diff --git a/data/03/4C/87/034C87EDFFEDFF84D8B5B5FC8E27FC14.xml b/data/03/4C/87/034C87EDFFEDFF84D8B5B5FC8E27FC14.xml index e2109ce2338..7350d043521 100644 --- a/data/03/4C/87/034C87EDFFEDFF84D8B5B5FC8E27FC14.xml +++ b/data/03/4C/87/034C87EDFFEDFF84D8B5B5FC8E27FC14.xml @@ -1,69 +1,70 @@ - - - -Two new species of the genus Thalerosphyrus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) from India + + + +Two new species of the genus Thalerosphyrus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) from India - - -Author + + +Author -Vasanth, M. -Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. +Vasanth, M. +Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. - - -Author + + +Author -Kubendran, T. -Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhavan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata- 700 053, India. +Kubendran, T. +Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhavan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata- 700 053, India. - - -Author + + +Author -Subramanian, K. A. -0000-0003-0872-9771 -Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. -subbuka.zsi@gmail.com +Subramanian, K. A. +0000-0003-0872-9771 +Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. +subbuka.zsi@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Babu, R. -0000-0001-9147-4540 -Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. -baburzsi@gmail.com +Babu, R. +0000-0001-9147-4540 +Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. +baburzsi@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-02-03 + +2025 + +2025-02-03 - -5583 + +5583 - -2 + +2 - -247 -270 + +247 +270 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2 -1175-5326 -E5168208-01D7-4218-BE79-67B2E0E61E5E +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2 +1175-5326 +14798053 +E5168208-01D7-4218-BE79-67B2E0E61E5E @@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ ( -Figs 96–110 +Figs 96–110 ) @@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ hills, . (Type specimen label ( -Fig. 110 +Fig. 110 )) . @@ -135,20 +136,20 @@ Southern Thalerosphyrus flowersi by the following combination of characters: (i) labrum greatly expanded laterally and shallow medially ( -Fig. 99 +Fig. 99 ); (ii) gill I asymmetrical and ovoid, 1.5× as long as wide ( -Fig. 107 +Fig. 107 ); (iii) femora of legs yellowish brown with zig-zag pale yellow band; (iv) glossae clearly concave with surface three long setae ( -Fig. 101 +Fig. 101 ); (v) maxillae of galea-lacinia with 17–18 comb-shaped setae ( -Figs 104–105 +Figs 104–105 ) (vi) pronotum greatly enlarged laterally and posteriorly ( -Fig. 96 +Fig. 96 ); (vii) ornamentation of hind tibia with 13–14 pointed bristles in marginal or submarginal position; (viii) posterolateral expansion not developed on tergum I, weakly developed on tergum II, strongly developed on tergum III and increasing in size up to VIII ( -Figs 97–98 +Figs 97–98 ). - + FIGURES 104–110. Larva of @@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ Larva of : 104. Maxillae; 105. Galea-lacinea closer view; 106. Claw. 107. Gill I; 108. Protopenis; 109. Tergum V posterolateral spine; 110. Type species label. - + FIGURES 111–114. Gill I of dorsal plate: 111. @@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ Gill I of dorsal plate: 111. Genitals. Protopenis ( -Fig.108 +Fig.108 ): male genitalia yellowish, penis fused, apically blunt, and laterally with tapered square, tergum X rounded and apically with small stout setae. Forceps rectangular. diff --git a/data/03/4C/87/034C87EDFFF6FF85D8B5B056889CFE82.xml b/data/03/4C/87/034C87EDFFF6FF85D8B5B056889CFE82.xml index 428d15544c1..69209dc5d53 100644 --- a/data/03/4C/87/034C87EDFFF6FF85D8B5B056889CFE82.xml +++ b/data/03/4C/87/034C87EDFFF6FF85D8B5B056889CFE82.xml @@ -1,69 +1,70 @@ - - - -Two new species of the genus Thalerosphyrus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) from India + + + +Two new species of the genus Thalerosphyrus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) from India - - -Author + + +Author -Vasanth, M. -Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. +Vasanth, M. +Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. - - -Author + + +Author -Kubendran, T. -Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhavan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata- 700 053, India. +Kubendran, T. +Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhavan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata- 700 053, India. - - -Author + + +Author -Subramanian, K. A. -0000-0003-0872-9771 -Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. -subbuka.zsi@gmail.com +Subramanian, K. A. +0000-0003-0872-9771 +Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. +subbuka.zsi@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Babu, R. -0000-0001-9147-4540 -Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. -baburzsi@gmail.com +Babu, R. +0000-0001-9147-4540 +Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. +baburzsi@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-02-03 + +2025 + +2025-02-03 - -5583 + +5583 - -2 + +2 - -247 -270 + +247 +270 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2 -1175-5326 -E5168208-01D7-4218-BE79-67B2E0E61E5E +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2 +1175-5326 +14798053 +E5168208-01D7-4218-BE79-67B2E0E61E5E @@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ Vasanth, Kubendran & Subramanian ( -Figs 51–95 +Figs 51–95 ) @@ -182,38 +183,38 @@ kuttai, Description. Mature larva ( -Fig. 51 +Fig. 51 ). Length (mm): body 11–11.5; cerci 13–13.5. ♀ body 12.5–13.5; cerci 14.5–15.5; prothorax width 4.2–4.5 ( -Fig. 78 +Fig. 78 ). Colour. Generally pale brownish. Antennae brown and much shorter than the width of head ( -Fig. 95 +Fig. 95 ). Head circular, brown, and flattened; anterior margin of the head with numerous small setae; a pair of pale maculae on the front of head, and dorsal surface has four pale dots; ocelli with three black dots mixed with pale color in the middle. Head. Mouthparts: Labrum moderately broad, 3.5× wider than long, anterior margin straight, medio-ventrally with a curved row composed of 7–8 long stout setae ( -Figs 57–58 +Figs 57–58 ); dorsal surface and anterior margin covered with long, hair-like and stout setae; ventral surface of anterior margin with numerous long hair-like setae lateral margin slightly concave. Mandibles strongly bent in distal part; anterolateral margins with several rows of dense long hair-like setae; anterolateral margins medially bulged ( -Figs 60–63 +Figs 60–63 ). Right mandible with outer incisor serrated on inner margin, composed of 8 blunt teeth; inner incisor with two teeth, apically sharp; prostheca with 10–11 thick fimbriate submarginal setae; mola joined, posterior margin with 5–6 hair-like setae ( -Figs 60–61 +Figs 60–61 ). Left mandible with outer incisor serrated with 13 blunt teeth; inner incisor apically bulged with trifid teeth, anterior tooth with small stout setae at the tip; prostheca with 11 thick fimbriate setae; mola with 6–7 setae and posterior median margin with 5 hair-like setae ( -Figs 62–63 +Figs 62–63 ). Maxilla with long, simple setae on inner margin of galea-lacinia and with fimbriate setae scattered on ventral surface. Segment I of maxillary palp with rows of thin and simple setae on outer margins, dorsal surface with 4 small simple setae; segment II large with rows of numerous hair-like setae on outer margin; apical segment small, pointed, with rows of simple setae on outer margin. Crown of the galea-lacinia of maxillae with 14–15 comb-shaped setae ( -Fig. 64 +Fig. 64 ). Hypopharynx narrow, lingua with tuft of small robust setae (lingua slightly damaged), superlinguae slightly expanded laterally, densely covered with long and thin setae replaced apex with small setae up to lower part of the superlinguae ( -Fig. 59 +Fig. 59 ). Labium well developed, glossae dorsally with two distinct long setae and median patch of feathered setae; inner margin slightly concave, outer margin straight or serrated ( -Figs 65–67 +Figs 65–67 ). - + FIGURES 51–52. Larva of @@ -229,26 +230,26 @@ Larva of Thorax. Pronotum moderately enlarged laterally, medially concave, wider than the head, and basally not fused to the mesonotum ( -Figs 51–52 +Figs 51–52 , -78 +78 ), anterior margin of pronotum with a small projection at apex, anteromedially dark black indentation marking, and posterior part of medially with a pair of black spots ( -Fig. 78 +Fig. 78 ). Mesonotum pale and brown color mixed, anterolaterally with deep concavity ( -Fig. 78 +Fig. 78 ). Legs brown with pale markings ( -Figs 68, 71, 75 +Figs 68, 71, 75 ). Foreleg: femur with a row of long strong setae on dorsal margin, anterior surface with numerous blunt stout setae, medially with small indentation of middle, and distally with a black spot ( -Figs 68–70 +Figs 68–70 ). Midleg: femur anterior surface with numerous stout setae, median and distally with black spot; tibia dorsal surface with small stout feathered setae, inner side with small thick setae, and outer margin with a row of hair-like setae ( -Figs 71–74 +Figs 71–74 ). Hindleg: femur with dorsal surface triangle-shaped setae, clearly pointed median, and distally with black spot; tibia with dorsally two rows of stout setae, inner side without setae and marginal and submarginal 17–18 pointed setae ( -Figs 75–77 +Figs 75–77 ). Claw with 3–4 blunt denticles ( -Fig. 77 +Fig. 77 ). - + FIGURES 53–54. Larva of @@ -265,38 +266,38 @@ Larva of Abdomen. Posterolateral expansions on terga III–VIII parallel to abdomen, poorly developed on tergum III, weakly developed on terga IV–V, moderately developed on terga VI–VIII ( -Figs 53–54 +Figs 53–54 ). Dorsal surface of terga I–III pale brown, medially a brown spot; tergum III with laterally black spot; terga IV–V medially with a distinct pale-yellow spot ( -Fig. 51 +Fig. 51 ); terga IV–X brown mixed with pale yellow ( -Fig. 53 +Fig. 53 ); sternum pale yellowish or pale brownish (mature larva), sterna III–VII laterally with brown spot ( -Fig 53–54 +Fig 53–54 ). Posterior margins of terga with irregular pointed teeth and a row of 2–3 microdenticles ( -Figs 84–86 +Figs 84–86 ) and each tergite laterally with small simple setae ( -Fig. 85 +Fig. 85 ). Gill I convex, asymmetrical, elongated, apically moderately sharp, 2.5× longer than wide and ventral lamella long, fimbriate ( -Figs 88 +Figs 88 , -114 +114 ); Gill II–VI strongly asymmetrical, length and width subequal ( -Figs 89–93 +Figs 89–93 ). Gill VII long, 2.5× longer than wide ( -Fig. 94 +Fig. 94 ). Cerci pale brownish with medium brown bands increasing in size towards apex. Paracercus pale whitish with yellow, with a dark brown band on 3–4 segments and each segment surrounded with pointed small yellowish spine-like setae ( -Fig. 55 +Fig. 55 ). Genitals. Protopenis ( -Figs 80–82 +Figs 80–82 ): male genitalia yellowish, penis fused, V-shaped medially, apically blunt, and laterally with tapered square, tergum X triangular and apically with numerous stout setae ( -Fig. 81 +Fig. 81 ). Forceps proximally broad and towards narrow apically. - + FIGURES 55–62. Larva of @@ -309,7 +310,7 @@ Larva of 55. Caudal filaments; 56. Dorsal view of protopenis; 57. Labrum; 58. Labrum closer view (arrow indicates dorsal stout setae); 59. Hypopharynx; 60. Right mandible; 61. Right mandible closer view (arrow indicates incisor teeth and associated setae). 62. Left mandible; - + FIGURES 63–67. Larva of @@ -345,7 +346,7 @@ Erode district, ( India ) ( -Fig. 112 +Fig. 112 ). @@ -373,35 +374,35 @@ but it can be distinguished from all known species of Thalerosphyrus by the following combination of characters: (i) posterolateral expansions on terga III–VIII, terga VI–VIII moderately developed, tergum III poorly developed, weakly developed on terga IV–V ( -Figs 51–54 +Figs 51–54 ); (ii) gill I convex, asymmetrical, elongate, 2.5× longer than wide ( -Fig. 88 +Fig. 88 ); (iii) abdominal tergum III dorsolaterally with black markings ( -Fig. 53 +Fig. 53 ); (iv) abdominal sterna III–VII with laterally black streaks ( -Fig 54 +Fig 54 ); (v) posterior margins of terga with irregular pointed teeth and a row of 2–3 micro denticles ( -Figs 84–86 +Figs 84–86 ); (vi) pronotum moderately enlarged laterally, with anteromedian black marking and submedian pair of black spots ( -Figs 51 +Figs 51 , -78 +78 ); (vii) all femora medially with black maculae and blunt stout setae ( -Figs 68, 71, 75 +Figs 68, 71, 75 ); (viii) hind femur triangular-shaped setae, clearly pointed ( -Fig. 75 +Fig. 75 ); (xi) claw with 3–4 blunt denticles ( -Fig. 77 +Fig. 77 ); (x) labrum moderately expanded laterally, anterior margin straight, medio-ventrally with a curved row composed of 7–8 long stout setae each; lateral margin slightly concave ( -Figs 57–58 +Figs 57–58 ); (xi) hypopharynx narrow and superlinguae slightly expanded laterally with apically with small setae ( -Fig. 59 +Fig. 59 ); (xii) mandibles with lateral margin medially bulged, of mandibles and left mandible inner incisor with three teeth with small stout setae joined with first teeth ( -Figs 60–63 +Figs 60–63 ); (xiii) maxillae broad, galea-lacinia with 14–15 comb-shaped setae ( -Fig. 64 +Fig. 64 ); (xiv) glossae with slightly concave ( -Fig. 66 +Fig. 66 ). diff --git a/data/03/4C/87/034C87EDFFFEFF9FD8B5B5FC88CCFDFE.xml b/data/03/4C/87/034C87EDFFFEFF9FD8B5B5FC88CCFDFE.xml index d01b61b822f..ff3ac054d61 100644 --- a/data/03/4C/87/034C87EDFFFEFF9FD8B5B5FC88CCFDFE.xml +++ b/data/03/4C/87/034C87EDFFFEFF9FD8B5B5FC88CCFDFE.xml @@ -1,69 +1,70 @@ - - - -Two new species of the genus Thalerosphyrus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) from India + + + +Two new species of the genus Thalerosphyrus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) from India - - -Author + + +Author -Vasanth, M. -Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. +Vasanth, M. +Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. - - -Author + + +Author -Kubendran, T. -Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhavan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata- 700 053, India. +Kubendran, T. +Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhavan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata- 700 053, India. - - -Author + + +Author -Subramanian, K. A. -0000-0003-0872-9771 -Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. -subbuka.zsi@gmail.com +Subramanian, K. A. +0000-0003-0872-9771 +Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. +subbuka.zsi@gmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Babu, R. -0000-0001-9147-4540 -Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. -baburzsi@gmail.com +Babu, R. +0000-0001-9147-4540 +Southern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai- 600 028, India. +baburzsi@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-02-03 + +2025 + +2025-02-03 - -5583 + +5583 - -2 + +2 - -247 -270 + +247 +270 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2 -1175-5326 -E5168208-01D7-4218-BE79-67B2E0E61E5E +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2 +1175-5326 +14798053 +E5168208-01D7-4218-BE79-67B2E0E61E5E @@ -82,7 +83,7 @@ Vasanth, Kubendran & Subramanian ( -Figs 1–50 +Figs 1–50 ) @@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ stream, - + FIGURES 1–3. Larva of @@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ Larva of 1. Dorsal view; 2. Ventral view; 3. Lateral view. - + FIGURES 4–5. Larva of @@ -166,42 +167,42 @@ Description. . ( -Fig.1 +Fig.1 ). Length (mm): body 13–14; cerci 9.5–10.5; head length 1.5–2; head width 3.3–3.5; prothorax width 3.5–4 ( -Fig. 25 +Fig. 25 ). Colour. Generally brownish with pale white ( -Fig. 1 +Fig. 1 ). Antennae are pale brown and very short ( -Fig. 5 +Fig. 5 ). Head sub quadrangular, brown with pale dots, and flattened; anterior margin of head with numerous small setae; dorsal surface with four pale dots; ocelli with three black dots mixed with pale colour in the middle ( -Figs 1–5 +Figs 1–5 ). Head. Mouthparts: Labrum expanded laterally, 4.5× wider than long, anterior margin straight, medially bulged with a concave shape and small blunt crenations on either side ( -Figs 12–14 +Figs 12–14 ), dorsal surface with a curved row composed of 10–11 long stout setae ( -Fig. 14 +Fig. 14 ); dorsal surface and anterior margin covered with long, hair-like and stout setae; ventral surface of anterior margin with numerous long setae. Mandibles slightly bent in distal part; anterolateral margins with two rows of dense long hair-like setae; anterolateral margins with median bulge. Right mandible with two outer incisors broad with serrations on the inner margin, composed of 7 blunt teeth; inner incisor with two blunt teeth; prostheca with 6–7 thick setae surrounded with small setae; mola joined, posterior margin with 5–6 hair-like setae ( -Figs 16–17 +Figs 16–17 ). Left mandible with single outer incisor serrated with 6 blunt teeth; inner incisor with two blunt teeth, anterior teeth smaller than posterior; prostheca with 8 thick fimbriate submarginal setae; mola with 7–8 setae and posterior median margin with 5 hair-like setae ( -Figs 18–19 +Figs 18–19 ). Maxilla with long, simple setae on inner margin on the lateral margin and dorsal surface with stout setae. Segment I of maxillary palp on dorsal surface proximally with numerous long thread-like setae and rows of thin and simple setae on outer margin; segment II long and apically broad with rows of numerous long hair-like setae on outer margin; apical segment small, pointed, with rows of simple setae on outer margin. Crown of the galea-lacinia of maxillae with 15–16 comb-shaped bristles ( -Figs 20–22 +Figs 20–22 ). Hypopharynx of lingua with tuft of small robust setae on anterior margin, superlinguae expanded laterally, densely covered with long and thin setae replaced before the apex by very small setae down to the lower part of the superlinguae ( -Fig. 15 +Fig. 15 ). Labium well developed, glossae dorsally with two distinct long setae ( -Fig. 23 +Fig. 23 ); glossae inner margin concave, outer margin serrated, and dorsal surface with numerous long hair-like setae ( -Fig. 24 +Fig. 24 ). - + FIGURES 6–11. Larva of @@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ Larva of 6. Sternum VI–X (middle instar); 7. Sternum VI–X (final instar); 8. Head and thorax ventral view (LRM- Labrum, MX- Maxillae, LIM- Labium); 9. Sternum I (middle instar); 10. Sternum I (final instar); 11. Caudal filament. - + FIGURES 12–19. Larva of @@ -227,7 +228,7 @@ Larva of 12. Labrum; 13. Labrum closer view of lateral part; 14. Labrum closer view of medial part (arrows indicate medial concavity and marginal crenation); 15. Hypopharynx (arrow indicates superlinua setae); 16. Right mandible (arrow indicates incisor closer view); 17. Right mandible closer view; 18. Left mandible; 19. Left mandible (arrow indicates incisor closer view). - + FIGURES 20–24. Larva of @@ -243,36 +244,36 @@ Larva of Thorax. Pronotum moderately enlarged laterally, deeply concave medially, wider than the head, and basally not fused to the mesonotum ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -4 +4 , -25 +25 ), anterior margin of pronotum with a small projection at apex.Anteromedially with black or brown marking and posterior margin medially with black line ( -Figs 4 +Figs 4 , -25 +25 ). Mesonotum with a mix of pale and brown color, anterolaterally with deep concavity ( -Fig. 25 +Fig. 25 ), and black posteriorly at lateroparapsidal suture. Legs yellowish brown with black markings ( -Figs 31–37 +Figs 31–37 ). Foreleg: femur with marginal row of long strong bristles, anterior and dorsal surface with numerous blunt stout setae, medially with small black maculae and distally with a small black spot ( -Figs 31–33 +Figs 31–33 ). Tibia inner margin with few sharp stout setae ( -Fig. 38 +Fig. 38 ). Tarsi without any setation. Midleg: femur dorsal surface with numerous long stout setae along with dorsal margin, medially with small black maculae, and distally with small black maculae ( -Figs 34–35 +Figs 34–35 ); tibia outer margin with rows of numerous hair-like setae and dorsal surface with U-shaped patella-tibial suture ( -Fig. 39 +Fig. 39 ). Hindleg: similar to fore and midleg but the dorsal surface with arrow-shaped, blunt and strong setae ( -Figs 36–37 +Figs 36–37 ). Tibia with dorsally 15–16 pointed bristles on marginal or submarginal position and U-shaped patella-tibial suture and tarsi outer margin with few hair-like setae ( -Figs 40–41 +Figs 40–41 ). Claws of all legs with 3 blunt denticles ( -Figs 42–43 +Figs 42–43 ). - + FIGURES 25–30. Larva of @@ -288,34 +289,34 @@ Larva of Abdomen. Posterolateral expansions on terga II–VIII and directed parallel to abdomen, slightly developed on terga II–III and well developed on terga IV–VIII ( -Figs 4–7 +Figs 4–7 ). Dorsal surface of terga I–II pale with brown; tergum III with black with white spot; terga IV–VI with distinct four pale spots ( -Fig. 4 +Fig. 4 ); terga VII–VIII medially pale band and laterally brown; tergum IX with anteriorly pale and posterior brown band; tergum X 1/3 brown and pale bands ( -Figs 1–2 +Figs 1–2 ); middle instar and mature larvae in slightly variable coloration ( -Fig. 4 +Fig. 4 ). Dorsal surface of sternum commonly pale, medially brown, and laterally light brown spots ( -Fig. 2 +Fig. 2 ); abdominal sterna III–VII with laterally pale brown streaks; sterna VII–IX medially very dark brown maculae ( -Figs 6–7 +Figs 6–7 ). Sternum I, joining to the metanotum, has brown streaked maculae ( -Figs 9–10 +Figs 9–10 ). Posterior margins of each tergum with irregular pointed teeth and a row of two microdenticles ( -Figs 28–29 +Figs 28–29 ) and each tergum laterally with small simple setae. Gill I convex, asymmetrical, elongated, apically blunt, 2.5× longer than wide; ventral lamella, long fimbriate ( -Figs 44 +Figs 44 , -113 +113 ); Gill II–VI strongly asymmetrical, length longer than width or subequal, tracheae well developed ( -Figs 45–49 +Figs 45–49 ). Gill VII broad and apically blunt ( -Fig. 50 +Fig. 50 ). Cerci dark brownish with band pale increasing in size towards the apex. Paracercus dark brownish with yellow, with a dark brown band every 5–6 segments and each segment surrounded with pointed small yellowish spine-like bristles ( -Fig. 30 +Fig. 30 ). - + FIGURES 31–37. Larva of @@ -331,7 +332,7 @@ Larva of Genitals. Protopenis: male genitalia yellowish, apically blunt, and laterally expanded, segment X triangular and apically with numerous small setae ( -Fig. 27 +Fig. 27 ). Forceps proximally broad and distally narrow, simple. @@ -366,7 +367,7 @@ Purulia district, ( India ) ( -Fig. 111 +Fig. 111 ). @@ -389,39 +390,39 @@ but can be distinguished from all known species of Thalerosphyrus by the following combination of characters: (i) posterolateral expansions on terga II–III slightly developed and terga VI–VIII well-developed ( -Figs 2 +Figs 2 , -6–7 +6–7 ); (ii) tergum III bears a broad black with white spot ( -Figs 1 +Figs 1 , -4–5 +4–5 ); (iii) terga VII–VIII medially with a pale white band and laterally brown; tergum IX with anteriorly pale and posteriorly brown band ( -Figs 4–5 +Figs 4–5 ); (iv) abdominal sterna III–VII with laterally brown streaks; sterna VII–IX medially very dark brown maculae ( -Figs 2 +Figs 2 , -6–7 +6–7 ); (v) posterior margins of abdominal terga with irregular pointed teeth and a row of few micro denticles ( -Figs 28–29 +Figs 28–29 ); (vi) pronotum moderately enlarged laterally, with ornamentation of anteromedian black marking ( -Fig. 25 +Fig. 25 ); (vii) all femora with various stout setae, medially black maculae ( -Figs 31–37 +Figs 31–37 ); (viii) hind femur dorsal surface with triangle-shaped blunt setae tibia 15–16 pointed bristles on marginal or submarginal position ( -Fig. 40 +Fig. 40 ); (xi) claw with 3 blunt denticles ( -Figs 42–43 +Figs 42–43 ); (x) gill I convex, asymmetrical, elongated, apically blunt, 2.5× longer than wide ( -Fig. 44 +Fig. 44 ); (xi) labrum expanded laterally, 4.5× wider than long, anterior margin straight, medially bulged with a concave shape and small blunt crenations on either side, medio-ventrally with a curved row composed of 10–11 long stout setae ( -Figs 12–14 +Figs 12–14 ); (xii) hypopharynx broad, lingua apically with small setae and superlinguae expanded laterally ( -Fig. 15 +Fig. 15 ); (xiii) maxillae broad, galea-lacinia with 15–16 comb-shaped bristles ( -Fig. 20 +Fig. 20 ); (xvi) glossae broad, inner margin concave and outer margin serrated ( -Fig. 24 +Fig. 24 ). diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625162F75B95E1FB02FBE3F95E.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625162F75B95E1FB02FBE3F95E.xml index ee75d1905cb..14c2697690b 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625162F75B95E1FB02FBE3F95E.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625162F75B95E1FB02FBE3F95E.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -146,9 +147,9 @@ species : fig. 10, 2009: fig. 45, Fomichev & Marusik 2021 : fig. 23 and -Figs 109–110, 112 +Figs 109–110, 112 , -116–117 +116–117 herein). We therefore propose the transfer of P @@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ to Known only from Malta in Mediterranean Europe ( -Fig. 121 +Fig. 121 ). diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625162F75C95E1F8F2FBD6FE65.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625162F75C95E1F8F2FBD6FE65.xml index 23abfc42d01..cef06285c90 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625162F75C95E1F8F2FBD6FE65.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625162F75C95E1F8F2FBD6FE65.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -150,9 +151,9 @@ and : fig. 10, 2009: fig. 45, Fomichev & Marusik 2021 : fig. 23, and -Figs 109–110, 112 +Figs 109–110, 112 , -116–117 +116–117 herein). We therefore propose the transfer of P @@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ to Known only from France in Mediterranean Europe ( -Fig. 121 +Fig. 121 ). diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625164F75D95E1FD87FBD6FB91.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625164F75D95E1FD87FBD6FB91.xml index 296e87d9463..95a1d25c9ef 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625164F75D95E1FD87FBD6FB91.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625164F75D95E1FD87FBD6FB91.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -160,9 +161,9 @@ species : fig. 10, 2009: fig. 45, Fomichev & Marusik 2021 : fig. 23, and -Figs 109–110, 112 +Figs 109–110, 112 , -116–117 +116–117 herein). We therefore propose the transfer of P @@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ to Known only from France in Mediterranean Europe ( -Fig. 121 +Fig. 121 ). diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625165F75C95E1FDE3FB8FFAFD.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625165F75C95E1FDE3FB8FFAFD.xml index b7c6b08fa10..9378006fa77 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625165F75C95E1FDE3FB8FFAFD.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625165F75C95E1FDE3FB8FFAFD.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -252,11 +253,11 @@ above, and the epigyne has a small median atrium, as well as a vulva with featur comb. nov. above (cf. -Figs 1–20 +Figs 1–20 , -54–57 +54–57 , -109–119 +109–119 and Levy 1999 : figs 17–18, 2009: 44–45). Based on the similarity in genitalic structure and somatic morphology of this species to @@ -292,7 +293,7 @@ Known from , Spain ( -Fig. 121 +Fig. 121 ). diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625165F75D95E1FA5BFDE3FE41.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625165F75D95E1FA5BFDE3FE41.xml index 95fef19f428..ffdad2e2cc8 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625165F75D95E1FA5BFDE3FE41.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625165F75D95E1FA5BFDE3FE41.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -270,11 +271,11 @@ and Macarophaeus : distomedially originating broad conductor with prolateral fold, apically originating claw-like embolus with broad embolic base, medially contiguous sperm duct with single loop, robust RTA with apical bifurcation, epigyne with median extension and vulva with short copulatory ducts, large, bean-shaped primary, and small secondary spermathecae (cf. -Figs 1–20 +Figs 1–20 , -54–57 +54–57 , -109–119 +109–119 and Levy 1999 : figs 6–9). Based on these observations, we propose transferring @@ -294,7 +295,7 @@ to Distribution. Known from Asia, Africa and Europe ( -Fig. 121 +Fig. 121 ). This is the only Palaearctic species that has a distribution extending into Africa. diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C86862516CF75595E1FEABFB66FCD9.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C86862516CF75595E1FEABFB66FCD9.xml index 3c275d65439..b07fee41926 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C86862516CF75595E1FEABFB66FCD9.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C86862516CF75595E1FEABFB66FCD9.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -159,13 +160,13 @@ Coşar 2024 : figs 5C–F, 8A–D and -Figs 1–8 +Figs 1–8 , -54–55 +54–55 , -109–112 +109–112 , -116–117 +116–117 ). Based on the similarity in genitalic structure and somatic morphology of this species to Trichothyse @@ -187,7 +188,7 @@ Known only from the locality in Turkey in western Asia ( -Fig. 121 +Fig. 121 ). diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C86862516CF75A95E1FC7BFB65FC7D.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C86862516CF75A95E1FC7BFB65FC7D.xml index cbcd0103e7d..abeb9c0e82d 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C86862516CF75A95E1FC7BFB65FC7D.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C86862516CF75A95E1FC7BFB65FC7D.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ -Figs 90–119 +Figs 90–119 @@ -259,9 +260,9 @@ in the general aspects of its palp, but can be distinguished from the latter by comb. nov. ) (cf. -Figs 109–112 +Figs 109–112 , -116–117 +116–117 and Di Franco 2001 : figs 3–4). Females are similar to those of @@ -290,9 +291,9 @@ and comb. nov. ) (cf. -Figs 113–115 +Figs 113–115 , -118–119 +118–119 and Levy 1999 : figs 13–14). @@ -303,26 +304,26 @@ and Description. Male (Gajaimata area, ZSI/WGRC/IR.-INV.27841, -Figs 90–99 +Figs 90–99 ). Carapace, clypeus, chelicerae, labium, endites, sternum, scutum and legs brown, eye field slightly darker than carapace, abdomen ash-grey with indistinct median longitudinal black stripe, spinnerets olive brown; carapace with faintly darker striae radiating from fovea, densely covered with white appressed hairs, cephalic part provided with few stiff black setae medially ( -Fig. 94 +Fig. 94 ). Fovea narrow, longitudinal, straight, red-brown ( -Fig. 90 +Fig. 90 ). Cheliceral promargin with long black setae, with low keel and denticle ( -Fig. 95 +Fig. 95 ; arrow); retromargin without long setae, keel or denticle ( -Fig. 96 +Fig. 96 ). Abdomen oval, hirsute ( -Fig. 90 +Fig. 90 ); dorsal abdomen anteriorly with short, inverted triangular-shaped scutum, with four distinct sigilla, two circular and remaining two rice grain-shaped ( -Fig. 90 +Fig. 90 ). Metatarsi I–II and all tarsi with well-developed scopulae, scopulae on tarsi complete, those on metatarsi restricted distally ( -Figs 98–99 +Figs 98–99 ). Spinnerets hirsute ( -Fig. 97 +Fig. 97 ). Body length 3.72. Carapace 1.55 long, 1.11 wide. Abdomen 2.14 long, 1.23 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.07, AME 0.12, PLE 0.08, PME 0.08; ALE–PLE 0.05, AME–AME 0.05, AME–PME 0.10, PME–PLE 0.03, PME–PME 0.06. AME and ALE nearly contiguous. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.09, at ALEs 0.08. Chelicerae 0.44 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 1.28 [0.51, 0.18, 0.16, 0.43], I 3.18 [0.99, 0.48, 0.74, 0.54, 0.43], II 2.92 [0.92, 0.39, 0.68, 0.54, 0.39], III 3.03 [0.91, 0.40, 0.60, 0.66, 0.46], IV 3.94 [1.10, 0.50, 0.85, 1.01, 0.48]. Leg formula: 4132. Spination of palp: femur pld 1 do 2, patella pld 1, tibia rld 1, tarsus/cymbium pl 1 rl 2; legs: femur I–II pl 1 do 2, III–IV pld 2 do 3 rld 2; patella I–II spineless, III–IV pld 1 rld 1; tibia I–II plv 2 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 3 plv 2 rlv 2, IV pl 1 rl 2 pld 1 rld 2 plv 3 rlv 3; metatarsus I–II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 1 pld 3 rld 2 plv 2 rlv 2, IV pl 1 rl 2 pld 3 rld 3 plv 3 rlv 3; tarsus I–IV spineless. - + FIGURES 90–99. Somatic morphology of @@ -338,7 +339,7 @@ Somatic morphology of , male from Jaisalmer. 90. Habitus, dorsal view; 91. Same, retrolateral view; 92. Same, frontal view; 93. Eye region, dorsal view; 94. Carapace showing row of setae, dorsal view; 95. Left chelicera, prolateral view; 96. Same, retrolateral view; 97. Spinnerets, ventral view; 98. Leg I, retrolateral view; 99. Leg IV, retrolateral view. Arrow indicates keel on the cheliceral promargin. Scale bars: 90–91 = 1.0 mm; 92–96 = 0.1 mm; 97 = 0.2 mm; 98–99 = 0.5 mm. - + FIGURES 100–108. Somatic morphology of @@ -357,32 +358,32 @@ Somatic morphology of Palp ( -Figs 109–112 +Figs 109–112 , -116–117 +116–117 ): segments brown. RTA rod-shaped, nearly half the length of cymbium, with small, stout prolateral and roughly globular retrolateral branches ( -Figs 109–112 +Figs 109–112 , -116–117 +116–117 ). Cymbial flange nearly half of length of cymbium, anteriorly with serration-like modification ( -Figs 109 +Figs 109 , -116 +116 ). Tegulum elongate-oval, sac-like ( -Figs 109 +Figs 109 , -116 +116 ). Conductor membranous, with slight median curvature, flat distal part wrapping embolus, proximal part lying parallel to embolus, and smoothly rounded apex directed at 2-o’ clock ventrally ( -Figs 109–110 +Figs 109–110 , -116–117 +116–117 ). Embolus arising apically, narrow, claw-like, lying adjacent to conductor, slightly curved retrolaterally, with tip directed at 1-o’ clock ventrally, with broad embolic base ( -Figs 109–110 +Figs 109–110 , -116–117 +116–117 ). - + FIGURES 109–115. Genitalic morphology of @@ -398,7 +399,7 @@ Genitalic morphology of : 109–112. Male left palp: 109. Ventral view; 110. Same, retrolateral view; 111. Same, dorsal view; 112. RTA enlarged, retrolateral view. 113–115. Female genitalia: 113. Intact epigyne, ventral view; 114. Epigyne after clearing in 10% KOH, ventral view; 115. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm. - + FIGURES 116–119. Genitalic morphology of @@ -417,33 +418,33 @@ Genitalic morphology of Female (Sudasari area, ZSI/WGRC/IR.-INV.27844, -Figs 100–108 +Figs 100–108 ). General aspects essentially as in male except the following: habitus colour lighter than male. Carapace with randomly arranged black stiff setae. Dorsal abdomen without scutum, with six sigilla ( -Fig. 100 +Fig. 100 ). Body length 4.69. Carapace 2.09 long, 1.51 wide. Abdomen 2.57 long, 1.73 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.08, AME 0.13, PLE 0.09, PME 0.09; ALE–PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.06, AME–PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.06, PME–PME 0.09. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.10, at ALEs 0.09. Length of chelicerae 0.68. Length of palp and legs: palp 1.51 [0.50, 0.23, 0.30, 0.48], I 4.01 [1.28, 0.68, 0.87, 0.70, 0.48], II 3.88 [1.21, 0.55, 0.86, 0.74, 0.52], III 3.92 [1.21, 0.53, 0.78, 0.80, 0.60], IV 5.17 [1.50, 0.61, 1.13, 1.32, 0.61]. Leg formula: 4132. Spination of palp: femur do 2, tibia do 2 rld 1, tarsus pl 1 do 2 rlv 1; legs: femur I pl 1 do 3, II pl 2 do 3, III do 1 plv 2 rlv 2, IV do 3 pld 1 rld 1; patella III rld 1; tibia I plv 1 rlv 1, II plv 2, III pl 1 rl 2 pld 1 rld 2 plv 2 rlv 3, IV pl 1 rl 3 pld 1 rld 1 plv 3 rlv 3; metatarsus I–II plv 1, III pl 1 rl 2 pld 3 rld 2 plv 3 rlv 3, IV pl 2 rl 2 pld 2 rld 3 plv 3 rlv 3. Genitalia ( -Figs 113–115 +Figs 113–115 , -118–119 +118–119 ): epigyne hirsute, less sclerotised, with weakly notched posterior border line, with median extension having broad angular posterior and narrow anterior parts, with large, median atrium ( -Figs 113–114 +Figs 113–114 , -118 +118 ). Copulatory openings lie at lateral rims of atrium. Copulatory ducts slightly wavy ( -Fig. 119 +Fig. 119 ). Primary spermathecae bean-shaped, lying parallel to each other ( -Figs 115 +Figs 115 , -119 +119 ). Paired secondary spermathecae short, parallel to each other, with oval heads, which were erroneously interpreted in Sankaran & Caleb (2021) as copulatory ducts ( -Figs 115 +Figs 115 , -119 +119 ). Fertilization ducts narrow, diverging ( -Fig. 119 +Fig. 119 ). @@ -471,11 +472,11 @@ species species : distomedially originating broad conductor with prolateral fold, apically originating claw-like embolus with broad embolic base, medially contiguous sperm duct with single loop, robust RTA with apical bifurcation, epigyne with median extension, and vulva with short copulatory ducts, large, bean-shaped primary and small secondary spermathecae (cf. -Figs 1–20 +Figs 1–20 , -54–57 +54–57 , -Figs 109–119 +Figs 109–119 and Sankaran & Caleb 2021: figs 49–51). Based on these observations, we propose transferring P @@ -495,7 +496,7 @@ to Known from the Jaisalmer and Jodhpur districts of Rajasthan ( -Fig. 121 +Fig. 121 ). diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C86862516DF75495E1FF1EFF24FCBF.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C86862516DF75495E1FF1EFF24FCBF.xml index 1c5e56a9346..75e79057a6b 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C86862516DF75495E1FF1EFF24FCBF.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C86862516DF75495E1FF1EFF24FCBF.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -148,13 +149,13 @@ and : distomedially originating broad conductor with prolateral fold, apically originating claw-like embolus with broad embolic base, medially contiguous sperm duct with single loop and robust RTA with apical bifurcation (cf. Di Franco 2001 : figs 3–4 and -Figs 1–8 +Figs 1–8 , -54–55 +54–55 , -109–112 +109–112 , -116–117 +116–117 ). We therefore propose the transfer of P @@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ Recorded from three countries in Mediterranean Europe, i.e. , and Italy ( -Fig. 121 +Fig. 121 ). diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625170F74B95E1FC9FFB2BFCA1.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625170F74B95E1FC9FFB2BFCA1.xml index 42687c1271b..2912bf6bd77 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625170F74B95E1FC9FFB2BFCA1.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625170F74B95E1FC9FFB2BFCA1.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -76,11 +77,11 @@ Haddad & Sankaran -Figs 3, 7 +Figs 3, 7 , -11, 17 +11, 17 , -42–57 +42–57 @@ -251,13 +252,13 @@ are similar to those of comb. nov. in the general structure of the palp but can be distinguished by the different passage of the sperm duct, the more gradual curvature of the embolus ( -Figs 3–4 +Figs 3–4 , -54 +54 ), and the shorter basal section and the longer/sharper dorsal branch of the RTA in retrolateral view ( -Figs 7–8 +Figs 7–8 , -55 +55 ). Females of T. karoo @@ -277,9 +278,9 @@ and comb. nov. the almost parallel mesal margins of the primary spermathecae but can be distinguished from all their congeners by the presence of a sclerotised posterior mesal ridge that terminates in a small teardrop-shaped atrium centrally in the epigyne (cf. -Figs 9, 13, 15, 19 +Figs 9, 13, 15, 19 and -Figs 56–57 +Figs 56–57 ). @@ -290,24 +291,24 @@ and ( holotype , Matjiesfontein, NCA 2016/2262, -Figs 42–47 +Figs 42–47 ). Carapace, clypeus, chelicerae, labium, endites and sternum deep orange-brown ( -Figs 42–45 +Figs 42–45 ); legs deep yellow-brown, with black mottling, femora slightly darker than other segments ( -Figs 46–47 +Figs 46–47 ); eye field slightly darker than rest of carapace ( -Figs 43–44 +Figs 43–44 ); abdomen dark grey dorsally, almost black laterally; spinnerets dark grey; venter creamy-grey. Carapace with faintly darker striae radiating from fovea, densely covered with white appressed hairs, cephalic part, and posterior slope with several stiff, erect black setae. Eye field as in genus description ( -Figs 43–44 +Figs 43–44 ). Fovea narrow, longitudinal, straight, dark brown. Anterior surface of cheliceral paturon with numerous long black setae; promargin with low keel ending in small denticle, with additional distal tiny denticle ( -Fig. 45 +Fig. 45 ; arrow); keel continuing along entire length of promargin; retromargin without keel or denticle. Abdomen oval, hirsute; dorsum anteriorly with narrow, shiny brown scutum extending slightly less than ½ abdominal length, with three pairs of distinct oval sigilla, two pairs close together near posterior of scutum, at ⅓ abdomen length, third pair just behind midpoint ( -Fig. 42 +Fig. 42 ). Metatarsi I–II and all tarsi with well-developed complete scopulae ( -Figs 46–47 +Figs 46–47 ), on metatarsi III and IV restricted distally. Spinnerets hirsute. Body length 5.40. Carapace 2.60 long, 1.76 wide. Abdomen 3.22 long, 1.80 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.14, AME 0.17, PLE 0.14, PME 0.13; ALE–PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.05, AME–PME 0.16, PME–PLE 0.09, PME–PME 0.10. AME and ALE nearly contiguous. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.12, at ALEs 0.10. Chelicerae 0.83 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 2.10 [0.73, 0.36, 0.23, 0.78], I 5.77 [1.70, 1.05, 1.23, 1.09, 0.70], II 5.53 [1.62, 0.98, 1.19, 1.08, 0.66], III 5.26 [1.56, 0.82, 1.12, 1.13, 0.63], IV 7.01 [1.90, 1.05, 1.43, 1.85, 0.78]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pl 1 do 2, patella pl 1 do 1, tibia pl 1, tarsus plv 1 rlv 1; legs: femur I–II pl 1 do 3, III–IV pl 2 do 3 rl 2; patella I, II, IV spineless, III rl 1; tibia I–II vt 2, III pl 4 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2; metatarsus I–II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 4 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 4 rl 4 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 3. - + FIGURES 42–47. Somatic morphology of @@ -324,27 +325,27 @@ Haddad & Sankaran Palp ( -Figs 3, 7 +Figs 3, 7 , -54–55 +54–55 ): segments yellow-brown, cymbium darker ( -Figs 3, 7 +Figs 3, 7 ). RTA with stout base, with slender finger-like ventral branch and slightly shorter sharply pointed triangular dorsal branch ( -Figs 3, 7 +Figs 3, 7 , -54–55 +54–55 ). Cymbial flange indistinct, approximately half the length of cymbium, smooth along most of its length. Tegulum elongate-oval, sac-like ( -Figs 3 +Figs 3 , -54 +54 ). Conductor membranous, passing behind embolus, with proximal part parallel to embolus and smoothly rounded apex directed retrolaterally ( -Figs 3, 7 +Figs 3, 7 , -54–55 +54–55 ). Embolus arising prolaterally, then curving retrolaterally at distal part to form a claw-shaped tip, directed at 3-o’clock ( -Figs 3, 7 +Figs 3, 7 , -54–55 +54–55 ). @@ -352,39 +353,39 @@ Haddad & Sankaran ( paratype , Matjiesfontein, NCA 2016/2243, -Figs 48–53 +Figs 48–53 ). General aspects essentially as in male except the following: habitus colour lighter than male, legs yellow-brown, with metatarsi and tarsi slightly darker ( -Figs 48, 52–53 +Figs 48, 52–53 ). Abdomen without dorsal scutum, with three pairs of distinct oval sigilla, first two pairs at ¼ abdomen length and third pair at ½ abdomen length ( -Fig. 48 +Fig. 48 ). Body length 7.12. Carapace 2.86 long, 1.80 wide. Abdomen 3.91 long, 2.16 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.16, AME 0.17, PLE 0.15, PME 0.14; ALE–PLE 0.13, AME–AME 0.09, AME–PME 0.15, PME–PLE 0.10, PME–PME 0.11. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.11, at ALEs 0.10. Chelicerae 0.95 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 2.24 [0.81, 0.35, 0.36, 0.72], I 6.08 [1.80, 1.10, 1.28, 1.12, 0.78], II 6.03 [1.79, 1.11, 1.28, 1.17, 0.68], III 5.72 [1.65, 0.92, 1.12, 1.23, 0.80], IV 7.41 [2.04, 1.10, 1.57, 1.88, 0.82]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pl 1 do 2, patella pl 1, tibia pl 2 do 1 rl 1 plv 2, tarsus pl 1 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2; legs: femur I pl 1 do 3, II pl 2 do 3, III pl 2 do 3 rl 2, IV pl 1 do 2 rl 1; patella I, II and IV spineless, III pl 1 rl 1; tibia I–II vt 1, III pl 4 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2; metatarsus I plv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 4 rl 3 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 4 rl 4 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 4. Genitalia ( -Figs 11, 17 +Figs 11, 17 , -56–57 +56–57 ): epigyne originally hirsute, hairs lost during cleaning, with narrow median hourglass-shaped ridge in posterior half formed by posterior lobes, terminating anteriorly in small teardrop-shaped atrium in centre of epigyne ( -Figs 11 +Figs 11 , -56 +56 ; arrow). Copulatory openings indistinct, at posterior edge of posterior lobes. Copulatory ducts very short, partly obscured by primary spermathecae ( -Figs 17 +Figs 17 , -57 +57 ). Primary spermathecae parallel-sided, separated by slightly less than half their width ( -Figs 17 +Figs 17 , -57 +57 ). Paired secondary spermathecae short, globular, partly obscured by primary spermathecae ( -Figs 17 +Figs 17 , -57 +57 ). Fertilization ducts broad, undulating, diverging ( -Figs 17 +Figs 17 , -57 +57 ). @@ -398,7 +399,7 @@ Male (n = 4): body length 4.60–6.05, mean 5.28. Known only from the semi-arid south-western parts of South Africa ( -Fig. 120 +Fig. 120 ). diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625174F74E95E1FCF1FEF8FEA9.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625174F74E95E1FCF1FEF8FEA9.xml index 12e8108ef7b..71cbc2f332e 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625174F74E95E1FCF1FEF8FEA9.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625174F74E95E1FCF1FEF8FEA9.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -75,9 +76,9 @@ -Figs 12, 18 +Figs 12, 18 , -58–63 +58–63 @@ -150,9 +151,9 @@ can be recognised by the less strongly curved primary spermathecae, while separa T. hortensis (cf. -Fig. 18 +Fig. 18 and -Fig. 16 +Fig. 16 ). Male unknown. @@ -165,31 +166,31 @@ and , Kunene River, SAMC B6143, -Figs 58–63 +Figs 58–63 ). Carapace, clypeus, chelicerae, labium, endites, sternum, scutum and legs orange-brown ( -Figs 58–61 +Figs 58–61 ). Abdomen uniform grey ( -Fig. 58 +Fig. 58 ), anterior lateral spinnerets yellow-brown, posterior, median and lateral spinnerets creamy-grey; carapace with faintly darker striae radiating from fovea, densely covered with white appressed hairs; clypeus and posterior slope provided with numerous erect stiff black setae. Fovea narrow, longitudinal, straight, dark brown. Anterior surface of cheliceral paturon with long black setae, promargin with low keel ending in distal tooth, with small denticle beyond it ( -Fig. 61 +Fig. 61 ; arrow); retromargin with single tiny basal denticle. Abdomen oval, hirsute; dorsum without scutum, with three pairs of distinct oval sigilla, two pairs at ¼ abdomen length and third pair at midpoint ( -Fig. 58 +Fig. 58 ). Metatarsi I–II and all tarsi with well-developed complete scopulae ( -Figs 62–63 +Figs 62–63 ), scopulae on metatarsi III and IV restricted distally. Spinnerets hirsute. Body length 12.10. Carapace 4.40 long, 3.14 wide.Abdomen 7.62 long, 4.39 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.26, AME 0.23, PLE 0.19, PME 0.17; ALE–PLE 0.16, AME–AME 0.10, AME–PME 0.25, PME–PLE 0.17, PME–PME 0.21. AME and ALE nearly contiguous. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.19, at ALEs 0.17. Chelicerae 1.48 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 2.93 [1.11, 0.54, 0.50, 0.78], I 8.94 [2.65, 1.70, 1.93, 1.71, 0.95], II 8.92 [2.59, 1.73, 1.89, 1.70, 1.01], III 8.54 [2.55, 1.35, 1.72, 1.93, 0.99], IV 10.66 [2.98, 1.58, 2.28, 2.81, 1.01]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pl 2 do 2, patella pl 1, tibia pl 2 rl 1 rlv 1, tarsus plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2; legs: femur I pl 1 do 3, II pl 2 do 3, III pl 2 do 3 rl 2, IV pl 1 do 3 rl 1; patella I–II spineless, III pl 1 rl 1, IV rl 1; tibia I–II vt 1, III pl 3 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2; metatarsus I–II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 3 rl 3 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 3 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 3; tarsus I–IV spineless. Genitalia ( -Figs 12, 18 +Figs 12, 18 ): epigyne hirsute, with paired S-shaped margins forming a broad shallow atrium ( -Fig. 12 +Fig. 12 ; arrow). Copulatory openings indistinct, hidden behind anterior edge of posterior lobes, visible when epigyne is rotated on its longitudinal axis. Copulatory ducts short, and secondary spermathecae entirely obscured by primary spermathecae ( -Fig. 18 +Fig. 18 ). Primary spermathecae convex, forming arrowhead-shaped space between them, separated by less than the width of each spermatheca ( -Fig. 18 +Fig. 18 ). Fertilization ducts narrow, slightly undulating, diverging ( -Fig. 18 +Fig. 18 ). @@ -203,7 +204,7 @@ locality, on the north-western border between and Angola ( -Fig. 120 +Fig. 120 ). diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625175F74D95E1F8BAFC42FD6B.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625175F74D95E1F8BAFC42FD6B.xml index afc34ccddd5..7921096e7b5 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625175F74D95E1F8BAFC42FD6B.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625175F74D95E1F8BAFC42FD6B.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -196,11 +197,11 @@ and Macarophaeus : distomedially originating broad conductor with prolateral bend, apically originating claw-like embolus with broad embolic base, medially contiguous sperm duct with single loop, robust RTA with apical bifurcation, epigyne with a median extension of anterior margin and vulva with short copulatory ducts, large, bean-shaped primary and small secondary spermathecae (cf. -Figs 1–20 +Figs 1–20 , -54–57 +54–57 , -109–119 +109–119 and Levy 1999 : figs 10–14). Moreover, in the original description, O. @@ -229,7 +230,7 @@ to Mediterranean North Africa and Ethiopia ( -Fig. 120 +Fig. 120 ). diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625177F75195E1F9F2FB91FF4D.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625177F75195E1F9F2FB91FF4D.xml index 632966f64fd..4fb942ae09e 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C868625177F75195E1F9F2FB91FF4D.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C868625177F75195E1F9F2FB91FF4D.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -78,11 +79,11 @@ -Figs 4, 8 +Figs 4, 8 , -13, 19 +13, 19 , -64–75 +64–75 @@ -391,9 +392,9 @@ closely resemble those of sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the different passage of the sperm duct, the sharper bend of the embolus ( -Figs 3–4 +Figs 3–4 ), the longer basal section of the RTA (approximately the same length as the dorsal branch), and the shorter, stouter dorsal branch of the RTA in retrolateral view ( -Figs 7–8 +Figs 7–8 ). Females of T. zuluensis @@ -409,15 +410,15 @@ have almost parallel mesal margins of the primary spermathecae, as do sp. nov. , but can be distinguished from it by the heart-shaped atrium being placed at posterior middle of the epigyne (cf. -Figs 13, 19 +Figs 13, 19 and -Figs 11, 17 +Figs 11, 17 ; also see Lawrence 1938 : fig. 14). - + FIGURES 64–69. Somatic morphology of @@ -438,63 +439,63 @@ Somatic morphology of Description. Male (Ndumo, NCA 2021/1255, -Figs 64–69 +Figs 64–69 ). Carapace and chelicerae dark brown, labium, endites, sternum, scutum and legs orange-brown ( -Figs 64, 67–69 +Figs 64, 67–69 ); legs with faint black mottling, femora darker and tarsi paler than patellae, tibiae and metatarsi. Abdomen dark grey, spinnerets dark brown; carapace with faintly darker striae radiating from fovea, densely covered with white appressed hairs, with stiff erect black setae in eye region, along midline and on posterior slope. Fovea narrow, longitudinal, straight, dark brown. Anterior surface of cheliceral paturon with long black setae, promargin with low undulating keel ending in blunt distal tooth ( -Fig. 67 +Fig. 67 ; arrow); retromargin without denticle. Abdomen oval, hirsute, with deep orange-brown oval dorsal scutum extending slightly more than ⅓ abdomen length ( -Fig. 64 +Fig. 64 ); three pairs of distinct sigilla, first and second pairs at ⅓ abdomen length, on posterior margin of scutum, third pair slightly beyond midpoint ( -Fig. 64 +Fig. 64 ). Metatarsi I–II and all tarsi with well-developed complete scopulae ( -Figs 68–69 +Figs 68–69 ), scopulae on metatarsi III and IV restricted distally. Spinnerets hirsute. Body length 8.20. Carapace 3.75 long, 2.55 wide. Abdomen 4.60 long, 2.53 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.17, AME 0.21, PLE 0.17, PME 0.16; ALE–PLE 0.13, AME–AME 0.17, AME–PME 0.17, PME–PLE 0.10, PME–PME 0.15. AME and ALE nearly contiguous. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.14, at ALEs 0.16. Chelicerae 1.32 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 3.37 [1.18, 0.52, 0.45, 1.22], I 8.45 [2.55, 1.39, 1.90, 1.73, 0.88], II 8.43 [2.32, 1.62, 1.87, 1.70, 0.92], III 8.06 [2.20, 1.30, 1.70, 1.88, 0.98], IV 9.84 [2.33, 1.52, 2.23, 2.76, 1.00]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pl 2 do 2, patella and tibia spineless, tarsus plv 1 rlv 2; legs: femur I pl 1 do 3, II pl 2 do 3, III pl 2 do 3 rl 2, IV pl 1 do 3 rl 2; patella I, II and IV spineless, III pl 1 rl 1; tibia I–II plv 1 vt 1, III pl 4 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 1; metatarsus I–II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 4 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 4, IV pl 4 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 3. Palp ( -Figs 4, 8 +Figs 4, 8 ): segments brown, cymbium darker ( -Fig. 4 +Fig. 4 ). RTA with stout base, with straight finger-like ventral branch directed almost vertically and markedly shorter, sharply pointed triangular dorsal branch ( -Figs 4, 8 +Figs 4, 8 ). Cymbial flange indistinct, approximately half the length of cymbium, smooth along most of its length. Tegulum oval, sac-like ( -Fig. 4 +Fig. 4 ). Conductor membranous, passing behind embolus, with proximal section parallel to embolus, bending at right angle, apex smoothly rounded and directed at 3-o’clock ( -Figs 4, 8 +Figs 4, 8 ). Embolus arising apically, base parallel-sided and initially directed at 10-o’clock, with sharp bend to spike-like tip, directed at 1-o’clock ( -Figs 4, 8 +Figs 4, 8 ). Female (Ndumo, NCA 2020/857, -Figs 70–75 +Figs 70–75 ). Similar to male except the following: carapace and chelicerae brown, labium, endites, sternum and legs yellow-brown ( -Figs 70, 73–75 +Figs 70, 73–75 ); legs covered in faint black mottling, all metatarsi and tarsi I and II slightly darker than other segments; palps similar but tarsi darker. Abdomen mottled grey, spinnerets yellow-brown. Cheliceral promargin with low keel ending in distal tooth, with small denticle beyond it ( -Fig. 73 +Fig. 73 ; arrow); retromargin without denticle. Abdomen oval, hirsute ( -Fig. 70 +Fig. 70 ), with three pairs of distinct oval sigilla, two pairs at ⅓ abdomen length and third pair just beyond midpoint ( -Fig. 70 +Fig. 70 ). Body length 8.10. Carapace 2.84 long, 1.99 wide. Abdomen 5.20 long, 2.83 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.16, AME 0.19, PLE 0.14, PME 0.12; ALE–PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.05, AME–PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.10, PME–PME 0.14. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.10, at ALEs 0.09. Chelicerae 1.25 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 2.11 [0.65, 0.37, 0.36, 0.73], I 6.00 [1.88, 1.08, 1.23, 1.13, 0.68], II 5.97 [1.80, 1.05, 1.24, 1.17, 0.71], III 5.71 [1.67, 0.90, 1.12, 1.30, 0.72], IV 7.59 [2.15, 1.13, 1.59, 1.94, 0.78]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pl 1 do 2, patella pl 1 do 1, tibia pl 2 rl 2 plv 1, tarsus pl 1 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2; legs: femur I pl 1 do 3, II pl 2 do 3, III pl 2 do 3 rl 2, IV pl 1 do 3 rl 1; patella I, II and IV spineless, III pl 1 rl 1; tibia I–II plv 1 vt 1, III pl 4 rl 2 vt 2, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2; metatarsus I plv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 5 rl 4 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 3. Genitalia ( -Figs 13, 19 +Figs 13, 19 ): epigyne hirsute, with paired comma-shaped ridges posteriorly, forming small heart-shaped atrium ( -Fig. 13 +Fig. 13 ; arrow). Copulatory openings indistinct, hidden in lateral edge of atrium. Copulatory ducts short, hidden behind primary spermathecae ( -Fig. 19 +Fig. 19 ). Paired secondary spermathecae globose, partly obscured by primary spermathecae ( -Fig. 19 +Fig. 19 ). Primary spermathecae parallel-sided, close together, with angular anteromesal ends ( -Fig. 19 +Fig. 19 ). Fertilization ducts narrow, curved, diverging ( -Fig. 19 +Fig. 19 ). @@ -555,7 +556,7 @@ Known only from northern , South Africa ( -Fig. 120 +Fig. 120 ). diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C86862517BF74395E1F8BBFC9CF8D8.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C86862517BF74395E1F8BBFC9CF8D8.xml index 0c53dba31b1..8256576d2c2 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C86862517BF74395E1F8BBFC9CF8D8.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C86862517BF74395E1F8BBFC9CF8D8.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ Asselar [Asler] [ - + FIGURES 1–8. Palpal morphology of male Afrotropical @@ -179,13 +180,13 @@ and Macarophaeus : distomedially originating broad conductor with prolateral fold, apically originating claw-like embolus with broad embolic base, medially contiguous sperm duct with single loop, and a robust RTA with apical bifurcation (cf. -Figs 1–8 +Figs 1–8 , -54–55 +54–55 , -109–112 +109–112 , -116–117 +116–117 and Fage 1929 : fig. 1). Based on these observations, we propose transferring @@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ to Known only from the type locality ( -Fig. 120 +Fig. 120 ). diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C86862517DF74795E1F880FAEEFAB9.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C86862517DF74795E1F880FAEEFAB9.xml index 273ce546b2b..5eae4bcfd61 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C86862517DF74795E1F880FAEEFAB9.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C86862517DF74795E1F880FAEEFAB9.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -75,11 +76,11 @@ -Figs 1–2, 5–6 +Figs 1–2, 5–6 , -9, 15 +9, 15 , -21–33 +21–33 @@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ - + FIGURES 21–27. Somatic morphology of @@ -268,13 +269,13 @@ are similar to the males of comb. nov. in the general structure of the palp, particularly the rounded end of the conductor and the similar shape of the sperm duct ( -Figs 1–2, 4 +Figs 1–2, 4 ) but can be distinguished by the different shape of the embolus, with the tip directed apically in T. fontensis ( -Fig. 2 +Fig. 2 ) and retrolaterally in T. zuluensis @@ -283,13 +284,13 @@ in the general structure of the palp, particularly the rounded end of the conduc comb. nov. ( -Fig. 4 +Fig. 4 ), and the lack of a strong bifurcation of the RTA in T. fontensis (only a slight protuberance; -Fig. 6 +Fig. 6 ). Females of T. fontensis @@ -325,13 +326,13 @@ the almost parallel mesal margins of the primary spermathecae, but can be distin (see Lawrence 1938 : fig. 14) (cf. -Figs 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 +Figs 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 , -56–57 +56–57 ). - + FIGURES 28–33. Somatic morphology of @@ -347,55 +348,55 @@ Somatic morphology of Description. Male (Ndumo, NCA 2021/1255, -Figs 22–27 +Figs 22–27 ). Carapace deep red-brown, chelicerae, labium, endites and legs dark brown, sternum orange-brown, eye field slightly darker than carapace ( -Fig. 22 +Fig. 22 ). Abdomen dark grey dorsally, spinnerets dark brown; carapace with faintly darker striae radiating from fovea, densely covered with white appressed hairs, cephalic part, and posterior slope with several stiff erect black setae. Fovea narrow, longitudinal, straight, dark brown. Anterior surface of cheliceral paturon with long black setae, promargin with low serrated keel and distal denticle, with keel extending along entire length of promargin ( -Fig. 27 +Fig. 27 ; arrow); retromargin without keel or denticle ( -Fig. 27 +Fig. 27 ). Abdomen oval, hirsute, anterior surface with dense anterior dorsal strong curved setae; dorsal abdomen anteriorly with deep red oval scutum extending to ½ abdominal length, with three pairs of distinct oval sigilla, first two pairs close together, within posterior margin of dorsal scutum, third pair at ⅗ abdominal length ( -Fig. 22 +Fig. 22 ). Metatarsi I–II and all tarsi with well-developed complete scopulae, scopulae on metatarsi III and IV restricted distally ( -Figs 25–26 +Figs 25–26 ). Spinnerets hirsute. Body length 6.45. Carapace 3.05 long, 2.16 wide. Abdomen 3.57 long, 2.20 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.16, AME 0.21, PLE 0.15, PME 0.14; ALE–PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.04, AME–PME 0.17, PME–PLE 0.10, PME–PME 0.14. AME and ALE nearly contiguous. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.13, at ALEs 0.12. Chelicerae 1.30 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 2.78 [0.90, 0.46, 0.32, 1.10], I 6.99 [2.11, 1.30, 1.53, 1.32, 0.73], II 7.17 [2.17, 1.31, 1.50, 1.40, 0.79], III 6.89 [2.05, 1.13, 1.35, 1.55, 0.81], IV 8.72 [2.45, 1.30, 1.85, 2.28, 0.84]. Leg formula: 4213. Spination of palp: femur pl 1 do 2, patella pl 1 do 1, tibia spineless, tarsus plv 1 rlv 1; legs: femur I pl 1 do 3, II pl 2 do 3, III pl 2 do 3 rl 2, IV pl 1 do 3 rl 1; patella I, II and IV spineless, III pl 1 rl 1; tibia I–II plv 1 vt 2, III pl 4 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2, IV pl 3 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2; metatarsus I–II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 do 1 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 3 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 4; tarsus I–IV spineless. Palp ( -Figs 1–2, 5–6 +Figs 1–2, 5–6 ): segments orange-brown. RTA more than half the length of cymbium, with prominent ventral branch at approximately ⅔ its length, but inconspicuous dorsal “lobe” and restricted to a dorsal angle ( -Figs 2, 6 +Figs 2, 6 ). Cymbial flange nearly half of the length of cymbium, slightly concave along most of its length ( -Fig. 2 +Fig. 2 ). Tegulum long-oval, sac-like ( -Fig. 2 +Fig. 2 ). Conductor membranous, with almost right-angled bend in distal half, passing behind embolus, with proximal part parallel to embolus and smoothly rounded apex directed retrolaterally ( -Fig. 2 +Fig. 2 ). Embolus arising apically, narrow, initially straight, looping prolaterally then distally, with spike-like tip directed at 12-o’clock ( -Fig. 2 +Fig. 2 ). Female (Ndumo, NCA 2014/1417, -Figs 28–33 +Figs 28–33 ). As in male except the following: habitus generally orange-brown, abdomen dark grey ( -Fig. 28 +Fig. 28 ). Abdomen with three pairs of oval sigilla, first two pairs at ⅓ abdomen length, third pair just beyond midpoint ( -Fig. 28 +Fig. 28 ). Body length 7.45. Carapace 3.80 long, 2.40 wide. Abdomen 3.60 long, 2.45 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.22, AME 0.24, PLE 0.19, PME 0.16; ALE–PLE 0.11, AME–AME 0.10, AME–PME 0.19, PME–PLE 0.14, PME–PME 0.18. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.14, at ALEs 0.11. Chelicerae 1.17 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 2.97 [1.06, 0.55, 0.49, 0.87], I 7.52 [2.16, 1.42, 1.60, 1.45, 0.89], II 7.33 [2.12, 1.32, 1.58, 1.45, 0.86], III 8.01 [2.10, 1.23, 1.41, 1.59, 1.68], IV missing. Spination of palp: femur pl 2 do 2, patella pl 1 do 1, tibia pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 1, tarsus pl 1 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2; legs (both leg IV missing): femur I pl 1 do 3, II pl 2 do 3, III pl 2 do 3 rl 2; patella I and II spineless, III pl 1 rl 1; tibia I–II plv 1 vt 1, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2; metatarsus I–II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 4 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 2 vt 4. Genitalia ( -Figs 9, 15 +Figs 9, 15 ): epigyne hirsute, well sclerotised, with broadly notched posterior border, with small hood-shaped anterior atrium ( -Fig. 9 +Fig. 9 ; arrow) and paired semi-circular lobes posteriorly, forming shallow median depression. Copulatory openings indistinct, possibly at the edge of posterior lobes. Copulatory ducts very short, mostly hidden by primary spermathecae ( -Fig. 15 +Fig. 15 ). Primary spermathecae parallel, anteriorly forming diverging ends ( -Fig. 15 +Fig. 15 ). Paired secondary spermathecae short, globular, partly obscured by primary spermathecae. Fertilization ducts narrow, diverging. @@ -411,7 +412,7 @@ Known only from north-western and north-eastern South Africa ( -Fig. 120 +Fig. 120 ). diff --git a/data/03/C8/68/03C86862517EF74995E1FA9FFA9CFCA1.xml b/data/03/C8/68/03C86862517EF74995E1FA9FFA9CFCA1.xml index 2ccefe12921..2094e2b2dfb 100644 --- a/data/03/C8/68/03C86862517EF74995E1FA9FFA9CFCA1.xml +++ b/data/03/C8/68/03C86862517EF74995E1FA9FFA9CFCA1.xml @@ -1,64 +1,65 @@ - - - -A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) + + + +A review of the ground spider genus Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) - - -Author + + +Author -Sankaran, Pradeep M. -0000-0003-0884-5625 -Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. -pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com +Sankaran, Pradeep M. +0000-0003-0884-5625 +Division of Arachnology, Department of Zoology, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala 682 013, India. +pradeepmspala@rediffmail.com - - -Author + + +Author -Haddad, Charles R. -0000-0002-2317-7760 -Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa -haddadcr@ufs.ac.za +Haddad, Charles R. +0000-0002-2317-7760 +Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa +haddadcr@ufs.ac.za - - -Author + + +Author -Tripathi, Rishikesh -0000-0002-9192-4609 -Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. -rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com +Tripathi, Rishikesh +0000-0002-9192-4609 +Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, Kerala 680 125, India. +rishikesh.tripathi14@gmail.com -text - - -Zootaxa +text + + +Zootaxa - -2025 - -2025-01-31 + +2025 + +2025-01-31 - -5583 + +5583 - -1 + +1 - -39 -70 + +39 +70 - -https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 + +https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -journal article -10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 -1175-5326 -77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5583.1.2 +1175-5326 +14798099 +77CA9A8E-3717-406E-9B1E-04B1FEDD0D85 @@ -75,9 +76,9 @@ -Figs 10, 16 +Figs 10, 16 , -34–41 +34–41 @@ -160,7 +161,7 @@ Waterberg [ca. The holotype female’s colouration is faded ( -Fig. 34 +Fig. 34 ), so the redescription is based on the recently collected specimen. @@ -178,9 +179,9 @@ share with T. subtropica the convex shape of the primary spermathecae but can be distinguished from it by the far stronger curvature of the same structure, being separated by at least 1.5 times their width (cf. -Fig. 16 +Fig. 16 and -Fig. 18 +Fig. 18 ). Male unknown. @@ -189,24 +190,24 @@ and Description. Female (Kalkfontein, NCA 2015/1903, -Figs 35–41 +Figs 35–41 ). Carapace, clypeus, chelicerae, labium, endites, sternum, scutum and legs yellow-brown, eye field slightly darker than carapace, carapace with faint black mottling ( -Fig. 35 +Fig. 35 ). Abdomen dark grey, mottled creamy-grey dorsally in anterior half ( -Fig. 35 +Fig. 35 ), spinnerets yellowgrey; carapace with faintly darker striae radiating from fovea, densely covered with grey appressed hairs; cephalic part, midline and posterior slope with numerous stiff erect brown setae ( -Fig. 35 +Fig. 35 ). Fovea narrow, longitudinal, straight, brown. Anterior surface of cheliceral paturon with long brown setae, with low serrated keel ending in distinct denticle, and additional sharp denticle beyond it ( -Fig. 38 +Fig. 38 ; arrow); retromargin without keel, with two weakly developed, indistinct denticles. Abdomen oval, hirsute, dorsum with three pairs of distinct oval sigilla, first two pairs at ¼ abdomen length and third pair at midpoint ( -Fig. 35 +Fig. 35 ). Metatarsi I–II and all tarsi with well-developed scopulae ( -Figs 40–41 +Figs 40–41 ), scopulae on metatarsi I and II complete while that on metatarsi III and IV restricted distally. Spinnerets hirsute ( -Fig. 39 +Fig. 39 ). Body length 5.90. Carapace 2.55 long, 1.38 wide. Abdomen 3.42 long, 2.23 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances:ALE 0.15, AME 0.17, PLE 0.13, PME 0.12; ALE–PLE 0.07, AME–AME 0.05, AME–PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.10, PME–PME 0.12. AME and ALE nearly contiguous. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.13, at ALEs 0.11. Chelicerae 0.84 long. Length of palp and legs: palp 2.21 [0.78, 0.38, 0.35, 0.70], I 5.59 [1.59, 1.05, 1.15, 1.08, 0.72], II 5.53 [1.54, 1.01, 1.16, 1.10, 0.72], III 5.33 [1.52, 0.90, 1.07, 1.06, 0.78], IV 6.10 [1.82, 1.05, 1.43, 1.08, 0.72]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pl 1 do 2, patella pl 1 do 2, tibia pl 2 rl 2 plv 1, tarsus pl 1 rl 1 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 2; legs: femur I–II pl 1 do 3, III pl 2 do 3 rl 2, IV pl 1 do 3 rl 1; patella I–II spineless, III–IV pl 1 rl 1; tibia I vt 1, II plv 1 vt 1, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 vt 2, IV pl 2 rl 2 plv 2 rlv 1 vt 2; metatarsus I plv 1, II plv 1 rlv 1, III pl 2 rl 2 plv 1 rlv 1 vt 3, IV pl 3 rl 3 plv 2 rlv 2 vt 3; tarsus I–IV spineless. - + FIGURES 34–41. Somatic morphology of @@ -220,11 +221,11 @@ Somatic morphology of Genitalia ( -Figs 10, 16 +Figs 10, 16 ): epigyne originally hirsute, hairs lost during cleaning, with paired S-shaped lobes posteriorly, forming posterior border and broad shallow atrium ( -Fig. 10 +Fig. 10 ; arrow). Copulatory openings indistinct, probably at anterior edge of posterior lobes. Copulatory ducts very short, partly obscured by primary spermathecae ( -Fig. 16 +Fig. 16 ). Primary spermathecae strongly convex, forming diamond-shaped space between them, at least 1.5 times their width. Paired secondary spermathecae short, globular, partly obscured by primary spermathecae. Fertilization ducts narrow, finger-like, diverging. @@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ and the of South Africa ( -Fig. 120 +Fig. 120 ).