="21.[113,178,1198,1222]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,149,1167]" captionTargetId="figure-306@21.[114,1458,144,1171]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 17. Caudal vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstruction (A) of caudal series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens.Vertebrae shaded blue are preserved only in MPC-D 102/11.a (B), whereas those shaded red (the pygal vertebrae) are preserved only in MPC-D 102/12 (C). Vertebrae shaded purple are represented by both specimens. Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view (B). Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral view (C), mirrored to match the orientation of MPC-D 102/11. Proximal caudal vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 (D, E) in right lateral (D) and dorsal (E) views. Pygal vertebrae of MPC-D 102/11.a (F) and MPC-D 102/12 (G), showing incorporation of additional vertebrae into the pygostyle. Distal caudal of MPC-D 102/12 (H–J) in left lateral (H), dorsal (I), and anterior (J) views. Abbreviations:idpf, infradiapophyseal fossa; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; p1–p3, first to third pygal vertebrae; post, postzygapophysis; pre, prezygapophysis; rpl, resorbed pleurocoel; spdf, supradiapophyseal fossa; tp, transverse process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244954/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 17H–J</figureCitation> +), but not to the degree seen in theropods like deinonychosaurs, ornithomimids, and tyrannosaurs. In MPC-D 102/11.a, the anterior neural arches are not fused to the caudal vertebrae, but the 17 posteriormost vertebrae have neural arches that are fused with a closed suture. In contrast, all of the caudal vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12 have fused neurocentral sutures. The neurocentral fusion of the posterior caudal vertebrae and the lack of fusion in all the other vertebrae of MPC-D 102/11.a suggests that closure of the neurocentral sutures proceeds posterior to anterior, as in crocodylians ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A7C0923FE55F9A0FDE5F96F" author="Brochu CA" box="[506,638,1640,1664]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="49 - 62" refId="ref29500" refString="Brochu CA. Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1996; 16: 49 - 62." type="journal article" year="1996">Brochu 1996</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A7C0923FD26F9A0FD62F96F" author="Irmis RB" box="[649,761,1640,1664]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="350 - 61" refId="ref30544" refString="Irmis RB. Axial skeleton ontogeny in the Parasuchia (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) and its implications for ontogenetic determination in Archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2007; 27: 350 - 61." type="journal article" year="2007">Irmis 2007</bibRefCitation> +). This lends support to previous suggestions that closure of the neurocentral sutures in the cervical vertebrae provides evidence of maturity in oviraptorosaurs (Funston and +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A7C0923FDDBF90EFD62F931" author="Currie PJ & Funston GF & Osmolska H" box="[628,761,1734,1758]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="143 - 57" refId="ref29834" refString="Currie PJ, Funston GF, Osmolska H. New specimens of the crested theropod dinosaur Elmisaurus rarus from Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2016; 61: 143 - 57." type="journal article" year="2016">Currie 2016</bibRefCitation> +). There is a relatively large infradiapophyseal fossa below the high transverse process on the anterior caudal vertebrae. In MPC-D 102/12, this is accompanied by a supradiapophyseal fossa on the anterior two caudal vertebrae. The transverse processes descend progressively towards the lateral surface of the centra posteriorly and become shorter mediolaterally. Their orientation also changes from being directed posteroventrally to more directly laterally. In MPC-D 102/11.a, the transverse processes persist until the eighth last vertebra, whereas in MPC-D 102/12 they persist until the last vertebra preceding the pygostyle. However, these distal transverse processes are anteroposteriorly elongate and hatchet-shaped in dorsal view ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7C0923FB07FC1EFB6CFC01" box="[1192,1271,982,1006]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="21.[113,178,1198,1222]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,149,1167]" captionTargetId="figure-306@21.[114,1458,144,1171]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 17. Caudal vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstruction (A) of caudal series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens.Vertebrae shaded blue are preserved only in MPC-D 102/11.a (B), whereas those shaded red (the pygal vertebrae) are preserved only in MPC-D 102/12 (C). Vertebrae shaded purple are represented by both specimens. Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view (B). Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral view (C), mirrored to match the orientation of MPC-D 102/11. Proximal caudal vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 (D, E) in right lateral (D) and dorsal (E) views. Pygal vertebrae of MPC-D 102/11.a (F) and MPC-D 102/12 (G), showing incorporation of additional vertebrae into the pygostyle. Distal caudal of MPC-D 102/12 (H–J) in left lateral (H), dorsal (I), and anterior (J) views. Abbreviations:idpf, infradiapophyseal fossa; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; p1–p3, first to third pygal vertebrae; post, postzygapophysis; pre, prezygapophysis; rpl, resorbed pleurocoel; spdf, supradiapophyseal fossa; tp, transverse process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244954/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 17I</figureCitation> +), barely protruding from the centrum. Similar transverse processes are present in MPC-D 100/33, but they do not extend as far down the tail, probably representing an intermediate ontogenetic stage of development. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A7B0924FFDEF8F9FE73F83A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244950" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244950" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244950/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[113,178,1841,1865]" targetBox="[337,1232,150,1812]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7B0924FFDEF8F9FE73F83A" blockId="19.[113,1450,1841,2005]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7B0924FFDEF8F9FF4DF8A6" bold="true" box="[113,214,1841,1865]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 15.</emphasis> +Dorsal vertebrae of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7B0924FE3CF8F9FDBFF8A6" box="[403,548,1841,1865]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7B0924FE3CF8F9FDBFF8A6" box="[403,548,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Dorsal vertebrae of MPC-D 102/12. Articulated dorsal series in left lateral view (A). Third cervicodorsal vertebra (B–G) in right lateral (B), anterior (C), dorsal (D), left lateral (E), posterior (F), and ventral (G) views. Posterior dorsal vertebra (H–M) in right lateral (H), anterior (I), dorsal (J), left lateral (K), posterior (L), and ventral (M) views. Abbreviations: hypa, hypantrum; hypp, hypapophysis; hyps, hyposphene; idpf, infradiapophyseal fossa; ipref, infraprezygapophyseal fossa; ipostf, infrapostzygapophyseal fossa; k, ventral keel; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; post, postzygapophysis; pre, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="03D74DC47A7C0923FF2EFD69FDFBFCC5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244952" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244952/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[129,194,673,697]" targetBox="[133,1469,148,641]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7C0923FF2EFD69FDFBFCC5" blockId="20.[129,1467,673,810]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7C0923FF2EFD69FF7EFD56" bold="true" box="[129,229,673,697]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 16.</emphasis> +Sacral vertebrae of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7C0923FE33FD69FDB7FD56" box="[412,556,673,697]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7C0923FE33FD69FDB7FD56" box="[412,556,673,697]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Sacra of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–C) and MPC-D 100/33 (D). Dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae with associated right ilium of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral (A), ventral (B), and dorsal (C) views. Sacrum of MPC-D 100/33 in ventral (D) view. Abbreviations: c1–c2, first and second caudal vertebrae; cs, caudosacral; cs1–2, first and second caudosacral vertebrae; d8–d10, eigth to tenth dorsal vertebrae; ds, dorsosacral; ivf, intervertebral fenestra; ns, neural spine; para, parapophysis; pl, pleurocoel; sr, sacral rib; sr5–6, fifth and sixth sacral ribs; sut, suture; vg, ventral groove. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7C0923FB85FB43FB49FB4A" blockId="20.[1066,1234,1163,1189]" box="[1066,1234,1163,1189]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7C0923FB85FB43FB49FB4A" box="[1066,1234,1163,1189]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ribs and gastralia</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7C0922FC96FB7AFF31F902" blockId="20.[824,1475,1202,1978]" lastBlockId="21.[113,763,1467,1773]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21"> +The dorsal ribs are poorly exposed in MPC-D 102/110 ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7C0923FAD6FB7AFA2AFB25" box="[1401,1457,1202,1226]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1605,1629]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,150,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-173@3.[114,1458,144,1577]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Holotype block of Oksoko avarsan. Skeletal reconstruction (A) of Oksoko avarsan, and photograph (B) of the holotype specimen (MPC-D 102/110)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 3</figureCitation> +), but CT scans show that they are present in MPC-D 102/110.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7C0923FCEBFB38FC1BFAE7" box="[836,896,1264,1288]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[171,1400,147,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-5@5.[168,1404,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. Computed tomography images of MPC-D 102/110. A, photograph of MPC-D 102/110 to show orientation of skeletons.Image stacks (B, C) of CT scan data showing maximum slice values across two slice intervals.B, slices 170–860 showing position of skull of MPC-D 102/110.a and highlighting a cervical vertebra apparent in both slice intervals (yellow arrow). C, slices 330–430 showing faded images of the vertebral series (blue arrows), continuous with the cervical vertebra in slices 170–860 (yellow arrow)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244925/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 5</figureCitation> +). In this individual, some of the proximal parts of the posterior dorsal ribs are exposed on the left side of the individual, and the distal portions of the shafts of the dorsal ribs are exposed where they are articulated with the gastral basket. Ventral (sternal) ribs are also preserved on the right side of MPC-D 102/110.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7C0923FBA2FA45FBDEFA4A" box="[1037,1093,1421,1445]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1605,1629]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,150,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-173@3.[114,1458,144,1577]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Holotype block of Oksoko avarsan. Skeletal reconstruction (A) of Oksoko avarsan, and photograph (B) of the holotype specimen (MPC-D 102/110)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 3</figureCitation> +), where four relatively straight, straplike ventral ribs are associated with the right sternal plate, as in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7C0923FC94FA04FC27FA0C" box="[827,956,1484,1507]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Jiangxisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7C0923FC94FA04FC27FA0C" box="[827,956,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Jiangxisaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, although the posterior rib is not fused in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7C0923FADCFA04FA27FA0B" authorityName="Funston, Tsogtbaatar, Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Sullivan & Currie" authorityYear="2020" box="[1395,1468,1484,1508]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7C0923FADCFA04FA27FA0B" box="[1395,1468,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Oksoko</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Each has been displaced to some degree from their natural articulations, but it is clear that the anteriormost and posteriormost ventral ribs are distinctly smaller than the other two ventral ribs, of which the third is largest. The proximal end of each ventral rib is positioned between the sternocoracoidal process and lateral trabecula of the sternum. Two posterior rib heads are preserved with MPC-D 102/11.a, but they provide little information. Four partial ribs are preserved with MPC-D 102/12 ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7C0923FA96F90EFA19F931" box="[1337,1410,1734,1758]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1516,1540]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,148,1482]" captionTargetId="figure-203@22.[129,1473,144,1488]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18.Dorsal ribs of Oksoko avarsan. Right first dorsal rib (A), indeterminate anterior dorsal ribs (B, C), and middle dorsal rib (D) of MPC-D 102/12 in anterior view. Abbreviations: cap, capitulum; cg, costal groove; tub, tuberculum; unc, attachment for uncinate process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244958/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 18</figureCitation> +). The head of the ribs are relatively simple, lacking the pneumatization present in caenagnathids like +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7C0923FBC9F8CDFC2DF8D3" authority="Funston and Currie 2016" authorityName="Funston and Currie" authorityYear="2016" class="Reptilia" family="Caenagnathidae" genus="Apatoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oviraptorosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennatus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7C0923FBC9F8CDFAA0F8F2" box="[1126,1339,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Apatoraptor pennatus</emphasis> +Funston and +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A7C0923FC95F8ECFC2DF8D3" author="Currie PJ & Funston GF & Osmolska H" box="[826,950,1828,1852]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="143 - 57" refId="ref29834" refString="Currie PJ, Funston GF, Osmolska H. New specimens of the crested theropod dinosaur Elmisaurus rarus from Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2016; 61: 143 - 57." type="journal article" year="2016">Currie 2016</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +. The largest of the four ribs has a broad capitulum, suggesting that it is from the middle part of the dorsal series. On the posterolateral surface of the shaft, there is a facet for the attachment of an uncinate process ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7C0923FB33F84AFB6DF875" box="[1180,1270,1922,1946]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1516,1540]" captionTargetBox="[133,1467,148,1482]" captionTargetId="figure-203@22.[129,1473,144,1488]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 18.Dorsal ribs of Oksoko avarsan. Right first dorsal rib (A), indeterminate anterior dorsal ribs (B, C), and middle dorsal rib (D) of MPC-D 102/12 in anterior view. Abbreviations: cap, capitulum; cg, costal groove; tub, tuberculum; unc, attachment for uncinate process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244958/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 18D</figureCitation> +). However, the uncinate process was not recovered with the skeleton. Uncinate processes are not visible in the CT scans of MPC-D 102/110.a, suggesting that they had not yet ossified at this ontogenetic stage. Whether they ossified later in life is unclear. The gastralia are well preserved and articulated in MPC-D 102/110, but not the other specimens. The complete gastral basket is preserved in MPC-D 102/110.a. There are 12 rows of medial gastralia, and lateral gastralia are associated with most of these rows. The right medial gastralia are offset anteriorly from the left gastralia, and anteriorly some of the medial gastralia fuse, as in other theropods. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A7D0922FFDEFB66FA3BFA65" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244954" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244954/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[113,178,1198,1222]" targetBox="[117,1453,149,1167]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7D0922FFDEFB66FA3BFA65" blockId="21.[113,1447,1198,1419]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7D0922FFDEFB66FF4DFB28" bold="true" box="[113,214,1198,1223]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 17.</emphasis> +Caudal vertebrae of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7D0922FE37FB67FDB3FB29" box="[408,552,1199,1223]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7D0922FE37FB67FDB3FB29" box="[408,552,1199,1223]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Reconstruction (A) of caudal series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens. Vertebrae shaded blue are preserved only in MPC-D 102/11.a (B), whereas those shaded red (the pygal vertebrae) are preserved only in MPC-D 102/12 (C). Vertebrae shaded purple are represented by both specimens. Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view (B). Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral view (C), mirrored to match the orientation of MPC-D 102/11. Proximal caudal vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 (D, E) in right lateral (D) and dorsal (E) views. Pygal vertebrae of MPC-D 102/11.a (F) and MPC-D 102/12 (G), showing incorporation of additional vertebrae into the pygostyle. Distal caudal of MPC-D 102/12 (H–J) in left lateral (H), dorsal (I), and anterior (J) views. Abbreviations: idpf, infradiapophyseal fossa; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; p1–p3, first to third pygal vertebrae; post, postzygapophysis; pre, prezygapophysis; rpl, resorbed pleurocoel; spdf, supradiapophyseal fossa; tp, transverse process. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7D0922FE25F8C2FE79F8CB" blockId="21.[394,482,1802,1828]" box="[394,482,1802,1828]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7D0922FE25F8C2FE79F8CB" box="[394,482,1802,1828]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Chevrons</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7D0921FFDEF8F9FEC9F929" blockId="21.[113,763,1841,1959]" lastBlockId="22.[128,778,1616,1734]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22"> +The anterior chevrons are preserved in MPC-D 102/110.a–c ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7D0922FFD3F898FF77F888" box="[124,236,1872,1896]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="23.[113,178,1259,1283]" captionTargetBox="[114,1457,144,1196]" captionTargetId="figure-371@23.[114,1458,144,1231]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 19. Chevrons of Oksoko avarsan. Anterior chevrons of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B), showing disparity between size of the first chevron (arrows). Mid-caudal chevrons of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral view (C). Abbreviations:ap, anterior process; ca1– ca2, first and second caudal vertebrae; cap, caudal articulating process; db, distal bulb; hc, haemal canal; pp, posterior process; s6, sixth sacral vertebra; sr, sacral rib." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244960/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 19A, B</figureCitation> +), and relatively complete series of chevrons are preserved with MPC-D 100/33, MPC-D 102/11.a, and MPC-D 102/12. The anterior chevrons of MPC-D 102/110.a, MPC-D 102/110.c, MPC-D 102/11.a, MPC-D 100/33, and MPC-D 102/12 are elongate and taper distally to a bulbous process ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7D0922FA22FA12FCCDF9FE" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="23.[113,178,1259,1283]" captionTargetBox="[114,1457,144,1196]" captionTargetId="figure-371@23.[114,1458,144,1231]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 19. Chevrons of Oksoko avarsan. Anterior chevrons of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B), showing disparity between size of the first chevron (arrows). Mid-caudal chevrons of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral view (C). Abbreviations:ap, anterior process; ca1– ca2, first and second caudal vertebrae; cap, caudal articulating process; db, distal bulb; hc, haemal canal; pp, posterior process; s6, sixth sacral vertebra; sr, sacral rib." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244960/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 19C</figureCitation> +), similar to +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7D0922FC78FA32FC05F9DE" authority="(Barsbold 1981) (Funston et al. 2018)" authorityName="Funston et al." authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Barsbold" baseAuthorityYear="1981" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Heyuannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yanshini"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7D0922FC78FA32FB00F9FE" box="[983,1179,1529,1553]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Heyuannia yanshini</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A7D0922FB08FA31FADFF9FE" author="Barsbold R" box="[1191,1348,1529,1553]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="28 - 39" refId="ref29293" refString="Barsbold R. Toothless dinosaurs of Mongolia. Transactions of the Joint Soviet Mongolian Paleontological Expedition 1981; 15: 28 - 39." type="journal article" year="1981">Barsbold 1981</bibRefCitation> +) ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A7D0922FAF1FA32FC09F9DE" author="Funston GF & Mendonca SE & Currie PJ" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="101 - 120" refId="ref30146" refString="Funston GF, Mendonca SE, Currie PJ et al. Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2018; 494: 101 - 120." type="journal article" year="2018"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7D0922FC85F9D1FCC2F9DE" box="[810,857,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. However, the first chevron of MPC-D 102/110.b is unusual and extremely small compared to the other specimens ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7D0922FC9AF99FFC13F980" box="[821,904,1623,1647]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="23.[113,178,1259,1283]" captionTargetBox="[114,1457,144,1196]" captionTargetId="figure-371@23.[114,1458,144,1231]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 19. Chevrons of Oksoko avarsan. Anterior chevrons of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B), showing disparity between size of the first chevron (arrows). Mid-caudal chevrons of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral view (C). Abbreviations:ap, anterior process; ca1– ca2, first and second caudal vertebrae; cap, caudal articulating process; db, distal bulb; hc, haemal canal; pp, posterior process; s6, sixth sacral vertebra; sr, sacral rib." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244960/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 19B</figureCitation> +), despite similarity in the size of the associated caudal vertebrae. Indeed, the first chevrons of MPC-D 102/110.a, c are more than twice the dorsoventral height of MPC-D 102/110.b. This condition is reminiscent of the dimorphism described in the chevrons of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7D0922FC52F91DFB33F902" baseAuthorityName="Balanoff and Norell" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1021,1192,1749,1773]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Khaan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mckennai"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7D0922FC52F91DFB33F902" box="[1021,1192,1749,1773]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Khaan mckennai</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, although it is more extreme than in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7D0922FC6DF93CFAD4F8E3" authority="(Persons et al. 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Persons" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[962,1359,1780,1804]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Khaan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mckennai"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7D0922FC6DF93CFBF1F8E3" box="[962,1130,1780,1804]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Khaan mckennai</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A7D0922FBD2F93CFAD8F8E3" author="Persons WS & Funston GF & Currie PJ" box="[1149,1347,1780,1804]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref31609" refString="Persons WS, Funston GF, Currie PJ et al. A possible instance of sexual dimorphism in the tails of two oviraptorosaur dinosaurs. Scientific Reports 2015; 5: 9472." type="journal volume" year="2015"> +Persons +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7D0922FB79F93DFA93F8E3" box="[1238,1288,1780,1804]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis> +2015 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. Without a larger sample size, the nature of this dimorphism cannot be determined, although the similarity in size and morphology of MPC-D 102/110.a and MPC-D 102/110.b suggests that it is unlikely to be the result of ontogenetic differences. All of the distal chevrons are preserved with MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7D0922FAE0F859FA39F846" box="[1359,1442,1937,1961]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="21.[113,178,1198,1222]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,149,1167]" captionTargetId="figure-306@21.[114,1458,144,1171]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 17. Caudal vertebrae of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstruction (A) of caudal series showing which vertebrae are represented by which specimens.Vertebrae shaded blue are preserved only in MPC-D 102/11.a (B), whereas those shaded red (the pygal vertebrae) are preserved only in MPC-D 102/12 (C). Vertebrae shaded purple are represented by both specimens. Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/11.a in left lateral view (B). Articulated caudal series of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral view (C), mirrored to match the orientation of MPC-D 102/11. Proximal caudal vertebra of MPC-D 102/12 (D, E) in right lateral (D) and dorsal (E) views. Pygal vertebrae of MPC-D 102/11.a (F) and MPC-D 102/12 (G), showing incorporation of additional vertebrae into the pygostyle. Distal caudal of MPC-D 102/12 (H–J) in left lateral (H), dorsal (I), and anterior (J) views. Abbreviations:idpf, infradiapophyseal fossa; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; p1–p3, first to third pygal vertebrae; post, postzygapophysis; pre, prezygapophysis; rpl, resorbed pleurocoel; spdf, supradiapophyseal fossa; tp, transverse process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244954/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 17B</figureCitation> +), and some of the series is preserved with MPC-D 100/33. These are all elongate dorsoventrally, rather than becoming platelike, as is the case in caenagnathids and MPC-D 100/42, the Dzamyn Khondt oviraptorid. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A7E0921FF2EFA24FA15F9F0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244958" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244958/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[129,194,1516,1540]" targetBox="[133,1467,148,1482]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7E0921FF2EFA24FA15F9F0" blockId="22.[129,1422,1516,1568]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7E0921FF2EFA24FF7DF9EB" bold="true" box="[129,230,1516,1540]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 18.</emphasis> +Dorsal ribs of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7E0921FEC1FA24FE64F9EB" box="[366,511,1516,1540]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7E0921FEC1FA24FE64F9EB" box="[366,511,1516,1540]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Right first dorsal rib (A), indeterminate anterior dorsal ribs (B, C), and middle dorsal rib (D) of MPC-D 102/12 in anterior view. Abbreviations: cap, capitulum; cg, costal groove; tub, tuberculum; unc, attachment for uncinate process. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7E0921FE2CF92DFD9CF910" blockId="22.[387,519,1765,1791]" box="[387,519,1765,1791]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7E0921FE2CF92DFD9CF910" box="[387,519,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Pectoral girdle</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7E0921FF2EF8C4FB83F968" blockId="22.[129,779,1804,1984]" lastBlockId="22.[825,1474,1616,1671]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">The complete pectoral girdle of MPC-D 100/33 is preserved and was disarticulated during preparation, allowing for detailed description. Both halves of the pectoral girdle are present but the left scapula is missing its distal end and the right coracoid is slightly damaged. The pectoral girdles of MPC-D 102/110.a, b are probably complete, but are mostly obscured by the overlying bodies. The pectoral girdles of MPC-D 102/11 and MPC-D 102/12 are unknown.</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7E0921FBF7F96FFB3FF92E" blockId="22.[825,1476,1703,1985]" box="[1112,1188,1703,1729]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7E0921FBF7F96FFB3FF92E" box="[1112,1188,1703,1729]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Scapula</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7E0920FC96F905FCE8F956" blockId="22.[825,1476,1703,1985]" lastBlockId="23.[809,1460,1415,1721]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23"> +The scapula is long and gracile ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7E0921FB24F905FB65F90A" box="[1163,1278,1741,1765]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="24.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[261,1341,152,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@24.[257,1345,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 20. Pectoral girdle of Oksoko avarsan. Pectoral girdle elements of MPC-D 100/33. Right scapulacoracoid in medial (A), lateral (C), and dorsal (E) views.Left scapulacoracoid in medial (B) and lateral (D) views. Furcula in anterior (F), posterior (G), right lateral (H), ventral (I), and dorsal (J) views.Right (K) and left (L) sternal plates in ventral view. Abbreviations: acp, acrocoracoid process; acr, acromion process; bt, biceps tubercle; corf, coracoid foramen; de, distal expansion; epi, epicleidal process; for, foramen; fos, fossa; glen, glenoid; hyp, hypocleidium; lat, lateral trabecula; path?, pathology?; pvp, posteroventral process; sc, scapular contact; scs, scapula–coracoid suture; stcp, sternocoracoidal process.Images of the sternal plates (K, L) courtesy P. Currie." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244962/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 20A–E</figureCitation> +). The distal end is slightly expanded and has a rounded end. In cross-section, the lateral surface of the scapula is flat, whereas the medial side is rounded, which produces a lens-shaped outline. The ventral edge of the scapula is sharp, but the dorsal edge is rounded. The scapular blade thickens transversely and curves medially towards the glenoid. About +<quantity id="9050B0A97A7E0921FBEEF841FB12F84E" box="[1089,1161,1929,1953]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity> +distal to the glenoid, there is a small protrusion on the ventral edge of the blade that may have anchored musculature. Just anterior to this, on the dorsal edge of the blade, there is a shallow groove. The acromion process is small and rounded in dorsal view ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7F0920FE7EFA0EFDBFFA31" box="[465,548,1478,1502]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="24.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[261,1341,152,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@24.[257,1345,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 20. Pectoral girdle of Oksoko avarsan. Pectoral girdle elements of MPC-D 100/33. Right scapulacoracoid in medial (A), lateral (C), and dorsal (E) views.Left scapulacoracoid in medial (B) and lateral (D) views. Furcula in anterior (F), posterior (G), right lateral (H), ventral (I), and dorsal (J) views.Right (K) and left (L) sternal plates in ventral view. Abbreviations: acp, acrocoracoid process; acr, acromion process; bt, biceps tubercle; corf, coracoid foramen; de, distal expansion; epi, epicleidal process; for, foramen; fos, fossa; glen, glenoid; hyp, hypocleidium; lat, lateral trabecula; path?, pathology?; pvp, posteroventral process; sc, scapular contact; scs, scapula–coracoid suture; stcp, sternocoracoidal process.Images of the sternal plates (K, L) courtesy P. Currie." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244962/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 20E</figureCitation> +). Its dorsal surface is flat, but this flattened area does not extend far posteriorly, and although it probably contacted the furcula, there is no distinct area marking its articulation. The lateral edge is dorsally upturned and has a rounded, thickened edge. The anterior edge is thick and barely protrudes from the region where it connects medially to the body of the scapula. The acromion does not extend anteriorly past the contact of the scapula and coracoid. The glenoid of the scapula is approximately rectangular in articular view. Its lateral edge extends anterodorsally, whereas its medial edge is parallel to the scapular blade. As a result, the anterior part of the articular surface is exposed laterally ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7F0920FDA3F8D6FDF8F8D9" box="[524,611,1822,1846]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="24.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[261,1341,152,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@24.[257,1345,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 20. Pectoral girdle of Oksoko avarsan. Pectoral girdle elements of MPC-D 100/33. Right scapulacoracoid in medial (A), lateral (C), and dorsal (E) views.Left scapulacoracoid in medial (B) and lateral (D) views. Furcula in anterior (F), posterior (G), right lateral (H), ventral (I), and dorsal (J) views.Right (K) and left (L) sternal plates in ventral view. Abbreviations: acp, acrocoracoid process; acr, acromion process; bt, biceps tubercle; corf, coracoid foramen; de, distal expansion; epi, epicleidal process; for, foramen; fos, fossa; glen, glenoid; hyp, hypocleidium; lat, lateral trabecula; path?, pathology?; pvp, posteroventral process; sc, scapular contact; scs, scapula–coracoid suture; stcp, sternocoracoidal process.Images of the sternal plates (K, L) courtesy P. Currie." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244962/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 20D</figureCitation> +). The articular surface is slightly concave and tapers transversely towards the posterior side. The unfused contact between the scapula and coracoid is crescentic ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7F0920FE97F8B4FE10F87B" box="[312,395,1916,1940]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="24.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[261,1341,152,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@24.[257,1345,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 20. Pectoral girdle of Oksoko avarsan. Pectoral girdle elements of MPC-D 100/33. Right scapulacoracoid in medial (A), lateral (C), and dorsal (E) views.Left scapulacoracoid in medial (B) and lateral (D) views. Furcula in anterior (F), posterior (G), right lateral (H), ventral (I), and dorsal (J) views.Right (K) and left (L) sternal plates in ventral view. Abbreviations: acp, acrocoracoid process; acr, acromion process; bt, biceps tubercle; corf, coracoid foramen; de, distal expansion; epi, epicleidal process; for, foramen; fos, fossa; glen, glenoid; hyp, hypocleidium; lat, lateral trabecula; path?, pathology?; pvp, posteroventral process; sc, scapular contact; scs, scapula–coracoid suture; stcp, sternocoracoidal process.Images of the sternal plates (K, L) courtesy P. Currie." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244962/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 20B</figureCitation> +). The anterior surface of the scapula is convex, whereas the posterior side of the coracoid is concave. Accordingly, the scapula has a relatively large, dorsal flange anterior to both the glenoid and acromion, which differs from other oviraptorids like +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7F0920FBBEFA0EFA36FA31" authority="(Funston et al. 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Funston" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[1041,1453,1478,1502]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Heyuannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yanshini"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7F0920FBBEFA0EFB48FA31" box="[1041,1235,1478,1502]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Heyuannia yanshini</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A7F0920FB4DFA0EFA39FA31" author="Funston GF & Mendonca SE & Currie PJ" box="[1250,1442,1478,1502]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="101 - 120" refId="ref30146" refString="Funston GF, Mendonca SE, Currie PJ et al. Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2018; 494: 101 - 120." type="journal article" year="2018"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7F0920FA93FA0EFAF1FA31" box="[1340,1386,1478,1502]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, where the acromion is the most anterior part of the scapula, or caenagnathids where it is set posterior to the glenoid ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A7F0920FAF1F9CDFC09F9D3" author="Funston GF & Currie PJ & Tsogtbaatar C" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref30246" refString="Funston GF, Currie PJ, Tsogtbaatar C et al. A partial oviraptorosaur skeleton suggests low caenagnathid diversity in the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia (TA Dececchi, Ed.). PLoS One 2021; 16: e 0254564." type="journal volume" year="2021"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7F0920FC85F9ECFCC2F9D3" box="[810,857,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis> +2021 +</bibRefCitation> +). On the medial side of the head of the scapula, there is a proximodistal groove that extends to the same level as the glenoid. This groove is continuous with a groove leading to the coracoid foramen, so it probably accommodated vasculature and nerves. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A7F0920FFDEFB23FEA4FAB8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244960" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244960/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" startId="23.[113,178,1259,1283]" targetBox="[114,1457,144,1196]" targetPageId="23" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7F0920FFDEFB23FEA4FAB8" blockId="23.[113,1447,1259,1367]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7F0920FFDEFB23FF4DFAEC" bold="true" box="[113,214,1259,1283]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 19.</emphasis> +Chevrons of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A7F0920FEFCFB23FE7FFAEC" box="[339,484,1259,1283]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7F0920FEFCFB23FE7FFAEC" box="[339,484,1259,1283]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Anterior chevrons of MPC-D 102/110.a (A) and MPC-D 102/110.b (B), showing disparity between size of the first chevron (arrows). Mid-caudal chevrons of MPC-D 102/12 in right lateral view (C). Abbreviations: ap, anterior process; ca1– ca2, first and second caudal vertebrae; cap, caudal articulating process; db, distal bulb; hc, haemal canal; pp, posterior process; s6, sixth sacral vertebra; sr, sacral rib. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7F0920FBECF910FB01F91D" blockId="23.[1091,1178,1752,1778]" box="[1091,1178,1752,1778]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A7F0920FBECF910FB01F91D" box="[1091,1178,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Coracoid</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A7F092EFC85F937FDE7FDB0" blockId="23.[810,1461,1791,1972]" lastBlockId="25.[113,765,144,607]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="23" pageNumber="24"> +The coracoid is long dorsoventrally ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A7F0920FB05F937FABAF8F8" box="[1194,1313,1791,1815]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="24.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[261,1341,152,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@24.[257,1345,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 20. Pectoral girdle of Oksoko avarsan. Pectoral girdle elements of MPC-D 100/33. Right scapulacoracoid in medial (A), lateral (C), and dorsal (E) views.Left scapulacoracoid in medial (B) and lateral (D) views. Furcula in anterior (F), posterior (G), right lateral (H), ventral (I), and dorsal (J) views.Right (K) and left (L) sternal plates in ventral view. Abbreviations: acp, acrocoracoid process; acr, acromion process; bt, biceps tubercle; corf, coracoid foramen; de, distal expansion; epi, epicleidal process; for, foramen; fos, fossa; glen, glenoid; hyp, hypocleidium; lat, lateral trabecula; path?, pathology?; pvp, posteroventral process; sc, scapular contact; scs, scapula–coracoid suture; stcp, sternocoracoidal process.Images of the sternal plates (K, L) courtesy P. Currie." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244962/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 20B, D</figureCitation> +). The contact for the scapula is concave and tapers in transverse thickness dorsally. The glenoid is approximately square and faces completely posteriorly, with a slight lateral exposure. The coracoid foramen is oval and oriented with its long axis anteroventrally to posterodorsally. On the medial surface, it is connected to a deep groove that extends to the scapulacoracoid contact. The biceps’ tubercle is relatively large and circular. Its apex is rounded, rather than rugose, and there are no other ridges on the lateral surface of the coracoid. On the medial surface there are two fossae separated by a trabecula that correspond in position to the biceps tubercle ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A71092EFEEEFEE5FE0FFEAA" box="[321,404,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="24.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[261,1341,152,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@24.[257,1345,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 20. Pectoral girdle of Oksoko avarsan. Pectoral girdle elements of MPC-D 100/33. Right scapulacoracoid in medial (A), lateral (C), and dorsal (E) views.Left scapulacoracoid in medial (B) and lateral (D) views. Furcula in anterior (F), posterior (G), right lateral (H), ventral (I), and dorsal (J) views.Right (K) and left (L) sternal plates in ventral view. Abbreviations: acp, acrocoracoid process; acr, acromion process; bt, biceps tubercle; corf, coracoid foramen; de, distal expansion; epi, epicleidal process; for, foramen; fos, fossa; glen, glenoid; hyp, hypocleidium; lat, lateral trabecula; path?, pathology?; pvp, posteroventral process; sc, scapular contact; scs, scapula–coracoid suture; stcp, sternocoracoidal process.Images of the sternal plates (K, L) courtesy P. Currie." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244962/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 20B</figureCitation> +). The body of the coracoid has two main processes: the posteroventral process and an anteriorly projecting flange—the acrocoracoid process. The latter process is rounded in profile and its apex is thickened. There is a concavity in the edge of the coracoid separating this process from the posteroventral process. This notch is shallower than a similar feature present in the coracoid of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFE7DFE21FD0DFDEE" box="[466,662,489,513]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Heyuannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yanshini"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFE7DFE21FD0DFDEE" box="[466,662,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Heyuannia yanshini</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +(MPC-D 100/30). The posteroventral process curves strongly posteriorly. It tapers in transverse thickness towards all edges and the apex, except that the apex itself is thickened and bulbous. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A70092FFF2EF8F9FD5FF83A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244962" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244962/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" startId="24.[129,194,1841,1865]" targetBox="[261,1341,152,1809]" targetPageId="24" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A70092FFF2EF8F9FD5FF83A" blockId="24.[129,1469,1841,2006]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A70092FFF2EF8F9FF7EF8A6" bold="true" box="[129,229,1841,1865]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 20.</emphasis> +Pectoral girdle of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A70092FFE20F8F9FD84F8A6" box="[399,543,1841,1865]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A70092FFE20F8F9FD84F8A6" box="[399,543,1841,1865]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Pectoral girdle elements of MPC-D 100/33. Right scapulacoracoid in medial (A), lateral (C), and dorsal (E) views. Left scapulacoracoid in medial (B) and lateral (D) views. Furcula in anterior (F), posterior (G), right lateral (H), ventral (I), and dorsal (J) views. Right (K) and left (L) sternal plates in ventral view. Abbreviations: acp, acrocoracoid process; acr, acromion process; bt, biceps tubercle; corf, coracoid foramen; de, distal expansion; epi, epicleidal process; for, foramen; fos, fossa; glen, glenoid; hyp, hypocleidium; lat, lateral trabecula; path?, pathology?; pvp, posteroventral process; sc, scapular contact; scs, scapula–coracoid suture; stcp, sternocoracoidal process. Images of the sternal plates (K, L) courtesy P. Currie. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A71092EFE3DFDB6FE41FD77" blockId="25.[402,474,638,664]" box="[402,474,638,664]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFE3DFDB6FE41FD77" box="[402,474,638,664]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Furcula</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A71092EFFDEFD6DFF2EFB5D" blockId="25.[112,763,677,1202]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26"> +The furcula is excellently preserved ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A71092EFE46FD6DFDCFFD52" box="[489,596,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="24.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[261,1341,152,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@24.[257,1345,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 20. Pectoral girdle of Oksoko avarsan. Pectoral girdle elements of MPC-D 100/33. Right scapulacoracoid in medial (A), lateral (C), and dorsal (E) views.Left scapulacoracoid in medial (B) and lateral (D) views. Furcula in anterior (F), posterior (G), right lateral (H), ventral (I), and dorsal (J) views.Right (K) and left (L) sternal plates in ventral view. Abbreviations: acp, acrocoracoid process; acr, acromion process; bt, biceps tubercle; corf, coracoid foramen; de, distal expansion; epi, epicleidal process; for, foramen; fos, fossa; glen, glenoid; hyp, hypocleidium; lat, lateral trabecula; path?, pathology?; pvp, posteroventral process; sc, scapular contact; scs, scapula–coracoid suture; stcp, sternocoracoidal process.Images of the sternal plates (K, L) courtesy P. Currie." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244962/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 20F–J</figureCitation> +), and is missing only the very distal ends. The hypocleidium is long and pointed, but is relatively gracile, especially compared to the robust hypocleidium of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFE8AFCCBFE42FCF4" box="[293,473,771,795]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Citipati" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmolskae"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFE8AFCCBFE42FCF4" box="[293,473,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A71092EFE47FCCBFD08FCF4" author="Clark JM & Norell M & Chiappe LM" box="[488,659,771,795]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref29564" refString="Clark JM, Norell M, Chiappe LM. An oviraptorid skeleton from the Late Cretaceous of Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia, preserved in an avianlike brooding position over an oviraptorid nest. American Museum Novitates 1999; 3265: 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1999"> +Clark +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFD87FCCBFDC2FCF4" box="[552,601,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis> +1999 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A71092EFD0FFCCBFF59FCD5" author="Norell MA & Balanoff AM & Barta DE" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref31416" refString="Norell MA, Balanoff AM, Barta DE et al. A second specimen of Citipati Osmolskae associated with a nest of eggs from Ukhaa Tolgod, Omnogov Aimag, Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 2018; 3899: 1 - 44." type="journal article" year="2018"> +Norell +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFD46FCCBFF11FCD5" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +). In +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFF5CFCEAFE5BFCD5" box="[243,448,802,826]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFF5CFCEAFE5BFCD5" box="[243,448,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, the hypocleidium is small ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A71092EFD71FCEAFF44FCB6" author="Lu J & Chen R & Brusatte SL" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref31055" refString="Lu J, Chen R, Brusatte SL et al. A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species preserved in an unusual posture. Scientific Reports 2016; 6: 35780." type="journal volume" year="2016"> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFFDEFC8AFF38FCB6" box="[113,163,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis> +2016 +</bibRefCitation> +). The entire furcula is gracile and its curvature follows a rounded V-shape (i.e. the epicleidal processes are not parallel), compared to the U-shaped furcula of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFD87FC48FD6FFC77" box="[552,756,896,920]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFD87FC48FD6FFC77" box="[552,756,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Each epicleidal process expands transversely to its midpoint, and then tapers again distally. At the midpoint, there is a ventral facet where the furcula contacts and rests upon the acromion process of the scapula ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A71092EFEBAFC35FE0AFBFA" box="[277,401,1021,1045]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="24.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[261,1341,152,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@24.[257,1345,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 20. Pectoral girdle of Oksoko avarsan. Pectoral girdle elements of MPC-D 100/33. Right scapulacoracoid in medial (A), lateral (C), and dorsal (E) views.Left scapulacoracoid in medial (B) and lateral (D) views. Furcula in anterior (F), posterior (G), right lateral (H), ventral (I), and dorsal (J) views.Right (K) and left (L) sternal plates in ventral view. Abbreviations: acp, acrocoracoid process; acr, acromion process; bt, biceps tubercle; corf, coracoid foramen; de, distal expansion; epi, epicleidal process; for, foramen; fos, fossa; glen, glenoid; hyp, hypocleidium; lat, lateral trabecula; path?, pathology?; pvp, posteroventral process; sc, scapular contact; scs, scapula–coracoid suture; stcp, sternocoracoidal process.Images of the sternal plates (K, L) courtesy P. Currie." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244962/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 20G, H</figureCitation> +). In lateral view, this facet invades the lateral edge of the bone, which accommodates the upturned lateral edge of the acromion. In articulation, the hypocleidium of the furcula extends nearly to the acrocoracoid process of the coracoid, but a relatively large, lens-shaped triosseal fenestra remains. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A71092EFE21FB1AFE44FB03" blockId="25.[112,764,1234,1985]" box="[398,479,1234,1260]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFE21FB1AFE44FB03" box="[398,479,1234,1260]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Sternum</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A71092EFFDEFB30FC4CFEAA" blockId="25.[112,764,1234,1985]" lastBlockId="25.[809,1459,144,325]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26"> +Both sternal plates are partly exposed in MPC-D 102/110.a, but not in the other individuals of MPC-D 102/110. The sternals are well preserved in MPC-D 100/33 ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A71092EFE7FFAFFFDA6FAA1" box="[464,573,1335,1359]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="24.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[261,1341,152,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@24.[257,1345,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 20. Pectoral girdle of Oksoko avarsan. Pectoral girdle elements of MPC-D 100/33. Right scapulacoracoid in medial (A), lateral (C), and dorsal (E) views.Left scapulacoracoid in medial (B) and lateral (D) views. Furcula in anterior (F), posterior (G), right lateral (H), ventral (I), and dorsal (J) views.Right (K) and left (L) sternal plates in ventral view. Abbreviations: acp, acrocoracoid process; acr, acromion process; bt, biceps tubercle; corf, coracoid foramen; de, distal expansion; epi, epicleidal process; for, foramen; fos, fossa; glen, glenoid; hyp, hypocleidium; lat, lateral trabecula; path?, pathology?; pvp, posteroventral process; sc, scapular contact; scs, scapula–coracoid suture; stcp, sternocoracoidal process.Images of the sternal plates (K, L) courtesy P. Currie." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244962/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig.20K, L</figureCitation> +), but were difficult to observe because they were mounted behind glass at the time of observation. The sternal plates are not fused along the midline and their posterior ends are separated. The sternocoracoidal process and lateral trabecula are both well developed, and are separated by an incised notch where the ventral ribs articulated. However, there are no distinct articular facets for the ventral ribs in this notch. Whereas the sternocoracoidal process is pointed in MPC-D 102/110.a, it is rounded and bulbous in MPC-D 100/33, possibly the result of older age and increased ossification. Sternal plates are described and illustrated for +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFDD8F9B9FF6AF948" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Jiangxisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFDD8F9B9FF6AF948" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Jiangxisaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +as oval plates, which would be unusual for an oviraptorid. However, this morphology does not match the photographs provided in the article, where the sternal plates appear more similar to other oviraptorids, with well-developed sternocoracoidal processes and lateral trabeculae. Unfortunately, no further comparison with +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFE0BF8E4FE75F8AB" authorityName="Funston, Tsogtbaatar, Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Sullivan & Currie" authorityYear="2020" box="[420,494,1836,1860]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFE0BF8E4FE75F8AB" box="[420,494,1836,1860]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Oksoko</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is possible based on the limited information available. In +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFE65F883FD8FF88C" authorityName="Funston, Tsogtbaatar, Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Sullivan & Currie" authorityYear="2020" box="[458,532,1867,1891]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFE65F883FD8FF88C" box="[458,532,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Oksoko</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, at least one foramen consistently pierces the sternal plate, but its position varies. In MPC-D 100/33, it is closer to the sternocoracoidal process ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A71092EFD7BF842FF21F82E" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="24.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[261,1341,152,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@24.[257,1345,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 20. Pectoral girdle of Oksoko avarsan. Pectoral girdle elements of MPC-D 100/33. Right scapulacoracoid in medial (A), lateral (C), and dorsal (E) views.Left scapulacoracoid in medial (B) and lateral (D) views. Furcula in anterior (F), posterior (G), right lateral (H), ventral (I), and dorsal (J) views.Right (K) and left (L) sternal plates in ventral view. Abbreviations: acp, acrocoracoid process; acr, acromion process; bt, biceps tubercle; corf, coracoid foramen; de, distal expansion; epi, epicleidal process; for, foramen; fos, fossa; glen, glenoid; hyp, hypocleidium; lat, lateral trabecula; path?, pathology?; pvp, posteroventral process; sc, scapular contact; scs, scapula–coracoid suture; stcp, sternocoracoidal process.Images of the sternal plates (K, L) courtesy P. Currie." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244962/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 20K, L</figureCitation> +), whereas in MPC-D 102/110.a, it is further medially, near the midline, and consists of two foramina. The right sternal of MPC-D 100/33 has a large fenestra near the centre of the plate ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A71092EFC9AFF07FC11FF08" box="[821,906,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="24.[129,194,1841,1865]" captionTargetBox="[261,1341,152,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-6@24.[257,1345,149,1813]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figure 20. Pectoral girdle of Oksoko avarsan. Pectoral girdle elements of MPC-D 100/33. Right scapulacoracoid in medial (A), lateral (C), and dorsal (E) views.Left scapulacoracoid in medial (B) and lateral (D) views. Furcula in anterior (F), posterior (G), right lateral (H), ventral (I), and dorsal (J) views.Right (K) and left (L) sternal plates in ventral view. Abbreviations: acp, acrocoracoid process; acr, acromion process; bt, biceps tubercle; corf, coracoid foramen; de, distal expansion; epi, epicleidal process; for, foramen; fos, fossa; glen, glenoid; hyp, hypocleidium; lat, lateral trabecula; path?, pathology?; pvp, posteroventral process; sc, scapular contact; scs, scapula–coracoid suture; stcp, sternocoracoidal process.Images of the sternal plates (K, L) courtesy P. Currie." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244962" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244962/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 20K</figureCitation> +). It is possible that this is pathological, but it could also be the result of variable ossification of the plates. Unfortunately, the detailed examination necessary to support these hypotheses was not possible. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A71092EFB92FEACFB04FE91" blockId="25.[1085,1183,356,382]" box="[1085,1183,356,382]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFB92FEACFB04FE91" bold="true" box="[1085,1183,356,382]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Forelimb</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A71092EFC85FE43FC33FD14" blockId="25.[810,1461,395,763]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26"> +The right forelimb of MPC-D 100/33 is completely preserved ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A71092EFC9AFE62FCE0FE2D" box="[821,891,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="26.[130,195,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[129,1463,168,1341]" captionTargetId="figure-244@26.[129,1473,144,1341]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 21.Forelimb elements of Oksoko avarsan. Forelimb elements of MPC-D 100/33 (A–F) and MPC-D 102/110.a (G–H). Left humerus of MPC-D 100/33 in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. Photograph (G) and illustration (H) of articulated antebrachium of MPC-D 102/110.a in ventral view.Scale bars in (A–D) and (E–F) are 1 cm. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ecte, ectepicondylar tuber; ente, entepicondylar tuber; h, head; I-1, manual phalanx I-1; I-2, manual ungual I-2; II-2, manual phalanx II-2; II-3, manual ungual II-3; III-1, manual phalanx III-1; mc I, metacarpal I; mc II, metacarpal II; rad, radius; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal; uln, ulna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244968/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 21</figureCitation> +), although it appears to be either missing phalanx III-1 or this element had not ossified. The left forelimb is represented by the humerus, ulna, and radius, but the carpals, metacarpals and ungual II-3 are missing. The right humerus, ulna, radius, and manus of MPC-D 102/110.a are exposed ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A71092EFA8CFDEFFAF7FDD0" box="[1315,1388,551,575]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="26.[130,195,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[129,1463,168,1341]" captionTargetId="figure-244@26.[129,1473,144,1341]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 21.Forelimb elements of Oksoko avarsan. Forelimb elements of MPC-D 100/33 (A–F) and MPC-D 102/110.a (G–H). Left humerus of MPC-D 100/33 in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. Photograph (G) and illustration (H) of articulated antebrachium of MPC-D 102/110.a in ventral view.Scale bars in (A–D) and (E–F) are 1 cm. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ecte, ectepicondylar tuber; ente, entepicondylar tuber; h, head; I-1, manual phalanx I-1; I-2, manual ungual I-2; II-2, manual phalanx II-2; II-3, manual ungual II-3; III-1, manual phalanx III-1; mc I, metacarpal I; mc II, metacarpal II; rad, radius; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal; uln, ulna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244968/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 21</figureCitation> +), as is the left manus. Only the left ulna, radius, and manus of MPC-D 102/110.b are visible, although it is likely that the right forelimb is preserved under the body of MPC-D 102/110.a. The quarry of MPC-D 102/12 was revisited in 2018 and a manual ungual I-2 was recovered, but otherwise the forelimb of that individual is unknown. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A71092EFBEDFCD4FB01FCDA" blockId="25.[809,1461,796,1985]" box="[1090,1178,796,821]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFBEDFCD4FB01FCDA" box="[1090,1178,796,821]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Humerus</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A71092EFC85FC89FA91F82E" blockId="25.[809,1461,796,1985]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26"> +Both humeri of MPC-D 100/33 are well preserved and identical in size and shape. The humeral head is modestly developed ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A71092EFC9AFC48FC2BFC77" box="[821,944,896,920]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="26.[130,195,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[129,1463,168,1341]" captionTargetId="figure-244@26.[129,1473,144,1341]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 21.Forelimb elements of Oksoko avarsan. Forelimb elements of MPC-D 100/33 (A–F) and MPC-D 102/110.a (G–H). Left humerus of MPC-D 100/33 in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. Photograph (G) and illustration (H) of articulated antebrachium of MPC-D 102/110.a in ventral view.Scale bars in (A–D) and (E–F) are 1 cm. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ecte, ectepicondylar tuber; ente, entepicondylar tuber; h, head; I-1, manual phalanx I-1; I-2, manual ungual I-2; II-2, manual phalanx II-2; II-3, manual ungual II-3; III-1, manual phalanx III-1; mc I, metacarpal I; mc II, metacarpal II; rad, radius; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal; uln, ulna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244968/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 21A, C</figureCitation> +), but does protrude slightly from the shaft. It is anteroposteriorly thin and appears more like a crest than a condyle. The proximal end is roughly parallelogram-shaped in proximal view ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A71092EFC31FC16FC76FC19" box="[926,1005,990,1014]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="26.[130,195,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[129,1463,168,1341]" captionTargetId="figure-244@26.[129,1473,144,1341]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 21.Forelimb elements of Oksoko avarsan. Forelimb elements of MPC-D 100/33 (A–F) and MPC-D 102/110.a (G–H). Left humerus of MPC-D 100/33 in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. Photograph (G) and illustration (H) of articulated antebrachium of MPC-D 102/110.a in ventral view.Scale bars in (A–D) and (E–F) are 1 cm. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ecte, ectepicondylar tuber; ente, entepicondylar tuber; h, head; I-1, manual phalanx I-1; I-2, manual ungual I-2; II-2, manual phalanx II-2; II-3, manual ungual II-3; III-1, manual phalanx III-1; mc I, metacarpal I; mc II, metacarpal II; rad, radius; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal; uln, ulna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244968/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig 21E</figureCitation> +). On the posterior side of the humerus, the articular surface overhangs the surface of the rest of the bone. The deltopectoral crest extends distally from the lateral side of the head, which is anteriorly deflected. The crest thickens towards its apex, which is not downturned like in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFB42FB94FA28FB9C" box="[1261,1459,1115,1139]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Heyuannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yanshini"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFB42FB94FA28FB9C" box="[1261,1459,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Heyuannia yanshini</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +(MPC-D 100/30). The edge of the crest is rounded and slightly rugose on either side. The apex of the crest is just under half the length of the humerus (47%) from the proximal end, similar to +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFC84FB11FBACFB1E" box="[811,1079,1241,1265]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Jiangxisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFC84FB11FBACFB1E" box="[811,1079,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Jiangxisaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFBC2FB11FCF2FAFF" authority="(Wei et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Wei" baseAuthorityYear="2013" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFBC2FB11FAA5FB1E" box="[1133,1342,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A71092EFAFEFB11FCC5FAFF" author="Wei X & Pu H & Xu L" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="899 - 904" refId="ref32129" refString="Wei X, Pu H, Xu L et al. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 2013; 87: 899 - 904." type="journal article" year="2013"> +Wei +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFA2DFB11FA2FFB1E" box="[1410,1460,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis> +2013 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +, but much greater than in citipatiines like +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFA89FB30FCF7FAC0" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Corythoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jacobsi"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFA89FB30FCF7FAC0" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Corythoraptor jacobsi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFCD3FAD0FB0DFAC0" box="[892,1174,1303,1327]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Huanansaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFCD3FAD0FB0DFAC0" box="[892,1174,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Huanansaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and the Dzamyn Khondt oviraptorid. The anterior surface of the crest is concave, whereas the posterior surface has a plateau with a slightly depressed surface. The ridge outlining its anterior side has faint striations for muscle attachment, but there is no rugose mound like the one in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFCE5FA7DFB8FFA23" box="[842,1044,1460,1484]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Heyuannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yanshini"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFCE5FA7DFB8FFA23" box="[842,1044,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Heyuannia yanshini</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +(MPC-D 100/30). The depression is slightly triangular, tapering distally. The shaft of the humerus is almost perfectly cylindrical, but the anterior face is slightly flattened. There are no ridges or features on the shaft, which has less torsion and is more gracile than that of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFB5EF9FAFA2EF9A6" box="[1265,1461,1585,1609]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Heyuannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yanshini"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFB5EF9FAFA2EF9A6" box="[1265,1461,1585,1609]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Heyuannia yanshini</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFCF7F999FBB3F986" box="[856,1064,1617,1641]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFCF7F999FBB3F986" box="[856,1064,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A71092EFB94F999FB50F986" author="Lu J & Chen R & Brusatte SL" box="[1083,1227,1617,1641]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref31055" refString="Lu J, Chen R, Brusatte SL et al. A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species preserved in an unusual posture. Scientific Reports 2016; 6: 35780." type="journal volume" year="2016"> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFBF0F999FB0BF986" box="[1119,1168,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis> +2016 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A71092EFB76F999FA39F986" author="Funston GF & Mendonca SE & Currie PJ" box="[1241,1442,1617,1641]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="101 - 120" refId="ref30146" refString="Funston GF, Mendonca SE, Currie PJ et al. Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2018; 494: 101 - 120." type="journal article" year="2018"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFA99F999FAFCF986" box="[1334,1383,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +). The distal end is about as wide as the head and is roughly rectangular in distal view. The entepicondylar tuber is larger than the ectepicondylar tuber ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A71092EFB99F967FB3CF929" box="[1078,1191,1711,1735]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="26.[130,195,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[129,1463,168,1341]" captionTargetId="figure-244@26.[129,1473,144,1341]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 21.Forelimb elements of Oksoko avarsan. Forelimb elements of MPC-D 100/33 (A–F) and MPC-D 102/110.a (G–H). Left humerus of MPC-D 100/33 in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. Photograph (G) and illustration (H) of articulated antebrachium of MPC-D 102/110.a in ventral view.Scale bars in (A–D) and (E–F) are 1 cm. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ecte, ectepicondylar tuber; ente, entepicondylar tuber; h, head; I-1, manual phalanx I-1; I-2, manual ungual I-2; II-2, manual phalanx II-2; II-3, manual ungual II-3; III-1, manual phalanx III-1; mc I, metacarpal I; mc II, metacarpal II; rad, radius; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal; uln, ulna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244968/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 21A, F</figureCitation> +), but both are small compared to the large, anteriorly curving ones of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFB5EF907FB97F8EA" authority="(Funston et al. 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Funston" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Heyuannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yanshini"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFB5EF907FA28F909" box="[1265,1459,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Heyuannia yanshini</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A71092EFC9AF926FB9BF8EA" author="Funston GF & Mendonca SE & Currie PJ" box="[821,1024,1773,1797]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="101 - 120" refId="ref30146" refString="Funston GF, Mendonca SE, Currie PJ et al. Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2018; 494: 101 - 120." type="journal article" year="2018"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFC3DF926FC5FF8EA" box="[914,964,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. In MPC-D 100/33, the entepicondylar tuber is dorsally hooked but does not protrude more than the ectepicondylar tuber, which itself extends proximally as a rounded ridge. In +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFC4AF884FB33F88C" box="[997,1192,1867,1891]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Heyuannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yanshini"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFC4AF884FB33F88C" box="[997,1192,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Heyuannia yanshini</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, this ridge is large and extends far anteriorly to become wing-like. In MPC-D 100/33, the medial side of the condyle is swollen and larger than the lateral side; the opposite is true in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A71092EFBEDF862FA9FF82E" box="[1090,1284,1961,1985]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Heyuannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yanshini"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A71092EFBEDF862FA9FF82E" box="[1090,1284,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Heyuannia yanshini</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A72092DFF2DFA91FE11FA12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244968" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244968/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" startId="26.[130,195,1369,1393]" targetBox="[129,1463,168,1341]" targetPageId="26" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A72092DFF2DFA91FE11FA12" blockId="26.[129,1475,1369,1533]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A72092DFF2DFA91FF7DFA9E" bold="true" box="[130,230,1369,1393]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figure 21.</emphasis> +Forelimb elements of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A72092DFE18FA91FDD3FA9E" box="[439,584,1369,1393]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A72092DFE18FA91FDD3FA9E" box="[439,584,1369,1393]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Forelimb elements of MPC-D 100/33 (A–F) and MPC-D 102/110.a (G–H). Left humerus of MPC-D 100/33 in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. Photograph (G) and illustration (H) of articulated antebrachium of MPC-D 102/110.a in ventral view. Scale bars in (A–D) and (E–F) are 1 cm. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ecte, ectepicondylar tuber; ente, entepicondylar tuber; h, head; I-1, manual phalanx I-1; I-2, manual ungual I-2; II-2, manual phalanx II-2; II-3, manual ungual II-3; III-1, manual phalanx III-1; mc I, metacarpal I; mc II, metacarpal II; rad, radius; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal; uln, ulna. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A72092DFE02F9E5FE46F9A8" blockId="26.[128,778,1581,1988]" box="[429,477,1581,1607]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A72092DFE02F9E5FE46F9A8" box="[429,477,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Ulna</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A72092DFF2EF99BFD41F82B" blockId="26.[128,778,1581,1988]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27"> +The ulnae and radii of MPC-D 100/33 and MPC-D 100/110.a, b ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A72092DFF32F9BBFE89F965" box="[157,274,1651,1675]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="26.[130,195,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[129,1463,168,1341]" captionTargetId="figure-244@26.[129,1473,144,1341]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 21.Forelimb elements of Oksoko avarsan. Forelimb elements of MPC-D 100/33 (A–F) and MPC-D 102/110.a (G–H). Left humerus of MPC-D 100/33 in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. Photograph (G) and illustration (H) of articulated antebrachium of MPC-D 102/110.a in ventral view.Scale bars in (A–D) and (E–F) are 1 cm. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ecte, ectepicondylar tuber; ente, entepicondylar tuber; h, head; I-1, manual phalanx I-1; I-2, manual ungual I-2; II-2, manual phalanx II-2; II-3, manual ungual II-3; III-1, manual phalanx III-1; mc I, metacarpal I; mc II, metacarpal II; rad, radius; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal; uln, ulna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244968/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 21G, H</figureCitation> +) are preserved, but those of MPC-D 100/33 were mounted and unavailable for detailed examination. Like other heyuannines, the antebrachium is shorter than the humerus, whereas in citipatiines, it is longer. The ulna is robust, expanding towards both the proximal and distal ends. The proximal end has a tall, bulbous coronoid process but a poorly developed olecranon, so that the socket for the humerus is poorly pronounced. The shaft tapers in dorsoventral thickness to the distal end, where it instead becomes transversely broad. The distal end of the ulna is crescentic in outline, with a distinct medial process, similar to the one in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A72092DFEFEF865FD88F82B" box="[337,531,1964,1988]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Heyuannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yanshini"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A72092DFEFEF865FD88F82B" box="[337,531,1964,1988]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Heyuannia yanshini</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +(MPC-D 100/30). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A72092DFBF3F9E5FB04F9A8" blockId="26.[824,1476,1581,1863]" box="[1116,1183,1581,1607]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A72092DFBF3F9E5FB04F9A8" box="[1116,1183,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Radius</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A72092DFC96F99BFA21F8A8" blockId="26.[824,1476,1581,1863]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27"> +The radius is also robust ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A72092DFB93F99BFB29F984" box="[1084,1202,1619,1643]" captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="26.[130,195,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[129,1463,168,1341]" captionTargetId="figure-244@26.[129,1473,144,1341]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 21.Forelimb elements of Oksoko avarsan. Forelimb elements of MPC-D 100/33 (A–F) and MPC-D 102/110.a (G–H). Left humerus of MPC-D 100/33 in anterior (A), medial (B), posterior (C), lateral (D), proximal (E), and distal (F) views. Photograph (G) and illustration (H) of articulated antebrachium of MPC-D 102/110.a in ventral view.Scale bars in (A–D) and (E–F) are 1 cm. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest; ecte, ectepicondylar tuber; ente, entepicondylar tuber; h, head; I-1, manual phalanx I-1; I-2, manual ungual I-2; II-2, manual phalanx II-2; II-3, manual ungual II-3; III-1, manual phalanx III-1; mc I, metacarpal I; mc II, metacarpal II; rad, radius; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal; uln, ulna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244968" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244968/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 21G, H</figureCitation> +), but is only half the thickness of the ulna throughout the shaft, comparatively more gracile than in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A72092DFC2BF95BFB17F945" box="[900,1164,1682,1706]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Jiangxisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A72092DFC2BF95BFB17F945" box="[900,1164,1682,1706]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Jiangxisaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Its proximal end is square and about the same dimensions as the shaft. A slight ridge extends distally from the ventromedial edge, probably to accommodate the interosseum membrane. The distal end is expanded but does not appear to have a styloid process; however, this region is broken in MPC-D 100/33 and not visible in MPC-D 102/110. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A72092DFBF7F8AEFB3FF86F" blockId="26.[1112,1188,1894,1920]" box="[1112,1188,1894,1920]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A72092DFBF7F8AEFB3FF86F" box="[1112,1188,1894,1920]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Carpals</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A72092BFC96F845FDE2FCF4" blockId="26.[825,1475,1933,1988]" lastBlockId="28.[128,779,144,795]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="26" pageNumber="27"> +The carpals ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A72092DFC6FF845FB9DF84A" box="[960,1030,1933,1957]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[114,179,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[123,1449,152,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-242@27.[114,1458,143,1465]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Carpals of Oksoko avarsan. Carpal elements of MPC-D 102/110.a. Left semilunate, intermedium, and ulnare carpals in articulation with metacarpal I in medial (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), ventral (D), and proximal (E) views. Distal surface of semilunate carpal showing intermedium and ulnare in distal view (F) and lateral (G) views. Right radiale of MPC-D 102/110.a in distal (H), medial (I), proximal (J), lateral (K), ventral (L), and dorsal (M) views. Abbreviations: int, possible intermedium; mc I, metacarpal I;:rad, contact for radius;:slc, contact for semilunate carpal; slc, semilunate carpal; ulne, possible ulnare." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244970/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 22</figureCitation> +) of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a are excellently preserved, and provide considerable information on the homology and development of the oviraptorid carpals. The radiale is the most proximal carpal ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A73092CFE74F964FDCAF92B" box="[475,593,1708,1733]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[114,179,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[123,1449,152,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-242@27.[114,1458,143,1465]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Carpals of Oksoko avarsan. Carpal elements of MPC-D 102/110.a. Left semilunate, intermedium, and ulnare carpals in articulation with metacarpal I in medial (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), ventral (D), and proximal (E) views. Distal surface of semilunate carpal showing intermedium and ulnare in distal view (F) and lateral (G) views. Right radiale of MPC-D 102/110.a in distal (H), medial (I), proximal (J), lateral (K), ventral (L), and dorsal (M) views. Abbreviations: int, possible intermedium; mc I, metacarpal I;:rad, contact for radius;:slc, contact for semilunate carpal; slc, semilunate carpal; ulne, possible ulnare." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244970/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 22G, H</figureCitation> +), but it differs in shape from the angular, trapezoidal radiales of most theropods. Instead, it is more rounded and essentially featureless, although it is slightly wedged dorsally ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A73092CFE15F8C2FDA5F8CC" box="[442,574,1802,1827]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[114,179,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[123,1449,152,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-242@27.[114,1458,143,1465]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Carpals of Oksoko avarsan. Carpal elements of MPC-D 102/110.a. Left semilunate, intermedium, and ulnare carpals in articulation with metacarpal I in medial (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), ventral (D), and proximal (E) views. Distal surface of semilunate carpal showing intermedium and ulnare in distal view (F) and lateral (G) views. Right radiale of MPC-D 102/110.a in distal (H), medial (I), proximal (J), lateral (K), ventral (L), and dorsal (M) views. Abbreviations: int, possible intermedium; mc I, metacarpal I;:rad, contact for radius;:slc, contact for semilunate carpal; slc, semilunate carpal; ulne, possible ulnare." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244970/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 22H–M</figureCitation> +). The semilunate carpal ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A73092CFF6EF8E2FEA3F8AD" box="[193,312,1834,1858]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[114,179,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[123,1449,152,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-242@27.[114,1458,143,1465]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Carpals of Oksoko avarsan. Carpal elements of MPC-D 102/110.a. Left semilunate, intermedium, and ulnare carpals in articulation with metacarpal I in medial (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), ventral (D), and proximal (E) views. Distal surface of semilunate carpal showing intermedium and ulnare in distal view (F) and lateral (G) views. Right radiale of MPC-D 102/110.a in distal (H), medial (I), proximal (J), lateral (K), ventral (L), and dorsal (M) views. Abbreviations: int, possible intermedium; mc I, metacarpal I;:rad, contact for radius;:slc, contact for semilunate carpal; slc, semilunate carpal; ulne, possible ulnare." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244970/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 22A–G</figureCitation> +) is the largest of the wrist and it covers the proximal ends of metacarpals I and II. It is roughly dumbbellshaped, with a flat distal surface and a rounded proximal surface. Its proximal surface forms a distinct trochlea, with which the radiale and the crescentic distal end of the ulna articulate. The dorsal side of the trochlea is slightly smaller than the ventral side, but both are semicircular in lateral view. The flat distal side of the semilunate carpal is divided into two distinct faces separated by a shallow ridge ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A73092CFC6EF923FB88F8EC" box="[961,1043,1771,1795]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[114,179,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[123,1449,152,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-242@27.[114,1458,143,1465]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Carpals of Oksoko avarsan. Carpal elements of MPC-D 102/110.a. Left semilunate, intermedium, and ulnare carpals in articulation with metacarpal I in medial (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), ventral (D), and proximal (E) views. Distal surface of semilunate carpal showing intermedium and ulnare in distal view (F) and lateral (G) views. Right radiale of MPC-D 102/110.a in distal (H), medial (I), proximal (J), lateral (K), ventral (L), and dorsal (M) views. Abbreviations: int, possible intermedium; mc I, metacarpal I;:rad, contact for radius;:slc, contact for semilunate carpal; slc, semilunate carpal; ulne, possible ulnare." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244970/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 22F</figureCitation> +). The medial face would have articulated with metacarpal I, although it did not overlie its entire proximal surface ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A73092CFC2DF8E2FB91F8AE" box="[898,1034,1834,1858]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[114,179,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[123,1449,152,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-242@27.[114,1458,143,1465]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Carpals of Oksoko avarsan. Carpal elements of MPC-D 102/110.a. Left semilunate, intermedium, and ulnare carpals in articulation with metacarpal I in medial (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), ventral (D), and proximal (E) views. Distal surface of semilunate carpal showing intermedium and ulnare in distal view (F) and lateral (G) views. Right radiale of MPC-D 102/110.a in distal (H), medial (I), proximal (J), lateral (K), ventral (L), and dorsal (M) views. Abbreviations: int, possible intermedium; mc I, metacarpal I;:rad, contact for radius;:slc, contact for semilunate carpal; slc, semilunate carpal; ulne, possible ulnare." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244970/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 22B, D, E</figureCitation> +). The lateral facet for metacarpal II is concave, and in this depression sit two miniscule carpals, which are closely appressed if not fused ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A73092CFBC5F8A0FB47F86E" box="[1130,1244,1896,1921]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[114,179,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[123,1449,152,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-242@27.[114,1458,143,1465]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Carpals of Oksoko avarsan. Carpal elements of MPC-D 102/110.a. Left semilunate, intermedium, and ulnare carpals in articulation with metacarpal I in medial (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), ventral (D), and proximal (E) views. Distal surface of semilunate carpal showing intermedium and ulnare in distal view (F) and lateral (G) views. Right radiale of MPC-D 102/110.a in distal (H), medial (I), proximal (J), lateral (K), ventral (L), and dorsal (M) views. Abbreviations: int, possible intermedium; mc I, metacarpal I;:rad, contact for radius;:slc, contact for semilunate carpal; slc, semilunate carpal; ulne, possible ulnare." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244970/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 22F, G</figureCitation> +). The larger of these is roughly triangular, and the smaller one is spherical. These carpals would have separated the proximal ends of the metacarpal I and metacarpal II in life ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFE24FF58FE44FF47" box="[395,479,144,168]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[114,179,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[123,1449,152,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-242@27.[114,1458,143,1465]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Carpals of Oksoko avarsan. Carpal elements of MPC-D 102/110.a. Left semilunate, intermedium, and ulnare carpals in articulation with metacarpal I in medial (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), ventral (D), and proximal (E) views. Distal surface of semilunate carpal showing intermedium and ulnare in distal view (F) and lateral (G) views. Right radiale of MPC-D 102/110.a in distal (H), medial (I), proximal (J), lateral (K), ventral (L), and dorsal (M) views. Abbreviations: int, possible intermedium; mc I, metacarpal I;:rad, contact for radius;:slc, contact for semilunate carpal; slc, semilunate carpal; ulne, possible ulnare." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244970/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 22B</figureCitation> +). It is unclear whether these minute carpals are sesamoid bones, or if they represent the vestiges of the intermedium and ulnare, which typically lie lateral to the semilunate carpal and cover the proximal ends of metacarpals II and III. In the latter case, the larger element would more likely be the intermedium, whereas the smaller element would be the ulnare ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFEB2FE84FE0AFE8B" box="[285,401,332,356]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="27.[114,179,1493,1517]" captionTargetBox="[123,1449,152,1457]" captionTargetId="figure-242@27.[114,1458,143,1465]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 22. Carpals of Oksoko avarsan. Carpal elements of MPC-D 102/110.a. Left semilunate, intermedium, and ulnare carpals in articulation with metacarpal I in medial (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), ventral (D), and proximal (E) views. Distal surface of semilunate carpal showing intermedium and ulnare in distal view (F) and lateral (G) views. Right radiale of MPC-D 102/110.a in distal (H), medial (I), proximal (J), lateral (K), ventral (L), and dorsal (M) views. Abbreviations: int, possible intermedium; mc I, metacarpal I;:rad, contact for radius;:slc, contact for semilunate carpal; slc, semilunate carpal; ulne, possible ulnare." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244970/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 22F, G</figureCitation> +). However, this would necessitate a reorganization of the carpal region, as these carpals are typically proximal to the semilunate carpal, rather than distal. Thus, the interpretation that they represent sesamoid ossicles is preferred here. Further work and disarticulation of the carpal regions of other well-preserved oviraptorosaurs may clarify the homologies of these extra bones. Previous work has suggested that one or more of these carpals are missing in oviraptorids ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A74092BFD0DFDEFFF62FDB0" author="Osmolska H & Currie PJ & Barsbold R" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="165 - 83" refId="ref31535" refString="Osmolska H, Currie PJ, Barsbold R. Oviraptorosauria. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmolska H (eds), The Dinosauria. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2004, 165 - 83." type="book chapter" year="2004"> +Osmólska +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFF2EFD8FFF23FDB0" box="[129,184,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis> +2004 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A74092BFEA3FD8FFDBDFDB0" author="Balanoff AM & Norell MA" box="[268,550,583,607]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref29150" refString="Balanoff AM, Norell MA. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: Theropoda). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 372: 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">Balanoff and Norell 2012</bibRefCitation> +) but are present in caenagnathids ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A74092BFE8EFDAEFDB7FD91" author="Zanno LE & Sampson SD" box="[289,556,614,638]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="897 - 904" refId="ref32550" refString="Zanno LE, Sampson SD. A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda, Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2005; 25: 897 - 904." type="journal article" year="2005">Zanno and Sampson 2005</bibRefCitation> +). The wrist of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A74092BFD10FDAEFC92FD91" authorityName="Funston, Tsogtbaatar, Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Sullivan & Currie" authorityYear="2020" box="[703,777,614,638]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFD10FDAEFC92FD91" box="[703,777,614,638]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Oksoko</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is apparently similar to that of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A74092BFE12FD4DFD9BFD72" authorityName="Clark, Norell & Barsbold" authorityYear="2001" box="[445,512,645,669]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Khaan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFE12FD4DFD9BFD72" box="[445,512,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Khaan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +in having only two carpal bones ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A74092BFF61FD6DFE4BFD52" author="Balanoff AM & Norell MA" box="[206,464,677,701]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref29150" refString="Balanoff AM, Norell MA. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: Theropoda). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 372: 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">Balanoff and Norell 2012</bibRefCitation> +), although this would indicate multiple losses of the ulnare and intermedium in oviraptorids, as other oviraptorids more closely related to +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A74092BFD8FFD2BFDF1FD14" authorityName="Funston, Tsogtbaatar, Tsogtbaatar, Kobayashi, Sullivan & Currie" authorityYear="2020" box="[544,618,739,763]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFD8FFD2BFDF1FD14" box="[544,618,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Oksoko</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, like +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A74092BFD33FD2CFF31FCF5" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Heyuannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFD33FD2CFC93FD14" box="[668,776,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Heyuannia</emphasis> +spp. +</taxonomicName> +(Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFF75FCCBFE92FCF4" box="[218,265,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis> +2005; MPC-D 100/30), have three. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A73092CFFDDFA1DFD46F9B2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244970" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244970/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" startId="27.[114,179,1493,1517]" targetBox="[123,1449,152,1457]" targetPageId="27" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A73092CFFDDFA1DFD46F9B2" blockId="27.[113,1454,1493,1629]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A73092CFFDDFA1DFF4DFA02" bold="true" box="[114,214,1493,1517]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figure 22.</emphasis> +Carpals of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A73092CFEEFFA1DFE4BFA02" box="[320,464,1493,1517]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A73092CFEEFFA1DFE4BFA02" box="[320,464,1493,1517]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Carpal elements of MPC-D 102/110.a. Left semilunate, intermedium, and ulnare carpals in articulation with metacarpal I in medial (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), ventral (D), and proximal (E) views. Distal surface of semilunate carpal showing intermedium and ulnare in distal view (F) and lateral (G) views. Right radiale of MPC-D 102/110.a in distal (H), medial (I), proximal (J), lateral (K), ventral (L), and dorsal (M) views. Abbreviations: int, possible intermedium; mc I, metacarpal I;:rad, contact for radius;:slc, contact for semilunate carpal; slc, semilunate carpal; ulne, possible ulnare. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A74092BFE0CFCF3FE7DFCBB" blockId="28.[419,486,827,852]" box="[419,486,827,852]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFE0CFCF3FE7DFCBB" box="[419,486,827,852]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Manus</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A74092BFF2EFCA9FEB8F88C" blockId="28.[127,780,865,1985]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29"> +The manus of MPC-D 100/33 and MPC-D 102/110 are well preserved. The left hand of the latter specimen was disarticulated and provides detailed information on the elements ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFD4CFC57FF00FC38" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23</figureCitation> +). As in other heyuannines (e.g. +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A74092BFE71FC77FDD1FC39" box="[478,586,959,982]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Heyuannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFE71FC77FDD1FC39" box="[478,586,959,982]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Heyuannia</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A74092BFDFAFC77FD43FC39" box="[597,728,959,982]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Jiangxisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFDFAFC77FD43FC39" box="[597,728,959,982]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Jiangxisaurus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A74092BFF2EFC17FE92FC19" box="[129,265,991,1014]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Nemegtomaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFF2EFC17FE92FC19" box="[129,265,991,1014]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Nemegtomaia</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +), the first digit is the most robust, whereas digits II and III are much more gracile. Metacarpal I is roughly rectangular ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFF4DFBD5FEC3FBDA" box="[226,344,1053,1077]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23A–F</figureCitation> +). The proximal end is kidney-shaped in proximal view ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFE8CFBF4FEECFBBB" box="[291,375,1084,1108]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23E</figureCitation> +), with a convex medial side and a concave lateral side. It is inclined so that the medial side reaches further proximally. The lateral side of the metacarpal has a concavity ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFF24FB52FF7AFB5D" box="[139,225,1178,1202]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23E</figureCitation> +), which is deeper proximally, to accommodate metacarpal II. The edge of this concavity prevents metacarpal II from reaching the ventral surface of the metacarpus in life. In distal view, the distal end of the metacarpal is roughly rectangular, but with a deep notch in its medial side. The lateral condyle is larger than the medial one, and both are transversely constricted about halfway up their height ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFE10FA9EFD88FA81" box="[447,531,1366,1390]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23F</figureCitation> +). The condyles are only weakly ginglymoid and almost straight in mediolateral view. Manipulation of phalanx I-1 with the condyles of metacarpal I results in a restricted range of motion when the condyles are kept in full contact. Phalanx I-1 is the largest of the hand ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFD4CFA1BFF37F9E4" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23T</figureCitation> +) and exceeds metacarpal I in length. Its proximal articular surface is relatively flat, rather than deeply excavated, which contrasts with most theropod manual phalanges. In dorsal view ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFD4CF9F9FF32F986" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23B</figureCitation> +), the shaft curves slightly medially. The collateral ligament pits are relatively shallow but the medial one is deeper, and the medial condyle is larger than the lateral one. The ungual I-2 is strongly recurved and has a well-developed flexor tubercle ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFD4CF967FF56F90A" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23A, D</figureCitation> +). The proximal articular surface lacks a proximodorsal lip, unlike +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A74092BFF47F926FE66F8EA" box="[232,509,1773,1797]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Huanansaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ganzhouensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFF47F926FE66F8EA" box="[232,509,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Huanansaurus ganzhouensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and other citipatiines, and there is no groove between it and the rounded flexor tubercle. The vascular grooves are shallow and the lateral one is positioned further dorsally. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A74092BFF33F8A3FAEFFDB0" blockId="28.[127,780,865,1985]" lastBlockId="28.[824,1476,144,1327]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29"> +Metacarpal II is the longest of the hand ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFDF6F8A3FD28F86C" box="[601,691,1899,1923]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23T</figureCitation> +), but is about half the transverse width of metacarpal I. Its proximal end is strongly compressed mediolaterally, and sits entirely within the concavity on metacarpal I. The shaft is straight and cylindrical, lacking any ridges or grooves. The medial condyle is slightly larger than the lateral one ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFB0AFF07FB61FF08" box="[1189,1274,207,231]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23L</figureCitation> +), but this disparity is not as great as in metacarpal I. When articulated with the first metacarpal, metacarpal II is deflected laterally ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFAF7FEC5FA2AFECA" box="[1368,1457,269,293]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23T</figureCitation> +). Phalanx II-1 is small, about half the length of phalanx I-1, but subequal in length to II-2. It is transversely compressed and minimally ginglymoid. The collateral ligament pits are shallow. Phalanx II-2 is more gracile than phalanx II-1, but overall similar in shape and size. It lacks the lateral groove on the distal end described for +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A74092BFC1EFE02FB74FE0E" authority="(Wei et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Wei" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[945,1263,457,481]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Jiangxisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFC1EFE02FBAFFE0E" box="[945,1076,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Jiangxisaurus</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A74092BFBE8FE01FB78FE0E" author="Wei X & Pu H & Xu L" box="[1095,1251,457,481]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="899 - 904" refId="ref32129" refString="Wei X, Pu H, Xu L et al. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 2013; 87: 899 - 904." type="journal article" year="2013"> +Wei +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFBD8FE02FB32FE0E" box="[1143,1193,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis> +2013 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. Ungual II-3 is relatively straight and has a poorly developed flexor tubercle. Like ungual I-2, it lacks a proximodorsal lip, but it has a more poorly developed proximal articular surface. The flexor tubercle is small and just dorsal to it there is a foramen on the lateral side. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A74092BFCFAFDAEFAE8FAC0" blockId="28.[824,1476,144,1327]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29"> +Metacarpal III is diminutive and unusual in morphology ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFCEBFD4DFC3FFD72" box="[836,932,645,669]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23M</figureCitation> +). Its proximal end is tongue-like and deflected laterally. In articulation, it does not reach the carpus ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFAF7FD6DFA2AFD52" box="[1368,1457,677,701]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23T</figureCitation> +). The shaft is transversely compressed and less than half the transverse diameter of metacarpal II. The distal end is unusual for an oviraptorosaur, and indeed any theropod. The condyle is bulbous and spherical, rather than being divided into a true trochlea, and is overhung by a dorsal process ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFB25FC89FB7CFCB6" box="[1162,1255,833,857]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23M</figureCitation> +). In articulation, this restricts the mobility of phalanx III-1 to mild flexion. Phalanx III-1 is also unusual. It is exceptionally small, less than +<quantity id="9050B0A97A74092BFADAFC48FA3CFC78" box="[1397,1447,896,920]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity> +in length, and has poorly developed articular surfaces ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFAF8FC57FCDDFC38" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23M– S</figureCitation> +). Whereas the proximal articular surface is conventional, the distal end is blunted and transversely convex ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFAA2FC16FAC4FC19" box="[1293,1375,990,1014]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23S</figureCitation> +). As a result, there is no distal articular surface, which starkly contrasts with the condition in all other oviraptorids. This suggests that digit III of the manus was comprised only of the metacarpal and a single phalanx. This is supported by the absence of any more distal phalanges in all three hands visible in MPC-D 102/110, despite preparation from fresh matrix and the preservation of delicate elements like sclerotic plates. The combined length of metacarpal III and phalanx III- +<quantity id="9050B0A97A74092BFBD6FB11FB00FB1E" box="[1145,1179,1241,1265]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity> +articulation does not exceed the length of metacarpal II ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFBF0FB30FB23FAFF" box="[1119,1208,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" captionTargetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" captionTargetId="figure-106@29.[114,1458,144,1559]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 23.Manus of Oksoko avarsan. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view.Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views.Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations:conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 23T</figureCitation> +), so it is unlikely that the third digit would have protruded from the manus in life. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A74092BFB93FA87FB24FA86" blockId="28.[824,1475,1359,1609]" box="[1084,1215,1359,1385]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFB93FA87FB24FA86" bold="true" box="[1084,1215,1359,1385]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pelvic girdle</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A74092BFC96FABDFAC9F9A6" blockId="28.[824,1475,1359,1609]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29"> +The pubes, ischia, and some parts of the ilium are visible on MPC-D 102/110, but are best seen in MPC-D 102.11.a, where they are exquisitely preserved ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFB26FA7CFB48FA23" box="[1161,1235,1460,1484]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="30.[128,193,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[137,1464,153,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-283@30.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 24. Ilia of Oksoko avarsan. Ilia of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–F) and MPC-D 102/12. Right ilium and associated vertebrae of MPC- D 102/11.a in right lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Left ilium of MPC-D 102/11.a in medial (E) and ventral (F) views.Right ilium of MPC-D 102/12 in medial (G) view.Abbreviations:ar, accessory ridge; brf, brevis fossa; brs, brevis shelf; c1, first caudal vertebra; d8, d10, eighth and 10th dorsal vertebrae; grv, groove; isp, ischiadic peduncle; pbp, pubic peduncle; post, postacetabular blade; pre, pre-acetabular blade; sr, sacral rib; ts1–3, first to third primordial sacral vertebrae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244974/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 24</figureCitation> +). All six bones of the pelvis are complete in MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFB71FA1BFA82FA04" box="[1246,1305,1491,1515]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1162,1186]" captionTargetBox="[134,1468,148,1129]" captionTargetId="figure-360@4.[129,1473,144,1134]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Skeletal representation of Oksoko avarsan. Reconstructions of Oksoko avarsan with elements shaded by abundance.The skull was treated as a single element, rather than parsing out individual cranial elements. The complete cervical series of MPC-D 102/110 were considered to be present, based on CT scan data. Elements are shaded in increments of 15%. The least abundant element is the pygostyle, recovered only in MPC-D 102/12, the pectoral girdle is known in two specimens, MPC-D 102/110 and MPC-D 100/33, whereas the right tibia and caudal vertebrae 4–5 (with associated chevrons) are known in all individuals (N = 6)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244923" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244923/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs 4</figureCitation> +, +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFA8CFA1BFAFEFA04" box="[1315,1381,1491,1515]" captionStart-0="Figure 24" captionStart-1="Figure 25" captionStart-2="Figure 26" captionStartId-0="30.[128,193,1352,1376]" captionStartId-1="31.[114,179,1521,1545]" captionStartId-2="32.[129,194,640,664]" captionTargetBox-0="[137,1464,153,1316]" captionTargetBox-1="[122,1449,155,1485]" captionTargetBox-2="[138,1464,153,603]" captionTargetId-0="figure-283@30.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetId-1="figure-211@31.[114,1458,144,1494]" captionTargetId-2="figure-751@32.[129,1473,144,612]" captionTargetPageId-0="30" captionTargetPageId-1="31" captionTargetPageId-2="32" captionText-0="Figure 24. Ilia of Oksoko avarsan. Ilia of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–F) and MPC-D 102/12. Right ilium and associated vertebrae of MPC- D 102/11.a in right lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Left ilium of MPC-D 102/11.a in medial (E) and ventral (F) views.Right ilium of MPC-D 102/12 in medial (G) view.Abbreviations:ar, accessory ridge; brf, brevis fossa; brs, brevis shelf; c1, first caudal vertebra; d8, d10, eighth and 10th dorsal vertebrae; grv, groove; isp, ischiadic peduncle; pbp, pubic peduncle; post, postacetabular blade; pre, pre-acetabular blade; sr, sacral rib; ts1–3, first to third primordial sacral vertebrae." captionText-1="Figure 25. Pubes of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs (A–C) and illustrations (D–F) of articulated pubes of MPC-D 102/11.a in anterior (A, D), posterior (B, E), and right lateral (C, F) views. Abbreviatons: abt, anterior portion of pubic boot; ace, acetabulum; ap, anterior process; bt, pubic boot; iscc, ischiadic contact; mf, medial fossa; pa, pubic apron; pbt, posterior portion of pubic boot; pfen, pubic fenestra." captionText-2="Figure 26. Ischia of Oksoko avarsan. Ischia of MPC-D 100/33 (A), MPC-D 102/110.b (B), and MPC-D 102/11.a (C). Left ischium of MPC-D 100/33 in lateral (A) view.Articulated ischia of MPC-D 102/110.b in right lateral view (B). Composite image of right ischium of MPC-D 102/11.a in lateral view (C). Abbreviations: ace, acetabulum; conc, concavity; ilc, iliac contact; l.isc, left ischium; ob, obturator process; pbc, pubic contact; r.isc, right ischium." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244974" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244976" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244978" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14244974/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14244976/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14244978/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">24–26</figureCitation> +), but the right ischium is broken into two pieces. The pubes and ischia of MPC-D 100/33 are preserved, but the ilia are missing. The right ilium and left ischium of MPC-D 102/12 are known. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A74092BFBCBF9A1FB0CF96C" blockId="28.[825,1474,1641,1985]" box="[1124,1175,1641,1667]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFBCBF9A1FB0CF96C" box="[1124,1175,1641,1667]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Ilium</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A740929FC96F947FB2DF9D7" blockId="28.[825,1474,1641,1985]" lastBlockId="30.[825,1474,1536,1592]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="28" pageNumber="29"> +The ilium ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFC1DF947FC60F948" box="[946,1019,1679,1703]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="30.[128,193,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[137,1464,153,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-283@30.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 24. Ilia of Oksoko avarsan. Ilia of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–F) and MPC-D 102/12. Right ilium and associated vertebrae of MPC- D 102/11.a in right lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Left ilium of MPC-D 102/11.a in medial (E) and ventral (F) views.Right ilium of MPC-D 102/12 in medial (G) view.Abbreviations:ar, accessory ridge; brf, brevis fossa; brs, brevis shelf; c1, first caudal vertebra; d8, d10, eighth and 10th dorsal vertebrae; grv, groove; isp, ischiadic peduncle; pbp, pubic peduncle; post, postacetabular blade; pre, pre-acetabular blade; sr, sacral rib; ts1–3, first to third primordial sacral vertebrae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244974/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 24</figureCitation> +) is dolichoiliac and the pre-acetabular and postacetabular blades are nearly equal in length, although the postacetabular blade is slightly longer. The two ilia diverge posteriorly, and do not contact dorsally, as the neural spines of the sacrum extend past the dorsal margins of the ilia ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A74092BFA9FF8C5FA1EF8CA" box="[1328,1413,1805,1829]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="30.[128,193,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[137,1464,153,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-283@30.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 24. Ilia of Oksoko avarsan. Ilia of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–F) and MPC-D 102/12. Right ilium and associated vertebrae of MPC- D 102/11.a in right lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Left ilium of MPC-D 102/11.a in medial (E) and ventral (F) views.Right ilium of MPC-D 102/12 in medial (G) view.Abbreviations:ar, accessory ridge; brf, brevis fossa; brs, brevis shelf; c1, first caudal vertebra; d8, d10, eighth and 10th dorsal vertebrae; grv, groove; isp, ischiadic peduncle; pbp, pubic peduncle; post, postacetabular blade; pre, pre-acetabular blade; sr, sacral rib; ts1–3, first to third primordial sacral vertebrae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244974/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 24A</figureCitation> +). The pre-acetabular blade has a rounded anterior margin, and is expanded anteroventrally anterior to the cuppedicus fossa. This anteroventral process is rounded, like in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A74092BFB4AF8A3FA26F86C" box="[1253,1469,1899,1923]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Corythoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jacobsi"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A74092BFB4AF8A3FA26F86C" box="[1253,1469,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Corythoraptor jacobsi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and extends ventrally level with the dorsal margin of the acetabulum. The cuppedicus fossa is shallow, but posteriorly its medial border is demarcated by a sharp dorsal ridge. The pubic peduncle extends slightly further ventrally than the ischial peduncle, but it is equal in length anteroposteriorly to the transversely narrow ischial peduncle. The pubic peduncle has a flattened, ventrally facing surface where it meets the pubis, to which it was not fused or co-ossified in MPC-D 102/11.a or MPC-D 102/12. There is no supra-acetabular crest, but there is a bulge above the ischiadic peduncle, which probably represents a poorly developed antitrochanter. The ischiadic peduncle is triangular in lateral view and projects laterally past the lateral surface of the iliac blade. The brevis fossa is modestly developed and short, extending anteriorly about halfway as far as the base of the ischial peduncle. The brevis shelf of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A760929FDE0F9F7FD74F9B8" box="[591,751,1599,1623]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A760929FDE0F9F7FD74F9B8" box="[591,751,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +is unique amongst oviraptorosaurs in that it is not continuous with the ischiadic peduncle ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A760929FED9F9B6FE70F979" box="[374,491,1662,1686]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="30.[128,193,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[137,1464,153,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-283@30.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 24. Ilia of Oksoko avarsan. Ilia of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–F) and MPC-D 102/12. Right ilium and associated vertebrae of MPC- D 102/11.a in right lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Left ilium of MPC-D 102/11.a in medial (E) and ventral (F) views.Right ilium of MPC-D 102/12 in medial (G) view.Abbreviations:ar, accessory ridge; brf, brevis fossa; brs, brevis shelf; c1, first caudal vertebra; d8, d10, eighth and 10th dorsal vertebrae; grv, groove; isp, ischiadic peduncle; pbp, pubic peduncle; post, postacetabular blade; pre, pre-acetabular blade; sr, sacral rib; ts1–3, first to third primordial sacral vertebrae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244974/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 24E, G</figureCitation> +). Instead, the brevis shelf is short and the postacetabular blade has an extra posterodorsally inclined ridge, separated from the brevis shelf by a groove ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A760929FD4CF974FF57F91B" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="30.[128,193,1352,1376]" captionTargetBox="[137,1464,153,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-283@30.[129,1473,144,1324]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 24. Ilia of Oksoko avarsan. Ilia of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–F) and MPC-D 102/12. Right ilium and associated vertebrae of MPC- D 102/11.a in right lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Left ilium of MPC-D 102/11.a in medial (E) and ventral (F) views.Right ilium of MPC-D 102/12 in medial (G) view.Abbreviations:ar, accessory ridge; brf, brevis fossa; brs, brevis shelf; c1, first caudal vertebra; d8, d10, eighth and 10th dorsal vertebrae; grv, groove; isp, ischiadic peduncle; pbp, pubic peduncle; post, postacetabular blade; pre, pre-acetabular blade; sr, sacral rib; ts1–3, first to third primordial sacral vertebrae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244974/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 24E, G</figureCitation> +). This unique morphology is clearly demonstrated in MPC-D 102/11.a and MPC-D 102/12, but is absent in all other oviraptorosaurs. The dorsal margin of the ilium is nearly flat from the pre-acetabular blade to the anterior margin of the brevis fossa, where it tapers dorsoventrally. The postacetabular blade is squared off posteriorly, as in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A760929FDB2F8B1FC91F87F" box="[541,778,1912,1936]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Nemegtomaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barsboldi"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A760929FDB2F8B1FC91F87F" box="[541,778,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nemegtomaia barsboldi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A760929FF19F850FE3BF85F" box="[182,416,1944,1968]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Rinchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A760929FF19F850FE3BF85F" box="[182,416,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Rinchenia mongoliensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, whereas it is more tapered in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A760929FC96F9C8FB8AF9F7" box="[825,1041,1536,1560]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Corythoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jacobsi"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A760929FC96F9C8FB8AF9F7" box="[825,1041,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Corythoraptor jacobsi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A760929FBB0F9C8FB53F9F7" box="[1055,1224,1536,1560]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Khaan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mckennai"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A760929FBB0F9C8FB53F9F7" box="[1055,1224,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Khaan mckennai</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A760929FB78F9C8FA26F9F7" box="[1239,1469,1536,1560]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Nankangia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A760929FB78F9C8FA26F9F7" box="[1239,1469,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nankangia jiangxiensis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +, and the Dzamyn Khondt oviraptorid. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A75092AFFDCF9FBFE86F91C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244972" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244972/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" startId="29.[115,180,1587,1611]" targetBox="[123,1450,153,1550]" targetPageId="29" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A75092AFFDCF9FBFE86F91C" blockId="29.[113,1444,1587,1779]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A75092AFFDCF9FBFF4CF9A4" bold="true" box="[115,215,1587,1611]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figure 23.</emphasis> +Manus of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A75092AFE97F9FBFE52F9A4" box="[312,457,1587,1611]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A75092AFE97F9FBFE52F9A4" box="[312,457,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Manual elements of the left hand of MPC-D 102/110.a. Digit I in lateral (A), dorsal (B), ventral (C), and medial (D) views. Metacarpal I in proximal (E) and distal (F) views. Digit II in lateral (G), dorsal (H), ventral (I), and medial (J) views. Metacarpal II in proximal (K) and distal (L) views. Digit III in medial (M) view. Phalanx III-1 in medial (N), lateral (O), ventral (P), dorsal (Q), proximal (R), and distal (S) views. Articulated left manus in dorsal (T) view. Abbreviations: conc, concavity; dc, distal condyle; dist, distal end; dp, dorsal process; ft, flexor tubercle; I-1–2, phalanges of digit I; II-1–3, phalanges of digit II; III-1, phalanx III-1; int, intermedium; ldc, lateral distal condyle; lp, ligament pit; mc I–III; metacarpals I–III; mdc, medial distal condyle; prox, proximal end; rade, radiale; slc, semilunate carpal. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<caption id="03D74DC47A760929FF2FFA80FCE7FA3F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244974" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244974/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" startId="30.[128,193,1352,1376]" targetBox="[137,1464,153,1316]" targetPageId="30" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A760929FF2FFA80FCE7FA3F" blockId="30.[128,1452,1352,1489]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A760929FF2FFA80FF7FFA8F" bold="true" box="[128,228,1352,1376]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figure 24.</emphasis> +Ilia of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A760929FE8BFA80FE2EFA8F" box="[292,437,1352,1376]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A760929FE8BFA80FE2EFA8F" box="[292,437,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Ilia of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–F) and MPC-D 102/12. Right ilium and associated vertebrae of MPC- D 102/11.a in right lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Left ilium of MPC-D 102/11.a in medial (E) and ventral (F) views. Right ilium of MPC-D 102/12 in medial (G) view. Abbreviations: ar, accessory ridge; brf, brevis fossa; brs, brevis shelf; c1, first caudal vertebra; d8, d10, eighth and 10th dorsal vertebrae; grv, groove; isp, ischiadic peduncle; pbp, pubic peduncle; post, postacetabular blade; pre, pre-acetabular blade; sr, sacral rib; ts1–3, first to third primordial sacral vertebrae. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A760929FBCBF99FFB03F99E" blockId="30.[825,1475,1623,1968]" box="[1124,1176,1623,1649]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A760929FBCBF99FFB03F99E" box="[1124,1176,1623,1649]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pubis</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A760928FC96F9B6FF66F85B" blockId="30.[825,1475,1623,1968]" lastBlockId="31.[113,763,1665,1972]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31"> +The pubis ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A760929FC02F9B6FC6AF97A" box="[941,1009,1661,1686]" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="31.[114,179,1521,1545]" captionTargetBox="[122,1449,155,1485]" captionTargetId="figure-211@31.[114,1458,144,1494]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 25. Pubes of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs (A–C) and illustrations (D–F) of articulated pubes of MPC-D 102/11.a in anterior (A, D), posterior (B, E), and right lateral (C, F) views. Abbreviatons: abt, anterior portion of pubic boot; ace, acetabulum; ap, anterior process; bt, pubic boot; iscc, ischiadic contact; mf, medial fossa; pa, pubic apron; pbt, posterior portion of pubic boot; pfen, pubic fenestra." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244976/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 25</figureCitation> +) is strongly curved anteriorly, a feature shared with all other oviraptorids. When articulated with the rest of the pelvis ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A760929FC2AF974FC25F93B" box="[901,958,1724,1748]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1605,1629]" captionTargetBox="[117,1453,150,1573]" captionTargetId="figure-173@3.[114,1458,144,1577]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Holotype block of Oksoko avarsan. Skeletal reconstruction (A) of Oksoko avarsan, and photograph (B) of the holotype specimen (MPC-D 102/110)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244921/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 3</figureCitation> +), the pubis extends anteriorly far past the anterior margin of the ilium. The iliac and ischiadic contacts of the pubis are widely separated by the rounded margin of the acetabulum. The iliac contact is long anteroposteriorly, with an anterior process, and wide transversely. The ischiadic contact is oriented vertically, and is tall dorsoventrally but very narrow transversely. It protrudes posteriorly from the shaft of the pubis, and is offset ventrally from the shaft by a square notch. Medial to the ischiadic contact, there is a shallow concavity that lacks the posterior circumscription of caenagnathids ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A770928FE13F969FDE7F956" author="Sullivan RM & Jasinski SE & Van Tomme MPA" box="[444,636,1697,1721]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="418 - 28" refId="ref31910" refString="Sullivan RM, Jasinski SE, Van Tomme MPA. A new caenagnathid Ojoraptorsaurus boerei, n. gen., n. sp (Dinosauria, Oviraptorosauria), from the Upper Ojo Alamo Formation (Naashoibito Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 2011; 53: 418 - 28." type="journal article" year="2011"> +Sullivan +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A770928FDBBF96AFDD8F956" box="[532,579,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis> +2011 +</bibRefCitation> +). The shafts of the pubes are separated by a transversely narrow pubic apron ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A770928FFD3F917FF77F918" box="[124,236,1759,1783]" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="31.[114,179,1521,1545]" captionTargetBox="[122,1449,155,1485]" captionTargetId="figure-211@31.[114,1458,144,1494]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 25. Pubes of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs (A–C) and illustrations (D–F) of articulated pubes of MPC-D 102/11.a in anterior (A, D), posterior (B, E), and right lateral (C, F) views. Abbreviatons: abt, anterior portion of pubic boot; ace, acetabulum; ap, anterior process; bt, pubic boot; iscc, ischiadic contact; mf, medial fossa; pa, pubic apron; pbt, posterior portion of pubic boot; pfen, pubic fenestra." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244976/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 25A, B</figureCitation> +). Ventral to the pubic apron there is a long oval fenestra separating the shafts of the pubes before they converge again at the symphysis. Even in MPC-D 102/11.a, the pubic symphysis is fused, but there are grooves both dorsally and ventrally where the pubes meet and a wide anterior cleft separating the pubes. The pubic boot is longer anteriorly than posteriorly ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A770928FFD3F853FF77F85C" box="[124,236,1947,1971]" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="31.[114,179,1521,1545]" captionTargetBox="[122,1449,155,1485]" captionTargetId="figure-211@31.[114,1458,144,1494]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 25. Pubes of Oksoko avarsan. Photographs (A–C) and illustrations (D–F) of articulated pubes of MPC-D 102/11.a in anterior (A, D), posterior (B, E), and right lateral (C, F) views. Abbreviatons: abt, anterior portion of pubic boot; ace, acetabulum; ap, anterior process; bt, pubic boot; iscc, ischiadic contact; mf, medial fossa; pa, pubic apron; pbt, posterior portion of pubic boot; pfen, pubic fenestra." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244976/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 25C, F</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A770928FFDDFA39FA80F9AD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244976" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244976/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" startId="31.[114,179,1521,1545]" targetBox="[122,1449,155,1485]" targetPageId="31" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A770928FFDDFA39FA80F9AD" blockId="31.[113,1442,1521,1602]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A770928FFDDFA39FF4DF9E6" bold="true" box="[114,214,1521,1545]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figure 25.</emphasis> +Pubes of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A770928FE9EFA3AFE5AF9E6" box="[305,449,1522,1546]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A770928FE9EFA3AFE5AF9E6" box="[305,449,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Photographs (A–C) and illustrations (D–F) of articulated pubes of MPC-D 102/11.a in anterior (A, D), posterior (B, E), and right lateral (C, F) views. Abbreviatons: abt, anterior portion of pubic boot; ace, acetabulum; ap, anterior process; bt, pubic boot; iscc, ischiadic contact; mf, medial fossa; pa, pubic apron; pbt, posterior portion of pubic boot; pfen, pubic fenestra. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A770928FBE5F949FB0FF974" blockId="31.[1098,1172,1665,1691]" box="[1098,1172,1665,1691]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A770928FBE5F949FB0FF974" box="[1098,1172,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ischium</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A770917FC85F960FE09FAAE" blockId="31.[810,1461,1704,1978]" lastBlockId="32.[128,780,820,1346]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32"> +The ischium is long, gracile, and concave posterodorsally ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A770928FA22F960FCDFF930" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="32.[129,194,640,664]" captionTargetBox="[138,1464,153,603]" captionTargetId="figure-751@32.[129,1473,144,612]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 26. Ischia of Oksoko avarsan. Ischia of MPC-D 100/33 (A), MPC-D 102/110.b (B), and MPC-D 102/11.a (C). Left ischium of MPC-D 100/33 in lateral (A) view.Articulated ischia of MPC-D 102/110.b in right lateral view (B). Composite image of right ischium of MPC-D 102/11.a in lateral view (C). Abbreviations: ace, acetabulum; conc, concavity; ilc, iliac contact; l.isc, left ischium; ob, obturator process; pbc, pubic contact; r.isc, right ischium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244978/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 26</figureCitation> +). The ischium is much longer in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A770928FB3DF90FFAB6F930" box="[1170,1325,1735,1759]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A770928FB3DF90FFAB6F930" box="[1170,1325,1735,1759]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +than in most other oviraptorids, particularly contrasting with the short ischia of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A770928FCD6F8CEFBCBF8F1" box="[889,1104,1798,1822]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Corythoraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jacobsi"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A770928FCD6F8CEFBCBF8F1" box="[889,1104,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Corythoraptor jacobsi</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A770928FB29F8CEFC0EF8D2" authority="(Lu et al. 2013 b)" baseAuthorityName="Lu" baseAuthorityYear="2013" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Nankangia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jiangxiensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A770928FB29F8CEFAF0F8F1" box="[1158,1387,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nankangia jiangxiensis</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A770928FAD1F8CEFC12F8D2" author="Lu J & Yi L & Zhong H" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref30966" refString="Lu J, Yi L, Zhong H et al. A new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleoecological implications (P. Dodson, Ed.). PLoS One 2013 b; 8: e 80557." type="journal volume" year="2013"> +Lü +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A770928FA0DF8CFFCD8F8D2" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis> +2013b +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. There is a proximal groove that separates the pubic and iliac contacts, which represents the minimal involvement of the ischium in the acetabulum. The pubic contact is pitted and rugose, indicative of a cartilaginous element separating it from the pubis. The anterior margin of the obturator process is gently convex, curving towards the apex. This contrasts with the concave anterior edges of the ischium in caenagnathids. The obturator process is more than halfway down the shaft of the ischium, and forms a square point. The obturator process is thin and delicate, and is broken in both MPC-D 102/11.a and MPC-D 102/12, although it is completely represented in the former. The ischia of both individuals of MPC-D 102/110 are excellently preserved, but they differ slightly in morphology. Whereas the shapes of the ischia of MPC-D 102/110.a are identical to those of MPC-D 102/11.a, MPC-D 102/12, and MPC-D 100/33, those of MPC-D 102/110.b differ. This individual has a deep notch in the ventral edge of the ischium ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A480917FD9BFB45FD12FB4A" box="[564,649,1165,1189]" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="32.[129,194,640,664]" captionTargetBox="[138,1464,153,603]" captionTargetId="figure-751@32.[129,1473,144,612]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 26. Ischia of Oksoko avarsan. Ischia of MPC-D 100/33 (A), MPC-D 102/110.b (B), and MPC-D 102/11.a (C). Left ischium of MPC-D 100/33 in lateral (A) view.Articulated ischia of MPC-D 102/110.b in right lateral view (B). Composite image of right ischium of MPC-D 102/11.a in lateral view (C). Abbreviations: ace, acetabulum; conc, concavity; ilc, iliac contact; l.isc, left ischium; ob, obturator process; pbc, pubic contact; r.isc, right ischium." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244978/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 26B</figureCitation> +), separating the obturator from the distal end. Although this is incipiently developed in the other specimens, in MPC-D 102/110.b it is about three times as deep. It is important to note that this individual also has dimorphic chevrons, and therefore these elements may differ for the same reasons. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A480917FF2EFD48FDA4FD03" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244978" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244978/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" startId="32.[129,194,640,664]" targetBox="[138,1464,153,603]" targetPageId="32" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A480917FF2EFD48FDA4FD03" blockId="32.[129,1421,640,748]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A480917FF2EFD48FF7EFD77" bold="true" box="[129,229,640,664]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figure 26.</emphasis> +Ischia of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A480917FE91FD48FE55FD77" box="[318,462,640,664]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A480917FE91FD48FE55FD77" box="[318,462,640,664]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Ischia of MPC-D 100/33 (A), MPC-D 102/110.b (B), and MPC-D 102/11.a (C). Left ischium of MPC-D 100/33 in lateral (A) view. Articulated ischia of MPC-D 102/110.b in right lateral view (B). Composite image of right ischium of MPC-D 102/11.a in lateral view (C). Abbreviations: ace, acetabulum; conc, concavity; ilc, iliac contact; l.isc, left ischium; ob, obturator process; pbc, pubic contact; +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A480917FE23FD1CFE28FD03" box="[396,435,724,748]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="isc">r.isc</taxonomicName> +, right ischium. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A480917FE3FFAA9FE62FA94" blockId="32.[400,505,1377,1403]" box="[400,505,1377,1403]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A480917FE3FFAA9FE62FA94" bold="true" box="[400,505,1377,1403]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Hindlimb</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A480917FF2EFA40FEE2F936" blockId="32.[128,778,1416,1753]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33"> +Hindlimb elements are known for all individuals except MPC-D 102/11.b (although these bones may represent the cranium of MPC-D 102/110.c). All of the hindlimb elements are exquisitely preserved, with minimal crushing, a high degree of articulation, and pristine surface textures. The distal right hindlimb of MPC-D 102/11.a was left articulated and serves as an excellent reference for the +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A480917FE9DF98CFEE9F9B4" box="[306,370,1604,1627]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">in vivo</emphasis> +positions of the bones, whereas the left hindlimb was disarticulated and shows the morphology of the bones more clearly. The hindlimb elements of MPC-D 102/12 were likewise disarticulated and so show the conditions in a skeletally mature individual. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A480917FE09F931FE78F8FD" blockId="32.[422,483,1785,1810]" box="[422,483,1785,1810]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A480917FE09F931FE78F8FD" box="[422,483,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Femur</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A480917FF2EF8D7FBE9F85A" blockId="32.[127,778,1823,1972]" lastBlockId="32.[824,1476,820,1973]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33"> +The femora are complete in MPC-D 102/110, but are not fully exposed.Both femora are preserved in MPC-D 102/11.a, but the right femur ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A480917FEADF896FEE9F899" box="[258,370,1886,1910]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="33.[114,179,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[123,1449,153,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-61@33.[114,1458,144,1700]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figure 27. Femora of Oksoko avarsan. Right femora of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–E) and MPC-D 102/12 (F–K) in lateral (A, F), anterior (B, G), medial (C, H), posterior (D, I), proximal (E, J), and distal (K) views. Abbreviations: adf, adductor fossa; atc, accessory trochanteric crest; cap, capitate ligament scar; cfm, insertion of m. caudofemoralis; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; h, head; lc, lateral condyle; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pop, popliteal fossa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244980/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 27A–E</figureCitation> +) is more complete than the left, which is represented by only the proximal half. The right femur lacks the medial side of the distal end, but the lateral condyle is present, so length can be estimated. The femur of MPC-D 102/12 is complete but badly damaged and comminuted ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A480917FAA3FC9CFA19FC83" box="[1292,1410,852,876]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="33.[114,179,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[123,1449,153,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-61@33.[114,1458,144,1700]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figure 27. Femora of Oksoko avarsan. Right femora of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–E) and MPC-D 102/12 (F–K) in lateral (A, F), anterior (B, G), medial (C, H), posterior (D, I), proximal (E, J), and distal (K) views. Abbreviations: adf, adductor fossa; atc, accessory trochanteric crest; cap, capitate ligament scar; cfm, insertion of m. caudofemoralis; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; h, head; lc, lateral condyle; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pop, popliteal fossa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244980/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 27F–K</figureCitation> +). The femora of MPC-D 100/33 are both well preserved but could not be observed because they were mounted. The femoral head is directed medially and has only a slightly constricted neck. The anterior face of the head is continuous with the neck, but the posterior edge projects posteriorly past the surface of the neck. In medial view ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A480917FC48FBD8FBF8FBC8" box="[999,1123,1040,1064]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="33.[114,179,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[123,1449,153,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-61@33.[114,1458,144,1700]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figure 27. Femora of Oksoko avarsan. Right femora of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–E) and MPC-D 102/12 (F–K) in lateral (A, F), anterior (B, G), medial (C, H), posterior (D, I), proximal (E, J), and distal (K) views. Abbreviations: adf, adductor fossa; atc, accessory trochanteric crest; cap, capitate ligament scar; cfm, insertion of m. caudofemoralis; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; h, head; lc, lateral condyle; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pop, popliteal fossa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244980/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 27C, H</figureCitation> +), the posterodorsal corner of the femoral head is depressed and the anterodorsal corner is more bulbous. There is no rugosity for the capitate ligament, although this area is damaged in the larger MPC-D 102/12. The greater trochanter is broadly curved, but does not extend far above the neck of the head. It does not form a crest, but rather a rounded mound. The lesser trochanter is narrow and fingerlike, appressed to the anterior surface of the greater trochanter throughout its length ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A480917FC27FAC2FC6EFACD" box="[904,1013,1290,1314]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="33.[114,179,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[123,1449,153,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-61@33.[114,1458,144,1700]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figure 27. Femora of Oksoko avarsan. Right femora of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–E) and MPC-D 102/12 (F–K) in lateral (A, F), anterior (B, G), medial (C, H), posterior (D, I), proximal (E, J), and distal (K) views. Abbreviations: adf, adductor fossa; atc, accessory trochanteric crest; cap, capitate ligament scar; cfm, insertion of m. caudofemoralis; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; h, head; lc, lateral condyle; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pop, popliteal fossa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244980/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 27A, F</figureCitation> +). However, there is a small cleft between these structures proximally, which continues into a short groove distally. The shaft of the femur is cylindrical and curved anteriorly. It lacks a fourth trochanter and instead there is a posteromedially located patch of rugose bone for m. caudofemoralis. Distal and lateral to this, there is a dorsolateral to ventromedially inclined muscle scar just above the popliteal fossa. The lateral surface of the femur has no obvious muscle scars, but there is a slight mound just ventral to the greater trochanter, which continues distally as a posterolateral ridge. The anterior surface of the shaft has a long muscle scar that extends distally from the lateral groove of the lesser trochanter to just distal to the level of the insertion of m. caudofemoralis. This scar twists from the lateral side of the shaft to the medial side. On the distolateral part of the anterior surface, there is a pronounced rugosity with a mounded border. The popliteal fossa is very deep compared to most oviraptorids ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A480917FCEBF8C8FC0AF8F7" box="[836,913,1792,1816]" captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="33.[114,179,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[123,1449,153,1689]" captionTargetId="figure-61@33.[114,1458,144,1700]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figure 27. Femora of Oksoko avarsan. Right femora of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–E) and MPC-D 102/12 (F–K) in lateral (A, F), anterior (B, G), medial (C, H), posterior (D, I), proximal (E, J), and distal (K) views. Abbreviations: adf, adductor fossa; atc, accessory trochanteric crest; cap, capitate ligament scar; cfm, insertion of m. caudofemoralis; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; h, head; lc, lateral condyle; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pop, popliteal fossa." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244980/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 27I</figureCitation> +), but is not overhung by the crista tibiofibularis, which is the case in +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A480917FC66F8D7FA14F8D8" authority="(Funston et al. 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Funston" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[969,1423,1823,1847]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Rinchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A480917FC66F8D7FB37F8D8" box="[969,1196,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Rinchenia mongoliensis</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A480917FB13F8D7FA18F8D8" author="Funston GF & Mendonca SE & Currie PJ" box="[1212,1411,1823,1847]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="101 - 120" refId="ref30146" refString="Funston GF, Mendonca SE, Currie PJ et al. Oviraptorosaur anatomy, diversity and ecology in the Nemegt Basin. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2018; 494: 101 - 120." type="journal article" year="2018"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A480917FAB7F8E8FAD2F8D8" box="[1304,1353,1823,1847]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">et al.</emphasis> +2018 +</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +. The crista tibiofibularis is divided by a deep notch, separating the more bulbous fibular condyle from the larger tibial condyle. The ectocondylar tuber is mounded and rugose, and appears to become larger through ontogeny. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A490916FFDDF908FDC4F8C3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244980" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244980/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" startId="33.[114,179,1728,1752]" targetBox="[123,1449,153,1689]" targetPageId="33" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A490916FFDDF908FDC4F8C3" blockId="33.[113,1446,1728,1836]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A490916FFDDF908FF4DF937" bold="true" box="[114,214,1728,1752]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figure 27.</emphasis> +Femora of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A490916FEEFF908FE4AF937" box="[320,465,1728,1752]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A490916FEEFF908FE4AF937" box="[320,465,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Right femora of MPC-D 102/11.a (A–E) and MPC-D 102/12 (F–K) in lateral (A, F), anterior (B, G), medial (C, H), posterior (D, I), proximal (E, J), and distal (K) views. Abbreviations: adf, adductor fossa; atc, accessory trochanteric crest; cap, capitate ligament scar; cfm, insertion of +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A490916FE46F931FD10F8FF" box="[489,651,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">m. caudofemoralis</emphasis> +; ctf, crista tibiofibularis; gt, greater trochanter; h, head; lc, lateral condyle; lt, lesser trochanter; mc, medial condyle; pop, popliteal fossa. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A490916FE33F894FE4BF899" blockId="33.[113,763,1884,1978]" box="[412,464,1884,1910]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A490916FE33F894FE4BF899" box="[412,464,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tibia</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A490914FFDEF84AFD6BFE4C" blockId="33.[113,763,1884,1978]" lastBlockId="35.[113,764,144,419]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34"> +Like the femora, the tibiae of MPC-D 102/110 are intact but not completely visible. The left tibia of MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A490916FD09F869FCA7F89C" box="[678,828,1884,1978]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="34.[129,194,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[132,1469,148,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-238@34.[129,1473,144,1479]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figure 28. Tibiotarsi of Oksoko avarsan. Tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in lateral (A), posterior (B), medial (C), and anterior (D) views. Fibula of MPC-D 102/12 in posterior (E), anterior (F), and lateral (G) views. Detail (H, I) of astragalocalcaneum of MPC-D 102/12 (H) and MPC-D 102/11.a (I) in anterior view.Distal tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior (J) and anterior (K) views. Abbreviations: astr, astragalus; asc, ascending process;:calc, contact for calcaneum; calc, calcaneum; can, canal between fibular and femoral condyles; fc, fibular crest;:fc, contact for fibular crest; fcon, fibular condyle; h, head; mm, medial malleolus; nut, nutrient foramen; pff, postfibular flange." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244982/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 28J, K</figureCitation> +) is missing its proximal end, but the right tibia is completely preserved in articulation with the fibula, tarsals, and complete foot. The right tibia and fused astragalocalcaneum are preserved with MPC-D 102/12 ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4A0915FEC1F952FE2FF95D" box="[366,436,1690,1714]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="34.[129,194,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[132,1469,148,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-238@34.[129,1473,144,1479]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figure 28. Tibiotarsi of Oksoko avarsan. Tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in lateral (A), posterior (B), medial (C), and anterior (D) views. Fibula of MPC-D 102/12 in posterior (E), anterior (F), and lateral (G) views. Detail (H, I) of astragalocalcaneum of MPC-D 102/12 (H) and MPC-D 102/11.a (I) in anterior view.Distal tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior (J) and anterior (K) views. Abbreviations: astr, astragalus; asc, ascending process;:calc, contact for calcaneum; calc, calcaneum; can, canal between fibular and femoral condyles; fc, fibular crest;:fc, contact for fibular crest; fcon, fibular condyle; h, head; mm, medial malleolus; nut, nutrient foramen; pff, postfibular flange." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244982/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 28</figureCitation> +), and both tibiae were recovered for MPC-D 100/33, but were not available for examination. The cnemial crest is proximodistally short but is relatively well pronounced. It is only slightly everted laterally, and its apex is at its ventral end, rather than the dorsal edge as in ornithomimids. The fibular condyle has two main lobes, separated by a narrow groove into which the fibula inserts. The posterior lobe is larger than the anterior one. These two lobes are separated from the posterior surface of the femoral condyle by a notch. In MPC-D 102/12, the fibular condyle and femoral condyle coalesce external to this notch, leaving a circular tunnel ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4A0915FB12F952FA8FF95D" box="[1213,1300,1690,1714]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="34.[129,194,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[132,1469,148,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-238@34.[129,1473,144,1479]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figure 28. Tibiotarsi of Oksoko avarsan. Tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in lateral (A), posterior (B), medial (C), and anterior (D) views. Fibula of MPC-D 102/12 in posterior (E), anterior (F), and lateral (G) views. Detail (H, I) of astragalocalcaneum of MPC-D 102/12 (H) and MPC-D 102/11.a (I) in anterior view.Distal tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior (J) and anterior (K) views. Abbreviations: astr, astragalus; asc, ascending process;:calc, contact for calcaneum; calc, calcaneum; can, canal between fibular and femoral condyles; fc, fibular crest;:fc, contact for fibular crest; fcon, fibular condyle; h, head; mm, medial malleolus; nut, nutrient foramen; pff, postfibular flange." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244982/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 28B</figureCitation> +). The main portion of the femoral condyle is kidney-shaped in proximal view, and extends further proximally than the fibular condyle. The fibular crest is poorly defined but is thick and rugose, rather than platelike ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4A0915FC0DF8D0FB87F8C0" box="[930,1052,1816,1840]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="34.[129,194,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[132,1469,148,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-238@34.[129,1473,144,1479]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figure 28. Tibiotarsi of Oksoko avarsan. Tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in lateral (A), posterior (B), medial (C), and anterior (D) views. Fibula of MPC-D 102/12 in posterior (E), anterior (F), and lateral (G) views. Detail (H, I) of astragalocalcaneum of MPC-D 102/12 (H) and MPC-D 102/11.a (I) in anterior view.Distal tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior (J) and anterior (K) views. Abbreviations: astr, astragalus; asc, ascending process;:calc, contact for calcaneum; calc, calcaneum; can, canal between fibular and femoral condyles; fc, fibular crest;:fc, contact for fibular crest; fcon, fibular condyle; h, head; mm, medial malleolus; nut, nutrient foramen; pff, postfibular flange." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244982/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 28A, D</figureCitation> +). Posterior to the fibular crest there is a shallow groove, but it is not continuous with the large nutrient foramen that opens dorsally. The shaft of the tibia has a flat anterior surface, but there is a slight ridge at the distal end of the shaft, near the ascending process of the astragalus. The posterior surface of the tibia is rounded but the apex of the curvature is more medially located. The result is that the anteromedial corner of the tibia is sharp, whereas the lateral corner is more rounded. There is no facet or groove for the fibula, instead it rests upon the rounded lateral corner of the tibia. The anterior side of the distal end is obscured by the overlying astragalocalcaneum in each specimen, but it is clear that the medial malleolus protrudes anteromedially to create a bowl into which the astragalus fits ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FFD3FEA3FF49FE6C" box="[124,210,363,387]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="34.[129,194,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[132,1469,148,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-238@34.[129,1473,144,1479]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figure 28. Tibiotarsi of Oksoko avarsan. Tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in lateral (A), posterior (B), medial (C), and anterior (D) views. Fibula of MPC-D 102/12 in posterior (E), anterior (F), and lateral (G) views. Detail (H, I) of astragalocalcaneum of MPC-D 102/12 (H) and MPC-D 102/11.a (I) in anterior view.Distal tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior (J) and anterior (K) views. Abbreviations: astr, astragalus; asc, ascending process;:calc, contact for calcaneum; calc, calcaneum; can, canal between fibular and femoral condyles; fc, fibular crest;:fc, contact for fibular crest; fcon, fibular condyle; h, head; mm, medial malleolus; nut, nutrient foramen; pff, postfibular flange." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244982/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 28C</figureCitation> +). The lateral malleolus is posteriorly deflected and has a modest postfibular flange that does not extend far proximally. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A4A0915FF2EFA2AFAC4F985" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244982" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244982/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" startId="34.[129,194,1506,1530]" targetBox="[132,1469,148,1474]" targetPageId="34" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4A0915FF2EFA2AFAC4F985" blockId="34.[129,1456,1506,1642]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4A0915FF2EFA2AFF7EFA15" bold="true" box="[129,229,1506,1530]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Figure 28.</emphasis> +Tibiotarsi of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A4A0915FECCFA2AFE6FFA15" box="[355,500,1506,1530]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4A0915FECCFA2AFE6FFA15" box="[355,500,1506,1530]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in lateral (A), posterior (B), medial (C), and anterior (D) views. Fibula of MPC-D 102/12 in posterior (E), anterior (F), and lateral (G) views. Detail (H, I) of astragalocalcaneum of MPC-D 102/12 (H) and MPC-D 102/11.a (I) in anterior view. Distal tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior (J) and anterior (K) views. Abbreviations: astr, astragalus; asc, ascending process;:calc, contact for calcaneum; calc, calcaneum; can, canal between fibular and femoral condyles; fc, fibular crest;:fc, contact for fibular crest; fcon, fibular condyle; h, head; mm, medial malleolus; nut, nutrient foramen; pff, postfibular flange. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4B0914FE38FE0AFE4FFE33" blockId="35.[407,468,450,476]" box="[407,468,450,476]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4B0914FE38FE0AFE4FFE33" box="[407,468,450,476]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fibula</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4B0914FFDEFE21FECDFBDA" blockId="35.[112,764,489,1077]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36"> +Fibulae ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FF62FE21FED9FDEE" box="[205,322,489,513]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="34.[129,194,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[132,1469,148,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-238@34.[129,1473,144,1479]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figure 28. Tibiotarsi of Oksoko avarsan. Tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in lateral (A), posterior (B), medial (C), and anterior (D) views. Fibula of MPC-D 102/12 in posterior (E), anterior (F), and lateral (G) views. Detail (H, I) of astragalocalcaneum of MPC-D 102/12 (H) and MPC-D 102/11.a (I) in anterior view.Distal tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior (J) and anterior (K) views. Abbreviations: astr, astragalus; asc, ascending process;:calc, contact for calcaneum; calc, calcaneum; can, canal between fibular and femoral condyles; fc, fibular crest;:fc, contact for fibular crest; fcon, fibular condyle; h, head; mm, medial malleolus; nut, nutrient foramen; pff, postfibular flange." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244982/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 28E–G</figureCitation> +) from each specimen are preserved. Unlike conventional reconstructions, each of the articulated fibulae is oriented with the broadest portion of the head oriented transversely, rather than anteroposteriorly. The head is concavoconvex and crescentic in dorsal view, with a larger lateral portion than medial portion. The medial part of the head is fingerlike in proximal view, whereas the lateral side is bulbous, which results in a central groove extending to a fossa on the posterior face. The lateral edge of the fibula distal to the head is sharply attenuated to a ridge ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FF4BFCCBFEA7FCF4" box="[228,316,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="34.[129,194,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[132,1469,148,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-238@34.[129,1473,144,1479]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figure 28. Tibiotarsi of Oksoko avarsan. Tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in lateral (A), posterior (B), medial (C), and anterior (D) views. Fibula of MPC-D 102/12 in posterior (E), anterior (F), and lateral (G) views. Detail (H, I) of astragalocalcaneum of MPC-D 102/12 (H) and MPC-D 102/11.a (I) in anterior view.Distal tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior (J) and anterior (K) views. Abbreviations: astr, astragalus; asc, ascending process;:calc, contact for calcaneum; calc, calcaneum; can, canal between fibular and femoral condyles; fc, fibular crest;:fc, contact for fibular crest; fcon, fibular condyle; h, head; mm, medial malleolus; nut, nutrient foramen; pff, postfibular flange." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244982/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 28G</figureCitation> +), and this continues distally to become the lateral edge of the shaft. Distal to the head, the shaft thickens and has a thick, rugose anteromedial ridge. This ridge lies adjacent to the fibular crest on the tibia, and likely accommodated the interosseum membrane. The remainder of the fibular shaft is slender and concavoconvex, with the concavity oriented towards the tibia. The distal end has a bulbous head and curves slightly posteriorly. It appears to be separated from the calcaneum in each specimen, although this may vary depending on the position of the leg. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4B0914FEF8FB9CFD8EFB81" blockId="35.[343,533,1108,1134]" box="[343,533,1108,1134]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4B0914FEF8FB9CFD8EFB81" box="[343,533,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Astragalocalcaneum</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4B0914FFDEFBB3FDCCF84D" blockId="35.[112,764,1147,1954]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36"> +The astragalus ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FEBFFBB3FEE6FB7D" box="[272,381,1147,1171]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="34.[129,194,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[132,1469,148,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-238@34.[129,1473,144,1479]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figure 28. Tibiotarsi of Oksoko avarsan. Tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in lateral (A), posterior (B), medial (C), and anterior (D) views. Fibula of MPC-D 102/12 in posterior (E), anterior (F), and lateral (G) views. Detail (H, I) of astragalocalcaneum of MPC-D 102/12 (H) and MPC-D 102/11.a (I) in anterior view.Distal tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior (J) and anterior (K) views. Abbreviations: astr, astragalus; asc, ascending process;:calc, contact for calcaneum; calc, calcaneum; can, canal between fibular and femoral condyles; fc, fibular crest;:fc, contact for fibular crest; fcon, fibular condyle; h, head; mm, medial malleolus; nut, nutrient foramen; pff, postfibular flange." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244982/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 28H, I</figureCitation> +) is obscured in MPC-D 102/110 and the right foot of MPC-D 102/11.a by the overlying feet, but is exposed in MPC-D 100/33 and MPC-D 102/12. The medial condyle is much larger than the lateral one, and its medial surface is inclined to fit on to the medial malleolus of the tibia. The condyle is anteroposteriorly thin, which contrasts with the robust condyles of caenagnathids and some other oviraptorids. There is a concavity at the base of the ascending process that has a pronounced anterior lip ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FE1AFABDFD9FFA62" box="[437,516,1397,1421]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="34.[129,194,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[132,1469,148,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-238@34.[129,1473,144,1479]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figure 28. Tibiotarsi of Oksoko avarsan. Tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in lateral (A), posterior (B), medial (C), and anterior (D) views. Fibula of MPC-D 102/12 in posterior (E), anterior (F), and lateral (G) views. Detail (H, I) of astragalocalcaneum of MPC-D 102/12 (H) and MPC-D 102/11.a (I) in anterior view.Distal tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior (J) and anterior (K) views. Abbreviations: astr, astragalus; asc, ascending process;:calc, contact for calcaneum; calc, calcaneum; can, canal between fibular and femoral condyles; fc, fibular crest;:fc, contact for fibular crest; fcon, fibular condyle; h, head; mm, medial malleolus; nut, nutrient foramen; pff, postfibular flange." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244982/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 28I</figureCitation> +). Distal to this, there is a fossa in the anterolateral part of the intercondylar space. On the distal surface of the astragalus, there is another depression in the intercondylar sulcus. The posterior edge of the astragalus is relatively straight, rather than curved. The lateral condyle has a sinuous anterolateral edge, which overhands the calcaneum dorsally but is excavated by it ventrally. The ascending process covers the entire surface of the tibia at its base, and extends at least 30% of the length of the tibia. The lateral edge of the ascending process is vertical, whereas the medial edge inclines proximolaterally to give the ascending process its taper. The calcaneum is unfused in the smaller specimens (MPC-D 102/11.a, MPC-D 102/110, and MPC-D 100/33), but it is fused in MPC-D 102/12 ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FD7BF925FF3BF8CA" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="34.[129,194,1506,1530]" captionTargetBox="[132,1469,148,1474]" captionTargetId="figure-238@34.[129,1473,144,1479]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figure 28. Tibiotarsi of Oksoko avarsan. Tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in lateral (A), posterior (B), medial (C), and anterior (D) views. Fibula of MPC-D 102/12 in posterior (E), anterior (F), and lateral (G) views. Detail (H, I) of astragalocalcaneum of MPC-D 102/12 (H) and MPC-D 102/11.a (I) in anterior view.Distal tibiotarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a in posterior (J) and anterior (K) views. Abbreviations: astr, astragalus; asc, ascending process;:calc, contact for calcaneum; calc, calcaneum; can, canal between fibular and femoral condyles; fc, fibular crest;:fc, contact for fibular crest; fcon, fibular condyle; h, head; mm, medial malleolus; nut, nutrient foramen; pff, postfibular flange." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244982/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 28H</figureCitation> +), which suggests that it fuses through ontogeny (see Discussion). The calcaneum is kidney-shaped, with the convex side facing anteriorly. Its lateral surface is concave, surrounded by a transversely thickened circumferential lip. The calcaneum is thicker at its anterior end than its posterior side. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4B0914FB9EFF58FB37FF45" blockId="35.[808,1461,144,1209]" box="[1073,1196,144,170]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4B0914FB9EFF58FB37FF45" box="[1073,1196,144,170]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Distal tarsals</emphasis> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4B0914FC85FF7EFC6FFB56" blockId="35.[808,1461,144,1209]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36"> +Distal tarsals III and IV ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FB9DFF7EFBE2FF21" box="[1074,1145,182,206]" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1826,1850]" captionTargetBox="[139,1463,154,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-6@36.[129,1473,144,1798]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 29. Distal tarsals of Oksoko avarsan. Proximal tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a (A) and MPC-D 102/12 (B) in proximal view, showing distal tarsals.Metatarsal III and partially fused distal tarsal III of MPC-D 102/12 in posterolateral view (C). Tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in anterior view (D), showing proximodorsal process of distal tarsal IV.Abbreviations: dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fus, fusion; mt III, metatarsal III; pdp, proximodorsal process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244984/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 29</figureCitation> +) are preserved with each specimen. Distal tarsal III is roughly trapezoidal and, as in all oviraptorosaurs, thickens towards its posterior side. It covers the posterior half of metatarsal III in proximal view ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FAA1FEDCFAE0FEC3" box="[1294,1403,276,300]" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1826,1850]" captionTargetBox="[139,1463,154,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-6@36.[129,1473,144,1798]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 29. Distal tarsals of Oksoko avarsan. Proximal tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a (A) and MPC-D 102/12 (B) in proximal view, showing distal tarsals.Metatarsal III and partially fused distal tarsal III of MPC-D 102/12 in posterolateral view (C). Tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in anterior view (D), showing proximodorsal process of distal tarsal IV.Abbreviations: dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fus, fusion; mt III, metatarsal III; pdp, proximodorsal process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244984/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 29A, B</figureCitation> +), but even in the mature MPC-D 102/12, it does not expand anteriorly. However, although it covers only metatarsal III in MPC-D 102/11.a and MPC-D 102/110, it has expanded medially in MPC-D 102/12 to cover the posterolateral corner of metatarsal II. In MPC-D 102/11.a, the posterior edge of distal tarsal III is rounded, whereas it becomes more square and much thicker through ontogeny in MPC-D 102/12 ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FB6EFE38FAAEFDE8" box="[1217,1333,496,520]" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1826,1850]" captionTargetBox="[139,1463,154,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-6@36.[129,1473,144,1798]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 29. Distal tarsals of Oksoko avarsan. Proximal tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a (A) and MPC-D 102/12 (B) in proximal view, showing distal tarsals.Metatarsal III and partially fused distal tarsal III of MPC-D 102/12 in posterolateral view (C). Tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in anterior view (D), showing proximodorsal process of distal tarsal IV.Abbreviations: dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fus, fusion; mt III, metatarsal III; pdp, proximodorsal process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244984/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 29A, B</figureCitation> +). In this individual, it has also begun to fuse to metatarsal III [ +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FAE6FDC7FA39FDC8" box="[1353,1442,527,551]" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1826,1850]" captionTargetBox="[139,1463,154,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-6@36.[129,1473,144,1798]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 29. Distal tarsals of Oksoko avarsan. Proximal tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a (A) and MPC-D 102/12 (B) in proximal view, showing distal tarsals.Metatarsal III and partially fused distal tarsal III of MPC-D 102/12 in posterolateral view (C). Tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in anterior view (D), showing proximodorsal process of distal tarsal IV.Abbreviations: dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fus, fusion; mt III, metatarsal III; pdp, proximodorsal process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244984/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 29C</figureCitation> +), which resembles the condition in some derived caenagnathids [ +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A4B0914FC9AFD86FB08FD89" authority="Osmolska 1981" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1981" box="[821,1171,590,614]" class="Reptilia" family="Caenagnathidae" genus="Elmisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rarus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4B0914FC9AFD86FC7AFD8A" box="[821,993,590,614]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Elmisaurus rarus</emphasis> +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A4B0914FC43FD86FB08FD89" author="Osmolska H" box="[1004,1171,590,614]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="79 - 95" refId="ref31507" refString="Osmolska H. Coossified tarsometatarsi in theropod dinosaurs and their bearing on the problem of bird origins. Palaeontologia Polonica 1981; 42: 79 - 95." type="journal article" year="1981">Osmólska 1981</bibRefCitation> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A4B0914FB7EFD86FCF1FD6A" authority="(Parks 1933)" baseAuthorityName="Parks" baseAuthorityYear="1933" family="Caenagnathidae" genus="Citipes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4B0914FB7EFD86FAFFFD89" box="[1233,1380,590,614]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Citipes elegans</emphasis> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A4B0914FAD4FD86FCC5FD6A" author="Parks WA" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref31578" refString="Parks WA. New species of dinosaurs and turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Formations of Alberta. University of Toronto Studies Geological Series 1933; 34: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1933">Parks 1933</bibRefCitation> +) +</taxonomicName> +]. The medial side of distal tarsal III is rounded and bulbous. Although this is also the case for the lateral side in MPC-D 102/11.a, in the older MPC-D 102/12, the lateral edge is straight where it abuts—but does not fuse to—distal tarsal IV. Distal tarsal IV is circular except for a rounded process extendingfromthelateralside( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FBE5FCC2FB2FFCCE" box="[1098,1204,778,802]" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1826,1850]" captionTargetBox="[139,1463,154,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-6@36.[129,1473,144,1798]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 29. Distal tarsals of Oksoko avarsan. Proximal tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a (A) and MPC-D 102/12 (B) in proximal view, showing distal tarsals.Metatarsal III and partially fused distal tarsal III of MPC-D 102/12 in posterolateral view (C). Tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in anterior view (D), showing proximodorsal process of distal tarsal IV.Abbreviations: dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fus, fusion; mt III, metatarsal III; pdp, proximodorsal process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244984/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig.29A,B</figureCitation> +). Thisprocessisprobably homologous with the proximodorsal process of caenagnathids. Although oviraptorids generally lack a well-developed process here, the distal tarsals are typically poorly described, and so this feature may be more prevalent. The distal tarsal is disc-shaped and both sides are equal in thickness, but it tapers in thickness towards each edge. The lateral process is bulbous and thicker than the neck leading to it. In MPC-D 102/12, this process has become greatly enlarged and projects dorsolaterally ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FA22FBCCFCE9FBD4" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1826,1850]" captionTargetBox="[139,1463,154,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-6@36.[129,1473,144,1798]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 29. Distal tarsals of Oksoko avarsan. Proximal tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a (A) and MPC-D 102/12 (B) in proximal view, showing distal tarsals.Metatarsal III and partially fused distal tarsal III of MPC-D 102/12 in posterolateral view (C). Tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in anterior view (D), showing proximodorsal process of distal tarsal IV.Abbreviations: dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fus, fusion; mt III, metatarsal III; pdp, proximodorsal process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244984/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 29B, D</figureCitation> +), more closely resembling the proximodorsal process of caenagnathids. Furthermore, instead of remaining circular and disc-like, the fourth distal tarsal of MPC-D 102/12 is thickened posteriorly and has a straight medial edge where it meets distal tarsal III ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FC3FFB69FC78FB56" box="[912,995,1185,1209]" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="36.[129,194,1826,1850]" captionTargetBox="[139,1463,154,1790]" captionTargetId="figure-6@36.[129,1473,144,1798]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 29. Distal tarsals of Oksoko avarsan. Proximal tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a (A) and MPC-D 102/12 (B) in proximal view, showing distal tarsals.Metatarsal III and partially fused distal tarsal III of MPC-D 102/12 in posterolateral view (C). Tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in anterior view (D), showing proximodorsal process of distal tarsal IV.Abbreviations: dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fus, fusion; mt III, metatarsal III; pdp, proximodorsal process." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244984/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 29B</figureCitation> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4B0914FBF0FB11FBE6FB1D" blockId="35.[1119,1149,1241,1266]" box="[1119,1149,1241,1266]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36"> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A4B0914FBF0FB11FBE6FB1D" box="[1119,1149,1241,1266]" genus="Pes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="genus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4B0914FBF0FB11FBE6FB1D" box="[1119,1149,1241,1266]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Pes</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4B0914FC85FB37FB2BF9FD" blockId="35.[810,1460,1279,1961]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36"> +Both feet ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FC31FB37FC7DFAF8" box="[926,998,1279,1303]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="37.[113,178,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[122,1449,666,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-323@37.[114,1458,657,1842]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 30. Pes of Oksoko avarsan. Right foot with articulated tibiotarsus (A–F) and left foot (G–J) of MPC-D 102/11.a in lateral (A, I), ventral (B), dorsal (C, G), medial (D, H), distal (E) and proximal (F, J) views. Tibiotarsus in images (E, F) is oriented opposite the foot: proximal view in (E), distal view in (F). Abbreviations:astr, astragalus; calc, calcaneum; cne, cnemial crest; digs, digits; dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fcon, fibular condyle; fib, fibula; I–IV, pedal digits I–IV; mt I– IV, metatarsals I–IV; tib, tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244986/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 30</figureCitation> +) are preserved in their entirety in all specimens, except MPC-D 102/12, which preserves only the right metatarsus, metatarsal III from the left side, and a single phalanx III-1 from the right. All five metatarsals are represented in most specimens, but the feet of MPC-D 102/11.a appear to lack metatarsal V. It is possible that it was disarticulated during preparation and is represented by indeterminate splint-like bones accessioned with the specimen. Alternatively, metatarsal V may not have ossified yet in this individual. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4B0912FCEAF9D1FF7DFECA" blockId="35.[810,1460,1279,1961]" lastBlockId="37.[112,764,144,607]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="35" pageNumber="36"> +Metatarsal I has a flat shaft and a small condyle ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4B0914FA95F9D1FCA6F9BF" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="37.[113,178,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[122,1449,666,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-323@37.[114,1458,657,1842]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 30. Pes of Oksoko avarsan. Right foot with articulated tibiotarsus (A–F) and left foot (G–J) of MPC-D 102/11.a in lateral (A, I), ventral (B), dorsal (C, G), medial (D, H), distal (E) and proximal (F, J) views. Tibiotarsus in images (E, F) is oriented opposite the foot: proximal view in (E), distal view in (F). Abbreviations:astr, astragalus; calc, calcaneum; cne, cnemial crest; digs, digits; dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fcon, fibular condyle; fib, fibula; I–IV, pedal digits I–IV; mt I– IV, metatarsals I–IV; tib, tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244986/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 30B, D, G</figureCitation> +). The shaft has a triangular proximal process and a tab-like posterior process. The lateral side is flat, whereas the medial side is rounded. The condyle is roughly triangular in distal view, with a narrower anterior side. The medial ligament pit is shallow and small, and the lateral one is large and deep. The posterior side of the condyles each have a small ridge, separated by a small depression. Phalanx I-1 is about the same length as the metatarsal and ungual. The proximal articular surface is inclined to face dorsomedially and is deeply concave. The shaft of the phalanx twists laterally and slightly dorsally. The condyle is narrow and the medial ligament pit is shallow but equal in size to the lateral one. Ungual I-2 is small and relatively straight, except for a slightly hooked tip. The proximal surface is crescentic and there is only a slight transverse constriction distal to it. The flexor tubercle is poorly developed. The medial and lateral grooves are poorly developed but the lateral one is deeper and slightly further dorsal. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A4C0913FF2EF8EAFD73F862" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244984" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244984/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" startId="36.[129,194,1826,1850]" targetBox="[139,1463,154,1790]" targetPageId="36" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4C0913FF2EF8EAFD73F862" blockId="36.[129,1473,1826,1934]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4C0913FF2EF8EAFF7EF8D5" bold="true" box="[129,229,1826,1850]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figure 29.</emphasis> +Distal tarsals of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A4C0913FED0F8EAFD94F8D5" box="[383,527,1826,1850]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4C0913FED0F8EAFD94F8D5" box="[383,527,1826,1850]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Proximal tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/11.a (A) and MPC-D 102/12 (B) in proximal view, showing distal tarsals. Metatarsal III and partially fused distal tarsal III of MPC-D 102/12 in posterolateral view (C). Tarsometatarsus of MPC-D 102/12 in anterior view (D), showing proximodorsal process of distal tarsal IV. Abbreviations: dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fus, fusion; mt III, metatarsal III; pdp, proximodorsal process. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4D0912FF22FEE5FC74FE0E" blockId="37.[112,764,144,607]" lastBlockId="37.[809,1461,144,607]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38"> +Metatarsal II ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4D0912FE8AFEE5FEF6FEAA" box="[293,365,301,325]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="37.[113,178,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[122,1449,666,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-323@37.[114,1458,657,1842]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 30. Pes of Oksoko avarsan. Right foot with articulated tibiotarsus (A–F) and left foot (G–J) of MPC-D 102/11.a in lateral (A, I), ventral (B), dorsal (C, G), medial (D, H), distal (E) and proximal (F, J) views. Tibiotarsus in images (E, F) is oriented opposite the foot: proximal view in (E), distal view in (F). Abbreviations:astr, astragalus; calc, calcaneum; cne, cnemial crest; digs, digits; dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fcon, fibular condyle; fib, fibula; I–IV, pedal digits I–IV; mt I– IV, metatarsals I–IV; tib, tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244986/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 30</figureCitation> +) is the shortest of the weight-bearing metatarsals, but has a large proximal end. The proximal end is trapezoidal in proximal view, with the wider side facing metatarsal III and inclined about 50° mediolaterally. The shaft tapers from the proximal end but is consistent in thickness throughout most of its length. It is thicker than the other metatarsals anterioposteriorly but equal to metatarsal IV in transverse breadth. There is an incipient posteromedial ridge, but it is not well developed in the smaller specimens. In MPC-D 102/12, this ridge becomes larger and has a rugose surface. The proximal end of II-1 is inclined dorsomedially in proximal view. There are two ridges on either side of its ventral edge. The shaft of the phalanx is slightly curved laterally. The condyle is not ginglymoid and there is a large depression on the dorsal surface. The medial ligament pit is shallow, but the lateral one is deep. Phalanx II-2 is relatively symmetrical, but the proximal end is slightly skewed laterally. The phalanx is about half the length of phalanx II-1. Ungual II-3 is the largest ungual of the foot, but is only slightly larger than ungual III-4. The former is dorsoventrally deeper but slightly shorter in length. The flexor tubercle is weak and the claw is modestly recurved. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4D0911FCEAFE21FEC4FCD5" blockId="37.[809,1461,144,607]" lastBlockId="38.[128,780,144,1797]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38"> +Metatarsal III is the longest of the foot ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4D0912FB4EFE21FACEFDEE" box="[1249,1365,489,513]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="37.[113,178,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[122,1449,666,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-323@37.[114,1458,657,1842]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 30. Pes of Oksoko avarsan. Right foot with articulated tibiotarsus (A–F) and left foot (G–J) of MPC-D 102/11.a in lateral (A, I), ventral (B), dorsal (C, G), medial (D, H), distal (E) and proximal (F, J) views. Tibiotarsus in images (E, F) is oriented opposite the foot: proximal view in (E), distal view in (F). Abbreviations:astr, astragalus; calc, calcaneum; cne, cnemial crest; digs, digits; dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fcon, fibular condyle; fib, fibula; I–IV, pedal digits I–IV; mt I– IV, metatarsals I–IV; tib, tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244986/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 30B, G</figureCitation> +) and the widest at its distal end. Its proximal end is wider than the other two metatarsals posteriorly, but it is anteriorly pinched—albeit not to the same degree as in caenagnathids. The proximal end is, therefore, triangular in proximal view, with a flat posterior edge. There is a flattened shelf on the posterior surface of the head ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4E0911FD4CFF67FF53FF09" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="37.[113,178,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[122,1449,666,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-323@37.[114,1458,657,1842]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 30. Pes of Oksoko avarsan. Right foot with articulated tibiotarsus (A–F) and left foot (G–J) of MPC-D 102/11.a in lateral (A, I), ventral (B), dorsal (C, G), medial (D, H), distal (E) and proximal (F, J) views. Tibiotarsus in images (E, F) is oriented opposite the foot: proximal view in (E), distal view in (F). Abbreviations:astr, astragalus; calc, calcaneum; cne, cnemial crest; digs, digits; dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fcon, fibular condyle; fib, fibula; I–IV, pedal digits I–IV; mt I– IV, metatarsals I–IV; tib, tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244986/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 30B, H</figureCitation> +) reminiscent of the posterior protuberance of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A4E0911FD33FF07FF2FFEE9" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1981" class="Reptilia" family="Caenagnathidae" genus="Elmisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rarus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4E0911FD33FF07FF2FFEE9" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Elmisaurus rarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A4E0911FF6BFF26FEFDFEE9" author="Osmolska H" box="[196,358,238,262]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="79 - 95" refId="ref31507" refString="Osmolska H. Coossified tarsometatarsi in theropod dinosaurs and their bearing on the problem of bird origins. Palaeontologia Polonica 1981; 42: 79 - 95." type="journal article" year="1981">Osmólska 1981</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A4E0911FEDDFF26FDBDFEE9" author="Currie PJ & Funston GF & Osmolska H" box="[370,550,238,262]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="143 - 57" refId="ref29834" refString="Currie PJ, Funston GF, Osmolska H. New specimens of the crested theropod dinosaur Elmisaurus rarus from Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2016; 61: 143 - 57." type="journal article" year="2016"> +Currie +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4E0911FE13FF27FE76FEE9" box="[444,493,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis> +2016 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A4E0911FD9CFF26FD62FEE9" author="Funston GF & Currie PJ & Tsogtbaatar C" box="[563,761,238,262]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref30246" refString="Funston GF, Currie PJ, Tsogtbaatar C et al. A partial oviraptorosaur skeleton suggests low caenagnathid diversity in the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia (TA Dececchi, Ed.). PLoS One 2021; 16: e 0254564." type="journal volume" year="2021"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4E0911FD21FF27FD24FEE9" box="[654,703,238,262]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis> +2021 +</bibRefCitation> +), but much smaller. This raised area is continuous with similar platforms on metatarsals II and IV. The shaft of metatarsal III is square in cross-section, with sharp posterior corners and flat sides. The distal condyle is asymmetrical, with a larger medial condyle than lateral condyle. The postcondylar ridges are well developed but end abruptly, rather than continuing proximally. Digit III is the longest and widest ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4E0911FE5CFE01FDF1FE0E" box="[499,618,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="37.[113,178,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[122,1449,666,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-323@37.[114,1458,657,1842]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 30. Pes of Oksoko avarsan. Right foot with articulated tibiotarsus (A–F) and left foot (G–J) of MPC-D 102/11.a in lateral (A, I), ventral (B), dorsal (C, G), medial (D, H), distal (E) and proximal (F, J) views. Tibiotarsus in images (E, F) is oriented opposite the foot: proximal view in (E), distal view in (F). Abbreviations:astr, astragalus; calc, calcaneum; cne, cnemial crest; digs, digits; dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fcon, fibular condyle; fib, fibula; I–IV, pedal digits I–IV; mt I– IV, metatarsals I–IV; tib, tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244986/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 30B, G</figureCitation> +). Phalanx III-1 has a semicircular proximal face with two poorly developed ventral ridges. The shaft and condyle are symmetrical. The condyle is more ginglymoid than the phalanges of digit II and the collateral ligament pits are equal in depth. The more distal phalanges are virtually identical to phalanx III- +<quantity id="9050B0A97A4E0911FE52FDAEFDBAFD91" box="[509,545,614,638]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity> +morphology, but they are each about 30% shorter than the previous one. Ungual III-4 is the longest of the foot but is more gracile than II-3. It is nearly perfectly symmetrical, including equally deep vascular grooves positioned equally far dorsally. The flexor tubercle is small, but larger than that of ungual II-3, and the claw is slightly more recurved than the latter. +</paragraph> +<caption id="03D74DC47A4D0912FFDEF886FBB2F854" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244986" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14244986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244986/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" startId="37.[113,178,1870,1894]" targetBox="[122,1449,666,1833]" targetPageId="37" targetType="figure"> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4D0912FFDEF886FBB2F854" blockId="37.[113,1458,1870,1979]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4D0912FFDEF886FF4DF888" bold="true" box="[113,214,1870,1895]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figure 30.</emphasis> +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A4D0912FF75F887FF61F889" box="[218,250,1871,1894]" genus="Pes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="36" rank="genus">Pes</taxonomicName> +of +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A4D0912FEB8F887FE33F889" box="[279,424,1871,1895]" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Oksoko" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="avarsan"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4D0912FEB8F887FE33F889" box="[279,424,1871,1895]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Oksoko avarsan</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +. Right foot with articulated tibiotarsus (A–F) and left foot (G–J) of MPC-D 102/11.a in lateral (A, I), ventral (B), dorsal (C, G), medial (D, H), distal (E) and proximal (F, J) views. Tibiotarsus in images (E, F) is oriented opposite the foot: proximal view in (E), distal view in (F). Abbreviations: astr, astragalus; calc, calcaneum; cne, cnemial crest; digs, digits; dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fcon, fibular condyle; fib, fibula; I–IV, pedal digits I–IV; mt I– IV, metatarsals I–IV; tib, tibia. +</paragraph> +</caption> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4E0911FF33FC89FC9AFA81" blockId="38.[128,780,144,1797]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39"> +Metatarsal IV ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4E0911FEEDFC89FE17FCB6" box="[322,396,833,857]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="37.[113,178,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[122,1449,666,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-323@37.[114,1458,657,1842]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 30. Pes of Oksoko avarsan. Right foot with articulated tibiotarsus (A–F) and left foot (G–J) of MPC-D 102/11.a in lateral (A, I), ventral (B), dorsal (C, G), medial (D, H), distal (E) and proximal (F, J) views. Tibiotarsus in images (E, F) is oriented opposite the foot: proximal view in (E), distal view in (F). Abbreviations:astr, astragalus; calc, calcaneum; cne, cnemial crest; digs, digits; dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fcon, fibular condyle; fib, fibula; I–IV, pedal digits I–IV; mt I– IV, metatarsals I–IV; tib, tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244986/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 30</figureCitation> +) has a large, semicircular proximal end in proximal view, with the flat edge against metatarsal III. The raised posterior area is triangular with a 45° inclination to the dorsal edge. The shaft of the metatarsal is compressed anteroposteriorly so that it is wider than deep. There is no sign of a posterolateral ridge in the smaller specimens, but in MPC-D 102/12 there is a rugose patch on the posteromedial side. The condyle is not deflected laterally and the lateral condylar ridge is small. The lateral ligament pit is relatively shallow. Digit IV is about equal in length to digit II, including the unguals. Phalanx IV-1 is wider distally than proximally. It has a deeply concave, triangular proximal end. The shaft is directed slightly medially. The other phalanges are short, with barely any shaft separating the proximal and distal condyles. These phalanges are symmetrical except for a slight lateral skew to the proximal articular surfaces. Ungual IV-5 is small and straight with a weak flexor tubercle and greater transverse constriction than the other unguals. The medial vascular groove is deeper and more dorsally positioned. +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="57171D4C7A4E0911FF33FABDFD63F8EA" blockId="38.[128,780,144,1797]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39"> +Metatarsal V is missing in MPC-D 102/11.a ( +<figureCitation id="CF9301C97A4E0911FDDEFABDFD2CFA62" box="[625,695,1397,1421]" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="37.[113,178,1870,1894]" captionTargetBox="[122,1449,666,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-323@37.[114,1458,657,1842]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 30. Pes of Oksoko avarsan. Right foot with articulated tibiotarsus (A–F) and left foot (G–J) of MPC-D 102/11.a in lateral (A, I), ventral (B), dorsal (C, G), medial (D, H), distal (E) and proximal (F, J) views. Tibiotarsus in images (E, F) is oriented opposite the foot: proximal view in (E), distal view in (F). Abbreviations:astr, astragalus; calc, calcaneum; cne, cnemial crest; digs, digits; dt III, distal tarsal III; dt IV, distal tarsal IV; fcon, fibular condyle; fib, fibula; I–IV, pedal digits I–IV; mt I– IV, metatarsals I–IV; tib, tibia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14244986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14244986/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 30</figureCitation> +), either as a result of preparation or poor ossification, and in MPC-D 102/12, probably because it was lost before collection. In the other specimens, it is a tapering splint tightly appressed to the posterolateral surface of metatarsal IV. Its proximal end is expanded and rounded. The shaft curves slightly anteriorly, but not to the same degree as in caenagnathids like +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A4E0911FD27F9F9FF78F986" authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1924" class="Reptilia" family="Caenagnathidae" genus="Chirostenotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pergracilis"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4E0911FD27F9F9FF78F986" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Chirostenotes pergracilis</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A4E0911FF58F999FE11F986" author="Gilmore CW" box="[247,394,1617,1641]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref30319" refString="Gilmore CW. A new coelurid dinosaur from the Belly River Cretaceous of Alberta. Canada Geological Survey Bulletin 1924; 38: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1924">Gilmore 1924</bibRefCitation> +, Funston 2020). The distal end has a small bulb at its apex, but is otherwise simple. Its absence in MPC-D 102/12 suggests that it never fused throughout ontogeny, unlike in derived caenagnathids ( +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A4E0911FD9DF967FD40F929" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1981" box="[562,731,1711,1735]" class="Reptilia" family="Caenagnathidae" genus="Elmisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rarus"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4E0911FD9DF967FD40F929" box="[562,731,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Elmisaurus rarus</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +and +<taxonomicName id="90A866CF7A4E0911FF2EF906FE94F909" baseAuthorityName="Parks" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[129,271,1742,1766]" family="Caenagnathidae" genus="Citipes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elegans"> +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4E0911FF2EF906FE94F909" box="[129,271,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Citipes elegans</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +), where it fuses to the proximodorsal process of distal tarsal IV ( +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A4E0911FE8DF925FE4AF8EA" author="Currie PJ & Funston GF & Osmolska H" box="[290,465,1773,1797]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="143 - 57" refId="ref29834" refString="Currie PJ, Funston GF, Osmolska H. New specimens of the crested theropod dinosaur Elmisaurus rarus from Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2016; 61: 143 - 57." type="journal article" year="2016"> +Currie +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4E0911FEC5F926FE02F8EA" box="[362,409,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis> +2016 +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A4E0911FE73F926FD33F8EA" author="Funston GF & Currie PJ & Burns M" box="[476,680,1773,1797]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="159 - 73" refId="ref30071" refString="Funston GF, Currie PJ, Burns M. New elmisaurine specimens from North America and their relationship to the Mongolian Elmisaurus rarus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2016 a; 61: 159 - 73." type="journal article" year="2016"> +Funston +<emphasis id="65DCC15E7A4E0911FD99F926FDFEF8EA" box="[566,613,1773,1797]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis> +2016a +</bibRefCitation> +, +<bibRefCitation id="333960BD7A4E0911FD1CF925FD7CF8EA" author="Funston GF & Currie PJ & Tsogtbaatar C" box="[691,743,1773,1797]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refId="ref30246" refString="Funston GF, Currie PJ, Tsogtbaatar C et al. A partial oviraptorosaur skeleton suggests low caenagnathid diversity in the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia (TA Dececchi, Ed.). PLoS One 2021; 16: e 0254564." type="journal volume" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation> +). +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +</treatment> +</document> \ No newline at end of file