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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.143.32821" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f5acbf65-b285-40bf-b242-a167ca1f8003" ID-PMC="PMC7298354" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-143-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="F6F11A6EE4FF5A1885CEA2B60AE965A5" ID-PubMed="32577084" ModsDocID="1314-2003-143-1" checkinTime="1584460888788" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wood, John R. I., Munoz-Rodriguez, Pablo, Williams, Bethany R. M. &amp; Scotland, Robert W." docDate="2020" docId="3E627BAE69325EB186602F86ED8D0653" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 143: 1-823" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 143" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.143.32821" docTitle="Ipomoea paulistana Stellfeld" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="F6F11A6EE4FF5A1885CEA2B60AE965A5" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="F6F11A6EE4FF5A1885CEA2B60AE965A5" masterDocTitle="A foundation monograph of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the New World" masterLastPageNumber="823" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668139722073" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="6E9576512F8D8DF8FB1C19A1A4DD7155" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="00B75B1512C50E4CEC44BE853E4150FB">
<mods:title id="18417DC6495D4D645DF36EF35A99887E">A foundation monograph of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the New World</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="B9E3DEBA526C0FDF8DB5162B1700DAE8" type="personal">
<mods:role id="06F85384D502FFAA6C419A12D7421F90">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F356B770B6E5197EDEF99D1F3BF94A07">Wood, John R. I.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="1ED79FD1A19B436DBC1554C6920FFECB" type="personal">
<mods:role id="3BE29EAE23540A10F4116512DBCFE21F">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="FCFF33138F8E469D893D286D54E48358">Munoz-Rodriguez, Pablo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="13D0239650B9F23A6531DBA7B5472DB7" type="personal">
<mods:role id="36E3C91230F89A2091F520BC66F5675C">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="AEAA7535FF8C0A2E65D6D7CFCC5C8644">Williams, Bethany R. M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="8A27F9B9CC29EDE1B35695907282E3FE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="77802A15707DE1F0A45581BE9A8D9B4A">
<mods:roleTerm id="20D4E5794798F84A9E703D819539B458">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="50D587D95E0EB441AAC51CB1EEFDEED8">Scotland, Robert W.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="7A4CE92CE6F7B9321FB1D14A1D067FCD">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="46AFC635D19A65F5D9B24F69ED8206FA" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="88318ECF31E127346D7A72DD43E8A82F">
<mods:title id="410B61F1A4D3914326913F9055299F3C">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="2F0213D4F9A8203BF71FAE7A6AF6174E">
<mods:date id="6F5176F32F35D34AB6C1D8CA307A88E6">2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="5C80C4D344C7B6872F6EFB7BAE4363CB" type="volume">
<mods:number id="BCE0EFCC74ACD4C980E23D8A66355499">143</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="B59CDB382DFEF94554105B7273B407C8" unit="page">
<mods:start id="BBA9F3CB8A6E1EED31825AB32F7FE659">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="E90165F50C2869DC0EC2308299C7EA81">823</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="B1E63C8F270A0D4CD01AD6EEB88B54F5">
<mods:url id="F331063A77C48ED60D59A4032B52BDC5">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.143.32821</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="B7D93C2592A96E02E160D6D370ACB5D1">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="E13489310331556AEDA23662BD32F057" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.143.32821</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="12AC3CA16C87A0ED03EF4ECFCEDFB61B" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-143-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
<treatment id="3E627BAE69325EB186602F86ED8D0653" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162629791" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3E627BAE69325EB186602F86ED8D0653" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E627BAE69325EB186602F86ED8D0653" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="F7920CEF39DB67C34F8B84F838E1E4C4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="10E4A68F99B2F3AD3690B10A374A0DD7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
168.
<taxonomicName id="F103B396B8330177240B5655A6BFA741" ID-CoL="7VXBF" ID-ENA="2607156" authority="(Silva Manso) Stellfeld" authorityName="Stellfeld" baseAuthorityName="Silva Manso" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Ipomoea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paulistana">
<emphasis id="552A386C82CEFF50651CCED2571724E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ipomoea paulistana</emphasis>
(Silva Manso) Stellfeld
</taxonomicName>
, Tribuna Farm.
<potBibRef id="0F1F00029BB6C8378906145521E7438D">, Curitiba 13</potBibRef>
: 86. 1945. (Stellfeld 1945: 86)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9EFFAECF0577E7B1B9273E29F22F61B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F2C1F30D02F0D9624DFB4EA393AEF88B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="84F552C1037CE2D66F968FEE674ADFF6" authority="Silva Manso" authorityName="Silva Manso" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Convolvulus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paulistanus">
<emphasis id="F6D762D6F08257C50A3DD2D502A25DF2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Convolvulus paulistanus</emphasis>
Silva Manso
</taxonomicName>
<potBibRef id="B7789ACDC4DC5609B46BF0990FEE4EAC">, Enum. Subst. Braz. 17</potBibRef>
. 1836. (Manso 1836: 17).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1EAEF21B4A2F9CEE615688AD9B43BAE6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4F64220B4A1C2FF48A23EE523672A8D8" authority="Choisy" authorityName="Choisy" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Ipomoea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="echioides">
<emphasis id="8815B9A7A7B3E2D154C871B6FEE1F485" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ipomoea echioides</emphasis>
Choisy
</taxonomicName>
<potBibRef id="1904A7BEA6AAE8347C5D8BCFBDA5A1F7">
,
<normalizedToken id="64EE2C03C3AF28842E418911FFDA1ECC" originalValue="Mém">Mem</normalizedToken>
. Soc. Phys.
<normalizedToken id="00E74D1B50817EAF21AA7074AD981CBE" originalValue="Genève">Geneve</normalizedToken>
8
</potBibRef>
(1): 54 [132]. 1838. (Choisy 1838: 54 [132]). Type. BRAZIL. Mato Grosso, Serra-Nov.,
<emphasis id="D234E0958E35EA34A70BF8BB99BA55B0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Silva Manso &amp; Lhotsky</emphasis>
32 (syntype G 00135526).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E3190DE0B90D688404271B9F5367A667" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4045CA714E114351274AADA5D5B0FDF3" authority="Meisn. in Martius et al." authorityName="Meisn. in Martius" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Ipomoea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="echioides" variety="villosula">
<emphasis id="CFF553F2E2E9664A2CDA87888CA963BB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ipomoea echioides</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B786225245B85C3A404B938B4ECB935F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">villosula</emphasis>
Meisn. in Martius et al.
</taxonomicName>
<potBibRef id="D43B6B0356EDC502665B4D2FA17BB73E">, Fl. Brasil. 7</potBibRef>
: 244. 1869. (Meisner 1869: 244). Type. BRAZIL. Mato Grosso,
<normalizedToken id="D56C13DD669E9EB7CD8DAAC42FEEF07D" originalValue="Cuaibá">Cuaiba</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis id="21496BD39D27E8FAF7968C6839D73E2B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. Riedel</emphasis>
(NY00319184, lectotype, designated here).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F65D9EA749D4E2D05C3D20C5048F52C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="96F3C1C070744F1BC391F4B53DA081A4" authority="Hoehne, Anexos Mem. Inst. Butantan" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Ipomoea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rondoniae">
<emphasis id="847A9800EEFC7F5AD5E6DDE73814E50C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ipomoea rondoniae</emphasis>
Hoehne, Anexos Mem. Inst. Butantan
</taxonomicName>
<potBibRef id="D3981DB309D1F863CA940B23C28FEE6B">, Bot. 1</potBibRef>
, fasc. 6: 68, pl. 14. 1922. (Hoehne 1922: 68). Type. BRAZIL. Mato Grosso (extreme NE), nas
<normalizedToken id="70B2C0FD4F0AD487CD87C19D4F5D1670" originalValue="márgenes">margenes</normalizedToken>
do
<normalizedToken id="233B0B176BE5411416E47537AA1067BE" originalValue="Cautária">Cautaria</normalizedToken>
Grande, Pouso Primeiro de Fevereiro na
<normalizedToken id="C92E7B08337F3F2BE3E5A2E799129FC5" originalValue="Rondônia">Rondonia</normalizedToken>
<potBibRef id="2B7F2475BE2DDFC47B002EE8E1E32270">
,
<emphasis id="B9B8FBFD039471B590786753EA1AE3E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Kuhlmann</emphasis>
2265
</potBibRef>
(holotype SP000579?, isotype R).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24F21346610887EDA83B8187126195C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="45F571F9CFFD44D734B0DD5048BC0893" authority="Hoehne, Anexos Mem. Inst. Butantan" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Ipomoea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="rondoniae" variety="breviracemosa">
<emphasis id="1989E5FCC42869832E1DBCE794AF3CA1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ipomoea rondoniae</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="0265143A95E55144D2FF0BA5C265083C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">breviracemosa</emphasis>
Hoehne, Anexos Mem. Inst. Butantan
</taxonomicName>
<potBibRef id="E486BF113CB7875F45AC39D10FD06A44">, Bot. 1</potBibRef>
, fasc. 6: 69, pl. 15. 1922.(Hoehne 1922: 69). Type. BRAZIL. Mato Grosso, Estrada ao
<taxonomicName id="68B62F7D90195B058F89C5BE21DB92F5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Diamantina">Diamantina</taxonomicName>
, perto de
<normalizedToken id="6E42CC576E7B8B2640B46BDDCC1BEB5C" originalValue="Cuaibá">Cuaiba</normalizedToken>
<potBibRef id="AA023C5EB5A0FEBEB1BEBCAEE7DF85CC">
,
<emphasis id="4E664B8710F1E2EBCD5367FACFAAC36B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Kuhlmann</emphasis>
2269
</potBibRef>
(holotype SP?, isotype R).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="ABE9F4E004AEE41FCFEC0080FF438BC3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0B5B65E6887DC925DE80FD60CDBFD96A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3400D2369792E21D13A5C7661DB87CCE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
BRAZIL. Mato Grosso, Cuyaba,
<emphasis id="315033E69AD3199B5B5F1831085E6058" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Silva Manso &amp; Lhotsky</emphasis>
32 (G00135526, lectotype, designated by Wood et al. 2015: 74).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="829E64A75B7EA1E6BC7801057E92CC6A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="C1EDAB1BB684A23B0A3D84095833A43E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6A1D1255ADDDF1DDBF5A51DDC87D9276" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Erect herb to c. 0.75 cm, usually unbranched, stems pubescent, often leafless below, rootstock an elongate tuber. Leaves sessile, numerous, imbricate, 0.5-6(-13)
<normalizedToken id="805CC3AF4253B744C6ED0A273EC0B4A0" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.1-0.5(-1.2) cm, diminishing in size upwards, linear-oblong, base narrowly cuneate, apex acute, mucronate, margins commonly inrolled, both surfaces densely softly pilose or pubescent. Inflorescence terminal,
<normalizedToken id="E0588762BEA93A9423AFC044EB33A666" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
racemose in appearance, up to 30 cm long, formed of cymes, which are often reduced to solitary flowers arising in the axils of the leaf-like bracts; peduncles 0-3 cm (often absent), erect; bracteoles 3-10 mm, linear, pilose, deciduous; pedicels 2-6 mm; sepals 5-7 mm, subequal, elliptic, usually truncate, rigid, convex, the outer pubescent, acute, the inner subglabrous; corolla 5-6 cm long, pink, funnel-shaped, glabrous, limb 3-4 cm diam., weakly lobed. Capsules globose, 4-5 mm diam., glabrous, apex shortly rostrate, the dead style remaining till the fruit matures; seeds c. 3 mm, long-pilose.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7FE3FB85225232C851EEBBED6F7F646C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="24247C5A95672A558815F1D96A21E3A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="81B24698D0700A3033772EDAD33954BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A characteristic cerrado species of Bolivia and Brazil found from around 200 to 900 m.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B8607DE3307784E41AA920B2195642B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="3BE26AAAB84F88EC3E68FAECB013B019" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
BRAZIL
<normalizedToken id="E39E2882391C74A0BB8BD5BB47D772A1" originalValue="Goiás">Goias</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Mun.
<normalizedToken id="446AB50CC0AB54541ED6A17F2E543F52" originalValue="Corumbá">Corumba</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis id="2813241477D789AD3BE9698C86235074" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A. Macedo 4476</emphasis>
(K); Colinas,
<emphasis id="C7AAC3C38401715D94ED10352846B53F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A.A. Arbo et al. 3679</emphasis>
(K, CTES); Chapada de Veadeiros,
<emphasis id="A1604E228D2E040123387A81D169F43B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J.R. Pirani</emphasis>
et al. 1828 (SPF, K).
<emphasis id="6B1302D59E333F2E5494EC33F73826D2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken id="11FCDE2656D2ECC9082D392743FDBDC9" originalValue="Maranhão">Maranhao</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Carolina,
<emphasis id="ED7B13E79BBE6ECAFF96604164C0C9B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M.F. da Silva</emphasis>
1090 (NY).
<emphasis id="A78A7C4FEDB85EBFF8C35EE687F527A8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mato Grosso</emphasis>
: 270 km N. of Xavantina,
<emphasis id="709D96A2DECE7A3D2FC837A4C805B95B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D.R. Gifford</emphasis>
98 (K);
<emphasis id="53E78F22CBA84D8D8BE60A94DB7C0C5F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Philcox &amp; Ferreira</emphasis>
4403 (K), 4530, (K),
<emphasis id="02C84E863080CB99D5C4726F1EAD3383" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. Ratter et al.</emphasis>
857 (K);
<normalizedToken id="ED0FF77F69DC26E94E317A315CA6D85E" originalValue="Cuiabá">Cuiaba</normalizedToken>
<potBibRef id="DC1CFA426F660074F016923F087AD0D8">
,
<emphasis id="86E9051C0115ECA6BC4D8F25DBE0FB37" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Malme</emphasis>
1288
</potBibRef>
(S);
<normalizedToken id="404CD736412FEB2588C1C8D99A3A92DB" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Yocuara,
<emphasis id="505E102A7C33B7F26947A6ED50321CB9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C.A.M. Lindman</emphasis>
3113 (S).
<emphasis id="57238DAFD9518E1929C4922EF93B732C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Minas Gerais</emphasis>
: Morro do Cachorro,
<emphasis id="CAAB94E3C3F1968A65A7ACA360CEC5DF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A. Krapovickas &amp; C.
<normalizedToken id="AF96E7F2A97B92A229450E443CB7323C" originalValue="Cristóbal">Cristobal</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
33460 (CTES).
<emphasis id="B565B41B95CD866D80D714982D79135B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tocantins</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="0D6206FAA5F993AB47D5972DB792690F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R.D. Reeves</emphasis>
2890 (CEN);
<normalizedToken id="AC60910434182B996CD536062F6B008D" originalValue="Guaraí">Guarai</normalizedToken>
,
<emphasis id="E68CF1FAD0864B1F38D3C6EFC3F43BA1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
H. S
<potBibRef id="71E9FDB4C8ED075079A7B5B0DF18F88A">, Irwin 21518</potBibRef>
</emphasis>
(NY). Also Mato Grosso do Sul, fide Flora do Brasil (2020).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DE0C52D08F522D02518F60414EC8E440" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="61D3BF309A09672209734D5681E55F86" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">BOLIVIA. Beni</emphasis>
: Vaca
<normalizedToken id="F882F2BACA0120DCDE33A939617A09FC" originalValue="Díaz">Diaz</normalizedToken>
, Pampas de San Lorenzo,
<emphasis id="2A703DE00882C082C6D151CD0BB4AAB4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. Maas et al.</emphasis>
8722 (NY, MO).
<emphasis id="1890C042600CCE606D43A4190CA8246B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Santa Cruz</emphasis>
:
<normalizedToken id="E41AD743282420AA14FF0BB7E11B0072" originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
de Santiago de Chiquitos,
<emphasis id="AAEA84A5C948D6CA9A6D8147BA9F2623" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J.R.I. Wood &amp; D. J. Goyder</emphasis>
16968 (K, LPB, USZ);
<emphasis id="6C677411E99B5942C5BD15E9AAD5A3FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J.R.I. Wood</emphasis>
18824 (K, LPB); Velasco, P.N. Noel Kempff Mercado,
<emphasis id="0DBD80648075120FBEE2ED126C3700AF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
L.
<normalizedToken id="3E83A2C51810B34CFE93CE2882200B3D" originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
et al.
</emphasis>
253 (ARIZ, FTG, MO);
<emphasis id="58F101EFF5D4713FF61274BDBD2F6BD7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J.R.I. Wood et al.</emphasis>
18213 (K, LPB); Hac. Acuario,
<emphasis id="D04D15DE7CD6EA8690600D11314E109C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
R.
<normalizedToken id="4579FF8FDD2BCE2A4469FDF6919CA8AD" originalValue="Guillén">Guillen</normalizedToken>
et al.
</emphasis>
309 (ARIZ, FTG, OXF, MO).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="95D9092B4A3D376689AC864E8C61139F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="typification">
<paragraph id="2B5BEDE2A431A15B0D01E75C71DBDEC9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Typification.</paragraph>
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In designating a lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="DC0F99C20622B2205AE138F946FECD32" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Ipomoea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="echioides" variety="villosula">
<emphasis id="B72B38C065581321D03CFA165C6300ED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ipomoea echioides</emphasis>
var.
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, we have chosen the NY specimen as it appears to have a label in
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handwriting annotated as &quot;β villosula nob.&quot;.
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<paragraph id="4D6748128504B1C689AB9DEF507A4CBB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Note.</paragraph>
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Very distinctive because of its imbricate leaves which diminish in size upwards. It is occasionally confused with
<taxonomicName id="CBFE312E5C7CAA767AC0F415CE070526" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" genus="Ipomoea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="argentea">
<emphasis id="50EB4D9CD366BDD5F7BC74D83BCBBB45" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ipomoea argentea</emphasis>
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but the leaves are never silvery-tomentose as in that species.
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822CA91C4A3EB1FB87" bold="true" box="[151,384,1041,1067]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Halecium frigidum</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822CA91C033E66FBC2" box="[151,343,1112,1134]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Halecium frigidum</emphasis>
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: 766
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–768, fig. 4c–f; 2012: 857, fig.
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822CA91CC13E20FB1F" bold="true" box="[151,273,1178,1203]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Polysiphonic stems, up to
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high. Branching regular, stem giving rise alternately every third hydrotheca to paired branches forming two distinct, longitudinal series. Branches originating from hydrophore of primary hydrotheca. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane. Hydrotheca at the end of very long, free hydrophore. Hydrothecal diameter slightly increasing distally; rim not everted. A secondary hydrotheca sometimes present. Gonothecae unknown. Cnidome consisting of microbasic mastigophores? and microbasic euryteles?
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822CF91D153E0AFACB" bold="true" box="[199,315,1358,1383]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Remarks.</emphasis>
There is nothing to add to the previous description of the species (cf.
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), except a better delimitation of the nematocyst size from the
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(in µm): range
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4.5–5, 9.4±0.3 x 4.7±0.2 (n=6); ratio, range 1.9–2.2, mean 2.0±0.1 (n=6).
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822CF91DE13EC8FA7F" bold="true" box="[199,505,1466,1491]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
Apparently a shelf species, recorded at depths between 216 (
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) and
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(
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), epilithic on gravel and pebbles and basibiont for stolonal colonies of
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(
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)
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.
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West
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distribution (
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): the South
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(
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), Peter I
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(
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) and the Bellingshausen Sea (
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).
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<treatment id="3E6287E02940FF9D2CA91EED3DB5FD61" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4630885" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119423385" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4630885" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3E6287E02940FF9D2CA91EED3DB5FD61" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E6287E02940FF9D2CA91EED3DB5FD61" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2940FF822CA91EED3E3BF95E" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B67436F62940FF822CA91EED3DD5F97C" blockId="13.[151,740,1718,1778]" box="[151,740,1718,1744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
<heading id="ED3C819A2940FF822CA91EED3DD5F97C" bold="true" box="[151,740,1718,1744]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF822CA91EED3DD5F97C" ID-CoL="3JB4S" authority="Naumov &amp; Stepanjants 1962" authorityName="Naumov &amp; Stepanjants" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,740,1718,1744]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822CA91EED3DD5F97C" bold="true" box="[151,740,1718,1744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822CA91EED3E46F97C" bold="true" box="[151,375,1718,1744]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Halecium incertus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822D401EED3DD5F97C" author="Naumov" box="[382,740,1718,1744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1962) Hydroida (Thecaphora) collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition on the M / V Ob in antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1955 - 1958, 1. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 1 (9), 68 - 106." type="journal article" year="1962">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants 1962</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62940FF822CA91E823E3BF95E" blockId="13.[151,740,1718,1778]" box="[151,266,1753,1778]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
(
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732940FF822CA11E823E32F95E" box="[159,259,1753,1778]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionStartId-1="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox-0="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetBox-1="[197,1387,208,1912]" captionTargetId-0="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetId-1="figure@15.[181,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – C) internodes showing hydrothecae (C with secondary hydrotheca); (D) female gonotheca with acrocyst; (E – G) a female gonotheca in different views. (All drawings from Stn PS 65 / 019). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C), 500 µm (D – G)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/226897/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Figs 6–7</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2940FF822CA91F7A3AA1F81E" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B67436F62940FF822CA91F7A3C4FF8FA" blockId="13.[151,1436,1825,1970]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82940FF822CA91F7A3C4FF8FA" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF822CA91F7A3D86F89B" ID-CoL="3JB4S" authority="Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962: 98" authorityName="Naumov &amp; Stepanjants" authorityPageNumber="98" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,695,1825,1847]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822CA91F7A3E65F89B" box="[151,340,1825,1847]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Halecium incertus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72940FF822D621F793D86F89B" author="Naumov" box="[348,695,1825,1847]" page="98" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" year="1962">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822D621F793DA1F89B" author="Naumov" box="[348,656,1825,1847]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1962) Hydroida (Thecaphora) collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition on the M / V Ob in antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1955 - 1958, 1. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 1 (9), 68 - 106." type="journal article" year="1962">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962</bibRefCitation>
: 98
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 18;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72940FF822F261F7A3B37F89B" author="Stepanjants" box="[792,1030,1825,1847]" page="107" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" year="1979">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822F261F7A3CE0F89B" author="Stepanjants" box="[792,977,1825,1847]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants, 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 107
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 20 fig. 7A–V;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72940FF8228F31F793E12F8FA" author="Vervoort" page="86" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF8228F31F793FCCF8FA" author="Vervoort" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538, figs. 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 86
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72940FF822D131F1A3D1AF8FA" author="Pena" box="[301,555,1856,1878]" page="769" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822D131F1A3EC8F8FA" author="Pena" box="[301,505,1856,1878]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2004) How rich is the deep-sea Antarctic benthic hydroid fauna? Polar Biology, 27, 767 - 774. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 004 - 0654 - 9" type="journal article" year="2004">Peña Cantero, 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 769
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72940FF822E0B1F1A3C4BF8FA" author="Pena" box="[565,890,1856,1878]" page="766" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822E0B1F1A3C76F8FA" author="Pena" box="[565,839,1856,1878]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Gili, J. M. (2006) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from off Bouvet Island (Antarctic Ocean). Polar Biology, 29, 764 - 771. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 006 - 0113 - x" type="journal article" year="2006">Peña Cantero &amp; Gili, 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 766
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62940FF822CA91F053AA8F8D8" blockId="13.[151,1436,1825,1970]" box="[151,1433,1886,1908]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82940FF822CA91F053AA8F8D8" box="[151,1433,1886,1908]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF822CA91F053D3EF8D8" ID-CoL="3JB3V" authority="Millard, 1977: 8" authorityName="Millard" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,527,1886,1908]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dufresnae">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822CA91F053E52F8D8" box="[151,355,1886,1908]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Halecium dufresnae</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72940FF822D561F053D3EF8D8" author="Millard" box="[360,527,1886,1908]" page="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" year="1977">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822D561F053EC6F8D8" author="Millard" box="[360,503,1886,1908]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1977) Hydroids from the Kerguelen and Crozet shelves, collected by the cruise MD. 03 of the Marion-Dufresne. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1977">Millard, 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 8
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 2A–D; 1979: 138;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72940FF822F3C1F053B1CF8D8" author="Branch" box="[770,1069,1886,1908]" page="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822F3C1F053B38F8D8" author="Branch" box="[770,1033,1886,1908]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Branch, M. L. &amp; Williams, G. C. (1993) The Hydrozoa, Octocorallia and Scleractinia of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: illustrated keys to the species and results of the 1982 - 1989 University of Cape Town surveys. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 23 (1 - 2), 3 - 24." type="journal article" year="1993">Branch &amp; Williams, 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 11
</treatmentCitation>
, fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72940FF8228561F043AA4F8D8" author="Vervoort" box="[1128,1429,1886,1908]" page="85" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF8228561F043A5EF8D8" author="Vervoort" box="[1128,1391,1886,1908]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538, figs. 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 85
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62940FF822CA91F263DDDF83F" blockId="13.[151,1436,1825,1970]" box="[151,748,1917,1939]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82940FF822CA91F263DDDF83F" box="[151,748,1917,1939]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF822CA91F263D77F83F" ID-CoL="6L9TB" authority="Watson, 2008: 173" authorityName="Watson" authorityPageNumber="173" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,582,1917,1939]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrocaulus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822CA91F263EB3F83F" box="[151,386,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Halecium macrocaulus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72940FF822DB61F253D77F83F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4630633" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4630633" author="Watson" box="[392,582,1917,1939]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D5126FFAEFFB51898FBE619C893CE" page="173" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822DB61F253D27F83F" author="Watson" box="[392,534,1917,1939]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 173
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–174, fig. 9A–F.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62940FF822CA91FC63AA1F81E" blockId="13.[151,1436,1825,1970]" box="[151,1424,1948,1970]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82940FF822CA91FC63AA1F81E" box="[151,1424,1948,1970]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
Not
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF822CFD1FC73E4CF81E" ID-CoL="3JB4S" box="[195,381,1948,1970]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822CFD1FC73E4CF81E" box="[195,381,1948,1970]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Halecium incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72940FF822DA91FC63DA3F81E" author="Pena" box="[407,658,1948,1970]" page="454" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822DA91FC63D53F81E" author="Pena" box="[407,610,1948,1970]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 454
</treatmentCitation>
–455, fig. 1b; 2009: 1747; 2012: 857 (=
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF8228171FC73A1AF81E" ID-CoL="3JB6G" box="[1065,1323,1948,1970]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF8228171FC73A1AF81E" box="[1065,1323,1948,1970]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Halecium pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2940FF82290F1FC73AB3F81D" box="[1329,1410,1948,1969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF82290F1FC73AB3F81D" bold="true" box="[1329,1410,1948,1969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="E2B4667E2943FF812CA91FFA3B59F858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="257" targetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="B67436F62943FF812CA91FFA3B59F858" blockId="14.[151,1436,1953,2037]" pageId="14" pageNumber="257">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42943FF812CA91FFA3E23F81A" bold="true" box="[151,274,1953,1975]" pageId="14" pageNumber="257">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752943FF812D271FFA3C39F81B" authority="Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962" authorityName="Naumov &amp; Stepanjants" authorityYear="1962" box="[281,776,1953,1975]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42943FF812D271FFA3EE2F81B" box="[281,467,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="257">Halecium incertus</emphasis>
Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962
</taxonomicName>
. (A–D, F–H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A–E from holotype of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752943FF8128C41F9A3A5AF87A" box="[1274,1387,1985,2006]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42943FF8128C41F9A3A5AF87A" box="[1274,1387,1985,2006]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="257">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; F–I from holotype of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752943FF812D771FBB3D4EF858" authority="Watson, 2008" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2008" box="[329,639,2014,2037]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="257" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrocaulus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42943FF812D771FBB3E53F859" box="[329,354,2016,2037]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="257">H.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42943FF812D561F853EDBF858" box="[360,490,2014,2036]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="257">macrocaulus</emphasis>
Watson, 2008
</taxonomicName>
). Scale bar: 250 µm (A–D, F–H), 500 µm (E, I).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E2B4667E2942FF802CA91FFA3D4CF858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226897/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="258" targetBox="[197,1387,208,1912]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="B67436F62942FF802CA91FFA3D4CF858" blockId="15.[151,1436,1953,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="258">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42942FF802CA91FFA3E26F81A" bold="true" box="[151,279,1953,1975]" pageId="15" pageNumber="258">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752942FF802D1F1FFA3C17F81B" authority="Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962" authorityName="Naumov &amp; Stepanjants" authorityYear="1962" box="[289,806,1953,1975]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="258" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42942FF802D1F1FFA3ED1F81B" box="[289,480,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="258">Halecium incertus</emphasis>
Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962
</taxonomicName>
. (A–C) internodes showing hydrothecae (C with secondary hydrotheca); (D) female gonotheca with acrocyst; (E–G) a female gonotheca in different views. (All drawings from Stn PS65/ 019). Scale bar: 250 µm (A–C), 500 µm (D–G).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D295DFF9F2CA918CC3C32FEEC" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B67436F6295DFF9F2CA918CC3C32FEEC" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2CA918CC3EB7FF1C" bold="true" box="[151,390,151,176]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="69708854295DFF9F2DAD18CC3ECAFF1C" box="[403,507,151,176]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295DFF9F2E1218CC3DCEFF1C" box="[556,767,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2E1218CC3DCEFF1C" box="[556,767,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Halecium incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectionCode id="D0DAAE33295DFF9F2F2D18C33C56FF1C" box="[787,871,152,176]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">ZIRAS</collectionCode>
, “Ob”
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2F8118C23B3EFF03" box="[959,1039,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">II SAE</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F281D18CC3BB1FF1C" bold="true" box="[1059,1152,151,176]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Stn 204</emphasis>
,
<date id="C2751036295DFF9F28AA18CC3A15FF1C" box="[1172,1316,151,176]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" value="1957-02-30">30–02–1957</date>
, 65°
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF5031295DFF9F296718CC3AADFF1C" box="[1369,1436,151,176]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" precision="5555" value="-59.2">59,2S</geoCoordinate>
57°08’8E (Enderby Land),
<quantity id="71339B13295DFF9F2DEE18E73D2AFF78" box="[464,539,188,212]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" unit="m" value="270.0">270 m</quantity>
, three stem fragments, 42, 32 and
<quantity id="71339B13295DFF9F2F9218E73CCFFF78" box="[940,1022,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
long, with gonothecae.
<typeStatus id="69708854295DFF9F292D18E73A4AFF79" box="[1299,1403,188,213]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295DFF9F2CA918843EAEFF54" box="[151,415,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrocaulus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2CA918843EAEFF54" box="[151,415,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Halecium macrocaulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295DFF9F2D8F18BB3D18FF5B" box="[433,553,224,247]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="275" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2D8F18BB3D18FF5B" box="[433,553,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">BANZARE</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2E0518843DA7FF54" bold="true" box="[571,662,223,248]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Stn 107</emphasis>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF5031295DFF9F2E9718843C30FF54" box="[681,769,223,248]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" precision="925" value="-66.75">66°45'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF5031295DFF9F2F3218843C57FF54" box="[780,870,223,248]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" precision="925" value="62.05">62°03'E</geoCoordinate>
(Mawson Coast),
<quantity id="71339B13295DFF9F287F18BB3BBFFF5B" box="[1089,1166,224,248]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" unit="m" value="210.0">210 m</quantity>
, one microslide,
<collectionCode id="D0DAAE33295DFF9F296518BB3AADFF5B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" box="[1371,1436,224,247]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">NMV</collectionCode>
F147467, one stem fragment, c.
<quantity id="71339B13295DFF9F2DC1195F3D7CFEB0" box="[511,589,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
long, with gonothecae.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2F69195E3A57FEB0" box="[855,1382,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295DFF9F2F69195E3C82FEB0" box="[855,947,261,284]" name="Germany" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">German</collectingCountry>
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295DFF9F2F84195F3B10FEB7" box="[954,1057,260,283]" name="Antarctica" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Expedition Polarstern XXI/2
</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F294B195F3E34FEEC" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Stn PS65/019</emphasis>
, one stem, c.
<quantity id="71339B13295DFF9F2D9E197C3ECCFE93" box="[416,509,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" unit="mm" value="195.0">195 mm</quantity>
high, with gonothecae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D295DFF9F2CF919173DD0FDCC" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B67436F6295DFF9F2CF919173DD0FDCC" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2CF919173E70FEC9" bold="true" box="[199,321,332,357]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Strongly polysiphonic, irregularly branched stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B13295DFF9F2FF319173B1AFEC8" box="[973,1067,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" unit="mm" value="300.0">300 mm</quantity>
high. Branches originating from hydrophore of primary hydrotheca. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one or two planes. Hydrotheca at the end of short, adnate hydrophore provided with oblique pseudodiaphragm. Hydrotheca distinctly widening distally; rim slightly everted. Adcauline hydrothecal wall free; distinctly larger than abcauline one. Hydrothecal aperture slightly directed downwards. Up to one secondary hydrotheca present.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295DFF9F2F8219873CC7FE59" box="[956,1014,476,501]" name="Malta" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Male</collectingCountry>
gonoteca oval, elongated with distal, shallow groove. Female gonotheca flattened, terebratulid brachiopod-shaped; abcauline wall longer. Aperture at distal part. With acrocyst (one embryo). Cnidome consisting of isorhizas, larger microbasic euryteles, smaller microbasic euryteles and microbasic mastigophores.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D295DFF9E2CF91A373A71FD5C" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="260" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" type="description">
<paragraph id="B67436F6295DFF9F2CF91A373E0AFD5C" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2CF91A373E63FD29" bold="true" box="[199,338,620,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Description</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="69708854295DFF9F2D5D1A373EA4FD28" box="[355,405,620,644]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295DFF9F2E191A363D97FD28" box="[551,678,621,644]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2E191A363D97FD28" box="[551,678,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Three stem fragments, c. 42, 32 and
<quantity id="71339B13295DFF9F284F1A373BF2FD28" box="[1137,1219,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
long. 42-mm-long fragment corresponding to a basal stem fragment, strongly polysiphonic, c.
<quantity id="71339B13295DFF9F2FD61ACB3B18FD0B" box="[1000,1065,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
in diameter, and provided with a primary branch, strongly polysiphonic too. Branches divided into internodes by alternately arranged, slightly oblique nodes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295DFF9F2CF91AA73A55FC09" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">
Hydrothecae on adnate hydrophores (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F2E501AA73D83FCB9" box="[622,690,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A–D); ratio between adcauline length of hydrophore and diameter at diaphragm 1.2–1.5. Hydrotheca low (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F2E691B443DABFC94" box="[599,666,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A–D), distinctly widening from diaphragm upwards. Adcauline wall distinctly larger than abcauline one (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F2E771B1F3DA0FCF1" box="[585,657,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A, D). Adcauline hydrothecal wall free to internode (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F29301B1F3A64FCF1" box="[1294,1365,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A–D). Hydrothecal aperture slightly directed downwards. Hydrothecal rim slightly everted (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F28A01B3C3BDBFC2C" box="[1182,1258,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A). Up to one secondary hydrotheca present (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F2DCD1BD73D07FC09" box="[499,566,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A). An oblique, upwards directed pseudodiaphragm present (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F28DF1BD73A14FC09" box="[1249,1317,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A,D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295DFF9F2CF91BEB3C6EFC41" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">
Two female gonothecae present, arising from hydrophore of primary hydrotheca. Gonotheca fusiform, terebratulid brachiopod-shaped, with one side shorter (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F2EC51B8F3C0EFC41" box="[763,831,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295DFF9F2CF91BAC3B8AFB44" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2CF91BAC3EEFFBBC" bold="true" box="[199,478,1015,1040]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2DD81BAC3D44FBBC" box="[486,629,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture 260–300, diameter at diaphragm 230–250, height 35–50.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2CD31C473E54FB99" box="[237,357,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Internodes</emphasis>
: length 550–700, diameter 210–300.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2F261C473CAEFB99" box="[792,927,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Gonothecae</emphasis>
: height c. 1350, maximum diameter c. 470.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2CA91C643FCDFBF4" box="[151,252,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Cnidome</emphasis>
: isorhizas [range 19.0–21.5 x 6.0–8.0, mean 20.5±0.7 x 7.2±0.6 (n=10); ratio, range 2.6–3.3, mean 2.9±0.2 (n=10)], larger microbasic euryteles?, very abundant [range 15.5–18.0 x 6.0–8.0, mean 16.4±0.7 x 7.3±0.7 (n=10); ratio, range 2.0–2.7, mean 2.3±0.2 (n=10)], smaller microbasic euryteles [range 7.5–8.0 x 4.0, mean 7.8±0.2 x 4.0±0.0 (n=10); ratio, range 1.9–2.0, mean 2.0±0.1 (n=10)], and microbasic mastigophores [range 8.0–8.5 x 2.0–2.5, mean 8.3±0.2 x 2.3±0.2 (n=10); ratio, range 3.2–4.3, mean 3.7±0.4 (n=10)].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295DFF9F2CF91CAF3BD9FA31" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2CF91CAF3E60FAA1" bold="true" box="[199,337,1268,1293]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Description</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="69708854295DFF9F2D5F1CAF3EA2FAA0" box="[353,403,1268,1292]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295DFF9F2E211CAE3DE3FAA1" box="[543,722,1268,1293]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrocaulus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2E211CAE3DE3FAA1" box="[543,722,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">H. macrocaulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). “Thickest fragments (stem or major branches)
<quantity id="71339B13295DFF9F28C01CAF3A70FAA0" box="[1278,1345,1268,1293]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
wide at base and
<quantity id="71339B13295DFF9F2D301D433E42FA9C" box="[270,371,1304,1328]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
long; branching profuse and irregular, originally all around stem” (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295DFF9F288E1D433AA1FA9C" author="Watson" box="[1200,1424,1304,1328]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson 2008: 173</bibRefCitation>
). Apparently, branching alternate at every third hydrotheca in the material examined. Branches originating just below cauline hydrothecae. Primary branches in turn giving rise to one or two secondary branches. Stem and branches divided into internodes by little marked, alternately arranged, oblique nodes (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F285D1DDF3B94FA31" box="[1123,1189,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
F–H).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295DFF9F2CF91DFC3B24F9D9" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">
Hydrothecae alternately arranged in two planes. Hydrothecae resting on adnate hydrophores (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F28E31DFC3A2EFA6C" box="[1245,1311,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
F–H); ratio between adcauline length of hydrophore and diameter at diaphragm c. 1.0. Hydrotheca low and free, oblique, directed downwards (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F2DB11DB43EE5F9A4" box="[399,468,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
F–H). Rim everted. Hydrotheca strongly widening distally, much more at adcauline side, forming a distinct concavity (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F2E011E4F3DB8F981" box="[575,649,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
F). Adcauline hydrothecal side completely free and reaching next internode (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F2D221E6C3E5AF9FC" box="[284,363,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
F–H). Adcauline hydrothecal side higher than abcauline one (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F28401E6C3BFCF9FC" box="[1150,1229,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
F–H). A distinct pseudodiaphragm present, much more marked towards adcauline side (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F2F8D1E073CC7F9D9" box="[947,1014,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295DFF9F2CF91E243D23F94C" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">
Gonothecae originating directly from lateral of hydrophore (i.e., neither pedicel nor apophysis present) (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F29511E243F97F911" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
G). Gonotheca inverted pear-shaped, strongly narrowing at base and broadly rounded at distal part (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295DFF9F29021EFF3AB5F911" box="[1340,1412,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">
Fig.
<date id="C2751036295DFF9F294A1EFF3AB5F911" box="[1396,1412,1700,1725]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">6</date>
</figureCitation>
I). Maximum diameter at distal fifth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295DFF9F2CF91EB73E7DF838" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2CF91EB73EEFF8A9" bold="true" box="[199,478,1772,1797]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2DD81EB73D44F8A9" box="[486,629,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture 250–270, diameter at diaphragm 220–240, height abcauline wall 30–50, height adcauline wall 50–80.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2EC61F543C4EF884" box="[760,895,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Hydrophore</emphasis>
: adcauline length 220–250.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F28F21F543A75F884" box="[1228,1348,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Internodes</emphasis>
: length 630–800, diameter 250–300.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2DDE1F6F3D56F8E1" box="[480,615,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Gonothecae</emphasis>
: height c. 1420, maximum diameter c. 800.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F28661F6F3B8CF8E1" box="[1112,1213,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Cnidome</emphasis>
: heteronemes (only one
<typeStatus id="69708854295DFF9F2CF81F023FC7F8DD" box="[198,246,1881,1905]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">type</typeStatus>
could be observed since observations were made on a microslide) 15–17.5
<date id="C2751036295DFF9F28771F023B5DF8DC" box="[1097,1132,1879,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">x 5</date>
[
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295DFF9F28441F033E70F838" author="Watson" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">
<date id="C2751036295DFF9F28441F033BE9F8DC" box="[1146,1240,1880,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" value="1919-10-24">19–24 x</date>
7–9 according to Watson (2008)
</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295DFF9F2CF91FFB3AADF870" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295DFF9F2CF91FFB3E60F815" bold="true" box="[199,337,1952,1977]" pageId="16" pageNumber="259">Description</emphasis>
(PS65/19). One branched, strongly polysiphonic stem c.
<quantity id="71339B13295DFF9F2FEE1FFB3B1CF814" box="[976,1069,1952,1977]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="16" pageNumber="259" unit="mm" value="195.0">195 mm</quantity>
high. Stem giving rise to several strongly-developed, polysiphonic, primary branches which, in turn, form polysiphonic secondary ones.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295CFF9E2CA918CC3EA7FF54" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Polysiphonic branches giving rise to lower-order branches, most monosiphonic, but some slightly polysiphonic basally. Overall, up to five-order branching observed. Branches divided into internodes by alternately arranged, slightly oblique nodes.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295CFF9E2CF9195F3C08FE00" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">
Hydrothecae resting on adnate hydrophores; ratio between adcauline length of hydrophore and diameter at diaphragm c. 1.3 (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295CFF9E2D5D197C3E94FEEC" box="[355,421,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[197,1387,208,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[181,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – C) internodes showing hydrothecae (C with secondary hydrotheca); (D) female gonotheca with acrocyst; (E – G) a female gonotheca in different views. (All drawings from Stn PS 65 / 019). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C), 500 µm (D – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226897/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A–C). Hydrotheca low, distinctly widening from diaphragm upwards (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295CFF9E2885197C3BCFFEEC" box="[1211,1278,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[197,1387,208,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[181,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – C) internodes showing hydrothecae (C with secondary hydrotheca); (D) female gonotheca with acrocyst; (E – G) a female gonotheca in different views. (All drawings from Stn PS 65 / 019). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C), 500 µm (D – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226897/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A). Adcauline wall slightly larger than abcauline one (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295CFF9E2E4E19173D86FEC8" box="[624,695,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[197,1387,208,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[181,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – C) internodes showing hydrothecae (C with secondary hydrotheca); (D) female gonotheca with acrocyst; (E – G) a female gonotheca in different views. (All drawings from Stn PS 65 / 019). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C), 500 µm (D – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226897/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A, B). Adcauline hydrothecal wall free to internode (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295CFF9E290E19173A49FEC8" box="[1328,1400,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[197,1387,208,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[181,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – C) internodes showing hydrothecae (C with secondary hydrotheca); (D) female gonotheca with acrocyst; (E – G) a female gonotheca in different views. (All drawings from Stn PS 65 / 019). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C), 500 µm (D – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226897/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A). Hydrothecal aperture directed downwards. Sometimes a secondary hydrotheca present (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295CFF9E28A219343BD4FE24" box="[1180,1253,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[197,1387,208,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[181,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – C) internodes showing hydrothecae (C with secondary hydrotheca); (D) female gonotheca with acrocyst; (E – G) a female gonotheca in different views. (All drawings from Stn PS 65 / 019). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C), 500 µm (D – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226897/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
C). An oblique, usually well-marked pseudodiaphragm present (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295CFF9E2E8F19CF3DC5FE00" box="[689,756,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[197,1387,208,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[181,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – C) internodes showing hydrothecae (C with secondary hydrotheca); (D) female gonotheca with acrocyst; (E – G) a female gonotheca in different views. (All drawings from Stn PS 65 / 019). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C), 500 µm (D – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226897/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A, C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295CFF9E2CF919EC3D97FDB4" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">
Female gonothecae present, arising from hydrophore. Gonotheca flattened; terebratulid brachiopod-shaped, with one side shorter (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295CFF9E2DA319873ED3FE58" box="[413,482,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[197,1387,208,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[181,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – C) internodes showing hydrothecae (C with secondary hydrotheca); (D) female gonotheca with acrocyst; (E – G) a female gonotheca in different views. (All drawings from Stn PS 65 / 019). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C), 500 µm (D – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226897/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
E, F), in lateral view, when immature, and fusiform when mature. In frontal view, gonotheca more or less triangular (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295CFF9E2E2319A43D6EFDBB" box="[541,607,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[197,1387,208,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[181,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – C) internodes showing hydrothecae (C with secondary hydrotheca); (D) female gonotheca with acrocyst; (E – G) a female gonotheca in different views. (All drawings from Stn PS 65 / 019). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C), 500 µm (D – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226897/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
D, G).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295CFF9E2CF91A7F3A71FD5C" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E2CF91A7F3EEFFD91" bold="true" box="[199,478,548,573]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E2DD81A7F3D44FD91" box="[486,629,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture 245–250, diameter at diaphragm 190–220, height 35–50.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E2CD11A1C3E47FDCC" box="[239,374,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Gonothecae</emphasis>
: height 1300–1400, maximum diameter c. 500 (lateral view) and 700–780 (frontal view).
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E2CA91A373FCDFD29" box="[151,252,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Cnidome</emphasis>
: innumerous isorhizas [range 17.5–19.0 x 7.0–8.0, mean 18.3±0.5 x 7.2±0.3 (n=10); ratio, range 2.4–2.7, mean 2.6±0.1 (n=10)], larger microbasic euryteles? [range 13.0–14.0 x 6.5–7.5, mean 13.5±0.4 x 7.1±0.4 (n=5); ratio, range 1.8–2.0, mean 1.9±0.1 (n=5)], smaller microbasic euryteles [range 6.0–7.5 x 3.0–3.5, mean 6.7±0.4 x 3.4±0.2 (n=10); ratio, range 1.9–2.2, mean 2.0±0.1 (n=10)], and microbasic mastigophore (7.5–8
<date id="C2751036295CFF9E28E51A833BCFFD5C" box="[1243,1278,727,752]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">x 2</date>
–2.5).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D295CFF9D2CF91AA73D42FE58" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B67436F6295CFF9E2CF91AA73AADFC08" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E2CF91AA73E0AFCB9" bold="true" box="[199,315,764,789]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295CFF9E2D7A1AA73D2BFCB8" author="Stepanjants" box="[324,538,764,789]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants (1979)</bibRefCitation>
described two
<typeStatus id="69708854295CFF9E2EF31AA63C39FCB9" box="[717,776,765,789]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">types</typeStatus>
of gonothecae, probably male and female. Putative male gonotheca oval, elongated with a distal, shallow groove. Female gonotheca pear-shaped, flattened, and with external acrocyst. In the material from PS65/19 there are gonothecae with acrocyst where embryo is completing its development (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295CFF9E2D031B3C3EB4FC2C" box="[317,389,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[197,1387,208,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[181,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – C) internodes showing hydrothecae (C with secondary hydrotheca); (D) female gonotheca with acrocyst; (E – G) a female gonotheca in different views. (All drawings from Stn PS 65 / 019). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C), 500 µm (D – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226897/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
D) and others where embryo is little developed and still within the gonotheca with the surrounding acrocyst (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295CFF9E2DAF1BD73EE2FC08" box="[401,467,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[197,1387,208,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[181,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – C) internodes showing hydrothecae (C with secondary hydrotheca); (D) female gonotheca with acrocyst; (E – G) a female gonotheca in different views. (All drawings from Stn PS 65 / 019). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C), 500 µm (D – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226897/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
E–G). Apparently, shorter side deploys to allow embryo and acrocyst to exit (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295CFF9E290B1BD73A49FC08" box="[1333,1400,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[197,1387,208,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[181,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – C) internodes showing hydrothecae (C with secondary hydrotheca); (D) female gonotheca with acrocyst; (E – G) a female gonotheca in different views. (All drawings from Stn PS 65 / 019). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C), 500 µm (D – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226897/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295CFF9E2CF91BEB3EAFFB68" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295CFF9E2CF91BEB3D14FC64" author="Naumov" box="[199,549,943,968]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1962) Hydroida (Thecaphora) collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition on the M / V Ob in antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1955 - 1958, 1. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 1 (9), 68 - 106." type="journal article" year="1962">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants (1962)</bibRefCitation>
characterized this species by the structure of the hydrotheca. They indicated that the “obliquely cut aperture with turned out edges and the presence of two diaphragms in the hydrotheca separate the new species from all the known species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E2F9A1BAC3B20FBBC" box="[932,1041,1015,1040]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E2F9A1BAC3B20FBBC" box="[932,1041,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Halecium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”. According to these authors, the species has stems “irregularly ramified in several planes”, “with primary and secondary branches polysiphonic”. The pseudodiaphragm is oblique. Interestingly,
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295CFF9E2E931C1B3B32FBF4" author="Naumov" box="[685,1027,1087,1112]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1962) Hydroida (Thecaphora) collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition on the M / V Ob in antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1955 - 1958, 1. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 1 (9), 68 - 106." type="journal article" year="1962">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants (1962)</bibRefCitation>
also indicated that, “considering the
<typeStatus id="69708854295CFF9E2CA91C3E3FF6FBD1" box="[151,199,1125,1149]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">type</typeStatus>
of ramification, the structure of the branches and the disposal of the hydrothecae, our species appear to be related to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E2D311CD23D38FB0C" authority="Allman" authorityName="Allman" box="[271,521,1159,1184]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Hydrodendron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arboreum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E2D311CD23E92FB0C" box="[271,419,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">H. arboreum</emphasis>
Allman
</taxonomicName>
”. This clearly points to a colonial structure as that found in the material here assigned to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E2D251CF63EA6FB68" box="[283,407,1197,1220]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E2D251CF63EA6FB68" box="[283,407,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295CFF9E2CF91C943B42FA9C" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295CFF9E2CF91C943EAAFB44" author="Stepanjants" box="[199,411,1231,1256]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants (1979)</bibRefCitation>
also characterized the species by having very large colonies with thick and polysiphonic stems irregularly branched repeatedly in several planes. She also indicated that young colonies have a more ordered branching: primary branches alternately arranged, second-order ones in different planes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295CFF9E2CF91D673AACFA31" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295CFF9E2CF91D673E5DFAF8" author="Millard" box="[199,364,1340,1365]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1977) Hydroids from the Kerguelen and Crozet shelves, collected by the cruise MD. 03 of the Marion-Dufresne. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1977">Millard (1977)</bibRefCitation>
described as
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E2E3D1D673DD5FAF9" box="[515,740,1340,1365]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dufresnae">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E2E3D1D673DD5FAF9" box="[515,740,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Halecium dufresnae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a new species that agrees in every detail with
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E28D71D663A54FAF8" box="[1257,1381,1341,1364]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E28D71D663A54FAF8" box="[1257,1381,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and, in fact,
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295CFF9E2CD01D043EF3FAD4" author="Stepanjants" box="[238,450,1375,1400]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants (1979)</bibRefCitation>
already considered this species conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E2FCF1D3A3B5FFAD4" box="[1009,1134,1377,1400]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E2FCF1D3A3B5FFAD4" box="[1009,1134,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Millard’s (1977) material also has thick fascicled stem (up to
<quantity id="71339B13295CFF9E2E1A1DDF3DB0FA30" box="[548,641,1412,1437]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" unit="mm" value="245.0">245 mm</quantity>
high), branching and re-branching irregularly, but mainly in one plane.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295CFF9E2CF91DFC3AA2F981" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">
Although it has not been possible to re-describe the general appearance of the colony of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E28921DF23A6FFA6C" box="[1196,1374,1447,1472]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrocaulus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E28921DF23A6FFA6C" box="[1196,1374,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">H. macrocaulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the material examined, according to Watson’s (2008) description it is clear that
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E28661D963A21FA49" box="[1112,1296,1484,1509]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrocaulus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E28661D963A21FA49" box="[1112,1296,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">H. macrocaulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has robust, polysiphonic and much branched stems. In addition, although
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295CFF9E2F6E1DAA3CC4F9A4" author="Watson" box="[848,1013,1520,1544]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that forks arise from within a hydrotheca, in the material examined here I found only branches originating just below the cauline hydrothecae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295CFF9E2CF01E623DC0F911" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295CFF9E2CF01E623E9DF9FC" author="Watson" box="[206,428,1592,1616]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008: 173)</bibRefCitation>
also indicated the presence of a “septum (false diaphragm) of perisarc passing diagonally through hydrophore from near junction of diaphragm with abcauline wall to adcauline wall”. This “false diaphragm” clearly corresponds with a pseudodiaphragm as it has been unequivocally demonstrated by examining the
<typeStatus id="69708854295CFF9E2CFE1EFF3E13F911" box="[192,290,1700,1725]" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E2D941EFE3D6DF911" box="[426,604,1700,1725]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrocaulus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E2D941EFE3D6DF911" box="[426,604,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">H. macrocaulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf.
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295CFF9E2EAE1EFF3DE3F911" box="[656,722,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295CFF9D2CF91E9C3ED0FF78" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,151,717]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E2CF91E9C3EE0F94C" box="[199,465,1735,1760]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrocaulus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E2CF91E9C3EE0F94C" box="[199,465,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">Halecium macrocaulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is undistinguishable from
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E2F2B1E923CA9F94C" box="[789,920,1737,1760]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E2F2B1E923CA9F94C" box="[789,920,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and it is considered here conspecific with Naumov &amp; Stepanjants’ species. They agree in colony structure, with thick stems profusely and irregularly branched, shape and size of hydrotheca, presence of pseudodiaphragm, sessile hydrophores, and size of nematocysts. The single difference concerns the presence of acrocyst in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E28321F6E3BBEF8E0" box="[1036,1167,1845,1868]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E28321F6E3BBEF8E0" box="[1036,1167,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, not described for
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E29BF1F6E3E16F8DC" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrocaulus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E29BF1F6E3E16F8DC" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">H. macrocaulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, this could be explained by the fact that the gonothecae described for
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E28801F023A43F8DC" box="[1214,1394,1879,1904]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrocaulus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E28801F023A43F8DC" box="[1214,1394,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">H. macrocaulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are either male or female but immature.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295CFF9E2E061F273D66F838" box="[568,599,1916,1940]" name="American Samoa" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">As</collectingCountry>
it has been shown above, in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295CFF9E2F9D1F263B11F838" box="[931,1056,1917,1940]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="17" pageNumber="260" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295CFF9E2F9D1F263B11F838" box="[931,1056,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="260">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is possible to find in the same colony gonothecae with acrocyst, where an embryo is completing its development, together with others where an embryo is little developed and still within the gonotheca with the surrounding acrocyst. The shape of the gonotheca of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2C8918C23E5AFF1C" box="[183,363,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrocaulus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2C8918C23E5AFF1C" box="[183,363,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">H. macrocaulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295FFF9D2D4418CC3EF1FF1C" box="[378,448,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[242,1347,211,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[225,1362,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – D, F – H) internodes showing hydrothecae (A with secondary hydrotheca); (E) female gonotheca (lateral view); (I) female gonotheca (frontal view). (A – E from holotype of H. incertus; F – I from holotype of H. macrocaulus Watson, 2008). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – D, F – H), 500 µm (E, I)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226896/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
Fig.
<date id="C2751036295FFF9D2D8F18CC3EF1FF1C" box="[433,448,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">6</date>
</figureCitation>
I; see also
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295FFF9D2E0518CC3DAAFF1C" box="[571,667,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[237,1360,208,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[214,1372,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium jaederholmi Vervoort, 1972. (A – E) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (D with a second-order hydrotheca; D and E showing origin of gonothecae); (F – G) female gonothecae showing eggs and hydrothecae. (All drawings from holotype). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – E), 500 µm (F – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226899/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Figure 9</figureCitation>
B by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2EE518C33C8FFF1C" author="Watson" box="[731,958,152,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008: 174)</bibRefCitation>
] is identical to that I found in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D292018C23AADFF1C" box="[1310,1436,153,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D292018C23AADFF1C" box="[1310,1436,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295FFF9D2CEA18E63E14FF78" box="[212,293,189,212]" name="Bouvet Island" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Bouvet</collectingCountry>
(cf.
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295FFF9D2D6718E73EAAFF78" box="[345,411,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[197,1387,208,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[181,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7. Halecium incertus Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962. (A – C) internodes showing hydrothecae (C with secondary hydrotheca); (D) female gonotheca with acrocyst; (E – G) a female gonotheca in different views. (All drawings from Stn PS 65 / 019). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C), 500 µm (D – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226897/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
D, G).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295FFF9D2CF918BB3BEFFEC9" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
It seems clear, from the above-shown descriptions that
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2F0818BA3C82FF54" box="[822,947,225,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2F0818BA3C82FF54" box="[822,947,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterised by having large (up to
<quantity id="71339B13295FFF9D294C18BB3FF2FEB0" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" unit="mm" value="300.0">300 mm</quantity>
high), thick, polysiphonic stems giving rise to also polysiphonic, lower-order branches in one or several planes. Consequently, I conclude that the material ascribed to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2F5519723CDBFEEC" box="[875,1002,297,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2F5519723CDBFEEC" box="[875,1002,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D282519733A32FEEC" author="Pena" box="[1051,1283,296,320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero (2008</bibRefCitation>
, 2009, 2012) belongs to a different, described below, new species to science,
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2F5E19173B4CFEC9" box="[864,1149,332,357]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2F5E19173B4CFEC9" box="[864,1149,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Halecium pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F295FFF9D28BB19173BEFFEC9" box="[1157,1246,332,357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D28BB19173BEFFEC9" bold="true" box="[1157,1246,332,357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295FFF9D2CF919343D42FE58" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2CF919343EC9FE24" bold="true" box="[199,504,367,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2E3E19343DFEFE24" box="[512,719,367,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2E3E19343DFEFE24" box="[512,719,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Halecium incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found at depths from 15 (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D285C19343A17FE24" author="Stepanjants" box="[1122,1318,367,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
) to
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(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2CA019CF3E8AFE00" author="Branch" box="[158,443,404,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Branch, M. L. &amp; Williams, G. C. (1993) The Hydrozoa, Octocorallia and Scleractinia of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: illustrated keys to the species and results of the 1982 - 1989 University of Cape Town surveys. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 23 (1 - 2), 3 - 24." type="journal article" year="1993">Branch &amp; Williams 1993</bibRefCitation>
), on rock (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2E0F19CF3DC4FE00" author="Stepanjants" box="[561,757,404,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2F3E19CF3B2AFE00" author="Branch" box="[768,1051,404,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Branch, M. L. &amp; Williams, G. C. (1993) The Hydrozoa, Octocorallia and Scleractinia of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: illustrated keys to the species and results of the 1982 - 1989 University of Cape Town surveys. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 23 (1 - 2), 3 - 24." type="journal article" year="1993">Branch &amp; Williams 1993</bibRefCitation>
), and gravel and mud (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D292419CF3FE2FE7C" author="Stepanjants" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
). Gonothecae in April (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2DDC19EC3D4DFE7C" author="Millard" box="[482,636,439,464]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1977) Hydroids from the Kerguelen and Crozet shelves, collected by the cruise MD. 03 of the Marion-Dufresne. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1977">Millard 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2EB419EC3C7EFE7C" author="Stepanjants" box="[650,847,439,464]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
), November (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2FD219E33A2EFE7C" author="Pena" box="[1004,1311,439,464]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Gili, J. M. (2006) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from off Bouvet Island (Antarctic Ocean). Polar Biology, 29, 764 - 771. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 006 - 0113 - x" type="journal article" year="2006">Peña Cantero &amp; Gili 2006</bibRefCitation>
), and from December to February (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2D9F19873D56FE58" author="Stepanjants" box="[417,615,476,501]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D295FFF9D2CF919A43DB5FD61" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B67436F6295FFF9D2CF919A43DB5FD61" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2CF919A43EA9FDB4" ID-CoL="3JB4S" box="[199,408,511,536]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2CF919A43EA9FDB4" box="[199,408,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Halecium incertus</emphasis>
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seems to have an
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295FFF9D2E4919A43DEEFDB4" box="[631,735,511,536]" name="Antarctica" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
–Kerguélen distribution (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D283E1A5B3A08FDB4" author="Pena" box="[1024,1337,511,536]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Gili, J. M. (2006) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from off Bouvet Island (Antarctic Ocean). Polar Biology, 29, 764 - 771. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 006 - 0113 - x" type="journal article" year="2006">Peña Cantero &amp; Gili 2006</bibRefCitation>
), having been found in both
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295FFF9D2D441A7F3ED3FD91" box="[378,482,548,573]" name="Antarctica" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
and sub-Antarctic waters. In the latter, it is known from off Crozet (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D28C31A7F3AA6FD90" author="Millard" box="[1277,1431,548,573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1977) Hydroids from the Kerguelen and Crozet shelves, collected by the cruise MD. 03 of the Marion-Dufresne. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1977">Millard 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2CA91A1C3E51FDCC" author="Stepanjants" box="[151,352,583,608]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
), Kerguélen (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2E3E1A1C3DF9FDCC" author="Stepanjants" box="[512,712,583,608]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
) and the Marion and Prince Edward islands area (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D29191A1C3E71FD28" author="Branch" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Branch, M. L. &amp; Williams, G. C. (1993) The Hydrozoa, Octocorallia and Scleractinia of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: illustrated keys to the species and results of the 1982 - 1989 University of Cape Town surveys. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 23 (1 - 2), 3 - 24." type="journal article" year="1993">Branch &amp; Williams 1993</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295FFF9D2D4D1A373EEAFD29" box="[371,475,620,645]" name="Antarctica" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
waters, it is known from the Sodruzestva Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2FCC1A373A0FFD29" author="Naumov" box="[1010,1342,620,645]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1962) Hydroida (Thecaphora) collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition on the M / V Ob in antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1955 - 1958, 1. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 1 (9), 68 - 106." type="journal article" year="1962">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants 1962</bibRefCitation>
), off the Amery Ice Shelf (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2D611AD43D14FD04" author="Stepanjants" box="[351,549,655,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
), and off Mawson Coast (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2F791ACB3B85FD04" author="Watson" box="[839,1204,655,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">
Watson 2008 as
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D283C1ACA3B85FD04" ID-CoL="6L9TB" box="[1026,1204,655,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrocaulus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D283C1ACA3B85FD04" box="[1026,1204,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">H. macrocaulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</bibRefCitation>
), in East
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295FFF9D291E1AD43AA9FD04" box="[1312,1432,655,680]" name="Antarctica" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
, and off
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295FFF9D2CD31AEE3E0FFD60" box="[237,318,693,716]" name="Bouvet Island" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Bouvet</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2D731AEF3D49FD61" author="Pena" box="[333,632,692,717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Gili, J. M. (2006) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from off Bouvet Island (Antarctic Ocean). Polar Biology, 29, 764 - 771. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 006 - 0113 - x" type="journal article" year="2006">Peña Cantero &amp; Gili 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

350
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CA91AD93E85FD30" bold="true" box="[151,436,642,668]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Halecium exaggeratum</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CA91AFE3FCEFD12" blockId="12.[151,908,642,702]" box="[151,255,677,702]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
(
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732941FF832CA11AFE3FD0FD12" box="[159,225,677,702]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
K)
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CA91AB63EB5FCAF" box="[151,388,749,771]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Halecium exaggeratum</emphasis>
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: 743
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–745, fig. 6d, e.
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CA91B573FCBFC8E" box="[151,250,780,802]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Halecium</emphasis>
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sp.1
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72941FF832D111B563D18FC8E" author="Pena" box="[303,553,780,802]" page="455" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072941FF832D111B563ECBFC8E" author="Pena" box="[303,506,780,802]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 455
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–456, fig. 1J.
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CA91B713FCBFCEC" box="[151,250,810,832]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Halecium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72941FF832D1D1B703DBAFCEC" author="Pena" box="[291,651,810,832]" page="85" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072941FF832D1D1B703D57FCEC" author="Pena" box="[291,614,810,832]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2009) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bransfield Strait area (Antarctica) collected by Brazilian expeditions, with the description of a new species. Polar Biology, 32, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 008 - 0506 - 0" type="journal article" year="2009">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort, 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 85
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, fig.
<date id="C27510362941FF832E811B713DEBFCEC" box="[703,730,810,832]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">1I.</date>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CA91B123DC4FCF3" blockId="12.[151,1026,749,955]" box="[151,757,841,863]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82941FF832CA91B123DC4FCF3" box="[151,757,841,863]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752941FF832CA91B123E46FCF3" ID-CoL="3JB3P" box="[151,375,841,863]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CA91B123E46FCF3" box="[151,375,841,863]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Halecium delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72941FF832DAF1B113D59FCF3" author="Vervoort" box="[401,616,841,863]" page="341" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072941FF832DAF1B113D09FCF3" author="Vervoort" box="[401,568,841,863]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" refString="Vervoort, W. (1972 b) Hydroids from submarine cliffs near Arthur Harbour, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Zoologische Mededelingen, 47 (25), 337 - 357." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">Vervoort, 1972b</bibRefCitation>
: 341
</treatmentCitation>
–343,
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a.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CA91B333DD3FC30" blockId="12.[151,1026,749,955]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82941FF832CA91B333DD3FC30" bridged="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752941FF832CA91B333E48FCD2" ID-CoL="3JB2X" box="[151,377,872,894]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CA91B333E48FCD2" box="[151,377,872,894]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Halecium antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72941FF832DAA1B333D05FCD2" author="Blanco" box="[404,564,872,894]" page="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072941FF832DAA1B333D2CFCD2" author="Blanco" box="[404,541,872,894]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1984) Contribucion al conocimiento de hidrozoos antarticos y subantarticos. Contribuciones del Instituto Antartico Argentino, 294, 1 - 53, pls. 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1984">Blanco, 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 7
</treatmentCitation>
–10, pl. 4 figs 8–11, pl. 5 figs 12–13 (in part).?
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752941FF832C961BDD3E59FC30" ID-CoL="3JB7D" box="[168,360,902,924]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenellum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832C961BDD3E59FC30" box="[168,360,902,924]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Halecium tenellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72941FF832DBD1BDD3D71FC30" author="Hartlaub" box="[387,576,902,924]" page="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" year="1904">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072941FF832DBD1BDD3D2CFC30" author="Hartlaub" box="[387,541,902,924]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1904) Hydroiden. In: Expedition antarctique Belge. Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897 - 1899. Rapports scientifiques, Zoologie, pp. 1 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1904">Hartlaub, 1904</bibRefCitation>
: 13
</treatmentCitation>
–14, pl. 1 fig. 5.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CA91BFE3CDFFC17" blockId="12.[151,1026,749,955]" box="[151,1006,933,955]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82941FF832CA91BFE3CDFFC17" box="[151,1006,933,955]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
?
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752941FF832C961BFE3EB8FC17" ID-CoL="3JB3P" box="[168,393,933,955]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832C961BFE3EB8FC17" box="[168,393,933,955]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Halecium delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Blanco &amp; Bellusci de
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72941FF832EBC1BFE3C1EFC17" author="Miralles" box="[642,815,933,955]" page="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072941FF832EBC1BFE3C29FC17" author="Miralles" box="[642,792,933,955]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" refString="Blanco, O. M. &amp; Bellusci de Miralles, D. A. (1972) Hidrozoos de la isla Pedro I. Contribuciones del Instituto Antartico Argentino, 145, 1 - 29, pls. 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1972">Miralles, 1972</bibRefCitation>
: 7
</treatmentCitation>
–10, pl. 1 figs 3–5.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2941FF832CA91BB93DF0FBEF" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CA91BB93DF0FBEF" blockId="12.[151,1437,994,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CA91BB93EB6FC57" bold="true" box="[151,391,994,1019]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Material examined.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752941FF832DAA1BB93D41FC57" box="[404,624,994,1019]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenellum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832DAA1BB93D41FC57" box="[404,624,994,1019]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Halecium tenellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072941FF832E991BB93C54FC57" author="Hartlaub" box="[679,869,994,1019]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1904) Hydroiden. In: Expedition antarctique Belge. Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897 - 1899. Rapports scientifiques, Zoologie, pp. 1 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1904">Hartlaub (1904)</bibRefCitation>
.
<collectionCode id="D0DAAE332941FF832F481BB83CF8FC57" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" box="[886,969,995,1019]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" name="Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">RBINS</collectionCode>
Code 563502, INV 40984,
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF83291D1BB93D45FBB3" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
Expédition antarctique
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662941FF832D211C5D3E6EFBB3" box="[287,351,1030,1055]" name="Belgium" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Belge</collectingCountry>
S.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662941FF832D441C5C3EBDFBB2" box="[378,396,1031,1054]" name="Italy" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Y</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662941FF832DA61C5D3EDFFBB3" box="[408,494,1030,1055]" name="Belgium" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Belgica</collectingCountry>
<date id="C27510362941FF832DC81C5C3D45FBB3" box="[502,628,1031,1055]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" value="1897" valueMax="1899">1897–1899</date>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832EBD1C5D3DEAFBB3" bold="true" box="[643,731,1030,1055]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Stn 243</emphasis>
,
<date id="C27510362941FF832ED21C5C3CBFFBB3" box="[748,910,1030,1055]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" value="1898-04-27">27 April 1898</date>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF50312941FF832FA41C5C3CC9FBB3" box="[922,1016,1031,1055]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" precision="925" value="-70.8">70°48’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF50312941FF83283B1C5D3B5DFBB3" box="[1029,1132,1030,1055]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" precision="925" value="-91.9">91°54’W</geoCoordinate>
(Bellingshausen Sea),
<quantity id="71339B132941FF83294C1C5D3F9EFBEE" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" unit="m" value="350.0">350 m</quantity>
, one stem c.
<quantity id="71339B132941FF832D7E1C703EB3FBEE" box="[320,386,1067,1091]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
high, on tube of polychaete.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2941FF832CF91C153E39FAB7" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CF91C153E39FAB7" blockId="12.[151,1437,994,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CF91C153E70FBCB" bold="true" box="[199,321,1102,1127]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Monosiphonic, scarcely branched, slightly geniculate stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B132941FF8328581C153B8AFBCA" box="[1126,1211,1102,1127]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
high. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane. Stem giving rise either to paired or single branches originating from hydrophore of primary hydrothecae. Hydrotheca at the end of extremely long, free hydrophore. Hydrothecal diameter widening distally; rim everted. A secondary hydrotheca present. Gonothecae flattened, triangular, narrowing at base and opening along an irregular slit at apex. Cnidome consisting of microbasic mastigophores? and microbasic euryteles?
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2941FF832CF91D7D3E28F90B" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" type="description">
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CF91D7D3CC4FACF" blockId="12.[151,1437,994,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CF91D7D3E60FA93" bold="true" box="[199,337,1318,1343]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Description</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752941FF832D5C1D7C3ED4FA93" box="[354,485,1318,1343]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenellum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832D5C1D7C3ED4FA93" box="[354,485,1318,1343]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">H. tenellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Hartlaub). Stem c.
<quantity id="71339B132941FF832ED81D7C3C16FA92" box="[742,807,1319,1343]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
high, unbranched, and provided with nine hydrothecae. Internodes relatively long and slightly arranged in a zigzag pattern (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732941FF832FB01D113CE0FACF" box="[910,977,1354,1379]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
K).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CF91D353CF1FA63" blockId="12.[151,1437,994,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
Hydrothecae placed at the end of long free hydrophores (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732941FF832FB41D353CE5FA2B" box="[906,980,1390,1415]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
K); ratio between adcauline length of hydrophore and diameter at diaphragm c. 1.7. Hydrophores straight, regularly diverging from internode. Hydrothecae considerably surpassing distal node of internode (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732941FF832F671DED3CAAFA63" box="[857,923,1462,1487]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
K).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CF91D813D79F997" blockId="12.[151,1437,994,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
Hydrotheca low, distinctly widening distally, more at adcauline side (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732941FF832FC71D813B71FA5F" box="[1017,1088,1498,1523]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
K). Rim everted. Hydrothecal height slightly smaller at abcauline side. No pseudodiaphragm. Three hydrothecae with one secondary hydrotheca resting on long hydrophores (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732941FF832DDF1E793D12F997" box="[481,547,1570,1595]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
K).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CF91E1D3E28F90B" blockId="12.[151,1437,994,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CF91E1D3EEFF9F3" bold="true" box="[199,478,1606,1631]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832DD81E1D3D44F9F3" box="[486,629,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture 190–200, diameter at diaphragm 125–130, height 30–50.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CD51E313E61F92F" box="[235,336,1642,1667]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Cnidome</emphasis>
: microbasic euryteles? with rounded ends (7
<date id="C27510362941FF832F711E303C42F92F" box="[847,883,1643,1667]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">x 3</date>
) and microbasic mastigophores? with sharp ends (6.5–7
<date id="C27510362941FF832CD81ED43E3AF90B" box="[230,267,1679,1703]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">x 2</date>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2941FF822CF91EE93B2DFC6B" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="256" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CF91EE93FD8F943" blockId="12.[151,1437,994,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CF91EE93E0AF967" bold="true" box="[199,315,1714,1739]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Remarks.</emphasis>
For a complete description and discussion of this newly described species see Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF83295C1EEF3AA4F967" box="[1378,1429,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">et al</emphasis>
. (2013).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CF91EA13E5AF847" blockId="12.[151,1437,994,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
The material assigned to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752941FF832DD81EA13DD1F8BF" box="[486,736,1786,1811]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832DD81EA13DD1F8BF" box="[486,736,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Halecium delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072941FF832F331EA03CE1F8BF" author="Vervoort" box="[781,976,1786,1811]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" refString="Vervoort, W. (1972 b) Hydroids from submarine cliffs near Arthur Harbour, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Zoologische Mededelingen, 47 (25), 337 - 357." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">Vervoort (1972b)</bibRefCitation>
belongs to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752941FF8328691EA73A3DF8BF" box="[1111,1292,1788,1811]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exaggeratum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF8328691EA73A3DF8BF" box="[1111,1292,1788,1811]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">H. exaggeratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It agrees in colony structure, with long and thin internodes (
<date id="C27510362941FF832E801F453C0FF89B" box="[702,830,1822,1847]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" value="1080" valueMax="1215">1080–1215</date>
µm long and 105–115 µm wide), arranged in zigzag fashion, and in the shape and size of the hydrothecae (215–245 µm in diameter at aperture and 48–55 µm high), resting on very long hydrophores. Although gonothecae were not present in the material studied by Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF8329B61F3C3F9CF80F" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">et al</emphasis>
. (2013), Vervoort’s (1972b: fig. 2a) material is provided with them, being described as “flattened, triangular structures, narrowing at the base and opening along an irregular slit at the apex”. They are 675–745 µm high and 510–530 µm wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62940FF822CF918C33EAAFEC9" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
Part of the material assigned to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF822E1018C23DE6FF1C" box="[558,727,153,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822E1018C23DE6FF1C" box="[558,727,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822F3A18CC3C94FF1C" author="Blanco" box="[772,933,151,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1984) Contribucion al conocimiento de hidrozoos antarticos y subantarticos. Contribuciones del Instituto Antartico Argentino, 294, 1 - 53, pls. 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1984">Blanco (1984)</bibRefCitation>
seems to correspond to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF82288718C23A5FFF1C" box="[1209,1390,153,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exaggeratum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF82288718C23A5FFF1C" box="[1209,1390,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">H. exaggeratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662940FF82294218C33AAAFF1C" box="[1404,1435,152,176]" name="American Samoa" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">As</collectingCountry>
Peña Cantero (2013) pointed out, that record is based on material from different localities and seems to be based on specimens of several species. Peña Cantero (2013) indicated that the material represented in pl. 4 figs 10 and 11 and pl. 5 fig. 13 by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822D4D195F3D25FEB0" author="Blanco" box="[371,532,260,285]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1984) Contribucion al conocimiento de hidrozoos antarticos y subantarticos. Contribuciones del Instituto Antartico Argentino, 294, 1 - 53, pls. 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1984">Blanco (1984)</bibRefCitation>
could belong to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF822EEE195E3C65FEB1" box="[720,852,260,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="frigidum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822EEE195E3C65FEB1" box="[720,852,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">H. frigidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. I believe now that Blanco’s material represented in pl. 5 fig. 13 undoubtedly belongs to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF822E0E19723DD4FEEC" box="[560,741,297,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exaggeratum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822E0E19723DD4FEEC" box="[560,741,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">H. exaggeratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This material was also provided with gonothecae, c. 649 µm high and 568 µm wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62940FF822CF919343B4EFD28" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
The material assigned to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF822DDC192A3DB8FE24" box="[482,649,367,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822DDC192A3DB8FE24" box="[482,649,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Blanco &amp; Bellusci de
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822F9319343B6DFE24" author="Miralles" box="[941,1116,367,392]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Blanco, O. M. &amp; Bellusci de Miralles, D. A. (1972) Hidrozoos de la isla Pedro I. Contribuciones del Instituto Antartico Argentino, 145, 1 - 29, pls. 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1972">Miralles (1972)</bibRefCitation>
also seems to correspond to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF822CA919CE3E7CFE00" box="[151,333,405,428]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exaggeratum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822CA919CE3E7CFE00" box="[151,333,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">H. exaggeratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, agreeing in colony structure, with long and thin internodes (920–1290 µm long and c. 130 µm wide), shape and size of the hydrothecae (180–240 µm in diameter at aperture, 110–150 µm diameter at diaphragm, and 37–92 µm high) and, particularly, in the distinctly long hydrophores (ratio between adcauline length of hydrophore and diameter at diaphragm 2.3). One of the two stems studied by Blanco &amp; Bellusci de
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF8228D319A43AADFDB4" author="Miralles" box="[1261,1436,511,536]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Blanco, O. M. &amp; Bellusci de Miralles, D. A. (1972) Hidrozoos de la isla Pedro I. Contribuciones del Instituto Antartico Argentino, 145, 1 - 29, pls. 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1972">Miralles (1972)</bibRefCitation>
differs in being slightly polysiphonic basally, but it was
<quantity id="71339B132940FF822F341A7F3C68FD90" box="[778,857,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
high, two-fold the maximum height reported for
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF8229BF1A7E3E18FDCC" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exaggeratum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF8229BF1A7E3E18FDCC" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">H. exaggeratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and, therefore, this difference could be related to development. Concerning the absence of paired branches, this also is present in part of the material studied by Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822FD11A363B2EFD29" box="[1007,1055,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">et al</emphasis>
. (2013).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62940FF822CF01AD43E09FCB8" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
The examination of Hartlaub’s material of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF822E931ACA3CFDFD04" authority="Hincks, 1861" authorityName="Hincks" authorityYear="1861" box="[685,972,655,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenellum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822E931ACA3C1EFD04" box="[685,815,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">H. tenellum</emphasis>
Hincks, 1861
</taxonomicName>
has clearly shown that it does not belong to Hincks’ species. Instead it seems to be conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF822F731AEE3B34FD60" box="[845,1029,693,716]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exaggeratum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822F731AEE3B34FD60" box="[845,1029,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">H. exaggeratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although reported from
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662940FF82290A1AEF3AADFD61" box="[1332,1436,692,717]" name="Antarctica" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
waters in several occasions,
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF822DD41A8C3DF5FD5C" box="[490,708,727,752]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenellum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822DD41A8C3DF5FD5C" box="[490,708,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Halecium tenellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be absent from this area (see also below under
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF8229BF1A823E19FCB9" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF8229BF1A823E19FCB9" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">H. interpolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62940FF822CF91B443B2DFC6B" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822CF91B443EC7FC94" bold="true" box="[199,502,799,824]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752940FF822DC31B443C32FC94" box="[509,771,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exaggeratum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822DC31B443C32FC94" box="[509,771,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Halecium exaggeratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a circum-Antarctic distribution (cf. Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF82295A1B7A3AA5FC94" box="[1380,1428,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">et al</emphasis>
. 2013), being known from Arthur Harbour, Palmer Archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822F521B1F3B10FCF1" author="Vervoort" box="[876,1057,836,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Vervoort, W. (1972 b) Hydroids from submarine cliffs near Arthur Harbour, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Zoologische Mededelingen, 47 (25), 337 - 357." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">Vervoort 1972b</bibRefCitation>
), off Livingston
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662940FF8228E01B1F3A14FCF1" box="[1246,1317,836,861]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Island</collectingCountry>
, the South
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662940FF822CA91B3C3E7FFC2C" box="[151,334,871,896]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Shetland Islands</collectingCountry>
area (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822DAC1B333D5CFC2C" author="Pena" box="[402,621,872,896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero 2008</bibRefCitation>
), Bransfield
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662940FF822EC51B3C3C73FC2C" box="[763,834,871,896]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Island</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662940FF822F731B3C3C84FC2C" box="[845,949,871,896]" name="Antarctica" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Peninsula (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF8228091B333AA4FC2C" author="Pena" box="[1079,1429,872,896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2009) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bransfield Strait area (Antarctica) collected by Brazilian expeditions, with the description of a new species. Polar Biology, 32, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 008 - 0506 - 0" type="journal article" year="2009">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort 2009</bibRefCitation>
) and Rod Bay and Tethys Bay, Ross Sea (Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42940FF822EC11BD63C01FC09" box="[767,816,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="256">et al</emphasis>
. 2013). Hartlaub’s (1904) material was collected in the Bellingshausen Sea and that of Blanco &amp; Bellusci de
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072940FF822ED11BF43CACFC64" author="Miralles" box="[751,925,943,968]" pageId="13" pageNumber="256" refString="Blanco, O. M. &amp; Bellusci de Miralles, D. A. (1972) Hidrozoos de la isla Pedro I. Contribuciones del Instituto Antartico Argentino, 145, 1 - 29, pls. 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1972">Miralles (1972)</bibRefCitation>
off Peter I.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

202
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<heading id="ED3C819A2945FF872CA91EAE3D6BF8A3" bold="true" box="[151,602,1781,1807]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872CA91EAE3D6BF8A3" bold="true" box="[151,602,1781,1807]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872CA91EAE3E9AF8A3" bold="true" box="[151,427,1781,1807]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Halecium brevithecum</emphasis>
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(
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A–C)
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82945FF872CA91F013DDAF8DC" box="[151,747,1882,1904]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872CA91F013E4DF8DC" box="[151,380,1882,1904]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Halecium brevithecum</emphasis>
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: 168
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–169, fig. 4A–C.
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872CA91FCC3EB0F81C" bold="true" box="[151,385,1943,1968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Material examined.</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872E3F1FC33D48F803" box="[513,633,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">BANZARE</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872EBF1FCC3DFAF81C" bold="true" box="[641,715,1943,1968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Stn 41</emphasis>
,
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(Enderby Land),
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,
<collectionCode id="D0DAAE332945FF8728891FC33BC9F803" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" box="[1207,1272,1944,1967]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">NMV</collectionCode>
F147457, one microslide with a few stem fragments (longest c.
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long).
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="B67436F62944FF862CA91FFA3D18F858" blockId="9.[151,1436,1953,2036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="252">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42944FF862CA91FFA3E23F81A" bold="true" box="[151,274,1953,1975]" pageId="9" pageNumber="252">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752944FF862D261FFA3DBEF81B" authority="Watson, 2008" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2008" box="[280,655,1953,1975]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="252" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42944FF862D261FFA3ECDF81B" box="[280,508,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="252">Halecium brevithecum</emphasis>
Watson, 2008
</taxonomicName>
. (A–C) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (A with basal ahydrothecate intermediate internode).
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752944FF862DAC1F9B3C25F87A" authority="Jaderholm, 1904" authorityName="Jaderholm" authorityYear="1904" box="[402,788,1984,2006]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="252" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="secundum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42944FF862DAC1F9B3D51F87A" box="[402,608,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="252">Halecium secundum</emphasis>
Jäderholm, 1904
</taxonomicName>
. (D–F) internodes showing primary hydrothecae. (All drawings from type material). Scale bar: 250 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2947FF852CF918CC3EBBFE29" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B67436F62947FF852CF918CC3EBBFE29" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852CF918CC3E70FF1C" bold="true" box="[199,321,151,176]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Large, reddish, polysiphonic, irregularly branched stems. Branches originating either from abcauline side of hydrophore of primary hydrotheca or from inside hydrotheca. Usually, with ahydrothecate intermediate internode after apophysis. First hydrothecate branch internode distinctly longer. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane. Hydrotheca at the end of short, adnate hydrophore. Hydrotheca very slightly widening distally; rim not everted. Adcauline hydrothecal wall adnate to internode. Hydrothecal aperture slightly directed downwards. No secondary hydrothecae present. Gonothecae unknown. Cnidome consisting at least of microbasic euryteles?
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2947FF852CF919CB3CABFC35" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" type="description">
<paragraph id="B67436F62947FF852CF919CB3D97FDD1" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852CF919CB3E68FE05" bold="true" box="[199,345,400,425]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Description.</emphasis>
Thick, reddish stems. “Stem or branch fragments of a presumably larger colony. Stem (branch) fascicled, polysiphonic tubes varying from knotted to parallel. Branching irregular, ultimate branches monosiphonic” (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072947FF852D6B198C3D00FE5C" author="Watson" box="[341,561,471,496]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson 2008: 169</bibRefCitation>
). Stem and branches divided into relatively short and thick internodes by alternately arranged, slightly oblique nodes (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732947FF852EA319A13DD4FDBF" box="[669,741,506,531]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,209,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Halecium brevithecum Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (A with basal ahydrothecate intermediate internode). Halecium secundum Jäderholm, 1904. (D – F) internodes showing primary hydrothecae. (All drawings from type material). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226894/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B, C). Branches originating either just below hydrotheca on abcauline side (secondary branch more or less perpendicular to old one) or, more frequently, from inside hydrotheca. Usually, with ahydrothecate intermediate internode following apophysis (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732947FF85285E1A1A3B94FDF6" box="[1120,1189,577,602]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,209,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Halecium brevithecum Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (A with basal ahydrothecate intermediate internode). Halecium secundum Jäderholm, 1904. (D – F) internodes showing primary hydrothecae. (All drawings from type material). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226894/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A). First hydrothecate internode of branch distinctly longer (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732947FF852E011A3E3DB2FDD1" box="[575,643,613,638]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,209,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Halecium brevithecum Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (A with basal ahydrothecate intermediate internode). Halecium secundum Jäderholm, 1904. (D – F) internodes showing primary hydrothecae. (All drawings from type material). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226894/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62947FF852CF91AD33D89FC82" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
Hydrothecae alternately arranged in approximately one plane. Hydrothecae low (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732947FF8528661AD33BAAFD0D" box="[1112,1179,648,673]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,209,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Halecium brevithecum Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (A with basal ahydrothecate intermediate internode). Halecium secundum Jäderholm, 1904. (D – F) internodes showing primary hydrothecae. (All drawings from type material). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226894/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–C), placed at end of adnate hydrophores; ratio between adcauline length of hydrophore and diameter at diaphragm 0.7–1.0. Hydrotheca very slightly widening distally. Adcauline wall much higher than abcauline one, extending upwards on internode (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732947FF852CA11AA83FD4FCA7" box="[159,229,755,780]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,209,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Halecium brevithecum Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (A with basal ahydrothecate intermediate internode). Halecium secundum Jäderholm, 1904. (D – F) internodes showing primary hydrothecae. (All drawings from type material). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226894/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–C). Adcauline hydrothecal wall adnate to internode. Hydrothecal aperture slightly directed downwards (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732947FF852CA11B4D3FD2FC83" box="[159,227,790,815]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,209,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Halecium brevithecum Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (A with basal ahydrothecate intermediate internode). Halecium secundum Jäderholm, 1904. (D – F) internodes showing primary hydrothecae. (All drawings from type material). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226894/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–C). No secondary hydrothecae present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62947FF852CF91B623CABFC35" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852CF91B623EEFFCFE" bold="true" box="[199,478,825,850]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852DD81B623D44FCFE" box="[486,629,825,850]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture 215–225, diameter at diaphragm 200–215, height 20–25.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852CCA1B063E4AFCDA" box="[244,379,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Hydrophore</emphasis>
: adcauline length 130–200.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852EE11B063C7DFCDA" box="[735,844,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Internode</emphasis>
: length 640–1240, diameter 230–350.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF8529111B063AA5FCDA" box="[1327,1428,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Cnidome</emphasis>
: microbasic euryteles? (only one
<typeStatus id="697088542947FF852E3C1BDA3D03FC35" box="[514,562,897,921]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">type</typeStatus>
could be observed), c. 12.5
<date id="C27510362947FF852F511BDA3CABFC35" box="[879,922,896,921]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">x 5.</date>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2947FF852CF91BFF3D0EFA20" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B67436F62947FF852CF91BFF3E19FB8B" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852CF91BFF3E0AFC11" bold="true" box="[199,315,932,957]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Remarks.</emphasis>
The overall colony form is not yet known. According to
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072947FF852FEF1BFE3B83FC11" author="Watson" box="[977,1202,932,957]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008: 169)</bibRefCitation>
branches “given off from side of a hydrophore; branches beginning with three to five deeply indented transverse nodes, internodes thereafter moderately long”.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662947FF852DD81BB03D34FBAF" box="[486,517,1003,1027]" name="American Samoa" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">As</collectingCountry>
stated above, in the
<typeStatus id="697088542947FF852F3E1BB03C54FBA8" box="[768,869,1003,1028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, branches more frequently arise from within the hydrothecae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62947FF852CF91C683D2FFB19" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072947FF852CF91C683E5EFBE6" author="Watson" box="[199,367,1074,1098]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
stated that the adnate hydrophore becomes free just below the hydrotheca. However, in the material examined, the hydrophore is completely adnate. In fact, as stated above, the adcauline hydrothecal wall is also adnate to the internode [as it was also pointed out by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072947FF852F101C213CE9FB3D" author="Watson" box="[814,984,1145,1169]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
], and, consequently, there is no way for the hydrophore to be partially free.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62947FF852CF91CE43AB4FAE9" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752947FF852CF91CE43EF9FB74" box="[199,456,1215,1240]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852CF91CE43EF9FB74" box="[199,456,1215,1240]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Halecium brevithecum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from very scarce, infertile material, most mounted into microslides. Because of this,
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752947FF852D5A1CBE3D24FB51" box="[356,533,1252,1277]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852D5A1CBE3D24FB51" box="[356,533,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">H. brevithecum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be completely characterized. The gonothecae are unknown and the cnidome information is practically non-existent (I could observe only one nematocyst).
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752947FF8528BF1D5C3AB0FA8C" box="[1153,1409,1287,1312]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF8528BF1D5C3AB0FA8C" box="[1153,1409,1287,1312]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Halecium brevithecum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752947FF852D361D763E83FAE9" box="[264,434,1324,1349]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jaederholmi">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852D361D763E83FAE9" box="[264,434,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">H. jaederholmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752947FF852DD61D763D4BFAE9" box="[488,634,1324,1349]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="secundum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852DD61D763D4BFAE9" box="[488,634,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">H. secundum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below for a discussion about the differences with those species).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62947FF852CF91D143D0EFA20" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1421]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852CF91D143EC7FAC4" bold="true" box="[199,502,1359,1384]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752947FF852DC21D143DC8FAC4" box="[508,761,1359,1384]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852DC21D143DC8FAC4" box="[508,761,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Halecium brevithecum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from depths between 209 and
<quantity id="71339B132947FF8528FF1D143A3BFAC4" box="[1217,1290,1359,1384]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.02" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" unit="m" value="502.0">502 m</quantity>
, off Enderby Land and Knox Coast (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072947FF852DA41D2F3D05FA20" author="Watson" box="[410,564,1396,1420]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752947FF852CA91D843D6AFA56" ID-CoL="3JB3Y" authority="Watson, 2008" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,603,1503,1530]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegantulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852CA91D843D6AFA56" bold="true" box="[151,603,1503,1530]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852CA91D843E9CFA55" bold="true" box="[151,429,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Halecium elegantulum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072947FF852D8A1DBB3D6AFA56" author="Watson" box="[436,603,1504,1530]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62947FF852CA91E593E2CF9B7" blockId="10.[151,603,1503,1563]" box="[151,285,1538,1563]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
(
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732947FF852CA11E593FD1F9B7" box="[159,224,1538,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A–F)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2947FF852CA91E113DDDF9CC" box="[151,748,1610,1632]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B67436F62947FF852CA91E113DDDF9CC" blockId="10.[151,748,1610,1632]" box="[151,748,1610,1632]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82947FF852CA91E113DDDF9CC" box="[151,748,1610,1632]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752947FF852CA91E113D73F9CC" ID-CoL="3JB3Y" authority="Watson, 2008: 170" authorityName="Watson" authorityPageNumber="170" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,578,1610,1632]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegantulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852CA91E113E4CF9CC" box="[151,381,1610,1632]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Halecium elegantulum</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72947FF852DBD1E103D73F9CC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4630627" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4630627" author="Watson" box="[387,578,1610,1632]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D5126FFA3FFBA1B25F9CB1FCA9461" page="170" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072947FF852DBD1E103D20F9CC" author="Watson" box="[387,529,1610,1632]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 170
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–171, fig. 6A–C.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2947FF852CA91ED63D61F941" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B67436F62947FF852CA91ED63D61F941" blockId="10.[151,1436,1677,1990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852CA91ED63EB7F90A" bold="true" box="[151,390,1677,1702]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="697088542947FF852DAC1ED63ECCF90A" box="[402,509,1677,1702]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
,
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752947FF852E301ED53DB4F909" box="[526,645,1678,1701]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="275" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852E301ED53DB4F909" box="[526,645,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">BANZARE</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852EA41ED63DC6F90A" bold="true" box="[666,759,1677,1702]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Stn 103</emphasis>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF50312947FF852F351ED63C6EF90A" box="[779,863,1677,1702]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" precision="925" value="-67.05">67°03'S</geoCoordinate>
–
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF50312947FF852F4E1ED63CFAF90A" box="[880,971,1677,1702]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" precision="925" value="74.48333">74°29'E</geoCoordinate>
(Mawson Coast),
<quantity id="71339B132947FF8528941ED53BC8F909" box="[1194,1273,1678,1702]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.37" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" unit="m" value="437.0">437 m</quantity>
,
<date id="C27510362947FF8529341ED53A51F90A" box="[1290,1376,1678,1702]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" value="31-10-02">10.2.31</date>
, two microslides (Hydr. 709/13, F147463.1 &amp; F147463.2), several stems on
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752947FF852FEC1EEA3A1FF966" box="[978,1326,1713,1738]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Symplectoscyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="glacialis">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852FEC1EEA3BAFF966" box="[978,1182,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Symplectoscyphus</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF8528F01EEA3A1FF966" box="[1230,1326,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">glacialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, together with
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752947FF852CF11E8E3E1FF942" box="[207,302,1749,1774]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Filellum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852CF11E8E3E1FF942" box="[207,302,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Filellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. and
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752947FF852DB21E8E3D18F942" box="[396,553,1749,1774]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulinidae" genus="Opercularella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852DB21E8E3D18F942" box="[396,553,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Opercularella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2947FF852CF91EA23C22F8F6" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B67436F62947FF852CF91EA23C22F8F6" blockId="10.[151,1436,1677,1990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852CF91EA23E70F8BE" bold="true" box="[199,321,1785,1810]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Tiny, monosiphonic, unbranched stems, formed by a series of hydrothecae, each emerging from previous one far below its rim. Hydrotheca strongly widening distally; rim slightly everted. Neither diaphragm nor desmocytes present. Cnidome and gonothecae unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2947FF832CF91F3E3E7CFE01" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="255" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" type="description">
<paragraph id="B67436F62947FF852CF91F3E3CC0F86A" blockId="10.[151,1436,1677,1990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42947FF852CF91F3E3E68F8D2" bold="true" box="[199,345,1893,1918]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Description.</emphasis>
Stolonal hydrorhiza. Pedicels extremely long, up to several millimetres high (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732947FF8528F61F3E3A3AF8D2" box="[1224,1291,1893,1918]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A, B). Stems unbranched (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732947FF852D171FD23E5BF80E" box="[297,362,1929,1954]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A–C), but formed by a series of hydrothecae, each emerging from the previous hydrotheca (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732947FF8529511FD23F94F86A" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C). Sometimes, pedicels provided with a single distal hydrotheca (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732947FF852FB21FF63CFEF86A" box="[908,975,1965,1990]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<caption id="E2B4667E2946FF842CA91F6C3C55F84A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="254" targetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="B67436F62946FF842CA91F6C3C55F84A" blockId="11.[151,1437,1847,2022]" pageId="11" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42946FF842CA91F6C3E28F8E0" bold="true" box="[151,281,1847,1869]" pageId="11" pageNumber="254">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752946FF842D181F6C3D84F8E1" authority="Watson, 2008" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2008" box="[294,693,1847,1869]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="254" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegantulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42946FF842D181F6C3D22F8E1" box="[294,531,1847,1869]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="254">Halecium elegantulum</emphasis>
Watson, 2008
</taxonomicName>
. (A–B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E–F) detail of hydrothecae.
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752946FF842E761F0E3CF6F8C7" authority="Ritchie, 1907" authorityName="Ritchie" authorityYear="1907" box="[584,967,1877,1899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="254" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42946FF842E761F0E3C05F8C7" box="[584,820,1877,1899]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="254">Halecium interpolatum</emphasis>
Ritchie, 1907
</taxonomicName>
. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem.
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752946FF8428E71F2F3AADF826" box="[1241,1436,1908,1930]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="254" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenellum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42946FF8428E71F2F3AADF826" box="[1241,1436,1908,1930]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="254">Halecium tenellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae.
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752946FF842CA91FEA3ED6F86B" authority="Watson, 2008" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,487,1969,1991]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="254" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42946FF842CA91FEA3FCBF86B" box="[151,250,1969,1991]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="254">Halecium</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42946FF842D3E1FEA3E62F86B" box="[256,339,1969,1991]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="254">tubatum</emphasis>
Watson, 2008
</taxonomicName>
. (L) incipient stem. (A–G, L from type material; H–J from material originally described as
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752946FF8429BD1FE93FDBF84A" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="254" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42946FF8429BD1FE93FDBF84A" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="254">H. tubatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Scale bar: 125 µm (D–F), 250 µm (C, G–L), 500 µm (A–B).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CF918CC3CD9FF5B" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
Hydrothecae strongly widening distally (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732941FF832E9E18CC3DD4FF1C" box="[672,741,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A–F), rim slightly everted (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732941FF83281718CC3B5EFF1C" box="[1065,1135,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D, F). Apparently, neither diaphragm nor desmocytes present (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732941FF832E7A18E73DBDFF79" box="[580,652,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D–F). Lower-order hydrothecae arising far below rim of previous hydrotheca, not from diaphragm as usually happens to species of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752941FF832F4A18843CD0FF54" box="[884,993,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832F4A18843CD0FF54" box="[884,993,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Halecium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CF9195F3E92FEB1" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,573]" box="[199,419,260,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Gonothecae absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CF919733D64FEEC" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,573]" box="[199,597,295,320]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">No nematocysts could be observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CF919173E7CFE01" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CF919173EEAFEC9" bold="true" box="[199,475,332,357]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832DDD19173D42FEC9" box="[483,627,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture 110–130, diameter at origin of lower-order pedicel 60–70, height from origin of lower-order pedicel to hydrothecal rim 25–50.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832FD519343B52FE24" box="[1003,1123,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Internodes</emphasis>
: length several millimetres, diameter 50–55.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2941FF832CF919EC3D12FD90" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CF919EC3AA7FE59" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CF919EC3E0AFE7C" bold="true" box="[199,315,439,464]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Remarks.</emphasis>
This species is peculiar and easily recognizable by the colony structure with unbranched, delicate stems, consisting of a succession of lower-order hydrothecae, as well as by the absence of hydrothecal diaphragm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62941FF832CF919A43D12FD90" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832CF919A43EC7FDB4" bold="true" box="[199,502,511,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752941FF832DC319A43DCDFDB4" box="[509,764,511,536]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegantulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42941FF832DC319A43DCDFDB4" box="[509,764,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Halecium elegantulum</emphasis>
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is only known from off Mawson Coast, where it was found at a depth of
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).
</paragraph>
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397
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892CA91AD43E44FD05" bold="true" box="[151,373,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Halecium banzare</emphasis>
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(
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73294BFF892CA11AE93FD1FD67" box="[159,224,690,715]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A–D)
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<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294BFF892CA91AA13D25FCBC" ID-CoL="3JB35" authority="Watson, 2008: 167" authorityName="Watson" authorityPageNumber="167" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,532,762,784]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892CA91AA13E61FCBC" box="[151,336,762,784]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Halecium banzare</emphasis>
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: 167
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–168, fig. 3A–F.
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pallens—Broch, 1948: 4, 7–8, fig. 1;
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: 769
</treatmentCitation>
; 2006: 935, fig. 3B; 2008: 455, fig. 1h, i; 2010: 766, fig.4; 2013: 128, fig. 3f;
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: 85
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, fig.
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, h.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D8294BFF892CA91B0D3C1AFCC0" box="[151,811,854,876]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892CA91B0D3E78FCC0" box="[151,329,854,876]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Halecium pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7294BFF892D5D1B0D3D7AFCC0" author="Stepanjants" box="[355,587,854,876]" page="105" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" year="1979">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294BFF892D5D1B0D3D28FCC0" author="Stepanjants" box="[355,537,854,876]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants, 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 105
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, pl. 20 fig. 2 (in part).
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D8294BFF892CA91B2E3C4EFC27" box="[151,895,885,907]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">
?
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294BFF892C961B2E3E6BFC27" ID-CoL="3JB5Y" box="[168,346,885,907]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892C961B2E3E6BFC27" box="[168,346,885,907]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Halecium pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
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: 36
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, pl. 3A, B, fig. 3G–M.
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</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892CA91BEC3EB5FC7C" bold="true" box="[151,388,951,976]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Material examined.</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892E391BE33D4EFC63" box="[519,639,952,975]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">BANZARE</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892EB41BEC3DE7FC7C" bold="true" box="[650,726,951,976]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Stn 41</emphasis>
,
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(Enderby Land),
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, three microslides:
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F147450.1, one distal stem fragment, c.
<quantity id="71339B13294BFF892E981B873DC7FC58" box="[678,758,988,1012]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
long;
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F147450.2, one distal stem fragment, c.
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long;
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F147450.3, one distal stem fragment, c.
<quantity id="71339B13294BFF892ECD1BA43C75FBBB" box="[755,836,1023,1048]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
long.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892FB01BA43A6AFBB4" box="[910,1371,1023,1048]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">
Spanish
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Expedition Bentart 95
</emphasis>
.-
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF89294B1BA43FFAFB91" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Stn 3BC</emphasis>
, one stem, c.
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high;
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892DC51C7F3D53FB91" bold="true" box="[507,610,1060,1085]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Stn 6A-2</emphasis>
, one stem, c.
<quantity id="71339B13294BFF892EC21C7F3C68FB90" box="[764,857,1060,1084]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" unit="mm" value="190.0">190 mm</quantity>
high, with female gonothecae;
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF8928861C7F3A24FB91" bold="true" box="[1208,1301,1060,1085]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Stn 10A</emphasis>
, two stems, up to
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high, with female gonothecae;
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892EBD1C1C3DD1FBCC" bold="true" box="[643,736,1095,1120]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Stn 22R</emphasis>
, one stem, c.
<quantity id="71339B13294BFF892F471C133CF9FBF3" box="[889,968,1096,1120]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
high, on pebble;
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF8928B71C1C3BD7FBCC" bold="true" box="[1161,1254,1095,1120]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Stn 29A</emphasis>
, one stem, c.
<quantity id="71339B13294BFF8929BE1C133FF2FB28" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
high.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892D361C373DD9FB29" box="[264,744,1132,1157]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">
Spanish
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666294BFF892D561C373EFEFB2F" box="[360,463,1132,1155]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Expedition Bentart 2006
</emphasis>
.-
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892EC11C373CB2FB29" bold="true" box="[767,899,1132,1157]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Stn Low 46</emphasis>
, a large, strongly polysiphonic stem, c.
<quantity id="71339B13294BFF89297E1C373AADFB28" box="[1344,1436,1132,1157]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
high, basibiont of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294BFF892D5D1CD43EF3FB04" box="[355,450,1167,1192]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Lafoeidae" genus="Filellum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892D5D1CD43EF3FB04" box="[355,450,1167,1192]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Filellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D294BFF892CF91CEF3CC6FA64" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B67436F6294BFF892CF91CEF3CC6FA64" blockId="6.[151,1437,951,1982]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892CF91CEF3E70FB61" bold="true" box="[199,321,1204,1229]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Polysiphonic stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B13294BFF892E511CEF3DFDFB60" box="[623,716,1204,1228]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" unit="mm" value="190.0">190 mm</quantity>
high. Branching regular, stem giving rise alternately every third hydrotheca to paired branches forming two distinct, longitudinal series. Branches originating from hydrophore of primary hydrotheca. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane. Hydrotheca at the end of long, free hydrophore close to internode and with thick perisarc development; sometimes with distinct pseudodiaphragm. Hydrothecal diameter barely increasing distally; rim very slightly everted. A single, if any, secondary hydrotheca.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666294BFF89295C1D1F3AADFAF1" box="[1378,1436,1348,1373]" name="Malta" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Male</collectingCountry>
gonoteca laterally flattened, maximum width by distal third. Female gonotheca
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294BFF8928141D323B5CFA2C" box="[1066,1133,1385,1408]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pinnidae" genus="Pinna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF8928141D323B5CFA2C" box="[1066,1133,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Pinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bivalve-shaped, abcauline and adcauline walls of similar length. Aperture extending the entire diameter from the widest part upwards. Cnidome consisting of microbasic mastigophores? and microbasic euryteles?
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D294BFF872CF91D8F3D64FE60" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="251" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B67436F6294BFF892CF91D8F3D23F9D1" blockId="6.[151,1437,951,1982]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892CF91D8F3D2BFA41" bold="true" box="[199,538,1492,1517]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">
Description (
<typeStatus id="69708854294BFF892D5A1D8F3EA8FA41" box="[356,409,1492,1517]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">type</typeStatus>
material).
</emphasis>
“Colonies originally
<quantity id="71339B13294BFF892F291D8F3C93FA40" box="[791,930,1492,1516]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" unit="mm" value="110.0" valueMax="140.0" valueMin="80.0">80–140 mm</quantity>
high, the tallest stem arising from a tufted hydrorhiza of thin, tangled, shining stolons. Stem thick, brittle, branched, heavily fascicled; polysiphonic tubes parallel, running almost to top of stem, along primary branches and along some secondary branches. Primary branches long, held out stiffly more or less in plane almost perpendicular to stem, succeeding branches in three or four orders” (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294BFF892D131E3F3D34F9D1" author="Watson" box="[301,517,1636,1661]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008: 167</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294BFF892CF91ED33C8CF944" blockId="6.[151,1437,951,1982]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">
Stem and branches divided into internodes by alternately arranged oblique nodes (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73294BFF8928641EDC3BAAF90C" box="[1114,1179,1671,1696]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A–C). Stem internodes arranged in a straight pattern. Diameter of internodes much larger in stems than in branches (e.g. 240 vs 120 µm). Stems giving rise to paired branches, alternately every third hydrotheca.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294BFF892CF91EAF3C68F812" blockId="6.[151,1437,951,1982]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">
Hydrothecae alternately arranged in more or less one plane, placed at the end of long hydrophores; ratio between adcauline length of hydrophore and diameter at diaphragm 1.6–1.7. Hydrothecae surpassing distal node of internode for a considerable distance (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73294BFF892E5F1F603D98F8FF" box="[609,681,1851,1876]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A–C). Hydrophores (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73294BFF892F9A1F603CDAF8FF" box="[932,1003,1851,1876]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A–C) straight or with a slight basal abcauline convexity (more marked in cauline internodes). Hydrophores with thick perisarc development on both adcauline and abcauline sides, but much more marked on adcauline side (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73294BFF892FDC1FDA3B17F836" box="[994,1062,1921,1946]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A–C). Sometimes with a distinct pseudodiaphragm (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73294BFF892D531FFE3E9EF812" box="[365,431,1957,1982]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A–B), particularly in stem internodes.
</paragraph>
<caption id="E2B4667E294AFF882CA91F2A3AB6F84F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="250" targetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="B67436F6294AFF882CA91F2A3AB6F84F" blockId="7.[151,1436,1905,2019]" pageId="7" pageNumber="250">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294AFF882CA91F2A3E27F82A" bold="true" box="[151,278,1905,1927]" pageId="7" pageNumber="250">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294AFF882D1F1F2A3D4BF82B" authority="Watson, 2008" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2008" box="[289,634,1905,1927]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="250" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294AFF882D1F1F2A3EEFF82B" box="[289,478,1905,1927]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="250">Halecium banzare</emphasis>
Watson, 2008
</taxonomicName>
. (A–C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca.
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294AFF882D2E1FCB3DB3F80A" authority="Jaderholm, 1904" authorityName="Jaderholm" authorityYear="1904" box="[272,642,1936,1958]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="250" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294AFF882D2E1FCB3EF6F80A" box="[272,455,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="250">Halecium pallens</emphasis>
Jäderholm, 1904
</taxonomicName>
. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F–I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A–C, E–K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A–C, E–I), 500 µm (D, J–K).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF918CC3D67FF5B" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
Hydrotheca low (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732945FF872DB018CC3EE0FF1C" box="[398,465,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A–C), height sometimes slightly larger at abcauline side. Diameter barely increasing from diaphragm to rim (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732945FF872D9218E03EDCFF78" box="[428,493,187,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A–C), particularly at adcauline side. Rim very slightly everted. Usually a single, if any, secondary hydrotheca (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732945FF872DEE18853D20FF5B" box="[464,529,222,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B–C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF919593D4AFE05" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
Gonothecae absent in the material examined. “Gonothecae of both sexes inverted conical, compressed, borne prolifically on younger branches, inserted without distinct pedicel in wall of hydrophore or lower down on internode; male gonotheca with a minute apical peak (visible only in side view), female similar in shape to male, gonophore containing large scattered ova; gonophores of both sexes with an apical pad of tissue. No visible aperture in either sex” (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072945FF872DA319CB3D5FFE05" author="Watson" box="[413,622,400,425]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson 2008: 167</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF919EF3D64FE60" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" box="[199,597,435,460]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">No nematocysts could be observed.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2945FF872CF9198C3D98FDBF" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" type="description">
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF9198C3D98FDBF" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872CF9198C3EEFFE5C" bold="true" box="[199,478,471,496]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872DD8198C3D44FE5C" box="[486,629,471,496]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture 135–160, diameter at diaphragm 115–135, height 40–50.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872CD519A13E43FDBF" box="[235,370,506,531]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Hydrophore</emphasis>
: adcauline length 185–220.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2945FF872CF91A463E52FB81" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF91A463B21FD0D" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872CF91A463D07FD9A" bold="true" box="[199,566,541,566]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
Description (
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872D5C1A453E88FD99" bold="true" box="[354,441,542,565]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Bentart</emphasis>
material).
</emphasis>
Stems up to
<quantity id="71339B132945FF872EF71A453C16FD9A" box="[713,807,542,566]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" unit="mm" value="190.0">190 mm</quantity>
high, strongly polysiphonic over their whole extension. Hydrorhiza filiform, strongly developed. Stems giving rise alternately to paired branches. Branching pattern giving colonies a regular structure: with two distinct series of paired branches, approximately arranged in one plane, in the polysiphonic part. Stem divided into internodes by slight perisarc constrictions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF91AF73C3CFD44" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane, resting on long hydrophores close to internodes. Hydrotheca extending over next internode for considerable distance.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF91AAF3A27FCD4" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
Primary paired branches originating from hydrophore of stem hydrothecae, each on one side. Main paired branches approximately of same length. However, some much more developed (up to
<quantity id="71339B132945FF87285F1B433B80FC9C" box="[1121,1201,792,816]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
long in some cases), becoming polysiphonic to a variable extension and giving rise in turn up to five secondary branches. These unpaired, only one branch arising from hydrothecal hydrophores. Up to third-order branches observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF91BDF3BD4FC6C" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
Female gonothecae bivalve-shaped (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072945FF872EAA1BDE3C4DFC30" author="Pena" box="[660,892,900,924]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: fig.
<date id="C27510362945FF872F851BDF3CE0FC31" box="[955,977,900,925]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">1i</date>
), c. 620 µm high and 450 µm wide in frontal view. Aperture extending the entire diameter in frontal view, from the widest part upwards.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF91B973E52FB81" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662945FF872CF91B973E30FC49" box="[199,257,972,997]" name="Malta" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Male</collectingCountry>
gonotheca laterally flattened, c. 1180 µm high and 870 µm wide in frontal view (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732945FF87288B1B973BC8FC48" box="[1205,1273,972,997]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
D). Maximum width by distal third, decreasing both distally, to form a rounded part, and basally, forming a sort of basal, triangular pedicel.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2945FF872CF91C6C3A78FB34" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" type="description">
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF91C6C3A78FB34" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872CF91C6C3E47FBFC" bold="true" box="[199,374,1079,1104]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Measurements</emphasis>
(Stn Low 46 - in µm).
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872E451C6C3DD1FBFC" box="[635,736,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Cnidome</emphasis>
: microbasic euryteles?, with rounded ends [range
<date id="C27510362945FF8729291C623A0BFBFC" box="[1303,1338,1081,1104]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">7 x</date>
2.5–3.5, mean 7.0±0.0 x 3.0±0.2 (n=10); ratio, range 2.0–2.8, mean 2.4±0.2 (n=10)], and microbasic mastigophores?, with sharp ends [range 6.5–7
<date id="C27510362945FF872D971CDA3EFDFB34" box="[425,460,1151,1176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">x 2</date>
–2.5, mean 6.8±0.2 x 2.3±0.2 (n=3); ratio, range 2.8–3.3, mean 3.0±0.2 (n= 3)].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2945FF872CF91CFF3E0EF9B3" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF91CFF3A46FB4C" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872CF91CFF3E0AFB11" bold="true" box="[199,315,1188,1213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Remarks.</emphasis>
Although the
<typeStatus id="697088542945FF872DE21CFE3D3DFB11" box="[476,524,1189,1213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">type</typeStatus>
material examined is in microslides, it is possible to observe clearly a few paired branches, alternate every third hydrotheca (especially visible in 147450.3), feature not noted by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072945FF8728F51C933A42FB4C" author="Watson" box="[1227,1395,1224,1248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF91CB03EC2FAE5" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752945FF872CF91CB03EA4FAA8" box="[199,405,1259,1284]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872CF91CB03EA4FAA8" box="[199,405,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Halecium banzare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752945FF872E131CB73D93FAA8" box="[557,674,1259,1284]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872E131CB73D93FAA8" box="[557,674,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below for a description of that species and a discussion about their differences and similarities). I believe that all
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662945FF872EDE1D553C79FA8B" box="[736,840,1294,1319]" name="Antarctica" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
material previously assigned to Jäderholm’s species actually belongs to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752945FF872D4F1D683EDCFAE6" box="[369,493,1329,1354]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872D4F1D683EDCFAE6" box="[369,493,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">H. banzare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF91D0D3D72FA19" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662945FF872CF91D0D3FD7FAC2" box="[199,230,1366,1390]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">As</collectingCountry>
indicated above, Stepanjants’ (1979) material of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752945FF872F0E1D0D3C99FAC2" box="[816,936,1365,1390]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872F0E1D0D3C99FAC2" box="[816,936,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be taken into account because she considered
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752945FF872D261D213EF0FA3D" box="[280,449,1402,1425]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872D261D213EF0FA3D" box="[280,449,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752945FF872DC41D213D5FFA3D" box="[506,622,1400,1425]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872DC41D213D5FFA3D" box="[506,622,1400,1425]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
conspecific. Consequently, it is necessary to re-examine her material to determine to which species it belongs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF91DE43E0EF9B3" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872CF91DE43EC8FA74" bold="true" box="[199,505,1471,1496]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752945FF872E3C1DE43DE1FA74" box="[514,720,1471,1496]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872E3C1DE43DE1FA74" box="[514,720,1471,1496]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Halecium banzare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been collected at depths from 200 (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072945FF8728A21DE43A15FA74" author="Broch" box="[1180,1316,1471,1496]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" refString="Broch, H. (1948) Antarctic Hydroids. Scientific Results of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition 1927 - 1928, et sqq., 28, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1948">Broch 1948</bibRefCitation>
) to
<quantity id="71339B132945FF87296D1DE43AADFA74" box="[1363,1436,1471,1496]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.029999999999999" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" unit="m" value="603.0">603 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072945FF872CA01DB83E0AFA57" author="Watson" box="[158,315,1507,1531]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Epibiotic on ascidians (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072945FF872E5F1DB83C70FA57" author="Pena" box="[609,833,1507,1531]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2010) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Peter I Island (Southern Ocean, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 33 (6), 761 - 773. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 009 - 0754 - 7" type="journal article" year="2010">Peña Cantero 2010</bibRefCitation>
) and basibiont for colonies of other hydroids (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072945FF87295A1DB83E02F9B3" author="Pena" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2010) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Peter I Island (Southern Ocean, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 33 (6), 761 - 773. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 009 - 0754 - 7" type="journal article" year="2010">Peña Cantero 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2945FF872CF91E713D81F901" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B67436F62945FF872CF91E713D81F901" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1709]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752945FF872CF91E713EA9F9EF" ID-CoL="3JB35" box="[199,408,1578,1603]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42945FF872CF91E713EA9F9EF" box="[199,408,1578,1603]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Halecium banzare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a circum-Antarctic distribution, being known from off Enderby Land and Mawson Coast (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072945FF872CD91E153EB0F9CA" author="Watson" box="[231,385,1614,1638]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson 2008</bibRefCitation>
), and the Davis and Cosmonauts seas (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072945FF872F011E163B37F9CA" author="Stepanjants" box="[831,1030,1613,1638]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
), in East
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662945FF87284C1E163BDBF9CA" box="[1138,1258,1613,1638]" name="Antarctica" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
, and off Peter I
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662945FF872CA91E2A3FEAF926" box="[151,219,1649,1674]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Island</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072945FF872CD31E2A3E49F925" author="Broch" box="[237,376,1649,1674]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" refString="Broch, H. (1948) Antarctic Hydroids. Scientific Results of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition 1927 - 1928, et sqq., 28, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1948">Broch 1948</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072945FF872DB91E293D56F925" author="Pena" box="[391,615,1649,1673]" pageId="8" pageNumber="251" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2010) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Peter I Island (Southern Ocean, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 33 (6), 761 - 773. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 009 - 0754 - 7" type="journal article" year="2010">Peña Cantero 2010</bibRefCitation>
), the South
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662945FF872EC81E2A3C80F926" box="[758,945,1649,1674]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Shetland Islands</collectingCountry>
area (Peña Cantero 2006, 2008) and Low
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662945FF872CA91ECF3FEAF901" box="[151,219,1684,1709]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Island</collectingCountry>
(Peña Cantero 2013), in West
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662945FF872E0D1ECF3D9DF901" box="[563,684,1684,1709]" name="Antarctica" pageId="8" pageNumber="251">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

888
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<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91D073D52FADA" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,611,1372,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<heading id="ED3C819A294CFF8E2CA91D073D52FADA" bold="true" box="[151,611,1372,1398]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91D073D52FADA" bold="true" box="[151,611,1372,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91D073EAAFAD9" bold="true" box="[151,411,1372,1397]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium antarcticum</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91DDA3D23FA36" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,530,1409,1434]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91DDA3D23FA36" ID-CoL="3JB35" authority="Watson, 2008" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,530,1409,1434]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91DDA3D23FA36" bold="true" box="[151,530,1409,1434]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91DDA3E5AFA36" bold="true" box="[151,363,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium banzare</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294CFF8E2D4C1DDA3D23FA36" author="Watson" box="[370,530,1409,1434]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91DFF3D77FA12" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,582,1444,1470]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91DFF3D77FA12" ID-CoL="3JB3D" authority="Watson, 2008" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,582,1444,1470]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91DFF3D77FA12" bold="true" box="[151,582,1444,1470]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91DFF3EAFFA11" bold="true" box="[151,414,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium brevithecum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294CFF8E2D9B1DFE3D77FA12" author="Watson" box="[421,582,1445,1470]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91D923D30F9AA" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91D923D44FA4E" ID-CoL="3JB3P" authority="Coughtrey, 1876" authorityName="Coughtrey" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,629,1481,1506]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91D923EABFA4E" box="[151,410,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium delicatulum</emphasis>
Coughtrey, 1876
</taxonomicName>
* (= in part
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2F1A1D923A34FA4E" ID-CoL="3JB2X" authority="Vanhoffen, 1910" authorityName="Vanhoffen" authorityYear="1910" box="[804,1285,1481,1506]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2F1A1D923B18FA4D" box="[804,1065,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium antarcticum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294CFF8E28051D923A34FA4E" author="Vanhoffen" box="[1083,1285,1481,1506]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1910) Die Hydroiden der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 11 (Zoology 3), 269 - 340." type="journal article" year="1910">Vanhöffen, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; in part
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E29BF1D913EAAF9AA" ID-CoL="3JB6F" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E29BF1D913EAAF9AA" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">H. pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F294CFF8E2D9F1DB53EC8F9AA" box="[417,505,1518,1542]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91E4A3D76F986" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,583,1553,1578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91E4A3D76F986" ID-CoL="3JB3Y" authority="Watson, 2008" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,583,1553,1578]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegantulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91E4A3D76F986" bold="true" box="[151,583,1553,1578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91E4A3E91F986" bold="true" box="[151,416,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium elegantulum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294CFF8E2D991E4A3D76F986" author="Watson" box="[423,583,1553,1578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91E6F3C5BF9E2" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,874,1588,1614]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91E6F3C5BF9E2" ID-CoL="3JB42" authority="Pena Cantero, Boero &amp; Piraino, 2013" authorityName="Pena Cantero, Boero &amp; Piraino" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,874,1588,1614]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exaggeratum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91E6F3C5BF9E2" bold="true" box="[151,874,1588,1614]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91E6F3E97F9E1" bold="true" box="[151,422,1588,1613]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium exaggeratum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294CFF8E2D931E6E3C5BF9E2" author="Pena" box="[429,874,1589,1614]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. &amp; Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article" year="2013">Peña Cantero, Boero &amp; Piraino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91E023D54F9DE" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,613,1625,1650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91E023D54F9DE" ID-CoL="6L9TH" authority="Pena Cantero, 2010" authorityName="Pena Cantero" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,613,1625,1650]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="frigidum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91E023D54F9DE" bold="true" box="[151,613,1625,1650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91E023E45F9DE" bold="true" box="[151,372,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium frigidum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294CFF8E2D421E023D54F9DE" author="Pena" box="[380,613,1625,1650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2010) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Peter I Island (Southern Ocean, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 33 (6), 761 - 773. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 009 - 0754 - 7" type="journal article" year="2010">Peña Cantero, 2010</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91E273DF8F93A" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,713,1660,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91E273DF8F93A" ID-CoL="3JB4S" authority="Naumov &amp; Stepanjants 1962" authorityName="Naumov &amp; Stepanjants" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,713,1660,1686]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91E273DF8F93A" bold="true" box="[151,713,1660,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91E273E5DF939" bold="true" box="[151,364,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium incertus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294CFF8E2D4A1E263DF8F93A" author="Naumov" box="[372,713,1661,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1962) Hydroida (Thecaphora) collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition on the M / V Ob in antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1955 - 1958, 1. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 1 (9), 68 - 106." type="journal article" year="1962">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants 1962</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91EFA3D76F916" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,583,1697,1722]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91EFA3D76F916" ID-CoL="3JB4V" authority="Ritchie, 1907" authorityName="Ritchie" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,583,1697,1722]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91EFA3D76F916" bold="true" box="[151,583,1697,1722]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91EFA3E95F916" bold="true" box="[151,420,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium interpolatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294CFF8E2D921EFA3D76F916" author="Ritchie" box="[428,583,1697,1722]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" refString="Ritchie, J. (1907) The hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45 (2), 519 - 545, pls 1 - 3. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080456800022821" type="journal article" year="1907">Ritchie, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91E9F3D60F972" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,593,1732,1758]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91E9F3D60F972" ID-CoL="3JB4X" authority="Vervoort, 1972" authorityName="Vervoort" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,593,1732,1758]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jaederholmi">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91E9F3D60F972" bold="true" box="[151,593,1732,1758]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91E9F3EABF971" bold="true" box="[151,410,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium jaederholmi</emphasis>
Vervoort, 1972
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91EB23BBAF8AE" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,1163,1769,1794]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91EB23D0AF8AE" ID-CoL="6L9TB" authority="Watson, 2008" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,571,1769,1794]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrocaulus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91EB23EAAF8AE" box="[151,411,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium macrocaulus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294CFF8E2D9F1EB13D0AF8AE" author="Watson" box="[417,571,1770,1794]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2E5C1EB23BB2F8AE" ID-CoL="3JB4S" authority="Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962" authorityName="Naumov &amp; Stepanjants" authorityYear="1962" box="[610,1155,1769,1794]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2E5C1EB23C1EF8AD" box="[610,815,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium incertus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294CFF8E2F091EB13BB2F8AE" author="Naumov" box="[823,1155,1769,1794]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1962) Hydroida (Thecaphora) collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition on the M / V Ob in antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1955 - 1958, 1. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 1 (9), 68 - 106." type="journal article" year="1962">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91F563C8FF88A" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,958,1805,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91F563EDDF88A" ID-CoL="3JB5X" authority="Totton 1930" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1930" box="[151,492,1805,1830]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91F563E6FF889" box="[151,350,1805,1830]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium ovatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294CFF8E2D5A1F553EDDF88A" author="Totton" box="[356,492,1806,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton 1930</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2E2D1F563C87F88A" ID-CoL="3JB4V" authority="Ritchie, 1907" authorityName="Ritchie" authorityYear="1907" box="[531,950,1805,1830]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2E2D1F563C29F88A" box="[531,792,1805,1830]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium interpolatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294CFF8E2F201F563C87F88A" author="Ritchie" box="[798,950,1805,1830]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" refString="Ritchie, J. (1907) The hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45 (2), 519 - 545, pls 1 - 3. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080456800022821" type="journal article" year="1907">Ritchie, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91F6A3D01F8E6" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,560,1841,1866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91F6A3D01F8E6" ID-CoL="3JB5Y" authority="Jaderholm, 1904" authorityName="Jaderholm" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,560,1841,1866]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91F6A3D01F8E6" bold="true" box="[151,560,1841,1866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91F6A3E53F8E6" bold="true" box="[151,354,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium pallens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294CFF8E2D571F6A3D01F8E6" author="Jaderholm" box="[361,560,1841,1866]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1904) Mitteilungen ueber einige von der Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition 1901 - 1903 eingesammelte Hydroiden. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, (4) 3 (Notes et revue 1), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1904">Jäderholm, 1904</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91F0F3D7BF8C2" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,586,1876,1902]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91F0F3D7BF8C2" bold="true" box="[151,586,1876,1902]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91F0F3ED8F8C1" ID-CoL="3JB6F" box="[151,489,1876,1901]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91F0F3ED8F8C1" bold="true" box="[151,489,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F294CFF8E2DCE1F0E3D7BF8C2" box="[496,586,1877,1902]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91F223D2FF83E" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,542,1913,1938]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91F223D2FF83E" bold="true" box="[151,542,1913,1938]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91F223E8CF83E" ID-CoL="3JB6G" box="[151,445,1913,1938]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91F223E8CF83E" bold="true" box="[151,445,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F294CFF8E2DFA1F223D2FF83E" box="[452,542,1913,1938]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91FC63D65F81A" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,596,1949,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91FC63D65F81A" ID-CoL="3JB72" authority="Jaderholm, 1904" authorityName="Jaderholm" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,596,1949,1974]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="secundum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91FC63D65F81A" bold="true" box="[151,596,1949,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91FC63EB4F81A" bold="true" box="[151,389,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium secundum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294CFF8E2DB21FC63D65F81A" author="Jaderholm" box="[396,596,1949,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1904) Mitteilungen ueber einige von der Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition 1901 - 1903 eingesammelte Hydroiden. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, (4) 3 (Notes et revue 1), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1904">Jäderholm, 1904</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294CFF8E2CA91F9A3BB3F876" blockId="1.[151,1436,1372,2010]" box="[151,1154,1985,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2CA91F9A3D38F876" ID-CoL="3JB7D" authority="Hincks, 1861" authorityName="Hincks" authorityYear="1861" box="[151,521,1985,2010]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenellum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2CA91F9A3E5DF876" box="[151,364,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium tenellum</emphasis>
Hincks, 1861
</taxonomicName>
* (=?
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294CFF8E2E6E1F9A3B4BF876" ID-CoL="3JB42" authority="Pena Cantero et al., 2013" authorityName="Pena Cantero et al." authorityYear="2013" box="[592,1146,1985,2010]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="244" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exaggeratum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2E6E1F9A3C67F875" box="[592,854,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">Halecium exaggeratum</emphasis>
Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294CFF8E2FC41F993B1AF876" box="[1018,1067,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="244">et al</emphasis>
., 2013
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294FFF8D2CA918CC3DEEFF1C" blockId="2.[151,1140,151,248]" box="[151,735,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D2CA918CC3D36FF1C" ID-CoL="3JB7M" authority="Watson, 2008" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,519,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA918CC3E56FF1C" box="[151,359,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Halecium tubatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294FFF8D2D5318C33D36FF1C" author="Watson" box="[365,519,152,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2E3018C23DEEFF1C" box="[526,735,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">species inquirenda</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294FFF8D2CA918E73B35FF54" blockId="2.[151,1140,151,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D2CA918E73E35FF79" ID-CoL="7P55M" box="[151,260,188,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA918E73E35FF79" box="[151,260,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Halecium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.1
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294FFF8D2D0118E63D2DFF78" author="Pena" box="[319,540,188,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero, 2008</bibRefCitation>
(=
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D2E7D18E73B5CFF78" ID-CoL="3JB42" authority="Pena Cantero et al., 2013" authorityName="Pena Cantero et al." authorityYear="2013" box="[579,1133,188,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exaggeratum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2E7D18E73C79FF78" box="[579,840,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Halecium exaggeratum</emphasis>
Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2FD318E63B2FFF79" box="[1005,1054,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">et al</emphasis>
., 2013
</taxonomicName>
)
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D2CA918843E35FF54" ID-CoL="7P55M" box="[151,260,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA918843E35FF54" box="[151,260,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Halecium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.2
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294FFF8D2D0118BB3D2DFF54" author="Pena" box="[319,540,224,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero, 2008</bibRefCitation>
(=
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D2E7D18843CCDFF54" authority="Allman, 1888" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1888" box="[579,1020,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Hydrodendron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arboreum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2E7D18843C6BFF54" box="[579,858,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Hydrodendron arboreum</emphasis>
Allman, 1888
</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<caption id="E2B4667E294FFF8D2CA9197E3EEFFEF3" ID-Table-UUID="E2B4667E294FFF8D2CA9197E3EEFFEF3" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E2B4667E294FFF8D2CA9197E3EEFFEF3" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" targetBox="[151,1403,379,1533]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="B67436F6294FFF8D2CA9197E3EEFFEF3" blockId="2.[151,1435,293,351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA9197E3E3DFE90" bold="true" box="[151,268,293,316]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Data related to the stations of the additional material, collected by Australian, German, New Zealand and Spanish Antarctic expeditions.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294FFF8D2CA119203E71FA51" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<table id="C4CBC456294F00702CA919203A4AFA51" box="[151,1403,379,1533]" gridcols="4" gridrows="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA919203A4AFE3D" box="[151,1403,379,401]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA919203DE6FE3D" box="[151,727,379,401]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Station Date Latitude (S)</th>
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC619203B38FE3D" box="[760,1033,379,401]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Longitude</th>
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F0070281119203BC4FE3D" box="[1071,1269,379,401]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Locality</th>
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C19203A4AFE3D" box="[1298,1403,379,401]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Depth (m)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA919FF3A4AFE17" box="[151,1403,420,443]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA919FF3DE6FE17" box="[151,727,420,443]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA119FF3D98FE17" box="[159,681,420,443]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Australian Antarctic Expedition Aurora Australis II</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA919953A4AFE48" box="[151,1403,462,484]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA919953DE6FE48" box="[151,727,462,484]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">BTC 25 06-01-2010 65.87’</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC619953B38FE48" box="[760,1033,462,484]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">89.28’E</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070281119953BC4FE48" box="[1071,1269,462,484]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Davis Sea</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C19953A4AFE48" box="[1298,1403,462,484]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">522</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA919AC3A4AFDA1" box="[151,1403,503,525]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA919AC3DE6FDA1" box="[151,727,503,525]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA119A33D4FFDA1" box="[159,638,503,525]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">German Antarctic Expedition Polarstern XXI/2</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91A7A3A4AFD9B" box="[151,1403,545,567]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91A7A3DE6FD9B" box="[151,727,545,567]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">PS65/019 24-11-2003 54°30.09’–54°30.01’</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61A7A3B38FD9B" box="[760,1033,545,567]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">03°14.13’–03°13.97’E</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111A7A3BC4FD9B" box="[1071,1269,545,567]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Bouvet Island</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1A7A3A4AFD9B" box="[1298,1403,545,567]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">247–260</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91A113A4AFDCC" box="[151,1403,586,608]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91A113DE6FDCC" box="[151,727,586,608]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA11A103D51FDCC" box="[159,608,586,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">New Zealand Antarctic Expedition TAN0402</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91A283A4AFD25" box="[151,1403,627,649]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91A283DE6FD25" box="[151,727,627,649]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">232 04-03-2004 67°25’21’’–67°25’34’’</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61A283B38FD25" box="[760,1033,627,649]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">163°56’57’’–163°56’10’’E</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111A283BC4FD25" box="[1071,1269,627,649]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Sturge Island</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1A283A4AFD25" box="[1298,1403,627,649]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">96–117</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91AC73A4AFD1E" box="[151,1403,668,690]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91AC73DE6FD1E" box="[151,727,668,690]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">239 VV 04-03-2004 66°54’82’’</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61AC73B38FD1E" box="[760,1033,668,690]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">163°13’48’’E</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111AC73BC4FD1E" box="[1071,1269,668,690]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Buckle Island</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1AC73A4AFD1E" box="[1298,1403,668,690]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">85</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91A9D3A4AFD70" box="[151,1403,710,732]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91A9D3DE6FD70" box="[151,727,710,732]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">277 07-03-2004 65°24’50’’–65°24’88’’</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61A9D3B38FD70" box="[760,1033,710,732]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">160°53’30’’–160°53’36’’E</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111A9D3BC4FD70" box="[1071,1269,710,732]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Young Island</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1A9D3A4AFD70" box="[1298,1403,710,732]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">103–127</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91AB43A4AFCA9" box="[151,1403,751,773]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91AB43DE6FCA9" box="[151,727,751,773]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA11AB43D08FCA9" box="[159,569,751,773]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Spanish Antarctic Expedition Bentart 95</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91B423A4AFC83" box="[151,1403,793,815]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91B423DE6FC83" box="[151,727,793,815]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">3BC 16-01-1995 62°37.8998'</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61B423B38FC83" box="[760,1033,793,815]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">60°23.3878'W</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111B423BC4FC83" box="[1071,1269,793,815]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Livingston Island</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1B423A4AFC83" box="[1298,1403,793,815]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">65</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91B193A4AFCF4" box="[151,1403,834,856]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91B193DE6FCF4" box="[151,727,834,856]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">6A-2 18-01-1995 62°43.5863'</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61B193B38FCF4" box="[760,1033,834,856]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">60°26.9605'W</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111B193BC4FCF4" box="[1071,1269,834,856]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Livingston Island</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1B193A4AFCF4" box="[1298,1403,834,856]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">49</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91B303A4AFC2D" box="[151,1403,875,897]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91B303DE6FC2D" box="[151,727,875,897]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">10A 21-01-1995 62°40.5333'</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61B303B38FC2D" box="[760,1033,875,897]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">60°38.9500'W</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111B303BC4FC2D" box="[1071,1269,875,897]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Livingston Island</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1B303A4AFC2D" box="[1298,1403,875,897]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">220</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91BCF3A4AFC06" box="[151,1403,916,938]" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91BCF3DE6FC06" box="[151,727,916,938]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">22R 29-01-1995 63°03.4300'</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61BCF3B38FC06" box="[760,1033,916,938]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">60°39.4350'W</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111BCF3BC4FC06" box="[1071,1269,916,938]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Deception Island</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1BCF3A4AFC06" box="[1298,1403,916,938]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">248</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91BE53A4AFC78" box="[151,1403,958,980]" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91BE53DE6FC78" box="[151,727,958,980]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">27A 02-02-1995 62°20.4183'</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61BE53B38FC78" box="[760,1033,958,980]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">60°19.6733'W</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111BE53BC4FC78" box="[1071,1269,958,980]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Livingston Island</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1BE53A4AFC78" box="[1298,1403,958,980]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">70</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91BBC3A4AFC51" box="[151,1403,999,1021]" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91BBC3DE6FC51" box="[151,727,999,1021]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">29A 03-02-1995 62°05.1600'</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61BBC3B38FC51" box="[760,1033,999,1021]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">60°25.9400'W</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111BBC3BC4FC51" box="[1071,1269,999,1021]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Livingston Island</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1BBC3A4AFC51" box="[1298,1403,999,1021]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">237</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91C4A3A4AFB8B" box="[151,1403,1041,1063]" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91C4A3DE6FB8B" box="[151,727,1041,1063]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">31A 04-02-1995 62°01.4065'</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61C4A3B38FB8B" box="[760,1033,1041,1063]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">60°28.8448'W</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111C4A3BC4FB8B" box="[1071,1269,1041,1063]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Livingston Island</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1C4A3A4AFB8B" box="[1298,1403,1041,1063]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">1019</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91C613A4AFBFC" box="[151,1403,1082,1104]" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91C613DE6FBFC" box="[151,727,1082,1104]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA11C613D63FBFC" box="[159,594,1082,1104]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Spanish Antarctic Expedition Bentart 2006</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91C383A4AFBD5" box="[151,1403,1123,1145]" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91C383DE6FBD5" box="[151,727,1123,1145]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">34 30-01-2006 70.1225</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61C383B38FBD5" box="[760,1033,1123,1145]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">84.8681 W</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111C383BC4FBD5" box="[1071,1269,1123,1145]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Bellingshausen Sea</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1C383A4AFBD5" box="[1298,1403,1123,1145]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">603</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91CD73A4AFB0E" box="[151,1403,1164,1186]" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91CD73DE6FB0E" box="[151,727,1164,1186]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">34-2 30-01-2006 70.1162</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61CD73B38FB0E" box="[760,1033,1164,1186]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">84.8693 W</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111CD73BC4FB0E" box="[1071,1269,1164,1186]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Bellingshausen Sea</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1CD73A4AFB0E" box="[1298,1403,1164,1186]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">603</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91CED3A4AFB60" box="[151,1403,1206,1228]" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91CED3DE6FB60" box="[151,727,1206,1228]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Low 44 02-2006 63.4300</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61CED3B38FB60" box="[760,1033,1206,1228]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">62.2038 W</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111CED3BC4FB60" box="[1071,1269,1206,1228]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Low Island</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1CED3A4AFB60" box="[1298,1403,1206,1228]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">82</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91C843A4AFB59" box="[151,1403,1247,1269]" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91C843DE6FB59" box="[151,727,1247,1269]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Low 45 02-2006 63.4317</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61C843B38FB59" box="[760,1033,1247,1269]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">62.2116 W</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111C843BC4FB59" box="[1071,1269,1247,1269]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Low Island</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1C843A4AFB59" box="[1298,1403,1247,1269]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">86</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91D523A4AFAB3" box="[151,1403,1289,1311]" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91D523DE6FAB3" box="[151,727,1289,1311]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Low 46 02-2006 63.4369</th>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F00702EC61D523B38FAB3" box="[760,1033,1289,1311]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">62.2450 W</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F007028111D523BC4FAB3" box="[1071,1269,1289,1311]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Low Island</td>
<td id="4B2A5DC8294F0070292C1D523A4AFAB3" box="[1298,1403,1289,1311]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">97</td>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91D273A4AFA3A" box="[151,1403,1404,1430]" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91D273DE6FA3A" box="[151,727,1404,1430]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA91D273EE2FA3A" bold="true" box="[151,467,1404,1430]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Description of the species</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="08FB34B4294F00702CA91D993A4AFA51" box="[151,1403,1474,1533]" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="4B2A5DC8294F00702CA91D993DE6FA51" box="[151,727,1474,1533]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D2CA91D993D48FA70" ID-CoL="3JB2X" authority="Vanhoffen, 1910" authorityName="Vanhoffen" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,633,1474,1500]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA91D993D48FA70" bold="true" box="[151,633,1474,1500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA91D993E99FA70" bold="true" box="[151,424,1474,1500]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Halecium antarcticum</emphasis>
Vanhöffen, 1910
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figs 1, 2A, B)
</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294FFF8D2CA91E773A69F9EE" blockId="2.[151,1436,1580,1787]" box="[151,1368,1580,1603]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D8294FFF8D2CA91E773A69F9EE" box="[151,1368,1580,1603]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D2CA91E773D6CF9EE" ID-CoL="3JB2X" authority="Vanhoffen, 1910: 317" authorityName="Vanhoffen" authorityPageNumber="317" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,605,1580,1603]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA91E773E48F9EF" box="[151,377,1580,1603]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Halecium antarcticum</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7294FFF8D2D411E773D6CF9EE" author="Vanhoffen" box="[383,605,1580,1602]" page="317" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294FFF8D2D411E773D1AF9EE" author="Vanhoffen" box="[383,555,1580,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1910) Die Hydroiden der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 11 (Zoology 3), 269 - 340." type="journal article" year="1910">Vanhöffen, 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 317
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 34;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7294FFF8D2E891E763CD5F9EE" author="Vervoort" box="[695,996,1580,1602]" page="85" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294FFF8D2E891E763C8FF9EE" author="Vervoort" box="[695,958,1580,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538, figs. 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 85
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7294FFF8D2FD01E763B9CF9EE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4630619" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4630619" author="Watson" box="[1006,1197,1580,1602]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D5126FFA7FFBE1B25FC311FDD9522" page="166" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294FFF8D2FD01E763B4DF9EE" author="Watson" box="[1006,1148,1580,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 166
</treatmentCitation>
–167, fig. 2A–C.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294FFF8D2CA91E103C98F9CD" blockId="2.[151,1436,1580,1787]" box="[151,937,1611,1633]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D8294FFF8D2CA91E103C98F9CD" box="[151,937,1611,1633]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
?
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D2C961E103EBAF9CD" ID-CoL="3JB2X" box="[168,395,1611,1633]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2C961E103EBAF9CD" box="[168,395,1611,1633]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Halecium antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7294FFF8D2D9B1E103D75F9CD" author="Billard" box="[421,580,1611,1633]" page="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294FFF8D2D9B1E103D1CF9CD" author="Billard" box="[421,557,1611,1633]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Billard, A. (1914) Hydroides. In: Deuxieme Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1908 - 1910), commandee par le Dr Jean Charcot, Paris, 34 pp." type="book chapter" year="1914">Billard, 1914</bibRefCitation>
: 7
</treatmentCitation>
–8, fig. 5;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7294FFF8D2E921E173C53F9CD" author="Totton" box="[684,866,1611,1633]" page="144" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" year="1930">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294FFF8D2E921E173C01F9CD" author="Totton" box="[684,816,1611,1633]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton, 1930</bibRefCitation>
: 144
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 4.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294FFF8D2CA91E313D7AF92C" blockId="2.[151,1436,1580,1787]" box="[151,587,1642,1664]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D8294FFF8D2CA91E313D7AF92C" box="[151,587,1642,1664]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
?
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D2C961E313E68F92C" ID-CoL="7VBJ9" box="[168,345,1642,1664]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracile">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2C961E313E68F92C" box="[168,345,1642,1664]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Halecium gracile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7294FFF8D2D4D1E313D2EF92C" author="Billard" box="[371,543,1642,1664]" page="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" year="1906">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294FFF8D2D4D1E313ECAF92C" author="Billard" box="[371,507,1642,1664]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Billard, A. (1906) Hydroides. In: Joubin, L. (Ed.), Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1903 - 1905) commandee par le Dr Jean Charcot, Masson et C ie, Paris, pp. 1 - 20." type="book chapter" year="1906">Billard, 1906</bibRefCitation>
: 10
</treatmentCitation>
–11.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294FFF8D2CA91ED23D2BF911" blockId="2.[151,1436,1580,1787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D8294FFF8D2CA91ED23D2BF911" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
?
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D2C951ED23EBFF933" ID-CoL="3JB3P" box="[171,398,1673,1695]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2C951ED23EBFF933" box="[171,398,1673,1695]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Halecium delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7294FFF8D2D991ED13C32F933" author="Naumov" box="[423,771,1673,1695]" page="94" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" year="1962">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294FFF8D2D991ED13DECF933" author="Naumov" box="[423,733,1673,1695]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1962) Hydroida (Thecaphora) collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition on the M / V Ob in antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1955 - 1958, 1. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 1 (9), 68 - 106." type="journal article" year="1962">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962</bibRefCitation>
: 94
</treatmentCitation>
–95, fig. 16; 1972: 52;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7294FFF8D2FC61ED23BD7F933" author="Stepanjants" box="[1016,1254,1673,1695]" page="105" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" year="1979">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294FFF8D2FC61ED23B80F933" author="Stepanjants" box="[1016,1201,1673,1695]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants, 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 105
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 20 fig. 4a–b;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7294FFF8D2CF91EFC3EDDF911" author="Branch" box="[199,492,1703,1725]" page="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294FFF8D2CF91EFC3EF9F911" author="Branch" box="[199,456,1703,1725]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Branch, M. L. &amp; Williams, G. C. (1993) The Hydrozoa, Octocorallia and Scleractinia of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: illustrated keys to the species and results of the 1982 - 1989 University of Cape Town surveys. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 23 (1 - 2), 3 - 24." type="journal article" year="1993">Branch &amp; Willians, 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 11
</treatmentCitation>
, fig.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294FFF8D2CA91E9D3A6EF970" blockId="2.[151,1436,1580,1787]" box="[151,1375,1734,1756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D8294FFF8D2CA91E9D3A6EF970" box="[151,1375,1734,1756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
?
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D2C961E9D3EBAF970" ID-CoL="3JB2X" box="[168,395,1734,1756]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2C961E9D3EBAF970" box="[168,395,1734,1756]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Halecium antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7294FFF8D2D9B1E9D3D74F970" author="Blanco" box="[421,581,1734,1756]" page="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294FFF8D2D9B1E9D3D1EF970" author="Blanco" box="[421,559,1734,1756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1984) Contribucion al conocimiento de hidrozoos antarticos y subantarticos. Contribuciones del Instituto Antartico Argentino, 294, 1 - 53, pls. 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1984">Blanco, 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 7
</treatmentCitation>
–10, pl. 4 figs 8–11, pl. 5 figs 12–13 (in part, part belongs to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D28901E9C3A60F970" ID-CoL="3JB42" box="[1198,1361,1735,1756]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exaggeratum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D28901E9C3A60F970" box="[1198,1361,1735,1756]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">H. exaggeratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294FFF8D2CA91EBE3B64F956" blockId="2.[151,1436,1580,1787]" box="[151,1109,1764,1787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D8294FFF8D2CA91EBE3B64F956" box="[151,1109,1764,1787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA91EBE3E6DF956" box="[151,348,1764,1786]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
?
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D2C941EBF3E6DF956" ID-CoL="3JB5Y" box="[170,348,1764,1786]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">Halecium pallens</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7294FFF8D2D481EBF3D6FF956" author="Stepanjants" box="[374,606,1764,1786]" page="105" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" year="1979">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294FFF8D2D481EBF3D1DF956" author="Stepanjants" box="[374,556,1764,1786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants, 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 105
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 20 fig. 2 (in part, part belongs to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D2FE91EBD3B77F956" ID-CoL="3JB35" box="[983,1094,1764,1787]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2FE91EBD3B77F956" box="[983,1094,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">H. banzare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D294FFF8D2CA91F7C3EC1F863" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B67436F6294FFF8D2CA91F7C3EC1F863" blockId="2.[151,1436,1831,2000]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2CA91F7C3EB9F8EC" bold="true" box="[151,392,1831,1856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="69708854294FFF8D2DA81F733EC3F8EC" box="[406,498,1832,1856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="D0DAAE33294FFF8D2E3F1F733D0FF893" box="[513,574,1832,1855]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">ZMB</collectionCode>
Cni 14885*,
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2ED01F7C3BEFF8EC" box="[750,1246,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
Deutschen Südpolar–Expedition
<date id="C2751036294FFF8D285A1F733BEFF8EC" box="[1124,1246,1832,1856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" value="1901" valueMax="1903">1901–1903</date>
</emphasis>
, Gauss Station,
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF5031294FFF8D2CA91F103FC4F8C8" box="[151,245,1867,1892]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" precision="925" value="-65.35">65°21’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF5031294FFF8D2D381F103E52F8C8" box="[262,355,1867,1892]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" precision="925" value="86.1">86°06’E</geoCoordinate>
(Davis Sea),
<quantity id="71339B13294FFF8D2E341F103D69F8CF" box="[522,600,1867,1892]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.85" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" unit="m" value="385.0">385 m</quantity>
, one stem c.
<quantity id="71339B13294FFF8D2EC31F103C60F8CF" box="[765,849,1867,1892]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
high, with male gonothecae.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D288D1F103ECDF82B" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">
Australian
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666294FFF8D290B1F173AADF8CF" box="[1333,1436,1868,1891]" name="Antarctica" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Expedition Aurora Australis II
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2E301F343D9AF824" bold="true" box="[526,683,1903,1928]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Stn BTC 25,</emphasis>
65.87’S 89.28’E (Davis Sea),
<quantity id="71339B13294FFF8D28251F343B4FF82B" box="[1051,1150,1903,1928]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.223999999999999" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" unit="m" value="522.4">522.4 m</quantity>
,
<date id="C2751036294FFF8D28B01F343A2CF824" box="[1166,1309,1903,1928]" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" value="2010-01-06">06–01–2010</date>
, numerous strongly polysiphonic stems, with ripe female gonothecae, up to
<quantity id="71339B13294FFF8D2F4B1FCF3CF7F807" box="[885,966,1940,1964]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" unit="mm" value="80.0">80 mm</quantity>
high, on tube of polychaete, axis of dead gorgonian and
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294FFF8D2D001FEC3EF8F87C" box="[318,457,1975,2000]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="245" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294FFF8D2D001FEC3EF8F87C" box="[318,457,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="245">Eudendrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="E2B4667E294EFF8C2CA91FFA3C18F858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226891/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="246" targetBox="[195,1397,212,1907]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="B67436F6294EFF8C2CA91FFA3C18F858" blockId="3.[151,1436,1953,2036]" pageId="3" pageNumber="246">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294EFF8C2CA91FFA3E27F81A" bold="true" box="[151,278,1953,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="246">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294EFF8C2D211FFA3D8CF81B" authority="Vanhoffen, 1910" authorityName="Vanhoffen" authorityYear="1910" box="[287,701,1953,1975]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="246" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294EFF8C2D211FFA3D35F81B" box="[287,516,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="246">Halecium antarcticum</emphasis>
Vanhöffen, 1910
</taxonomicName>
. (A–D) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (E) male gonotheca; (F) female gonotheca (frontal view); (G) female gonotheca (lateral view) with acrocyst showing eggs. (A–B, E from holotype; C–D, F–G from Stn BTC 25). Scale bar: 250 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E2B4667E2949FF8B2CA91CD33E2BFB77" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226892/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="247" targetBox="[152,1428,188,1159]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="B67436F62949FF8B2CA91CD33E2BFB77" blockId="4.[151,1436,1160,1243]" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42949FF8B2CA91CD33E25FB31" bold="true" box="[151,276,1160,1182]" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752949FF8B2D221CD33D84FB32" authority="Vanhoffen, 1910" authorityName="Vanhoffen" authorityYear="1910" box="[284,693,1160,1182]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="247" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42949FF8B2D221CD33D31FB32" box="[284,512,1160,1182]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">Halecium antarcticum</emphasis>
Vanhöffen, 1910
</taxonomicName>
. (A) female gonotheca (lateral view); (B) acrocyst with eggs.
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752949FF8B29071CD33E67FB10" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="247" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42949FF8B29071CD33E67FB10" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">Halecium pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2949FF8B2D631CFC3E9FFB10" box="[349,430,1191,1212]" pageId="4" pageNumber="247" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42949FF8B2D631CFC3E9FFB10" bold="true" box="[349,430,1191,1212]" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(C–D) female gonothecae showing eggs. (A–B from Stn BTC 25; C–D from type material). Scale bar: 200 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2949FF8B2CF91D5A3B4EFA62" pageId="4" pageNumber="247" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B67436F62949FF8B2CF91D5A3B4EFA62" blockId="4.[151,1437,1281,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42949FF8B2CF91D5A3E70FAB6" bold="true" box="[199,321,1281,1306]" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Polysiphonic, irregularly branched stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B132949FF8B2F941D5A3B35FAB5" box="[938,1028,1281,1305]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="247" unit="mm" value="80.0">80 mm</quantity>
high. Branches originating from hydrophore of primary hydrotheca. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane. Hydrotheca at the end of long, free hydrophore. Hydrothecal diameter increasing distally; rim slightly everted. Up to fifth-order hydrothecae present.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662949FF8B2CC31D363E06FA2A" box="[253,311,1389,1414]" name="Malta" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">Male</collectingCountry>
gonotheca laterally flattened, maximum width by the middle. Female gonotheca terebratulid brachiopod-shaped; abcauline wall longer. Aperture wide, at distal part of gonotheca. With acrocysts with up to seven eggs. Cnidome consisting of microbasic mastigophores? and microbasic euryteles?
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2949FF8B2CF91D823C30F845" pageId="4" pageNumber="247" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B67436F62949FF8B2CF91D823E8FF941" blockId="4.[151,1437,1281,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42949FF8B2CF91D823D20FA5E" bold="true" box="[199,529,1497,1522]" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">
Description (
<typeStatus id="697088542949FF8B2D5E1D823EA4FA5E" box="[352,405,1497,1522]" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">type</typeStatus>
material).
</emphasis>
Stem c.
<quantity id="71339B132949FF8B2E4C1D823DF0FA5D" box="[626,705,1497,1522]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="247" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
high, polysiphonic, except for the most distal
<quantity id="71339B132949FF8B28F91D823A3BFA5D" box="[1223,1290,1497,1522]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="247" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
. Stem giving rise irregularly to primary branches, some of these much developed, also polysiphonic, and originating monosiphonic second-order branches. Branches originating from hydrophore of primary hydrotheca. Stem and branches divided into internodes by alternately arranged oblique nodes (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732949FF8B2FD31E1E3B00F9F2" box="[1005,1073,1605,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,212,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1407,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Halecium antarcticum Vanhöffen, 1910. (A – D) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (E) male gonotheca; (F) female gonotheca (frontal view); (G) female gonotheca (lateral view) with acrocyst showing eggs. (A – B, E from holotype; C – D, F – G from Stn BTC 25). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226891/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A, B). Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane and placed at the end of long hydrophores; ratio between adcauline length of hydrophore and diameter at diaphragm 1.3–1.4. Abcauline side of hydrophores straight or with a slight basal convexity; adcauline side straight (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732949FF8B2D0F1EEA3E41F965" box="[305,368,1713,1738]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,212,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1407,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Halecium antarcticum Vanhöffen, 1910. (A – D) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (E) male gonotheca; (F) female gonotheca (frontal view); (G) female gonotheca (lateral view) with acrocyst showing eggs. (A – B, E from holotype; C – D, F – G from Stn BTC 25). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226891/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A, B). Hydrothecae considerably surpassing distal node of internode (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732949FF8B28B31EEA3BFCF965" box="[1165,1229,1713,1738]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,212,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1407,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Halecium antarcticum Vanhöffen, 1910. (A – D) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (E) male gonotheca; (F) female gonotheca (frontal view); (G) female gonotheca (lateral view) with acrocyst showing eggs. (A – B, E from holotype; C – D, F – G from Stn BTC 25). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226891/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A, B). No distinct pseudodiaphragm present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62949FF8B2CF91EA23FDEF8F5" blockId="4.[151,1437,1281,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">
Hydrothecae widening distally, much less in stem primary ones (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732949FF8B2F841EA23CCAF8BD" box="[954,1019,1785,1810]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,212,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1407,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Halecium antarcticum Vanhöffen, 1910. (A – D) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (E) male gonotheca; (F) female gonotheca (frontal view); (G) female gonotheca (lateral view) with acrocyst showing eggs. (A – B, E from holotype; C – D, F – G from Stn BTC 25). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226891/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A), with slightly everted rim, much more in lower-order hydrothecae (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732949FF8B2E171F463D5DF89A" box="[553,620,1821,1846]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,212,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1407,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Halecium antarcticum Vanhöffen, 1910. (A – D) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (E) male gonotheca; (F) female gonotheca (frontal view); (G) female gonotheca (lateral view) with acrocyst showing eggs. (A – B, E from holotype; C – D, F – G from Stn BTC 25). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226891/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A) and those from branches (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732949FF8B2FF01F463B23F89A" box="[974,1042,1821,1846]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,212,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1407,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Halecium antarcticum Vanhöffen, 1910. (A – D) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (E) male gonotheca; (F) female gonotheca (frontal view); (G) female gonotheca (lateral view) with acrocyst showing eggs. (A – B, E from holotype; C – D, F – G from Stn BTC 25). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226891/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B). Up to fifth-order hydrothecae present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62949FF8B2CF91F3E3C30F845" blockId="4.[151,1437,1281,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662949FF8B2CF91F3E3E30F8D2" box="[199,257,1893,1918]" name="Malta" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">Male</collectingCountry>
gonotheca laterally flattened, c. 680 µm high, and 640 µm wide in frontal view (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732949FF8B28891F3E3BC8F8D2" box="[1207,1273,1893,1918]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,212,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1407,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Halecium antarcticum Vanhöffen, 1910. (A – D) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (E) male gonotheca; (F) female gonotheca (frontal view); (G) female gonotheca (lateral view) with acrocyst showing eggs. (A – B, E from holotype; C – D, F – G from Stn BTC 25). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226891/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="247">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
E). Maximum width by the middle, strongly decreasing both distally, to form a rounded part, and basally, up to a clear inflexion point from where it diminishes very slightly until reaching its origin, forming a sort of basal pedicel. By inflexion point gonothecal wall passing from convex to concave.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2948FF8A2CF918CC3EAEFDCC" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" type="description">
<paragraph id="B67436F62948FF8A2CF918CC3EBCFEEC" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2CF918CC3EEFFF1C" bold="true" box="[199,478,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2DD818CC3D44FF1C" box="[486,629,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture 240–260, diameter at diaphragm 160–200, height 45–70, adcauline length of hydrophore 130–275.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2EF818E73C1AFF79" box="[710,811,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Cnidome</emphasis>
: very abundant microbasic mastigophores?, with sharp ends [range 7–7.5
<date id="C27510362948FF8A2D5818BB3EBBFF54" box="[358,394,223,248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">x 2</date>
–2.5, mean 7.3±0.2 x 2.1±0.2 (n=10); ratio, range 3.0–3.8, mean 3.5±0.3 (n=10)], and scarce microbasic euryteles?, with blunt ends [range 6.5–7
<date id="C27510362948FF8A2ED8195E3C36FEB1" box="[742,775,260,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">x 3</date>
–3.5, mean 6.7±0.2 x 3.2±0.2 (n=10); ratio, range 1.9–2.3, mean 2.1±0.1(n=10)].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62948FF8A2CF919173EAEFDCC" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2CF919173C69FEC9" bold="true" box="[199,856,332,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Description of female gonothecae from Stn BTC 25.</emphasis>
Gonotheca flattened in lateral view, terebratulid brachiopod-shaped, with abcauline wall longer. Adcauline wall not reaching distal part of gonotheca, instead curved inwards. Gonothecae with acrocyst with c.
<specimenCount id="A0CDFD7F2948FF8A2ECF19CE3C0FFE01" box="[753,830,405,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" type="egg">7 eggs</specimenCount>
(checked) (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732948FF8A2FF319CF3B24FE00" box="[973,1045,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,212,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1407,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Halecium antarcticum Vanhöffen, 1910. (A – D) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (E) male gonotheca; (F) female gonotheca (frontal view); (G) female gonotheca (lateral view) with acrocyst showing eggs. (A – B, E from holotype; C – D, F – G from Stn BTC 25). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226891/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Figs 1</figureCitation>
G, 2B). When acrocyst goes out, gonotheca becoming more or less fusiform in lateral view because distal part of adcauline wall deploys, reaching distal part of gonotheca (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732948FF8A2DF719873D23FE58" box="[457,530,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,212,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1407,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Halecium antarcticum Vanhöffen, 1910. (A – D) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (E) male gonotheca; (F) female gonotheca (frontal view); (G) female gonotheca (lateral view) with acrocyst showing eggs. (A – B, E from holotype; C – D, F – G from Stn BTC 25). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226891/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Figs 1</figureCitation>
G, 2A). When acrocyst is shed, gonotheca recovering shape of terebratulid brachiopod. Gonothecal aperture wide, occupying large extension of distal part of gonotheca (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732948FF8A289019A43BDCFDB4" box="[1198,1261,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,212,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1407,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Halecium antarcticum Vanhöffen, 1910. (A – D) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (E) male gonotheca; (F) female gonotheca (frontal view); (G) female gonotheca (lateral view) with acrocyst showing eggs. (A – B, E from holotype; C – D, F – G from Stn BTC 25). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226891/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
F). Gonothecae 1300–1450 µm high and 750–800 µm wide, in frontal view, and c. 490 µm, in lateral view. Gonothecal aperture c. 450 µm in frontal view.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2948FF8A2CF91A373D6FF9D8" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B67436F62948FF8A2CF91A373B48FCB8" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2CF91A373E0AFD29" bold="true" box="[199,315,620,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Remarks.</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="697088542948FF8A2D4A1A373EE7FD29" box="[372,470,620,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2DC51A363D92FD28" box="[507,675,621,644]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2DC51A363D92FD28" box="[507,675,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only male gonothecae and, consequently, it is not possible to be completely sure about the assignation of the female material studied here. However, I am considering the material from the Australian expedition to be the female colony of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2F031AEE3CD9FD60" box="[829,1000,693,716]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2F031AEE3CD9FD60" box="[829,1000,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on geography and cnidome. In addition, it agrees with the
<typeStatus id="697088542948FF8A2DF51A833ECAFD5C" box="[459,507,728,752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">type</typeStatus>
material in the irregularly branched, polysiphonic stems and in the shape and size of hydrothecae (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732948FF8A2D731AA73EBCFCB8" box="[333,397,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,212,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1407,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Halecium antarcticum Vanhöffen, 1910. (A – D) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (E) male gonotheca; (F) female gonotheca (frontal view); (G) female gonotheca (lateral view) with acrocyst showing eggs. (A – B, E from holotype; C – D, F – G from Stn BTC 25). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226891/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C, D). Pseudodiaphragm is present in some hydrothecae (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732948FF8A282A1AA73B62FCB8" box="[1044,1107,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[195,1397,212,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[180,1407,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Halecium antarcticum Vanhöffen, 1910. (A – D) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (E) male gonotheca; (F) female gonotheca (frontal view); (G) female gonotheca (lateral view) with acrocyst showing eggs. (A – B, E from holotype; C – D, F – G from Stn BTC 25). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226891/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62948FF8A2CF91B7B3E0DFBFB" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072948FF8A2CF91B7B3E40FC94" author="Watson" box="[199,369,800,824]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
found gonothecae that she described as “probably male, inserted in hydrophore on distal monosiphonic branches; shape variable from flattened clavate to ovoid with a low apical dome with flattened top”. She later indicated, however, that sex could not be determined. In my opinion, the gonothecae studied by Watson are probably female.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662948FF8A2DA41BD73E88FC08" box="[410,441,908,932]" name="American Samoa" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">As</collectingCountry>
stated above, male gonothecae are present in the
<typeStatus id="697088542948FF8A281A1BD63B65FC09" box="[1060,1108,909,933]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">type</typeStatus>
material studied. They are considerably smaller than those described by Watson (
<date id="C27510362948FF8A2F2E1BF43CBFFC64" box="[784,910,943,968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" value="1176" valueMax="1568">1176–1568</date>
µm in length and 882–910 µm in maximum width), which, on the other hand, match the size of the female gonothecae found in the Australian material. The apical dome with flattened top described by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072948FF8A2E9C1BA33C7AFBBC" author="Watson" box="[674,843,1016,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
could correspond to remnants of the acrocyst; she remarked on the fragility of the gonothecal perisarc, with few gonothecae undamaged and only two showing a flattened apex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62948FF8A2CF91C3F3EB0FB69" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">
Previous records of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2D981C3E3D7CFBD0" box="[422,589,1125,1148]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2D981C3E3D7CFBD0" box="[422,589,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on infertile material, or just with immature gonothecae, such as those by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072948FF8A2C821CDC3E6CFB0C" author="Billard" box="[188,349,1159,1184]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" refString="Billard, A. (1914) Hydroides. In: Deuxieme Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1908 - 1910), commandee par le Dr Jean Charcot, Paris, 34 pp." type="book chapter" year="1914">Billard (1914)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072948FF8A2DA91CD23D04FB0C" author="Totton" box="[407,565,1160,1184]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton (1930)</bibRefCitation>
, are not reliable because of the similarity with
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A286D1CDC3AADFB0C" box="[1107,1436,1159,1184]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A286D1CDC3AADFB0C" box="[1107,1436,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Halecium pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2948FF8A2CA91CF73FC1FB69" box="[151,240,1196,1221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2CA91CF73FC1FB69" bold="true" box="[151,240,1196,1221]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62948FF8A2CF91C943B4DFAD4" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">
Concerning Blanco’s (1984) material of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2EA61C8A3B0EFB44" authority="Pena Cantero (2013)" authorityName="Pena Cantero" authorityYear="2013" box="[664,1087,1232,1256]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2EA61C8A3C73FB44" box="[664,834,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
, Peña Cantero (2013)
</taxonomicName>
pointed out that this record is based on material from different localities and seems to consist of specimens of several species. In fact, Peña Cantero (2013) indicated that the material represented in pl. 4 figs 10 and 11 and pl. 5 fig. 13 could belong to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A29BF1D423FC6FAF9" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="frigidum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A29BF1D423FC6FAF9" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. frigidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Instead, I here consider it conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2F321D663CF5FAF8" box="[780,964,1341,1364]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="exaggeratum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2F321D663CF5FAF8" box="[780,964,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. exaggeratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below). The remaining material of
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072948FF8A2CA91D043E09FAD4" author="Blanco" box="[151,312,1375,1400]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1984) Contribucion al conocimiento de hidrozoos antarticos y subantarticos. Contribuciones del Instituto Antartico Argentino, 294, 1 - 53, pls. 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1984">Blanco (1984)</bibRefCitation>
could either belong to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2E051D3A3DD2FAD4" box="[571,739,1377,1400]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2E051D3A3DD2FAD4" box="[571,739,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2F1B1D3A3B2AFAD4" box="[805,1051,1375,1400]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2F1B1D3A3B2AFAD4" box="[805,1051,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2948FF8A281C1D043B4DFAD4" box="[1058,1148,1375,1400]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A281C1D043B4DFAD4" bold="true" box="[1058,1148,1375,1400]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62948FF8A2CF91DDE3D6FF9D8" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072948FF8A2CF91DDE3D18FA31" author="Naumov" box="[199,553,1412,1437]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1962) Hydroida (Thecaphora) collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition on the M / V Ob in antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1955 - 1958, 1. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 1 (9), 68 - 106." type="journal article" year="1962">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants (1962)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2E861DDE3C55FA30" box="[696,868,1413,1436]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2E861DDE3C55FA30" box="[696,868,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2F9C1DDE3B28FA31" box="[930,1049,1412,1437]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2F9C1DDE3B28FA31" box="[930,1049,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A28D51DDE3AA4FA31" box="[1259,1429,1412,1437]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A28D51DDE3AA4FA31" box="[1259,1429,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, taking into account “the great resemblance in the structure of the colonies … and the fact that the differences found in the structure of the gonothecae of these species have an ontogenetic character” (Naumov &amp; Stepanjants 1965: 98). Later,
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072948FF8A2D271DB43EC0F9A4" author="Stepanjants" box="[281,497,1519,1544]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants (1979)</bibRefCitation>
, after studying new material, considered
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2FEA1DAA3B4FF9A4" box="[980,1150,1519,1544]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2FEA1DAA3B4FF9A4" box="[980,1150,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A28851DAA3A03F9A4" box="[1211,1330,1519,1544]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A28851DAA3A03F9A4" box="[1211,1330,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
different species, but still considered
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2DE91E4E3DB1F980" box="[471,640,1557,1580]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2DE91E4E3DB1F980" box="[471,640,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2F741E4E3C8EF981" box="[842,959,1556,1581]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2F741E4E3C8EF981" box="[842,959,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Due to this fact, it is not possible to take into account Stepanjants’s (1979) records without revising all her material to separate those specimens belonging to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2CA91E063E0EF9D8" box="[151,319,1629,1652]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2CA91E063E0EF9D8" box="[151,319,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from those of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2DDA1E063D66F9D9" box="[484,599,1628,1653]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2DDA1E063D66F9D9" box="[484,599,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2948FF892CF91E243EBBFD90" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="249" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B67436F62948FF8A2CF91E243B5FF8E0" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">
Although
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2D091E243D1EF934" ID-CoL="3JB3P" box="[311,559,1663,1688]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2D091E243D1EF934" box="[311,559,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Halecium delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported to occur in nearly all oceans (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072948FF8A28771E243BCFF934" author="Schuchert" box="[1097,1278,1663,1688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" refString="Schuchert, P. (2005) Taxonomic revision and systematic notes on some Halecium species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Journal of Natural History, 39 (8), 607 - 639. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930400001319" type="journal article" year="2005">Schuchert 2005</bibRefCitation>
), it seems that different species are included under that name.
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072948FF8A2E901EFF3C43F911" author="Schuchert" box="[686,882,1700,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" refString="Schuchert, P. (2005) Taxonomic revision and systematic notes on some Halecium species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Journal of Natural History, 39 (8), 607 - 639. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930400001319" type="journal article" year="2005">Schuchert (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, for example, pointed out the distinct differences present in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2D2E1E9C3EC3F94C" ID-CoL="3JB5Z" box="[272,498,1735,1760]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parvulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2D2E1E9C3EC3F94C" box="[272,498,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Halecium parvulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2DC41E923C04F94C" authority="Millard, 1957" authorityName="Millard" authorityYear="1957" box="[506,821,1735,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" rank="variety" variety="magnum">
var.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2E121E923DBDF94C" box="[556,652,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">magnum</emphasis>
Millard, 1957
</taxonomicName>
, considered as
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2FDB1E923BBCF94C" ID-CoL="3JB3P" box="[997,1165,1735,1760]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2FDB1E923BBCF94C" box="[997,1165,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072948FF8A28821E9C3A54F94C" author="Millard" box="[1212,1381,1735,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard (1975)</bibRefCitation>
, and concluded that it should be considered a different species because it occurs sympatrically with
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A28EB1EB63A4CF8A9" ID-CoL="3JB3P" box="[1237,1405,1772,1797]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A28EB1EB63A4CF8A9" box="[1237,1405,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662948FF8A2CA91F543E1CF884" box="[151,301,1807,1832]" name="South Africa" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">South Africa</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072948FF8A2D041F543D59F884" author="Galea" box="[314,616,1807,1832]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" refString="Galea, H. R. &amp; Schories, D. (2012 b) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Galea &amp; Schories (2012b)</bibRefCitation>
also stated that it is likely that the binomen
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A284C1F543A5CF884" ID-CoL="3JB3P" box="[1138,1389,1807,1832]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A284C1F543A5CF884" box="[1138,1389,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Halecium delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been used as a common denominator for several haleciid hydroids from various oceans.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62948FF892CF91F033E22FF79" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,572]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="249" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">
In spite of previous
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662948FF8A2D971F0C3D20F8DC" box="[425,529,1879,1904]" name="Antarctica" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
records, it seems that
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2F311F023C87F8DC" ID-CoL="3JB3P" box="[783,950,1879,1904]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2F311F023C87F8DC" box="[783,950,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not present in this area. There are sound reasons to believe that the
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662948FF8A2DFF1F273D18F839" box="[449,553,1916,1941]" name="Antarctica" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
material belongs to other species.
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072948FF8A2F901F273BE5F839" author="Galea" box="[942,1236,1916,1941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" refString="Galea, H. R. &amp; Schories, D. (2012 b) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Galea &amp; Schories (2012b)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that the gonothecae from
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662948FF8A2D601FFA3EC4F815" box="[350,501,1952,1977]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
material are provided with two prominent, very characteristic, &quot;ears&quot; flanking the aperture and suggested avoiding the use of the binomen
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752948FF8A2F7B1F9E3CC0F871" ID-CoL="3JB3P" box="[837,1009,1988,2013]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="248" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42948FF8A2F7B1F9E3CC0F871" box="[837,1009,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662948FF8A28121F9F3BA5F871" box="[1068,1172,1988,2013]" name="Antarctica" pageId="5" pageNumber="248">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
haleciids, unless it is indisputably shown that their female gonothecae are morphologically identical to those described in
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666294BFF89293B18C33AADFF1C" box="[1285,1436,151,176]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294BFF892CF918843A49FE24" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">
Female gonothecae with the characteristic “ears” of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294BFF892F2218BA3CF4FF54" ID-CoL="3JB3P" box="[796,965,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892F2218BA3CF4FF54" box="[796,965,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have never been reported from
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666294BFF89290A18843AADFF54" box="[1332,1436,223,248]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
waters. Actually, it seems that the
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666294BFF892E16195F3DA1FEB1" box="[552,656,260,285]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
material similar in trophosome structure to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294BFF8928AE195E3A08FEB1" ID-CoL="3JB3P" box="[1168,1337,260,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF8928AE195E3A08FEB1" box="[1168,1337,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
actually belongs to different species, in particular to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294BFF892EBB19723C1FFEEC" ID-CoL="3JB2X" box="[645,814,297,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892EBB19723C1FFEEC" box="[645,814,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294BFF892FBC19723B49FEEC" ID-CoL="3JB6F" box="[898,1144,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892FBC19723B49FEEC" box="[898,1144,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">H. pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F294BFF892841197C3BE8FEEC" box="[1151,1241,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892841197C3BE8FEEC" bold="true" box="[1151,1241,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(see below). The female gonotheca in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294BFF892DB019163D0BFEC9" ID-CoL="3JB3P" box="[398,570,332,357]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892DB019163D0BFEC9" box="[398,570,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also characterized by having a small aperture, situated in a depression between the peaks or “ears”, contrary to the large aperture found in female gonothecae from
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666294BFF89289B19343A3CFE24" box="[1189,1293,367,392]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294BFF892CF919CF3DEDFE7C" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892CF919CF3ECAFE01" bold="true" box="[199,507,404,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75294BFF892E3A19CF3C30FE00" ID-CoL="3JB2X" box="[516,769,404,429]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4294BFF892E3A19CF3C30FE00" box="[516,769,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Halecium antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be a shelf species, having been found at depths from 45 (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294BFF892CC119E33EA4FE7C" author="Watson" box="[255,405,440,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson 2008</bibRefCitation>
) to
<quantity id="71339B13294BFF892DFE19EC3D36FE63" box="[448,519,439,464]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.22" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" unit="m" value="522.0">522 m</quantity>
(present material).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6294BFF892CF919873EBBFD90" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">
Although reported all around
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666294BFF892E2B19873DBCFE59" box="[533,653,476,501]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
, it is known for sure only from East
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666294BFF89281719873B90FE59" box="[1065,1185,476,501]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="249">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
, in particular from the Davis Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294BFF892D2419A43DADFDB4" author="Vanhoffen" box="[282,668,511,536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" refString="Vanhoffen, E. (1910) Die Hydroiden der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 11 (Zoology 3), 269 - 340." type="journal article" year="1910">Vanhöffen 1910; present material</bibRefCitation>
), and from Commonwealth Bay, George V Coast, and off Mawson Coast (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07294BFF892CDB1A7F3E4FFD90" author="Watson" box="[229,382,548,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="249" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

333
data/3E/62/87/3E6287E02951FF912CA91A253D1AFC10.xml Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
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<mods:title id="A925A93DE9FD3F5CFA4D2A6F3AB89BA1">Revision of the Antarctic species of Halecium Oken, 1815 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Haleciidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="3E6287E02951FF912CA91A253D1AFC10" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4630897" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119423378" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4630897" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3E6287E02951FF912CA91A253D1AFC10" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E6287E02951FF912CA91A253D1AFC10" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="273" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2951FF932CA91A253CD1FD56" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CA91A253D01FD35" blockId="28.[151,560,638,698]" box="[151,560,638,665]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
<heading id="ED3C819A2951FF932CA91A253D01FD35" bold="true" box="[151,560,638,665]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" reason="1">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932CA91A253D01FD35" bold="true" box="[151,560,638,665]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752951FF932CA91A253EFAFD34" ID-CoL="3JB6G" box="[151,459,638,664]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932CA91A253EFAFD34" bold="true" box="[151,459,638,664]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Halecium pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2951FF932DED1A243D01FD35" box="[467,560,639,665]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CA91AFA3E08FD16" blockId="28.[151,560,638,698]" box="[151,313,673,698]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
(
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732951FF932CA11AFA3FC5FD16" box="[159,244,673,698]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1956,1978]" captionTargetBox="[306,1275,204,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[295,1292,195,1934]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium pseudodelicatulum sp. nov. (A) colony. Halecium pseudoincertus sp. nov. (B) colony. (A from type material; B from holotype). Scale bar: 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226900/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Figs 10</figureCitation>
B, 12)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CA91ABF3CD1FD56" blockId="28.[151,992,740,762]" box="[151,992,740,762]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82951FF932CA91ABF3CD1FD56" box="[151,992,740,762]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752951FF932CA91ABF3E60FD56" ID-CoL="3JB4S" box="[151,337,740,762]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932CA91ABF3E60FD56" box="[151,337,740,762]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Halecium incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72951FF932D541ABE3D57FD56" author="Pena" box="[362,614,740,762]" page="454" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072951FF932D541ABE3D04FD56" author="Pena" box="[362,565,740,762]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 454
</treatmentCitation>
–455, fig. 1b; 2009: 1747; 2012: 857.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2951FF932CA91B7A3ABCFC64" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CA91B7A3ABCFC64" blockId="28.[151,1437,801,1997]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932CA91B7A3EB1FC96" bold="true" box="[151,384,801,826]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932DB91B7A3C7DFC96" box="[391,844,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
Spanish
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662951FF932DD91B793D7FFC95" box="[487,590,802,825]" name="Antarctica" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Expedition Bentart 95
</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932F651B7A3C89FC96" bold="true" box="[859,952,801,826]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Stn 22R</emphasis>
, two stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B132951FF9328B81B793BE4FC95" box="[1158,1237,802,826]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
high, on pebbles;
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932CA91B1F3FC7FCF1" bold="true" box="[151,246,836,861]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Stn 31A</emphasis>
, one stem, c.
<quantity id="71339B132951FF932DA91B1E3EC5FCF1" box="[407,500,837,861]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="110.0">110 mm</quantity>
high.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932E031B1F3B15FCF1" box="[573,1060,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
Spanish
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662951FF932EA01B1E3C34FCF0" box="[670,773,837,860]" name="Antarctica" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Expedition Bentart 2006
</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF93280A1B1F3B4FFCF1" bold="true" box="[1076,1150,836,861]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Stn 34</emphasis>
, a stem, c.
<quantity id="71339B132951FF93293A1B1F3A53FCF1" box="[1284,1378,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="165.0">165 mm</quantity>
high (
<typeStatus id="697088542951FF932CA01B333E3AFC2D" box="[158,267,872,897]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
,
<collectionCode id="D0DAAE332951FF932D241B323E5FFC2D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" box="[282,366,873,897]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" name="Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">MNCN</collectionCode>
2.03/445, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid,
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662951FF93281D1B333B56FC2D" box="[1059,1127,872,897]" name="Spain" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Spain</collectingCountry>
), and a stem,
<quantity id="71339B132951FF9329301B333A51FC2C" box="[1294,1376,872,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
high (
<typeStatus id="697088542951FF932CA01BD73E37FC08" box="[158,262,908,932]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
), basibiont of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752951FF932D8A1BD63DA6FC09" box="[436,663,908,933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tiarannidae" genus="Stegopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plicatile">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932D8A1BD63DA6FC09" box="[436,663,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Stegopoma plicatile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932E951BD73C20FC09" bold="true" box="[683,785,908,933]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Stn 34-2</emphasis>
, a distal stem fragment, c.
<quantity id="71339B132951FF9328601BD73B83FC08" box="[1118,1202,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
long.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF93293C1BD63EDFFC64" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662951FF93293C1BD63AADFC09" box="[1282,1436,908,933]" name="New Zealand" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662951FF932CA91BEB3FCFFC6B" box="[151,254,944,967]" name="Antarctica" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Expedition TAN0402
</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932DC31BF43D65FC64" bold="true" box="[509,596,943,968]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Stn 232</emphasis>
, one stem, c.
<quantity id="71339B132951FF932ECE1BEB3C7CFC6B" box="[752,845,944,968]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="310.0">310 mm</quantity>
high;
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932FAA1BF43CDDFC64" bold="true" box="[916,1004,943,968]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Stn 277</emphasis>
, one stem, c.
<quantity id="71339B132951FF9328B91BF43BE7FC6B" box="[1159,1238,943,968]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
high, on gravel.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2951FF932CF91B883DD0FB48" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CF91B883DD0FB48" blockId="28.[151,1437,801,1997]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932CF91B883E70FC40" bold="true" box="[199,321,979,1004]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Long and thin, polysiphonic, mainly unbranched stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B132951FF932FC31B883B6BFC47" box="[1021,1114,979,1003]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="310.0">310 mm</quantity>
high. Stem giving rise every third hydrotheca and alternately in two planes to monosiphonic branches at distal part. Branches originating from hydrophore of primary hydrotheca, monosiphonic, unbranched or with up to two secondary branches. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in two planes. Hydrotheca at the end of short, mostly adnate hydrophore provided with a strongly marked pseudodiaphragm. Hydrotheca distinctly widening distally; rim everted. Adcauline hydrothecal wall free; distinctly larger than abcauline one. Hydrothecal aperture directed downwards. Up to five-order hydrothecae present. Gonothecae unknown. Cnidome consisting of isorhizas, larger microbasic euryteles?, smaller microbasic euryteles and microbasic mastigophores.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2951FF932CF91CB53B6DF861" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" type="description">
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CF91CB53CAEFA86" blockId="28.[151,1437,801,1997]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932CF91CB53ED0FAAB" bold="true" box="[199,481,1262,1287]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
Description (
<typeStatus id="697088542951FF932D5C1CB53EE5FAAB" box="[354,468,1262,1287]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
).
</emphasis>
Stem polysiphonic, except for last
<quantity id="71339B132951FF932F461CB43CFAFAAA" box="[888,971,1263,1287]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
, mostly unbranched (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732951FF9328FC1CB53A27FAAB" box="[1218,1302,1262,1287]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1956,1978]" captionTargetBox="[306,1275,204,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[295,1292,195,1934]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium pseudodelicatulum sp. nov. (A) colony. Halecium pseudoincertus sp. nov. (B) colony. (A from type material; B from holotype). Scale bar: 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226900/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
B), tortuous and relatively long (c.
<quantity id="71339B132951FF932DAA1D493EC0FA86" box="[404,497,1298,1323]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="165.0">165 mm</quantity>
high) and thin (c.
<quantity id="71339B132951FF932E811D493C31FA86" box="[703,768,1298,1322]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
at basal part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CF91D6D3BCCFA39" blockId="28.[151,1437,801,1997]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Stem distally provided with 16 primary branches and eight secondary ones. Branching regular, alternate at every third hydrotheca in two planes, forming an obtuse angle of c. 90° in distal part of stem (where branches are present). Probably, angle slightly larger at basal part. Length of lateral branches decreasing upwards.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CF91DC43B9CFA53" blockId="28.[151,1437,801,1997]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Branches monosiphonic, unbranched, or with a single secondary branch (occasionally two). Secondary branches directed inwards (i.e., towards space delimited by primary branches). Lower-order branches resting on large apophysis formed at the side of primary hydrothecal hydrophore just below hydrotheca.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CF91E513CF2F95B" blockId="28.[151,1437,801,1997]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
Hydrothecae alternately arranged in two planes, making an angle of c. 90°. Hydrothecae resting on hydrophores adnate in most of its adcauline length (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732951FF932EE81E763C17F9EA" box="[726,806,1581,1606]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[211,1381,209,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[199,1387,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Halecium pseudoincertus sp. nov. (A – F) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae (note strong development of pseudodiaphragm). (A – D from holotype; E – F from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226902/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
A–D); ratio between adcauline length of hydrophore and diameter at diaphragm 0.8–1.3. Hydrotheca low, distinctly widening from diaphragm upwards, particularly at adcauline side (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732951FF932D6A1E2F3E9DF921" box="[340,428,1652,1677]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[211,1381,209,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[199,1387,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Halecium pseudoincertus sp. nov. (A – F) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae (note strong development of pseudodiaphragm). (A – D from holotype; E – F from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226902/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
A, B, D). Adcauline wall distinctly higher than abcauline one (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732951FF93288D1E2F3A3FF921" box="[1203,1294,1652,1677]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[211,1381,209,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[199,1387,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Halecium pseudoincertus sp. nov. (A – F) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae (note strong development of pseudodiaphragm). (A – D from holotype; E – F from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226902/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Adcauline hydrothecal wall free to internode (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732951FF932E1D1EC33D42F91C" box="[547,627,1688,1713]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[211,1381,209,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[199,1387,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Halecium pseudoincertus sp. nov. (A – F) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae (note strong development of pseudodiaphragm). (A – D from holotype; E – F from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226902/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
A–F). Hydrothecal aperture directed downwards (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732951FF93289D1EC33BC6F91C" box="[1187,1271,1688,1713]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[211,1381,209,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[199,1387,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Halecium pseudoincertus sp. nov. (A – F) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae (note strong development of pseudodiaphragm). (A – D from holotype; E – F from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226902/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Rim everted. With up to five lower-order hydrothecae on smooth hydrophores (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732951FF932F4A1EE03CF4F978" box="[884,965,1723,1748]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[211,1381,209,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[199,1387,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Halecium pseudoincertus sp. nov. (A – F) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae (note strong development of pseudodiaphragm). (A – D from holotype; E – F from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226902/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
A). Lower-order hydrothecae symmetrical (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732951FF932CA11E843FDEF95B" box="[159,239,1759,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[211,1381,209,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[199,1387,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Halecium pseudoincertus sp. nov. (A – F) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae (note strong development of pseudodiaphragm). (A – D from holotype; E – F from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226902/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
A–C, E). A strongly marked pseudodiaphragm present (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732951FF932F5C1E843C87F95B" box="[866,950,1759,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[211,1381,209,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[199,1387,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Halecium pseudoincertus sp. nov. (A – F) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae (note strong development of pseudodiaphragm). (A – D from holotype; E – F from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226902/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CF91F593EF5F8B7" blockId="28.[151,1437,801,1997]" box="[199,452,1794,1819]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Gonothecae unknown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CF91F7D3B6DF861" blockId="28.[151,1437,801,1997]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932CF91F7D3EEFF893" bold="true" box="[199,478,1830,1855]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932DD81F7D3D44F893" box="[486,629,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture 220–225, diameter at diaphragm 160–180, height 25–45.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932CD11F123E47F8CE" box="[239,374,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Hydrophore</emphasis>
: adcauline length 120–230.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932EF91F123C0EF8CE" box="[711,831,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Internodes</emphasis>
: length 750–1070, diameter at distal part 130–170.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932CA91F363FCDF82A" box="[151,252,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Cnidome</emphasis>
: isorhizas [range 9.5–
<date id="C27510362951FF932DC51F363D22F82A" box="[507,531,1901,1926]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" value="2011-10">11</date>
x 3.0–3.5, mean 10.2±0.5 x 3.1±0.2 (n=10); ratio, range 2.7–3.7, mean 3.2±0.3 (n=10)], smaller microbasic euryteles [range 7
<date id="C27510362951FF932E931FCA3DE5F805" box="[685,724,1937,1961]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">x 3</date>
, mean 7.0±0.0 x 3.0±0.0 (n=6), ratio, range 2.3, mean 2.3±0.0 (n=6)], microbasic mastigophores c. 7.5
<date id="C27510362951FF932E631FEE3DB3F860" box="[605,642,1972,1996]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">x 2</date>
, and larger microbasic eurytele? c.
<date id="C27510362951FF9328311FEF3B6DF861" box="[1039,1116,1972,1997]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" value="1914-10-06">14 x 6.</date>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="E2B4667E2950FF922CA91FFA3B47F87A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226902/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" targetBox="[211,1381,209,1920]" targetPageId="29">
<paragraph id="B67436F62950FF922CA91FFA3B47F87A" blockId="29.[151,1436,1953,2006]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42950FF922CA91FFA3E11F81A" bold="true" box="[151,288,1953,1975]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752950FF922D191FFA3D1BF81B" box="[295,554,1953,1975]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42950FF922D191FFA3D1BF81B" box="[295,554,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">Halecium pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2950FF922E0F1FFA3DB2F81A" box="[561,643,1953,1974]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42950FF922E0F1FFA3DB2F81A" bold="true" box="[561,643,1953,1974]" pageId="29" pageNumber="272">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(A–F) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae (note strong development of pseudodiaphragm). (A–D from holotype; E–F from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2953FF912CF918CC3B46FD44" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B67436F62953FF912CF918CC3CC7FF78" blockId="30.[151,1436,151,957]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912CF918CC3E0AFF1C" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,176]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Remarks.</emphasis>
Although the first
<quantity id="71339B132953FF912E2718C33D49FF03" box="[537,632,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
of the stem are deprived of branches, their origin is visible through a careful examination, clearly indicating that they are lost as the colony grows.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62953FF912CF918853CC6FDD2" blockId="30.[151,1436,151,957]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752953FF912CF918853EDBFF5B" box="[199,490,222,247]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912CF918853EDBFF5B" box="[199,490,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Halecium pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2953FF912DCB18853D65FF5B" box="[501,596,222,247]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912DCB18853D65FF5B" bold="true" box="[501,596,222,247]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752953FF912EC418BB3C4DFF5B" box="[762,892,224,247]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912EC418BB3C4DFF5B" box="[762,892,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the hydrothecal shape and the presence of pseudodiaphragm. However, they are easily distinguishable by the colonial structure. Whereas in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752953FF9129BF19583E70FE92" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF9129BF19583E70FE92" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">H. pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2953FF912D73197E3E9CFE92" box="[333,429,293,318]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912D73197E3E9CFE92" bold="true" box="[333,429,293,318]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
the stem is mostly unbranched, being provided with lateral monosiphonic branches, originating alternately in two planes, at its most distal part only, in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752953FF912FF819113B79FECD" box="[966,1096,330,353]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912FF819113B79FECD" box="[966,1096,330,353]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the colonies have thick and polysiphonic stems, repeatedly branched irregularly in several planes, and primary and secondary branches also polysiphonic. In addition, the hydrothecae, and particularly the isorhizas, are distinctly smaller in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752953FF9129BF19CA3E70FE60" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF9129BF19CA3E70FE60" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">H. pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2953FF912D7519E83E99FE60" box="[331,424,435,460]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912D7519E83E99FE60" bold="true" box="[331,424,435,460]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Internodes are also thinner and longer in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752953FF912FA719EE3B58FE60" box="[921,1129,435,460]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912FA719EE3B58FE60" box="[921,1129,435,460]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">H. pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2953FF91284A19E83BE0FE60" box="[1140,1233,435,460]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF91284A19E83BE0FE60" bold="true" box="[1140,1233,435,460]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Furthermore, the hydrophore is completely adnate in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752953FF912E1419833D97FE43" box="[554,678,472,495]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912E1419833D97FE43" box="[554,678,472,495]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas it has a distinct free portion in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752953FF91285119833A0AFE5C" box="[1135,1339,471,496]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF91285119833A0AFE5C" box="[1135,1339,471,496]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">H. pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2953FF91297C198C3AADFE5C" box="[1346,1436,471,496]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF91297C198C3AADFE5C" bold="true" box="[1346,1436,471,496]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Finally, whereas
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072953FF912D6B19A13ECAFDBF" author="Millard" box="[341,507,506,531]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1977) Hydroids from the Kerguelen and Crozet shelves, collected by the cruise MD. 03 of the Marion-Dufresne. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1977">Millard (1977)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that secondary hydrophore, with or without pseudodiaphragm, are rather rare in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752953FF912CD21A443E5AFD9A" box="[236,363,543,566]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912CD21A443E5AFD9A" box="[236,363,543,566]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, up to five-order hydrothecae are present in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752953FF912F4B1A443B75FD9A" box="[885,1092,541,566]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912F4B1A443B75FD9A" box="[885,1092,541,566]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">H. pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2953FF9128731A463B9BFD9A" box="[1101,1194,541,566]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF9128731A463B9BFD9A" bold="true" box="[1101,1194,541,566]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Because of all these differences, it is easy to identify both species even in the absence of gonothecae, which justifies the description of the new species to science despite the absence of information on gonothecae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62953FF912CF91AD33B46FD44" blockId="30.[151,1436,151,957]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912CF91AD33ECFFD0D" bold="true" box="[199,510,648,673]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752953FF912E371AD33C1AFD0D" box="[521,811,648,673]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912E371AD33C1AFD0D" box="[521,811,648,673]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Halecium pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2953FF912F081AD33CA5FD0D" box="[822,916,648,673]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912F081AD33CA5FD0D" bold="true" box="[822,916,648,673]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
has been collected at depths from 96 (Peña Cantero 2009) to
<quantity id="71339B132953FF912D621AF73E80FD68" box="[348,433,684,708]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.019" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" unit="m" value="1019.0">1019 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072953FF912DFE1AF73DABFD68" author="Pena" box="[448,666,684,708]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero 2008</bibRefCitation>
), epilithic on pebbles (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072953FF912FA61AF73B43FD68" author="Pena" box="[920,1138,684,708]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero 2008</bibRefCitation>
) and gravel (Peña Cantero 2009). It is used as substratum by colonies of other hydroids (Peña Cantero 2009, 2012).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2953FF912CF91AA83E7BFCDA" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B67436F62953FF912CF91AA83E7BFCDA" blockId="30.[151,1436,151,957]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752953FF912CF91AA83ED4FCA0" ID-CoL="3JB6G" box="[199,485,755,780]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912CF91AA83ED4FCA0" box="[199,485,755,780]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Halecium pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2953FF912DD51AA83D75FCA0" box="[491,580,755,780]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912DD51AA83D75FCA0" bold="true" box="[491,580,755,780]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
seems to have a circum-Antarctic distribution. It has been reported from the Bellingshausen Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072953FF912DB51B4C3D5EFC83" author="Pena" box="[395,623,791,815]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2012) Filling biodiversity gaps: benthic hydroids from the Bellinghausen Sea (Antarctica). Polar Biology, 35 (6), 851 - 865. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 011 - 1130 - y" type="journal article" year="2012">Peña Cantero 2012</bibRefCitation>
) and off Deception
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662953FF912F5B1B4D3C98FC83" box="[869,937,790,815]" name="Iceland" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Island</collectingCountry>
and the north of Livingston
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662953FF9129351B4D3A7EFC83" box="[1291,1359,790,815]" name="Iceland" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Island</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072953FF91295A1B4C3E02FCFE" author="Pena" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero 2008</bibRefCitation>
), in West
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662953FF912D9A1B623D2DFCFE" box="[420,540,825,850]" name="Antarctica" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
, and off Sturge and Young islands, the Balleny Islands (Peña Cantero 2009), in East
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662953FF912CF01B063E77FCDA" box="[206,326,861,886]" name="Antarctica" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2953FF912CF91BDB3D1AFC10" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="B67436F62953FF912CF91BDB3D1AFC10" blockId="30.[151,1436,151,957]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912CF91BDB3E7FFC35" bold="true" box="[199,334,896,921]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752953FF912E161BDB3DE3FC35" box="[552,722,896,921]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912E161BDB3DE3FC35" box="[552,722,896,921]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to the fact that the shape of the hydrotheca in this species is reminiscent of that of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752953FF912D961BFE3D15FC10" box="[424,548,933,956]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="incertus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912D961BFE3D15FC10" box="[424,548,933,956]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">H. incertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

178
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@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
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<subSubSection id="FED1657D2952FF902CA91C6E3FCDFBDC" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CA91C6E3D18FBE3" blockId="31.[151,553,1077,1136]" box="[151,553,1077,1103]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<heading id="ED3C819A2952FF902CA91C6E3D18FBE3" bold="true" box="[151,553,1077,1103]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF902CA91C6E3D18FBE3" ID-CoL="3JB7M" authority="Watson, 2008" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,553,1077,1103]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CA91C6E3D18FBE3" bold="true" box="[151,553,1077,1103]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CA91C6E3E4AFBE3" bold="true" box="[151,379,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Halecium tubatum</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CA91C0C3FCDFBDC" blockId="31.[151,553,1077,1136]" box="[151,252,1111,1136]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
(
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732952FF902CA11C0C3FD0FBDC" box="[159,225,1111,1136]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
L)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2952FF902CA91CFB3C19FB1A" box="[151,808,1184,1206]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CA91CFB3C19FB1A" blockId="31.[151,808,1184,1206]" box="[151,808,1184,1206]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82952FF902CA91CFB3C19FB1A" box="[151,808,1184,1206]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF902CA91CFB3D29FB1A" ID-CoL="3JB7M" authority="Watson, 2008: 174" authorityName="Watson" authorityPageNumber="174" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,536,1184,1206]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CA91CFB3E62FB1A" box="[151,339,1184,1206]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Halecium tubatum</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72952FF902D671CFA3D29FB1A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4630635" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4630635" author="Watson" box="[345,536,1184,1206]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D5126FFAFFFB61B25FAD11FF896B3" page="174" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072952FF902D671CFA3ED9FB1A" author="Watson" box="[345,488,1184,1206]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 174
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–175, fig. 10A, B (in part).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2952FF902CA91CB93B7FFAB2" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CA91CB93B7FFAB2" blockId="31.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CA91CB93EB0FB57" bold="true" box="[151,385,1250,1275]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="697088542952FF902DB41CB93EC4FB57" box="[394,501,1250,1275]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
,
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF902E3C1CB83D4BFB56" box="[514,634,1251,1274]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="275" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902E3C1CB83D4BFB56" box="[514,634,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">BANZARE</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902EB71CB93DD2FB57" bold="true" box="[649,739,1250,1275]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Stn 105</emphasis>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF50312952FF902ECC1CB93C7BFB57" box="[754,842,1250,1275]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" precision="925" value="-67.76667">67°46'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF50312952FF902F6C1CB93C9DFB57" box="[850,940,1250,1275]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" precision="925" value="67.05">67°03'E</geoCoordinate>
(Mawson Coast),
<date id="C27510362952FF9028411CB83A3FFB57" box="[1151,1294,1251,1275]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" value="1931-02-13">
13–02–
<quantity id="71339B132952FF9028E81CB83A3FFB57" box="[1238,1294,1251,1275]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9311629999999997" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" unit="m" value="1931163.0">1931</quantity>
</date>
, 163 m; one microslide (Hydr. 710/12): F147470.1, a hydrorhizal stolon giving rise to four stems.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2952FF902CF91D713BB7FACB" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CF91D713BB7FACB" blockId="31.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CF91D713E70FAEF" bold="true" box="[199,321,1322,1347]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Stems with a single distal hydrotheca, relatively high and strongly widening distally. Rim strongly everted. Gonothecae unknown. Cnidome consisting of at least microbasic mastigophores?
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2952FF902CF91D293DA4F92B" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" type="description">
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CF91D293E49FA7F" blockId="31.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CF91D293E68FA27" bold="true" box="[199,345,1394,1419]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Description.</emphasis>
All the available material of this species consists of a hydrorhizal stolon giving rise to four stems provided with one or two basal rings (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732952FF902E731DCD3DA1FA03" box="[589,656,1430,1455]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
L). Three stems provided with a single distal hydrotheca; fourth one without hydrotheca.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CF91D853D4EF9B7" blockId="31.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
Hydrothecae relatively high and strongly widening distally (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732952FF902F441D853C8EFA5B" box="[890,959,1502,1527]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
L). Only one hydrotheca with diaphragm. Hydrothecal rim strongly everted (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732952FF902E251E593D6CF9B7" box="[539,605,1538,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
L).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CF91E7D3C2FF993" blockId="31.[151,1437,1250,2031]" box="[199,798,1574,1599]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Only a single putative nematocyst could be observed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CF91E113DA4F92B" blockId="31.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CF91E113EEDF9CF" bold="true" box="[199,476,1610,1635]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902DDA1E113D42F9CF" box="[484,627,1610,1635]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture c. 285, diameter at diaphragm c. 110, height c. 90.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CA91E353FCDF92B" box="[151,252,1646,1671]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Cnidome</emphasis>
: microbasic mastigophores? (6
<date id="C27510362952FF902E5C1E343DB6F92B" box="[610,647,1647,1671]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">x 2</date>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2952FFAF2CF91EC93EFEFF78" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="275" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CF91EC93C00F896" blockId="31.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CF91EC93E0AF907" bold="true" box="[199,315,1682,1707]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Remarks.</emphasis>
The available material of this species could simply correspond to incipient stems of another haleciid.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662952FF902CC11EEC3E2FF963" box="[255,286,1719,1743]" name="American Samoa" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">As</collectingCountry>
indicated above, the hydrotheca in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF902E861EEC3C09F963" box="[696,824,1718,1743]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902E861EEC3C09F963" box="[696,824,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">H. tubatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is quite wide, but this could be due to the microslide cover. This is a poorly characterized species, particularly taking into account the absence of gonothecae, the incipient, unbranched stems and the shape of the hydrotheca. In addition, there is practically no information about the cnidome. It should be considered as
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902E661F7F3C1BF897" box="[600,810,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">species inquirenda</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CF91F1C3B51F80A" blockId="31.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662952FF902CF91F1C3FD7F8F3" box="[199,230,1863,1887]" name="American Samoa" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">As</collectingCountry>
indicated above, part of the material assigned by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072952FF902F2C1F1C3C86F8F3" author="Watson" box="[786,951,1863,1887]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF902FE51F1D3B9BF8F3" box="[987,1194,1862,1887]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902FE51F1D3B9BF8F3" box="[987,1194,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Halecium tubatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
actually belong to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF9029BF1F1C3E19F82F" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF9029BF1F1C3E19F82F" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">H. interpolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf.
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732952FF902D631F313EAFF82F" box="[349,414,1898,1923]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
H–J). It is worth mentioning that, in the material from F147470.2, the origin of the stem is apparently through a quite long apophysis, in contrast to the basal rings of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF902FE21FD43B6BF80B" box="[988,1114,1934,1959]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902FE21FD43B6BF80B" box="[988,1114,1934,1959]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">H. tubatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CF91FE83DD1F843" blockId="31.[151,1437,1250,2031]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
In relation to the remaining material assigned by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072952FF902EC21FE83C92F867" author="Watson" box="[764,931,1971,1995]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF902FF41FEF3B7BF867" box="[970,1098,1970,1995]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902FF41FEF3B7BF867" box="[970,1098,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">H. tubatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it should be necessary to reexamine it in order to clarify its systematic position.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6296DFFAF2CF918CC3EFEFF78" blockId="32.[151,1436,151,212]" pageId="32" pageNumber="275">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4296DFFAF2CF918CC3EC7FF1C" bold="true" box="[199,502,151,176]" pageId="32" pageNumber="275">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75296DFFAF2DC318CC3DFCFF1C" box="[509,717,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="32" pageNumber="275" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4296DFFAF2DC318CC3DFCFF1C" box="[509,717,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="275">Halecium tubatum</emphasis>
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was found at depths from
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, off Mawson Coast and Knox Coast (
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

249
data/3E/62/87/3E6287E02953FF902CA91C593C61FC41.xml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912CA91C593EA3FBB0" bold="true" box="[151,402,1026,1052]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Halecium secundum</emphasis>
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(
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D–F)
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912CA91C3D3E55FBD0" box="[151,356,1126,1148]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Halecium secundum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072953FF912D541C3D3D24FBD0" author="Jaderholm" box="[362,533,1126,1148]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1904) Mitteilungen ueber einige von der Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition 1901 - 1903 eingesammelte Hydroiden. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, (4) 3 (Notes et revue 1), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1904">Jäderholm, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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: iii–iv; 1905: 11–12, pl. 4 figs 4–7;
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: 70
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;
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: 109
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 16 fig. 8;
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: 156
</treatmentCitation>
; 1994b: 187;
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<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072953FF912E201CDD3C16FB37" author="Vervoort" box="[542,807,1157,1179]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538, figs. 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 86
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;
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: 769
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; Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF9128CA1CDD3A10FB37" box="[1268,1313,1157,1179]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">et al</emphasis>
., 2013: 747 fig. 6c.
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912CA91C843EB0FB54" bold="true" box="[151,385,1247,1272]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="697088542953FF912DB61CBB3ED6FB54" box="[392,487,1248,1272]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
,
<collectionCode id="D0DAAE332953FF912DCD1CBB3D75FB54" box="[499,580,1248,1272]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8z6v-f8is" name="Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">SMNH</collectionCode>
Type-7948,
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912EEC1C843BD7FB54" box="[722,1254,1247,1272]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">
Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition
<date id="C27510362953FF9128561CBB3BD7FB54" box="[1128,1254,1248,1272]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" value="1901" valueMax="1903">1901–1903</date>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF9128CA1C843A01FB54" bold="true" box="[1268,1328,1247,1272]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Stn 5</emphasis>
,
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(SE of Seymour
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662953FF912DFE1D583D36FAB0" box="[448,519,1283,1308]" name="Iceland" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Island</collectingCountry>
, Graham Region), four fragments up to
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long.
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912CF91D7D3E70FA93" bold="true" box="[199,321,1318,1343]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Polysiphonic, irregularly branched stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B132953FF912F401D7D3CE3FA92" box="[894,978,1318,1343]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
high. Branches originating either from abcauline side of hydrophore of primary hydrotheca or from inside hydrotheca. Usually, with ahydrothecate intermediate internode after apophysis. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in either one or two planes. Hydrotheca at the end of short, adnate hydrophore. Hydrotheca very slightly widening distally; rim not everted. Adcauline hydrothecal wall free or adnate to internode. Hydrothecal aperture slightly directed downwards. No secondary hydrothecae present.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662953FF912DB61D8C3EF3FA5C" box="[392,450,1495,1520]" name="Malta" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Male</collectingCountry>
gonotheca elongated, cylindrical, distally with a wide, shallow furrow, and proximally with a sharp keel. Female gonotheca unknown. Cnidome consisting of microbasic mastigophores? and microbasic euryteles?
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42953FF912CF91E193E68F9F7" bold="true" box="[199,345,1602,1627]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Description.</emphasis>
Material studied consisting of four fragments up to
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long; stems up to
<quantity id="71339B132953FF9128871E193A38F9F6" box="[1209,1289,1602,1627]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
according to
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072953FF912CA91E3E3E67F9D2" author="Jaderholm" box="[151,342,1637,1662]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1904) Mitteilungen ueber einige von der Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition 1901 - 1903 eingesammelte Hydroiden. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, (4) 3 (Notes et revue 1), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1904">Jäderholm (1904</bibRefCitation>
,
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). Apparently, branching alternate. Longest fragment provided with four side-branches: first one originating from a primary hydrotheca through an apophysis and an intermediate, short, ahydrothecate internode before the first hydrothecate internode; the other three branches arising from the lateral of hydrophores. Seemingly, side-branches resting on large apophyses, frequently followed by an intermediate, short, ahydrothecate internode.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62953FF912CF91F4C3B39F8FF" blockId="30.[151,1437,1247,2017]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">
Stem and branches divided by alternately arranged nodes into relatively short and wide internodes (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732953FF9129261F4C3A6AF883" box="[1304,1371,1815,1840]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,209,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Halecium brevithecum Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (A with basal ahydrothecate intermediate internode). Halecium secundum Jäderholm, 1904. (D – F) internodes showing primary hydrothecae. (All drawings from type material). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226894/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
D–F). Hydrothecae alternately arranged, from more or less in one plane to about 90°.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62953FF912CF91F053A4AF84D" blockId="30.[151,1437,1247,2017]" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">
Hydrothecae resting on adnate hydrophores (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732953FF912EF31F053C22F8DB" box="[717,787,1886,1911]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,209,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Halecium brevithecum Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (A with basal ahydrothecate intermediate internode). Halecium secundum Jäderholm, 1904. (D – F) internodes showing primary hydrothecae. (All drawings from type material). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226894/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
D–F); ratio between adcauline length of hydrophore and diameter at diaphragm c. 0.5. Hydrotheca low, very slightly widening distally (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732953FF9128151FDA3B42F836" box="[1067,1139,1921,1946]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,209,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Halecium brevithecum Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (A with basal ahydrothecate intermediate internode). Halecium secundum Jäderholm, 1904. (D – F) internodes showing primary hydrothecae. (All drawings from type material). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226894/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
F). Adcauline hydrothecal wall usually adnate, sometimes free (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732953FF912E771FFE3DA1F811" box="[585,656,1957,1982]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,209,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Halecium brevithecum Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (A with basal ahydrothecate intermediate internode). Halecium secundum Jäderholm, 1904. (D – F) internodes showing primary hydrothecae. (All drawings from type material). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226894/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
F). Hydrothecal aperture perpendicular to long axis of internode or slightly directed downwards (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732953FF912DDD1F933D16F84D" box="[483,551,1992,2017]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,209,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Halecium brevithecum Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (A with basal ahydrothecate intermediate internode). Halecium secundum Jäderholm, 1904. (D – F) internodes showing primary hydrothecae. (All drawings from type material). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226894/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="273">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
D–F). Hydrotheca not surpassing distal node of internode. Coenosarc white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CF918CC3C0BFEB0" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CF918CC3EEFFF1C" bold="true" box="[199,478,151,176]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902DD818CC3D44FF1C" box="[486,629,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture 210–220, diameter at diaphragm 190–215, height 30–45.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CD518E73E52FF79" box="[235,355,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Internodes</emphasis>
: length 525–600, diameter at distal part 180–230.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902FA718E73CCFFF79" box="[921,1022,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Cnidome</emphasis>
: microbasic euryteles? with rounded ends [range
<date id="C27510362952FF902D1718BB3EB6FF5B" box="[297,391,224,248]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" value="2011-10-12">11–12 x</date>
6–6.5, mean 11.7±0.3 x 6.3±0.2 (n=10); ratio, range 1.7–2.0, mean 1.9±0.1 (n=10)] and microbasic mastigophores? with sharp ends (6.5–7.5
<date id="C27510362952FF902ED5195E3C1CFEB0" box="[747,813,260,284]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">x 2–3</date>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2952FF902CF9197C3CD5FCF0" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CF9197C3D1FFE63" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CF9197C3E0AFEEC" bold="true" box="[199,315,295,320]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Remarks.</emphasis>
According to Jäderholm, the stem, c.
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high, and the branches are stiff and polysiphonic (monosiphonic distally) and the branching is irregular in different planes. The female gonothecae are unknown, but there were male gonothecae, c. 1600 µm high and 320–360 µm wide, resting on very short pedicels. The gonotheca is elongated, cylindrical, weakly bent at distal part and provided with a wide, shallow furrow. It has a thin and high, very sharp keel in the proximal part.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CF919873D52FCB8" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF902CF919873EF4FE59" box="[199,453,476,501]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CF919873EF4FE59" box="[199,453,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Halecium brevithecum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF902E6419863DDCFE59" box="[602,749,476,501]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="secundum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902E6419863DDCFE59" box="[602,749,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">H. secundum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the low hydrothecae, the cnidome and the branching. The branches originate either just below the hydrotheca or from inside it in both species. Moreover, there is usually an ahydrothecate internode following the apophysis. Concerning the cnidome, the larger nematocysts are apparently of the same range. Finally, both species also have low hydrothecae, although they are slightly higher in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF9029BF1A123E36FD29" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="secundum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF9029BF1A123E36FD29" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">H. secundum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition, the adcauline wall is distinctly more developed and completely adnate to the internode in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF9029BF1A363E11FD04" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF9029BF1A363E11FD04" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">H. brevithecum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732952FF902D111AD43E43FD04" box="[303,370,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,209,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Halecium brevithecum Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (A with basal ahydrothecate intermediate internode). Halecium secundum Jäderholm, 1904. (D – F) internodes showing primary hydrothecae. (All drawings from type material). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226894/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A–C), whereas it is only slightly more developed and usually free in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF9028481ACA3A39FD04" box="[1142,1288,655,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="secundum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF9028481ACA3A39FD04" box="[1142,1288,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">H. secundum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732952FF9029291AD43A6AFD04" box="[1303,1371,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[202,1382,209,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[182,1405,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Halecium brevithecum Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (A with basal ahydrothecate intermediate internode). Halecium secundum Jäderholm, 1904. (D – F) internodes showing primary hydrothecae. (All drawings from type material). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226894/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
D–F). Furthermore, as shown above,
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF902DCC1AEE3DAFFD61" box="[498,670,692,717]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902DCC1AEE3DAFFD61" box="[498,670,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">H. brevithecum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also characterized by the reddish stems, the distinctly longer first hydrothecate internode of the branches, and the more or less perpendicular arrangement of the lower-order branches in relation to the previous ones.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CF91B443CD5FCF0" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CF91B443EC5FC94" bold="true" box="[199,500,799,824]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF902DC51B443DEFFC94" box="[507,734,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="secundum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902DC51B443DEFFC94" box="[507,734,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Halecium secundum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been found at depth between 40 (Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF9029231B7A3A7CFC94" box="[1309,1357,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">et al</emphasis>
. 2013) and
<quantity id="71339B132952FF902CF81B1F3E3CFCF0" box="[198,269,836,861]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072952FF902D251B1F3EE4FCF0" author="Jaderholm" box="[283,469,836,861]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1904) Mitteilungen ueber einige von der Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition 1901 - 1903 eingesammelte Hydroiden. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, (4) 3 (Notes et revue 1), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1904">Jäderholm 1904</bibRefCitation>
), on sponges and bryozoans (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072952FF902F201B1F3CE6FCF0" author="Jaderholm" box="[798,983,836,861]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1904) Mitteilungen ueber einige von der Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition 1901 - 1903 eingesammelte Hydroiden. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, (4) 3 (Notes et revue 1), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1904">Jäderholm 1904</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2952FF902CF91B3C3C61FC41" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B67436F62952FF902CF91B3C3C61FC41" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF902CF91B3C3E9BFC2C" ID-CoL="3JB72" box="[199,426,871,896]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="secundum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CF91B3C3E9BFC2C" box="[199,426,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Halecium secundum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to have a circum-Antarctic distribution, recorded from off Seymour
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662952FF9028CE1B3C3A06FC2C" box="[1264,1335,871,896]" name="Iceland" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Island</collectingCountry>
, Graham region (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072952FF902CD01BD73E9BFC08" author="Jaderholm" box="[238,426,908,933]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1904) Mitteilungen ueber einige von der Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition 1901 - 1903 eingesammelte Hydroiden. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, (4) 3 (Notes et revue 1), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1904">Jäderholm 1904</bibRefCitation>
), in West
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662952FF902E231BD73DA4FC09" box="[541,661,908,933]" name="Antarctica" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
, and from Tethys Bay, Ross Sea (Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF9028841BD63BDAFC09" box="[1210,1259,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">et al</emphasis>
. 2013), in East
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662952FF902CA91BF43E3EFC64" box="[151,271,943,968]" name="Antarctica" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
. However, it has also been reported in the Kerguélen area (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072952FF902F901BF43B0EFC64" author="Redier" box="[942,1087,943,968]" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" refString="Redier, L. (1971) Contribution a l'etude des hydraires et des bryozoaires de Kerguelen. In: Invertebres de l'infralittoral rocheux dans l'Archipel de Kerguelen. Comite national Francais des Recherches Antarctiques, 30, 67 - 88." type="journal article" year="1971">Redier 1971</bibRefCitation>
). If this record was confirmed,
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752952FF902CA91B8E3E18FC41" ID-CoL="3JB72" box="[151,297,980,1005]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="31" pageNumber="274" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="secundum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42952FF902CA91B8E3E18FC41" box="[151,297,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="274">H. secundum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would have an Antarctic-Kerguélen distribution.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972CA91F543D6FF886" bold="true" box="[151,606,1807,1834]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972CA91F543ECBF885" ID-CoL="3JB6F" box="[151,506,1807,1833]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972CA91F543ECBF885" bold="true" box="[151,506,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">Halecium pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2955FF972E3E1F4B3D6FF886" box="[512,606,1808,1834]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62955FF972CA91F693EBAF8E7" blockId="24.[151,606,1807,1867]" box="[151,395,1842,1867]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">
(
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732955FF972CA11F693FD4F8E7" box="[159,229,1842,1867]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1160,1182]" captionTargetBox="[152,1428,188,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,183,1160]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Halecium antarcticum Vanhöffen, 1910. (A) female gonotheca (lateral view); (B) acrocyst with eggs. Halecium pseudodelicatulum sp. nov. (C – D) female gonothecae showing eggs. (A – B from Stn BTC 25; C – D from type material). Scale bar: 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226892/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">Figs 2</figureCitation>
C–D, 10A, 11)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2955FF972CA91F213C7CF862" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B67436F62955FF972CA91F213CD4F803" blockId="24.[151,1216,1914,1998]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972CA91F213E46F83C" ID-CoL="3JB3P" box="[151,375,1914,1936]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972CA91F213E46F83C" box="[151,375,1914,1936]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">Halecium delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072955FF972DAF1F203DE5F83C" author="Pena" box="[401,724,1914,1936]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2009) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bransfield Strait area (Antarctica) collected by Brazilian expeditions, with the description of a new species. Polar Biology, 32, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 008 - 0506 - 0" type="journal article" year="2009">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort, 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 85, fig. 1d, e; Peña Cantero, 2013: 128, fig. 3D.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972CA91FC13EBBF803" box="[151,394,1945,1967]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">
?
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972C941FC23EBBF803" ID-CoL="3JB3P" box="[170,394,1945,1967]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">Halecium delicatulum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
—
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072955FF972D9D1FC13D5FF803" author="Pena" box="[419,622,1945,1967]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 454–555, fig. 1a; 2010: 766, fig. 4a.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62955FF972CA91FE33C7CF862" blockId="24.[151,1216,1914,1998]" box="[151,845,1976,1998]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82955FF972CA91FE33C7CF862" box="[151,845,1976,1998]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">
?
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972C961FE33EBAF862" ID-CoL="3JB2X" box="[168,395,1976,1998]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972C961FE33EBAF862" box="[168,395,1976,1998]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">Halecium antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72955FF972D9A1FE33D8CF862" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3507910" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3507910" author="Galea" box="[420,701,1976,1998]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/170887E3F4401617FF194D0AEA9C217A" page="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072955FF972D9A1FE33D97F862" author="Galea" box="[420,678,1976,1998]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" refString="Galea, H. R. &amp; Schories, D. (2012 b) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Galea &amp; Schories, 2012b</bibRefCitation>
: 7
</treatmentCitation>
–9, fig. 2E, H.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="E2B4667E2954FF962CA91FFF3D66F875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226900/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="268" targetBox="[306,1275,204,1917]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph id="B67436F62954FF962CA91FFF3D66F875" blockId="25.[151,1436,1956,2009]" pageId="25" pageNumber="268">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42954FF962CA91FFF3E10F815" bold="true" box="[151,289,1956,1978]" pageId="25" pageNumber="268">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752954FF962D171FFF3D63F816" box="[297,594,1956,1978]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="268" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42954FF962D171FFF3D63F816" box="[297,594,1956,1978]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="268">Halecium pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2954FF962E651FFF3D9DF815" box="[603,684,1956,1977]" pageId="25" pageNumber="268" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42954FF962E651FFF3D9DF815" bold="true" box="[603,684,1956,1977]" pageId="25" pageNumber="268">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(A) colony.
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752954FF962F0C1FFF3B07F816" box="[818,1078,1956,1978]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="268" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudoincertus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42954FF962F0C1FFF3B07F816" box="[818,1078,1956,1978]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="268">Halecium pseudoincertus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2954FF9628001FFF3BA1F815" box="[1086,1168,1956,1977]" pageId="25" pageNumber="268" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42954FF9628001FFF3BA1F815" bold="true" box="[1086,1168,1956,1977]" pageId="25" pageNumber="268">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(B) colony. (A from type material; B from holotype). Scale bar: 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E2B4667E2957FF952CA91FFA3BCBF858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226901/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="269" targetBox="[212,1381,214,1922]" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph id="B67436F62957FF952CA91FFA3BCBF858" blockId="26.[151,1436,1953,2036]" pageId="26" pageNumber="269">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42957FF952CA91FFA3E2FF81A" bold="true" box="[151,286,1953,1975]" pageId="26" pageNumber="269">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752957FF952D1A1FFA3D7AF81B" box="[292,587,1953,1975]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="269" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42957FF952D1A1FFA3D7AF81B" box="[292,587,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="269">Halecium pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2957FF952E6C1FFA3D93F81A" box="[594,674,1953,1974]" pageId="26" pageNumber="269" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42957FF952E6C1FFA3D93F81A" bold="true" box="[594,674,1953,1974]" pageId="26" pageNumber="269">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(A–B, D) internodes showing hydrothecae (B with secondary hydrotheca); (C) detail of primary and secondary hydrothecae; (E) female gonotheca showing eggs (frontal view); (F) female gonotheca (lateral view); (G) male gonotheca. (A–C, E–F from type material; D, G from Stn Low 45). Scale bar: 250 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2956FF942CA918CC3A51FEB4" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B67436F62956FF942CA918CC3A51FEB4" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942CA918CC3EB7FF1C" bold="true" box="[151,390,151,176]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942DAC18CC3CBBFF1C" box="[402,906,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">
Spanish
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662956FF942DC618C33D6EFF03" box="[504,607,152,175]" name="Antarctica" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Expedition Bentart 2006
</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942FA118CC3B01FF1C" bold="true" box="[927,1072,151,176]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Stn Low 44</emphasis>
, numerous polysiphonic stems forming a dense mass c.
<quantity id="71339B132956FF942D8918E03D39FF7E" box="[439,520,187,211]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" unit="mm" value="80.0">80 mm</quantity>
high, with female gonothecae (
<typeStatus id="697088542956FF942F4A18E13CD1FF7F" box="[884,992,186,211]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
,
<collectionCode id="D0DAAE332956FF942FD018E03B73FF7F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" box="[1006,1090,187,211]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35275" name="Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">MNCN</collectionCode>
2.03/444, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid,
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662956FF942DD118863D03FF5A" box="[495,562,221,246]" name="Spain" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Spain</collectingCountry>
, one stem c.
<quantity id="71339B132956FF942EDC18853C08FF59" box="[738,825,222,246]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
high, with female gonothecae; remaining material
<typeStatus id="697088542956FF942CA9195B3E36FEB4" box="[151,263,256,280]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
).
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942D2718A43E91FEB4" bold="true" box="[281,416,255,280]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Stn Low 45</emphasis>
, several polysiphonic stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B132956FF942F1718A43C49FEBB" box="[809,888,255,280]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
high, with male gonothecae, on bryozoans.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2956FF942CF919793ABEFE44" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B67436F62956FF942CF919793ABEFE44" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942CF919793E70FE97" bold="true" box="[199,321,290,315]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Polysiphonic, irregularly branched stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B132956FF942F9419783B35FE96" box="[938,1028,291,315]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
high. Branches originating from hydrophore of primary hydrotheca. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane. Hydrotheca at the end of long, free hydrophore distinctly directed adcaudally and provided with pseudodiaphragm. Hydrotheca distinctly widening distally; rim everted. Up to sixth-order hydrothecae. Female gonotheca bivalve-shaped, both abcauline and adcauline walls of similar development. Aperture all distal part, from the widest part upwards.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662956FF9428D719F63A12FE6A" box="[1257,1315,429,454]" name="Malta" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Male</collectingCountry>
gonotheca of similar shape, but much smaller. Cnidome consisting of microbasic mastigophores? and microbasic euryteles?.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2956FF942CF919A93DE6FB4F" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" type="description">
<paragraph id="B67436F62956FF942CF919A93C07FD14" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942CF919A93E68FDA7" bold="true" box="[199,345,498,523]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Description.</emphasis>
Massive colony (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732956FF942E2119A93D5EFDA7" box="[543,623,498,523]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1956,1978]" captionTargetBox="[306,1275,204,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[295,1292,195,1934]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium pseudodelicatulum sp. nov. (A) colony. Halecium pseudoincertus sp. nov. (B) colony. (A from type material; B from holotype). Scale bar: 2 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226900/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
A) composed of polysiphonic stems up to
<quantity id="71339B132956FF94287219A83BAAFDA6" box="[1100,1179,499,523]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
high, densely growing together. Branching irregular and in several planes. Stem and branches divided into internodes by alternately arranged oblique nodes (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732956FF942D8E1A6C3ECEFDFC" box="[432,511,567,592]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[212,1381,214,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[195,1391,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 11. Halecium pseudodelicatulum sp. nov. (A – B, D) internodes showing hydrothecae (B with secondary hydrotheca); (C) detail of primary and secondary hydrothecae; (E) female gonotheca showing eggs (frontal view); (F) female gonotheca (lateral view); (G) male gonotheca. (A – C, E – F from type material; D, G from Stn Low 45). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226901/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A–B, D). Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane and placed at the end of long hydrophores (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732956FF942D551A013E88FDDF" box="[363,441,602,627]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[212,1381,214,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[195,1391,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 11. Halecium pseudodelicatulum sp. nov. (A – B, D) internodes showing hydrothecae (B with secondary hydrotheca); (C) detail of primary and secondary hydrothecae; (E) female gonotheca showing eggs (frontal view); (F) female gonotheca (lateral view); (G) male gonotheca. (A – C, E – F from type material; D, G from Stn Low 45). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226901/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A–D); ratio between adcauline length of hydrophore and diameter at diaphragm 1.1–1.4. Hydrophores distinctly directed adcaudally. Abcauline side of hydrophore straight or with a slight basal convexity; adcauline side usually forming a clear concavity (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732956FF942EFD1AC43C25FD14" box="[707,788,671,696]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[212,1381,214,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[195,1391,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 11. Halecium pseudodelicatulum sp. nov. (A – B, D) internodes showing hydrothecae (B with secondary hydrotheca); (C) detail of primary and secondary hydrothecae; (E) female gonotheca showing eggs (frontal view); (F) female gonotheca (lateral view); (G) male gonotheca. (A – C, E – F from type material; D, G from Stn Low 45). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226901/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62956FF942CF91A993C53FCEF" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">
Hydrothecae surpassing considerably distal node of internode (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732956FF942FA71A993CD9FD77" box="[921,1000,706,731]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[212,1381,214,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[195,1391,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 11. Halecium pseudodelicatulum sp. nov. (A – B, D) internodes showing hydrothecae (B with secondary hydrotheca); (C) detail of primary and secondary hydrothecae; (E) female gonotheca showing eggs (frontal view); (F) female gonotheca (lateral view); (G) male gonotheca. (A – C, E – F from type material; D, G from Stn Low 45). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226901/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A–D). Pseudodiaphragm present (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732956FF9429501A993F80FD52" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[212,1381,214,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[195,1391,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 11. Halecium pseudodelicatulum sp. nov. (A – B, D) internodes showing hydrothecae (B with secondary hydrotheca); (C) detail of primary and secondary hydrothecae; (E) female gonotheca showing eggs (frontal view); (F) female gonotheca (lateral view); (G) male gonotheca. (A – C, E – F from type material; D, G from Stn Low 45). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226901/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A, D), particularly marked in stem internodes, less marked or even absent in branch internodes (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732956FF9429181ABE3A4BFD52" box="[1318,1402,741,766]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[212,1381,214,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[195,1391,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 11. Halecium pseudodelicatulum sp. nov. (A – B, D) internodes showing hydrothecae (B with secondary hydrotheca); (C) detail of primary and secondary hydrothecae; (E) female gonotheca showing eggs (frontal view); (F) female gonotheca (lateral view); (G) male gonotheca. (A – C, E – F from type material; D, G from Stn Low 45). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226901/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
B). Hydrotheca distinctly widening distally, rim everted (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732956FF942ED71B5C3C07FC8C" box="[745,822,775,800]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[212,1381,214,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[195,1391,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 11. Halecium pseudodelicatulum sp. nov. (A – B, D) internodes showing hydrothecae (B with secondary hydrotheca); (C) detail of primary and secondary hydrothecae; (E) female gonotheca showing eggs (frontal view); (F) female gonotheca (lateral view); (G) male gonotheca. (A – C, E – F from type material; D, G from Stn Low 45). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226901/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
A–D). Usually, either without secondary hydrotheca or just with one; however, up to sixth-order hydrothecae observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62956FF942CF91B163E04FBBF" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">
Female gonothecae flattened (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732956FF942E171B163D44FCCA" box="[553,629,845,870]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1160,1182]" captionTargetBox="[152,1428,188,1159]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,183,1160]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Halecium antarcticum Vanhöffen, 1910. (A) female gonotheca (lateral view); (B) acrocyst with eggs. Halecium pseudodelicatulum sp. nov. (C – D) female gonothecae showing eggs. (A – B from Stn BTC 25; C – D from type material). Scale bar: 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226892/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Figs 2</figureCitation>
C–D, 11E–F), but not terebratulid brachiopod-shaped. Instead
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF9429671B153AADFCC9" box="[1369,1436,846,869]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pinnidae" genus="Pinna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pterioida" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF9429671B153AADFCC9" box="[1369,1436,846,869]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Pinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bivalve-shaped, with both adcauline and abcauline sides of similar development. Aperture along entire distal portion, from the widest part upwards (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732956FF942E611BC93D83FC07" box="[607,690,914,939]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[212,1381,214,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[195,1391,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 11. Halecium pseudodelicatulum sp. nov. (A – B, D) internodes showing hydrothecae (B with secondary hydrotheca); (C) detail of primary and secondary hydrothecae; (E) female gonotheca showing eggs (frontal view); (F) female gonotheca (lateral view); (G) male gonotheca. (A – C, E – F from type material; D, G from Stn Low 45). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226901/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
E). Gonothecal walls becoming widely separated, leaving a very large aperture, when eggs go out. After releasing them, both ad- and abcauline gonothecal walls stay close together giving a scoop-shaped appearance to the gonotheca.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662956FF942EDA1B8C3C2FFC5C" box="[740,798,983,1008]" name="Malta" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Male</collectingCountry>
gonotheca (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732956FF942F991B8C3CC4FC5C" box="[935,1013,983,1008]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[212,1381,214,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[195,1391,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 11. Halecium pseudodelicatulum sp. nov. (A – B, D) internodes showing hydrothecae (B with secondary hydrotheca); (C) detail of primary and secondary hydrothecae; (E) female gonotheca showing eggs (frontal view); (F) female gonotheca (lateral view); (G) male gonotheca. (A – C, E – F from type material; D, G from Stn Low 45). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226901/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
G) similar to female one in shape, but much smaller.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62956FF942CF91C463DE6FB4F" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942CF91C463EEFFB9A" bold="true" box="[199,478,1053,1078]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942DD81C463D44FB9A" box="[486,629,1053,1078]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture 255–280, diameter at diaphragm 180–190, height 80.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942CF21C643E62FBF4" box="[204,339,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Hydrophore</emphasis>
: adcauline length 200–250.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942E811C643C77FBF4" box="[703,838,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Gonothecae</emphasis>
: female, height 1030–1230, maximum diameter 1030–1070 (frontal view) and c. 450 (lateral view), diameter at aperture c. 1050 (frontal view); male, height c. 670, maximum diameter c. 610 (frontal view).
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942EBF1CDE3DD7FB32" box="[641,742,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Cnidome</emphasis>
: very abundant microbasic mastigophores? with sharp ends (6.5–
<date id="C27510362956FF942CEC1CFC3FEEFB6C" box="[210,223,1191,1216]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">7</date>
x 1.5–2) and microbasic euryteles with rounded ends [range 5.5–6.0 x 3.0–3.5, mean 5.8±0.3 x 3.3±0.2 (n=10); ratio, range 1.6–1.8, mean 1.8±0.1 (n=10)].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2956FF932CF91CB63C53FE5C" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="271" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B67436F62956FF942CF91CB63D9BF9CC" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942CF91CB63E0AFAAA" bold="true" box="[199,315,1261,1286]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Remarks.</emphasis>
Although practically indistinguishable from
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF942F581CB63B5AFAA9" box="[870,1131,1261,1286]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942F581CB63B5AFAA9" box="[870,1131,1261,1286]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Halecium antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in colony structure and hydrothecal shape and size, the existence of two different species is demonstrated by the contrasting shapes of the female gonothecae. In
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF942D941D6F3D69FAE7" box="[426,600,1332,1355]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942D941D6F3D69FAE7" box="[426,600,1332,1355]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, apart from forming an external acrocyst, where eggs complete their development, the gonothecae are distinctly longer and narrower (1300–1450 µm high and 750–800 µm wide, in frontal view) than in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF942DB81D223D4CFA3C" box="[390,637,1399,1424]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942DB81D223D4CFA3C" box="[390,637,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">H. pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2956FF942EBA1D2C3DEFFA3C" box="[644,734,1399,1424]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942EBA1D2C3DEFFA3C" bold="true" box="[644,734,1399,1424]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
In addition, gonothecae are terebratulid brachiopod-shaped in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF942CA91DC73E71FA1F" box="[151,320,1436,1459]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942CA91DC73E71FA1F" box="[151,320,1436,1459]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with the adcauline wall not reaching the distal part of the gonotheca, but curving inwards, so that the most distal gonothecal part is convex in the abcauline side and concave in the adcauline one. By contrast, in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF9429BF1DE53E5AFA54" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF9429BF1DE53E5AFA54" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">H. pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2956FF942D491D843EE7FA54" box="[375,470,1503,1528]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942D491D843EE7FA54" bold="true" box="[375,470,1503,1528]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, both ad- and abcauline sides of the gonotheca reach the distal end. In fact, the gonothecal aperture is much wider in this species (c. 1050 µm in frontal view), because it extends from the widest point upwards. In
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF942D4A1E7D3D13F991" box="[372,546,1574,1597]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942D4A1E7D3D13F991" box="[372,546,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the gonothecal aperture is distinctly smaller (c. 450 µm in frontal view), occupying only some fraction of the distal part.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62956FF942CF91E313AB4F8DA" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">
Since the
<typeStatus id="697088542956FF942D7F1E313E92F92F" box="[321,419,1642,1667]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF942DEB1E373DB2F92F" box="[469,643,1644,1667]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942DEB1E373DB2F92F" box="[469,643,1644,1667]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only male gonothecae it is not possible to be sure about the assignation of the female material studied here. However, I have considered the female material from the Australian expedition to correspond with the female colony of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF942F4B1EEA3B10F964" box="[885,1057,1713,1736]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942F4B1EEA3B10F964" box="[885,1057,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on both geographical and cnidome grounds (see
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF942DA61E8F3D73F947" box="[408,578,1748,1771]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942DA61E8F3D73F947" box="[408,578,1748,1771]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662956FF942E651E883D4BF947" box="[603,634,1747,1771]" name="American Samoa" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">As</collectingCountry>
indicated above, the Australian material comes from the same area as the
<typeStatus id="697088542956FF942CFD1EAE3E14F8A2" box="[195,293,1781,1806]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF942D6F1EAD3ECDF8A1" box="[337,508,1782,1805]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942D6F1EAD3ECDF8A1" box="[337,508,1782,1805]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas the Low
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662956FF942EE31EAE3C10F8A2" box="[733,801,1781,1806]" name="Iceland" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Island</collectingCountry>
material, here referred to as
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF9428491EAD3A40F8A2" box="[1143,1393,1781,1806]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF9428491EAD3A40F8A2" box="[1143,1393,1781,1806]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">H. pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2956FF9429441EAE3FF9F89C" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF9429441EAE3FF9F89C" bold="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, comes from the other side of
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662956FF942E1C1F4C3DABF89C" box="[546,666,1815,1840]" name="Antarctica" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
. Concerning the cnidome, in spite of the tiny differences, the size of the microbasic euryteles in the Australian material [6.9±0.7 x 3.5±0.4 (n=4)] is closer to that of the
<typeStatus id="697088542956FF9428D51F603A2AF8FF" box="[1259,1307,1851,1875]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF942CA91F053E0EF8D9" box="[151,319,1886,1909]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942CA91F053E0EF8D9" box="[151,319,1886,1909]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[6.7±0.2 x 3.2±0.2 (n=10)] than it is to the material from Stn Low 44 [5.8±0.3 x 3.3±0.2 (n=10)].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62956FF942CF91F243CF6F872" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,2014]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">
The material studied by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072956FF942DE21FDA3C61F834" box="[476,848,1920,1944]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2009) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bransfield Strait area (Antarctica) collected by Brazilian expeditions, with the description of a new species. Polar Biology, 32, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 008 - 0506 - 0" type="journal article">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort (2009)</bibRefCitation>
, belongs to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF942FE71FDA3BE1F834" box="[985,1232,1919,1944]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942FE71FDA3BE1F834" box="[985,1232,1919,1944]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">H. pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2956FF9428E61F243A02F834" box="[1240,1331,1919,1944]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF9428E61F243A02F834" bold="true" box="[1240,1331,1919,1944]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
It comes from the same
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662956FF942D7E1FF93E99F817" box="[320,424,1954,1979]" name="Antarctica" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
area and perfectly agrees with
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752956FF942F371FFF3B31F817" box="[777,1024,1954,1979]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF942F371FFF3B31F817" box="[777,1024,1954,1979]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">H. pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2956FF9428391FF93B53F817" box="[1031,1122,1954,1979]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42956FF9428391FF93B53F817" bold="true" box="[1031,1122,1954,1979]" pageId="27" pageNumber="270">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
in the shape and size of the female gonotheca (c. 1000 µm high and c. 900 µm wide in frontal view).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CF918CC3EFDFEB7" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,566]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
Similarly the material assigned to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752951FF932E4D18C23C15FF1C" box="[627,804,153,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932E4D18C23C15FF1C" box="[627,804,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">H. antarcticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072951FF932F5F18CC3B90FF1C" author="Galea" box="[865,1185,151,176]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" refString="Galea, H. R. &amp; Schories, D. (2012 b) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Galea &amp; Schories (2012b)</bibRefCitation>
could belong to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752951FF9329BF18C23E5AFF78" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF9329BF18C23E5AFF78" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">H. pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2951FF932D4F18E03EFBFF78" box="[369,458,187,212]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" rank="species">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932D4F18E03EFBFF78" bold="true" box="[369,458,187,212]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, as the putative female gonothecae are similar to those described above for this species. This material also comes from the same
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662951FF932E6518853DF2FF5B" box="[603,707,222,247]" name="Antarctica" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
area. This conclusion might also apply to the material studied by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072951FF932CA919583E49FEB7" author="Pena" box="[151,376,259,283]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero (2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072951FF932DBD19583EF1FEB7" author="Cantero" box="[387,448,259,283]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2010) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Peter I Island (Southern Ocean, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 33 (6), 761 - 773. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 009 - 0754 - 7" type="journal article" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CF9197E3B34FE04" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,566]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932CF9197E3EC9FE92" bold="true" box="[199,504,293,318]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752951FF932E3E197E3C78FE92" box="[512,841,293,318]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932E3E197E3C78FE92" box="[512,841,293,318]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Halecium pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932F6F197E3C9DFE92" bold="true" box="[849,940,293,318]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="9F8C579F2951FF932F6F197E3C9DFE92" box="[849,940,293,318]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
has been collected at depths from 82 (Peña Cantero 2013) to
<quantity id="71339B132951FF932D6019123E97FECD" box="[350,422,329,353]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" unit="m" value="240.0">240 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072951FF932D8B19123C29FECD" author="Pena" box="[437,792,329,353]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2009) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bransfield Strait area (Antarctica) collected by Brazilian expeditions, with the description of a new species. Polar Biology, 32, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 008 - 0506 - 0" type="journal article" year="2009">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort 2009</bibRefCitation>
), epibiotic on barnacles (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072951FF93280D19123AA4FECD" author="Pena" box="[1075,1429,329,353]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2009) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bransfield Strait area (Antarctica) collected by Brazilian expeditions, with the description of a new species. Polar Biology, 32, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 008 - 0506 - 0" type="journal article" year="2009">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort 2009</bibRefCitation>
) and bryozoans (Peña Cantero 2013), and basibiont of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752951FF932EC119373AA9FE29" authority="Pena Cantero &amp; Vervoort 2009" authorityName="Pena Cantero &amp; Vervoort" authorityYear="2009" box="[767,1432,364,389]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932EC119373B29FE28" box="[767,1048,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Eudendrium antarcticum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072951FF93281619363AA0FE29" author="Pena" box="[1064,1425,365,389]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2009) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bransfield Strait area (Antarctica) collected by Brazilian expeditions, with the description of a new species. Polar Biology, 32, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 008 - 0506 - 0" type="journal article" year="2009">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort 2009</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Gonothecae in February (
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; Peña Cantero 2013).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CF919E83C53FE5C" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,566]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752951FF932CF919E83D20FE60" box="[199,529,435,460]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932CF919E83D20FE60" box="[199,529,435,460]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Halecium pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932E2719E83D44FE60" bold="true" box="[537,629,435,460]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
is known for sure from off Elephant
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662951FF93281A19E83B59FE60" box="[1060,1128,435,460]" name="Iceland" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Island</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072951FF93284619EF3FE0FE43" author="Pena" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2009) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bransfield Strait area (Antarctica) collected by Brazilian expeditions, with the description of a new species. Polar Biology, 32, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 008 - 0506 - 0" type="journal article" year="2009">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort 2009</bibRefCitation>
) and Low
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662951FF932D77198C3EBCFE5C" box="[329,397,471,496]" name="Iceland" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Island</collectingCountry>
(Peña Cantero 2013), in West
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662951FF932EDB198C3C6CFE5C" box="[741,861,471,496]" name="Antarctica" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2951FF932CF919A13D7DFD9A" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="B67436F62951FF932CF919A13D7DFD9A" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,566]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932CF919A13E7FFDBF" bold="true" box="[199,334,506,531]" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752951FF932E0D19A13C37FDBF" box="[563,774,506,531]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pseudodelicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932E0D19A13C37FDBF" box="[563,774,506,531]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">pseudodelicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to the fact that the shape of the hydrotheca in this species reminds that of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752951FF932DA11A443D74FD9A" box="[415,581,541,566]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="28" pageNumber="271" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="delicatulum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42951FF932DA11A443D74FD9A" box="[415,581,541,566]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="271">H. delicatulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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422
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<heading id="ED3C819A2959FF9B2CA91CF73D57FB6A" bold="true" box="[151,614,1196,1222]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2CA91CF73E97FB6A" bold="true" box="[151,422,1196,1222]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Halecium jaederholmi</emphasis>
Vervoort, 1972
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(
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)
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2CA91D4D3E48FA80" box="[151,377,1302,1324]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Halecium jaederholmi</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72959FF9B2D411D4C3D7AFA80" author="Vervoort" box="[383,587,1302,1324]" page="21" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2D411D4C3D16FA80" author="Vervoort" box="[383,551,1302,1324]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Vervoort, W. (1972 a) Hydroids from the Theta, Vema and Yelcho cruises of the Lamont-Doherty geological observatory. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 120, 1 - 247." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Vervoort, 1972a</bibRefCitation>
: 21
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, fig. 2; 1972b: 343, fig. 2b, c;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72959FF9B2F401D4D3B03FA80" author="Millard" box="[894,1074,1302,1324]" page="10" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" year="1977">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2F401D4D3B3CFA80" author="Millard" box="[894,1037,1302,1324]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1977) Hydroids from the Kerguelen and Crozet shelves, collected by the cruise MD. 03 of the Marion-Dufresne. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1977">Millard, 1977</bibRefCitation>
: 10
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 3A–B;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72959FF9B28911D4D3AA9FA80" author="Stepanjants" box="[1199,1432,1302,1324]" page="107" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" year="1979">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B28911D4D3A57FA80" author="Stepanjants" box="[1199,1382,1302,1324]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants, 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 107
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 20 fig. 6;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72959FF9B2D771D6E3D44FAE7" author="Branch" box="[329,629,1333,1355]" page="12" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" year="1993">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2D771D6E3D61FAE7" author="Branch" box="[329,592,1333,1355]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Branch, M. L. &amp; Williams, G. C. (1993) The Hydrozoa, Octocorallia and Scleractinia of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: illustrated keys to the species and results of the 1982 - 1989 University of Cape Town surveys. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 23 (1 - 2), 3 - 24." type="journal article" year="1993">Branch &amp; Williams, 1993</bibRefCitation>
: 12
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, fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72959FF9B2E911D6E3C49FAE7" author="Blanco" box="[687,888,1333,1355]" page="156" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2E911D6E3C74FAE7" author="Blanco" box="[687,837,1333,1355]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1994 a) Enumeracion sistematica y distribucion geografica preliminar de los Hydroida de la Republica Argentina suborden Athecata (Gymnoblastea, Anthomedusae), Thecata (Calyptoblastea, Leptomedusae) y Limnomedusae. Revista del Museo de La Plata (Zoologia), 14 (161), 181 - 216." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Blanco, 1994a</bibRefCitation>
: 156
</treatmentCitation>
; 1994b: 186–187;
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<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B280A1D6D3A0BFAE7" author="Vervoort" box="[1076,1338,1333,1355]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538, figs. 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 86
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;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72959FF9B29541D6D3EBDFAC6" author="Pena" page="769" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B29541D6D3E6BFAC6" author="Pena" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2004) How rich is the deep-sea Antarctic benthic hydroid fauna? Polar Biology, 27, 767 - 774. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 004 - 0654 - 9" type="journal article" year="2004">Peña Cantero, 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 769
</treatmentCitation>
; 2008: 455, fig. 1c, d;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72959FF9B2E4F1D0F3CF9FAC6" author="El" box="[625,968,1364,1386]" page="35" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2E4F1D0F3C95FAC6" author="El" box="[625,932,1364,1386]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="El Beshbeeshy, M. &amp; Jarms, G. (2011) Thecate hydroids from the Patagonian shelf (Coelenterata, Hydrozoa, Thecata). Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 46, 19 - 233." type="journal article" year="2011">El Beshbeeshy &amp; Jarms, 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 35
</treatmentCitation>
–38, fig. 4.
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82959FF9B2CA91D293A3DFA24" box="[151,1292,1394,1416]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B2CA91D293E52FA24" box="[151,355,1394,1416]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arboreum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2CA91D293E52FA24" box="[151,355,1394,1416]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Halecium arboreum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72959FF9B2D421D293D7DFA24" author="Jaderholm" box="[380,588,1394,1416]" page="11" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" year="1905">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2D421D293D19FA24" author="Jaderholm" box="[380,552,1394,1416]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1905) Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, gesammelt von der schwedischen Sudpolarexpedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 5 (8), 1 - 41, pls 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1905">Jäderholm, 1905</bibRefCitation>
: 11
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 5 fig. 4;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72959FF9B2EF21D283B10FA24" author="Naumov" box="[716,1057,1394,1416]" page="97" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" year="1962">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2EF21D283CCAFA24" author="Naumov" box="[716,1019,1394,1416]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1962) Hydroida (Thecaphora) collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition on the M / V Ob in antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1955 - 1958, 1. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 1 (9), 68 - 106." type="journal article" year="1962">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants, 1962</bibRefCitation>
: 97
</treatmentCitation>
; Stepanjants, 1972: 71.
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<paragraph id="B67436F62959FF9B2CA91DCA3D0BFA0B" blockId="20.[151,1436,1302,1508]" box="[151,570,1425,1447]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82959FF9B2CA91DCA3D0BFA0B" box="[151,570,1425,1447]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B2CA91DCA3E6FFA0B" ID-CoL="3JB6T" box="[151,350,1425,1447]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="robustum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2CA91DCA3E6FFA0B" box="[151,350,1425,1447]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Halecium robustum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72959FF9B2D461DCA3D07FA0B" author="Ritchie" box="[376,566,1425,1447]" page="524" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" year="1907">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2D461DCA3D32FA0B" author="Ritchie" box="[376,515,1425,1447]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Ritchie, J. (1907) The hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45 (2), 519 - 545, pls 1 - 3. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080456800022821" type="journal article" year="1907">Ritchie, 1907</bibRefCitation>
: 524
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62959FF9B2CA91DEB3BF2FA6A" blockId="20.[151,1436,1302,1508]" box="[151,1219,1456,1478]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D82959FF9B2CA91DEB3BF2FA6A" box="[151,1219,1456,1478]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B2CA91DEB3E93FA6A" ID-CoL="3JB5F" box="[151,418,1456,1478]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="macrocephalum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2CA91DEB3E93FA6A" box="[151,418,1456,1478]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Halecium macrocephalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72959FF9B2D821DEB3D5DFA6A" author="Ritchie" box="[444,620,1456,1478]" page="18" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2D821DEB3D79FA6A" author="Ritchie" box="[444,584,1456,1478]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Ritchie, J. (1913) The hydroid zoophytes collected by the British Antarctic Expedition of Sir Ernest Shackleton, 1908. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 33 (1), 9 - 34." type="journal article" year="1913">Ritchie, 1913</bibRefCitation>
: 18
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 4;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72959FF9B2E841DEB3CB5FA6A" author="Stechow" box="[698,900,1456,1478]" page="402" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2E841DEB3C60FA6A" author="Stechow" box="[698,849,1456,1478]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Stechow, E. (1925) Hydroiden der Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse de Deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition auf dem Dampfer ' Valdivia' 1898 - 1899, 17, 383 - 546, figs. 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1925">Stechow, 1925</bibRefCitation>
: 402
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E72959FF9B2FB01DEA3B8EFA6A" author="Rees" box="[910,1215,1456,1478]" page="108" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" year="1965">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2FB01DEA3BBDFA6A" author="Rees" box="[910,1164,1456,1478]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Rees, W. J. &amp; Thursfield, S. (1965) The hydroid collection of James Ritchie. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, (B), 69 (1 - 2), 34 - 220. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080455 x 00010122" type="journal article" year="1965">Rees &amp; Thursfield, 1965</bibRefCitation>
: 108
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62959FF9B2CA91D953D49FA48" blockId="20.[151,1436,1302,1508]" box="[151,632,1486,1508]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B2CA91D953FCBFA48" ID-CoL="7P55M" box="[151,250,1486,1508]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2CA91D953FCBFA48" box="[151,250,1486,1508]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Halecium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. Stepanjants, 1972: 72–73, fig. 17.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2959FF9B2CA91E4A3A31F9E2" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B67436F62959FF9B2CA91E4A3A31F9E2" blockId="20.[151,1437,1553,2010]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2CA91E4A3EB6F986" bold="true" box="[151,391,1553,1578]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="697088542959FF9B2DAB1E4A3D31F986" box="[405,512,1553,1578]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
,
<collectionCode id="D0DAAE332959FF9B2E2C1E493D57F985" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" box="[530,614,1554,1577]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">RMNH</collectionCode>
7166,
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2EFF1E4A3CF5F986" bold="true" box="[705,964,1553,1578]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Stn Vema 17 RD 12</emphasis>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF50312959FF9B2FE71E493B05F986" box="[985,1076,1554,1578]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" precision="925" value="-44.316666">44°19’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF50312959FF9B287D1E4A3B9BF986" box="[1091,1194,1553,1578]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" precision="925" value="-59.866665">59°52’W</geoCoordinate>
(shelf south-east of Peninsula Valdés,
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662959FF9B2D5D1E6E3EE6F9E2" box="[355,471,1589,1614]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Argentina</collectingCountry>
),
<date id="C27510362959FF9B2DD41E6E3D48F9E2" box="[490,633,1589,1614]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" value="1961-06-13">13–06–1961</date>
, 183–
<quantity id="71339B132959FF9B2E851E6E3C34F9E1" box="[699,773,1589,1614]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.66" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" unit="m" value="366.0">366 m</quantity>
, several colony fragments up to
<quantity id="71339B132959FF9B284F1E6E3BF1F9E1" box="[1137,1216,1589,1614]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
long.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2959FF9B2CF91E023B51F88A" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B67436F62959FF9B2CF91E023B51F88A" blockId="20.[151,1437,1553,2010]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2CF91E023E70F9DE" bold="true" box="[199,321,1625,1650]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Strongly polysiphonic, dark-brown, irregularly branched stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B132959FF9B28BC1E023BD5F9DD" box="[1154,1252,1625,1650]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
long. Branches originating from hydrophore of primary hydrotheca. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane. Hydrotheca at the end of short, adnate hydrophore. Hydrotheca barely widening distally; rim not everted. Adcauline hydrothecal wall adnate to internode and much larger than abcauline one. Hydrothecal aperture slightly directed downwards. A sessile secondary hydrotheca may be present. Female gonotheca kidney-shaped, with two hydrothecae, and up to six eggs. Cnidome consisting of microbasic mastigophores? and microbasic euryteles?
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2959FF9A2CF91F6A3C2FFD04" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="264" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" type="description">
<paragraph id="B67436F62959FF9B2CF91F6A3B67F83E" blockId="20.[151,1437,1553,2010]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2CF91F6A3E68F8E6" bold="true" box="[199,345,1841,1866]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Description.</emphasis>
The material belongs to at least six stems. Five stems arise from a shell fragment. Stems darkbrown, up to
<quantity id="71339B132959FF9B2D0A1F0E3E46F8C1" box="[308,375,1877,1902]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
in basal diameter, strongly polysiphonic all over the colony; only a few short side-branches monosiphonic. Polysiphony due to accessory tubes (sometimes in very high number).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62959FF9A2CF91FC63B47FF78" blockId="20.[151,1437,1553,2010]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="264" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
Branching irregular, but alternate in one or two planes in some parts. Stems much branched, giving rise to lower-order branches, frequently strongly directed upwards (some completely vertical). Branches divided into internodes by slightly oblique alternate nodes (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732958FF9A2E9018CC3DC3FF1C" box="[686,754,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[237,1360,208,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[214,1372,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium jaederholmi Vervoort, 1972. (A – E) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (D with a second-order hydrotheca; D and E showing origin of gonothecae); (F – G) female gonothecae showing eggs and hydrothecae. (All drawings from holotype). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – E), 500 µm (F – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226899/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A–E). Hydrothecae alternately arranged in more or less one plane. Adcauline hydrothecal wall almost reaching distal node of internode (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732958FF9A2FCE18E73B03FF78" box="[1008,1074,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[237,1360,208,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[214,1372,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium jaederholmi Vervoort, 1972. (A – E) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (D with a second-order hydrotheca; D and E showing origin of gonothecae); (F – G) female gonothecae showing eggs and hydrothecae. (All drawings from holotype). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – E), 500 µm (F – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226899/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A–E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62958FF9A2CF918843ED3FE24" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">
Hydrothecae resting on adnate hydrophores (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732958FF9A2EF218843C20FF54" box="[716,785,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[237,1360,208,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[214,1372,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium jaederholmi Vervoort, 1972. (A – E) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (D with a second-order hydrotheca; D and E showing origin of gonothecae); (F – G) female gonothecae showing eggs and hydrothecae. (All drawings from holotype). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – E), 500 µm (F – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226899/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A–E); ratio between adcauline length of hydrophore and diameter at diaphragm 0.5–1.0. Hydrotheca low, cylindrical, practically not widening distally (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732958FF9A2931195F3A69FEB0" box="[1295,1368,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[237,1360,208,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[214,1372,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium jaederholmi Vervoort, 1972. (A – E) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (D with a second-order hydrotheca; D and E showing origin of gonothecae); (F – G) female gonothecae showing eggs and hydrothecae. (All drawings from holotype). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – E), 500 µm (F – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226899/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A–E). Adcauline hydrothecal wall adnate and much larger than abcauline one, extending upwards on internode (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732958FF9A2951197C3F94FEC8" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[237,1360,208,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[214,1372,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium jaederholmi Vervoort, 1972. (A – E) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (D with a second-order hydrotheca; D and E showing origin of gonothecae); (F – G) female gonothecae showing eggs and hydrothecae. (All drawings from holotype). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – E), 500 µm (F – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226899/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A–E). Hydrothecal aperture slightly directed downwards (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732958FF9A2F5219173C89FEC8" box="[876,952,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[237,1360,208,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[214,1372,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium jaederholmi Vervoort, 1972. (A – E) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (D with a second-order hydrotheca; D and E showing origin of gonothecae); (F – G) female gonothecae showing eggs and hydrothecae. (All drawings from holotype). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – E), 500 µm (F – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226899/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A–B,E). Sometimes a sessile secondary hydrotheca present (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732958FF9A2D4419343E8FFE24" box="[378,446,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[237,1360,208,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[214,1372,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium jaederholmi Vervoort, 1972. (A – E) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (D with a second-order hydrotheca; D and E showing origin of gonothecae); (F – G) female gonothecae showing eggs and hydrothecae. (All drawings from holotype). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – E), 500 µm (F – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226899/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62958FF9A2CF919CF3E43FE58" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">
Female gonothecae present (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732958FF9A2E2319CF3D57FE00" box="[541,614,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[237,1360,208,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[214,1372,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium jaederholmi Vervoort, 1972. (A – E) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (D with a second-order hydrotheca; D and E showing origin of gonothecae); (F – G) female gonothecae showing eggs and hydrothecae. (All drawings from holotype). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – E), 500 µm (F – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226899/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
F–G), originating from lateral of hydrophore and resting on a short apophysis. Gonotheca kidney-shaped (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732958FF9A2E6919EC3DAFFE7C" box="[599,670,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[237,1360,208,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[214,1372,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium jaederholmi Vervoort, 1972. (A – E) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (D with a second-order hydrotheca; D and E showing origin of gonothecae); (F – G) female gonothecae showing eggs and hydrothecae. (All drawings from holotype). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – E), 500 µm (F – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226899/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
F–G), with two hydrothecae at the concave side. Up to six eggs observed (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732958FF9A2D3519873E7FFE58" box="[267,334,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[237,1360,208,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[214,1372,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium jaederholmi Vervoort, 1972. (A – E) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (D with a second-order hydrotheca; D and E showing origin of gonothecae); (F – G) female gonothecae showing eggs and hydrothecae. (All drawings from holotype). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – E), 500 µm (F – G)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226899/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
G).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62958FF9A2CF919A43C2FFD04" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2CF919A43ED3FDB4" bold="true" box="[199,482,511,536]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2DD219A43D4DFDB4" box="[492,636,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture 180–210, diameter at diaphragm c. 190, height 15–25.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2CD11A7F3E56FD91" box="[239,359,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Internodes</emphasis>
: length 670–800, diameter just below distal node 150–250.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A28121A7F3B82FD91" box="[1068,1203,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Gonothecae</emphasis>
: height 1370–1500, maximum diameter c. 700, basal pedicel c. 100 x 100.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2F381A1C3C5AFDCC" box="[774,875,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Cnidome</emphasis>
: very abundant microbasic euryteles? with round ends [range
<date id="C27510362958FF9A2D1C1A373E5FFD28" box="[290,366,620,644]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" value="2011-10-09">9–11 x</date>
4–5, mean 10.0±0.5 x 4.5±0.3 (n=10); ratio, range 2.0–2.5, mean 2.2±0.1 (n=10)] and smaller microbasic mastigophores? with sharp ends (6–6.5 x 1.5).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2958FF982CF91AEF3E8EFDB4" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="266" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B67436F62958FF9A2CF91AEF3CB1FC94" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2CF91AEF3E0AFD61" bold="true" box="[199,315,692,717]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Remarks.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662958FF9A2D741AEF3E58FD60" box="[330,361,692,716]" name="American Samoa" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">As</collectingCountry>
indicated above
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752958FF9A2E011AEF3C75FD61" box="[575,836,692,717]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2E011AEF3C75FD61" box="[575,836,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Halecium brevithecum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752958FF9A2FC91AEE3B99FD61" box="[1015,1192,692,717]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jaederholmi">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2FC91AEE3B99FD61" box="[1015,1192,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">H. jaederholmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and they could be conspecific. Both have polysiphonic colonies characterized by the extremely low hydrothecae. Both also have hydrothecae with the adcauline wall projecting upwards, being much larger than the rest, and adnate to internode. Additionally, the larger nematocysts seem to be of the same range.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62958FF9A2CF91B1F3CF9FB98" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">
There are, however, differences between both species. Although
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A2FEC1B1E3B4FFCF0" author="Watson" box="[978,1150,836,860]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that “there is indication of desmocytes above the diaphragm” in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752958FF9A2EE71B323CB4FC2C" box="[729,901,871,896]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2EE71B323CB4FC2C" box="[729,901,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">H. brevithecum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, I did not observe them. However, desmocytes are distinctly marked in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752958FF9A2D8D1BD63D6EFC09" box="[435,607,908,933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jaederholmi">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2D8D1BD63D6EFC09" box="[435,607,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">H. jaederholmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition, a sessile secondary hydrotheca is sometimes present in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752958FF9A29BF1BD63E2FFC64" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jaederholmi">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A29BF1BD63E2FFC64" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">H. jaederholmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas no secondary hydrotheca has been observed in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752958FF9A2FA21BEA3B76FC64" box="[924,1095,943,968]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2FA21BEA3B76FC64" box="[924,1095,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">H. brevithecum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A28681BEB3BCAFC64" author="Watson" box="[1110,1275,944,968]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
also indicated “no marginal replications or linear series of hydrophores”.
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752958FF9A2F701B8F3B7EFC41" box="[846,1103,980,1005]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2F701B8F3B7EFC41" box="[846,1103,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Halecium brevithecum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also characterized by the reddish stems, the distinctly longer first hydrothecate internode of the branches, and the more or less perpendicular arrangement of the lower-order branches in relation to the previous ones.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62958FF9A2CF91C643AACFAA1" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A2CF91C643E5FFBF4" author="Millard" box="[199,366,1087,1112]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1977) Hydroids from the Kerguelen and Crozet shelves, collected by the cruise MD. 03 of the Marion-Dufresne. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1977">Millard (1977)</bibRefCitation>
undoubtedly found material of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752958FF9A2EE21C1A3CB6FBF4" box="[732,903,1087,1112]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jaederholmi">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2EE21C1A3CB6FBF4" box="[732,903,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">H. jaederholmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. She found female colonies agreeing perfectly with the
<typeStatus id="697088542958FF9A2D3E1C3E3E01FBD1" box="[256,304,1125,1149]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">type</typeStatus>
material. Colour from medium-brown to dark brown, with thick fascicled stems (up to
<quantity id="71339B132958FF9A29061C3F3A4DFBD0" box="[1336,1404,1124,1148]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
in diameter at base) up to
<quantity id="71339B132958FF9A2D9B1CDC3D32FB0C" box="[421,515,1159,1184]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
in height. Stems “branching irregularly and in all planes”. Millard indicated that “internodes and hydrophores have a structure exactly like that illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A281A1CF63BD8FB68" author="Vervoort" box="[1060,1257,1196,1220]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Vervoort, W. (1972 a) Hydroids from the Theta, Vema and Yelcho cruises of the Lamont-Doherty geological observatory. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 120, 1 - 247." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Vervoort (1972a)</bibRefCitation>
except that no pseudodiaphragmata are present nor any secondary hydrophores”.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662958FF9A2FBF1C8B3C91FB44" box="[897,928,1232,1256]" name="American Samoa" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">As</collectingCountry>
it has been shown above, there is actually no sign of pseudodiaphragm in the
<typeStatus id="697088542958FF9A2DC21CAF3D53FAA1" box="[508,610,1268,1293]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. According to
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A2F3A1CAF3C98FAA0" author="Millard" box="[772,937,1268,1293]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1977) Hydroids from the Kerguelen and Crozet shelves, collected by the cruise MD. 03 of the Marion-Dufresne. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1977">Millard (1977)</bibRefCitation>
up to six larvae are found in the gonothecae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62958FF9A2CF91D4C3C08FAD4" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A2CF91D4C3EDDFA9C" author="Branch" box="[199,492,1303,1328]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Branch, M. L. &amp; Williams, G. C. (1993) The Hydrozoa, Octocorallia and Scleractinia of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: illustrated keys to the species and results of the 1982 - 1989 University of Cape Town surveys. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 23 (1 - 2), 3 - 24." type="journal article" year="1993">Branch &amp; Willians (1993)</bibRefCitation>
also reported this species from the Marion and Prince Edwards islands area, but the few characters provided by them seem to be taken from Millard’s (1977) description, so it is not possible to be completely sure about the correctness of their identification.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62958FF9A2CF91DDF3BEAF980" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">
Vervoort’s (1972b) material could correspond to another species. It consists of completely monosiphonic stems with yellowish perisarc. The hydrothecae seem to have the same height all around, and the adcauline side does not seem to fuse with the internode, contrary to what happens in the
<typeStatus id="697088542958FF9A2F471D963C98FA49" box="[889,937,1485,1509]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">type</typeStatus>
material. Similarly, Stepanjants’s (1979: pl. 20 fig. 6) material, although polysiphonic in this case, may also correspond to a different species. Evidently, it would be necessary to re-examine all this material to assess whether it belongs to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752958FF9A28151E4E3BE2F981" box="[1067,1235,1556,1581]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jaederholmi">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A28151E4E3BE2F981" box="[1067,1235,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">H. jaederholmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62958FF9A2CF91E623BF0F8E1" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">
Due to the similarity between
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752958FF9A2E261E623DF3F9FC" box="[536,706,1591,1616]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jaederholmi">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2E261E623DF3F9FC" box="[536,706,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">H. jaederholmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752958FF9A2EC91E623C92F9FC" box="[759,931,1591,1616]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2EC91E623C92F9FC" box="[759,931,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">H. brevithecum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is not possible to be completely sure about the proper identification of some previous records of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752958FF9A2EC91E063C93F9D9" box="[759,930,1628,1653]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jaederholmi">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2EC91E063C93F9D9" box="[759,930,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">H. jaederholmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, such as those by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A284A1E073A0FF9D9" author="Jaderholm" box="[1140,1342,1628,1653]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1905) Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, gesammelt von der schwedischen Sudpolarexpedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 5 (8), 1 - 41, pls 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1905">Jäderholm (1905)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A29751E073FEAF934" author="Ritchie" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Ritchie, J. (1907) The hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45 (2), 519 - 545, pls 1 - 3. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080456800022821" type="journal article" year="1907">Ritchie (1907</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A2CD81EDB3E10F934" author="Ritchie" box="[230,289,1664,1688]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Ritchie, J. (1913) The hydroid zoophytes collected by the British Antarctic Expedition of Sir Ernest Shackleton, 1908. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 33 (1), 9 - 34." type="journal article" year="1913">1913</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A2D0B1E243D39F934" author="Stepanjants" box="[309,520,1663,1688]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants (1979)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A2E001EDA3C18F934" box="[574,809,1664,1688]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article">Peña Cantero (2008)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A2F0A1E243B7AF934" author="Ritchie" box="[820,1099,1663,1688]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Ritchie, J. (1907) The hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45 (2), 519 - 545, pls 1 - 3. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080456800022821" type="journal article" year="1907">Ritchie (1907: 524–525)</bibRefCitation>
, for instance, indicated that in his material “the branches frequently have at their bases at least one athecate internode connecting the stem process with the hydrophore-bearing portions of the branch”.
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662958FF9A2ECC1E933C20F94C" box="[754,785,1736,1760]" name="American Samoa" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">As</collectingCountry>
indicated above, this is one of the few features that allow by now to characterize
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752958FF9A2DA01EB63D7BF8A9" box="[414,586,1772,1797]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2DA01EB63D7BF8A9" box="[414,586,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">H. brevithecum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. On the other hand,
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A2F0C1EB73B3FF8A9" author="Ritchie" box="[818,1038,1772,1797]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Ritchie, J. (1907) The hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45 (2), 519 - 545, pls 1 - 3. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080456800022821" type="journal article" year="1907">Ritchie (1907: 524)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that “rarely with a tier of one or two secondary hydrothecae” and that “inside of the limbus are situated small, light-refracting prominences”, whereas in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752958FF9A2D281F6E3EF0F8E1" box="[278,449,1844,1869]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevithecum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2D281F6E3EF0F8E1" box="[278,449,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">H. brevithecum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
neither secondary hydrothecae nor desmocytes have been observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62958FF9A2CF91F0C3CC9F814" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42958FF9A2CF91F0C3EC8F8DC" bold="true" box="[199,505,1879,1904]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
It is difficult to establish its bathymetric and geographical distribution due to the uncertainty of some records. It has been found for sure at depths between 24 (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A283E1F273B80F838" author="Vervoort" box="[1024,1201,1916,1940]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Vervoort, W. (1972 a) Hydroids from the Theta, Vema and Yelcho cruises of the Lamont-Doherty geological observatory. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 120, 1 - 247." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Vervoort 1972a</bibRefCitation>
) and
<quantity id="71339B132958FF9A28CF1F273A09F838" box="[1265,1336,1916,1940]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A29781F273FE2F814" author="Millard" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1977) Hydroids from the Kerguelen and Crozet shelves, collected by the cruise MD. 03 of the Marion-Dufresne. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1977">Millard 1977</bibRefCitation>
). Gonothecae found in April (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A2E1C1FFB3D89F814" author="Millard" box="[546,696,1952,1977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1977) Hydroids from the Kerguelen and Crozet shelves, collected by the cruise MD. 03 of the Marion-Dufresne. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1977">Millard 1977</bibRefCitation>
) and June (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072958FF9A2F061FFB3CDDF814" author="Vervoort" box="[824,1004,1952,1976]" pageId="21" pageNumber="264" refString="Vervoort, W. (1972 a) Hydroids from the Theta, Vema and Yelcho cruises of the Lamont-Doherty geological observatory. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 120, 1 - 247." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Vervoort 1972a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="E2B4667E295BFF992CA91FFA3DD0F858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226899/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="265" targetBox="[237,1360,208,1909]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="B67436F6295BFF992CA91FFA3DD0F858" blockId="22.[151,1436,1953,2036]" pageId="22" pageNumber="265">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295BFF992CA91FFA3E24F81A" bold="true" box="[151,277,1953,1975]" pageId="22" pageNumber="265">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295BFF992D201FFA3D98F81B" authority="Vervoort, 1972" authorityName="Vervoort" authorityYear="1972" box="[286,681,1953,1975]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="22" pageNumber="265" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jaederholmi">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295BFF992D201FFA3D32F81B" box="[286,515,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="265">Halecium jaederholmi</emphasis>
Vervoort, 1972
</taxonomicName>
. (A–E) internodes showing primary hydrothecae (D with a second-order hydrotheca; D and E showing origin of gonothecae); (F–G) female gonothecae showing eggs and hydrothecae. (All drawings from holotype). Scale bar: 250 µm (A–E), 500 µm (F–G).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295AFF982CF918CC3E8EFDB4" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">
Taking into account only the confirmed records,
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295AFF982EC518C23C97FF1C" box="[763,934,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="jaederholmi">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982EC518C23C97FF1C" box="[763,934,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">H. jaederholmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to have a sub-Antarctic distribution, being known from the Magellan area, in particular from the Atlantic entrance of the Magellan Strait and off Peninsula Valdés (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982D5A18BB3D25FF54" author="Vervoort" box="[356,532,224,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Vervoort, W. (1972 a) Hydroids from the Theta, Vema and Yelcho cruises of the Lamont-Doherty geological observatory. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 120, 1 - 247." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">Vervoort 1972a</bibRefCitation>
) and from the Kerguélen area, between Possession and Cochons (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF9828C918843AA1FF54" author="Millard" box="[1271,1424,223,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1977) Hydroids from the Kerguelen and Crozet shelves, collected by the cruise MD. 03 of the Marion-Dufresne. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (1), 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1977">Millard 1977</bibRefCitation>
). Considering also the unconfirmed previous records, this species would have a Pan-Antarctic distribution, since it has been also reported from
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295AFF982DEB197C3D0CFEEC" box="[469,573,295,320]" name="Antarctica" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
waters, in particular off
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295AFF982F6F197C3CC5FEEC" box="[849,1012,295,320]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">South Georgia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF98283C197C3B8AFEEC" author="Jaderholm" box="[1026,1211,295,320]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1905) Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, gesammelt von der schwedischen Sudpolarexpedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 5 (8), 1 - 41, pls 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1905">Jäderholm 1905</bibRefCitation>
), Coats Land, in the Weddell Sea, and St Helena (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982DDF19173D46FEC8" author="Ritchie" box="[481,631,332,357]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Ritchie, J. (1907) The hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45 (2), 519 - 545, pls 1 - 3. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080456800022821" type="journal article" year="1907">Ritchie 1907</bibRefCitation>
), Enderby Land (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982F0219173BB8FEC9" author="Naumov" box="[828,1161,332,357]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Naumov, D. V. &amp; Stepanjants, S. D. (1962) Hydroida (Thecaphora) collected by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition on the M / V Ob in antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1955 - 1958, 1. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 1 (9), 68 - 106." type="journal article" year="1962">Naumov &amp; Stepanjants 1962</bibRefCitation>
), Arthur Harbor, Palmer Archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982D0F192B3ED6FE24" author="Vervoort" box="[305,487,367,392]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Vervoort, W. (1972 b) Hydroids from submarine cliffs near Arthur Harbour, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Zoologische Mededelingen, 47 (25), 337 - 357." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">Vervoort 1972b</bibRefCitation>
), Davis Sea (Stepanjants 1972), the South Shetlands Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF98289E19343A52FE24" author="Stepanjants" box="[1184,1379,367,392]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
) and off Livingston and Deception islands (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982E6E19CF3C00FE00" author="Pena" box="[592,817,404,428]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Additional sub-Antarctic records should be those by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982CA919EC3E53FE7C" author="Jaderholm" box="[151,354,439,464]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1905) Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, gesammelt von der schwedischen Sudpolarexpedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 5 (8), 1 - 41, pls 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1905">Jäderholm (1905)</bibRefCitation>
, from the Falklands Islands area,
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982ED119EC3CF6FE7C" author="Stepanjants" box="[751,967,439,464]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants (1979)</bibRefCitation>
, from off Kerguélen and Crozet islands,
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982CA919873E8FFE58" author="Branch" box="[151,446,476,501]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Branch, M. L. &amp; Williams, G. C. (1993) The Hydrozoa, Octocorallia and Scleractinia of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands: illustrated keys to the species and results of the 1982 - 1989 University of Cape Town surveys. South African Journal of Antarctic Research, 23 (1 - 2), 3 - 24." type="journal article" year="1993">Branch &amp; Willians (1993)</bibRefCitation>
, from the Marion and Prince Edwards islands area, and
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF98280919873AA6FE58" box="[1079,1431,476,501]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="El Beshbeeshy, M. &amp; Jarms, G. (2011) Thecate hydroids from the Patagonian shelf (Coelenterata, Hydrozoa, Thecata). Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 46, 19 - 233." type="journal article">El Beshbeeshy &amp; Jarms (2011)</bibRefCitation>
, from the Patagonian shelf.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

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<mods:title id="265C3A902E0169C76994C4829961A375">Revision of the Antarctic species of Halecium Oken, 1815 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Haleciidae)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="B67436F6295AFF982CA91A373D72FD2A" blockId="23.[151,579,620,679]" box="[151,579,620,646]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">
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<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295AFF982CA91A373D72FD2A" ID-CoL="3JB5Y" authority="Jaderholm, 1904" authorityName="Jaderholm" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,579,620,646]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982CA91A373D72FD2A" bold="true" box="[151,579,620,646]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982CA91A373E5AFD2A" bold="true" box="[151,363,620,646]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Halecium pallens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982D4D1A373D72FD2A" author="Jaderholm" box="[371,579,620,646]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1904) Mitteilungen ueber einige von der Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition 1901 - 1903 eingesammelte Hydroiden. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, (4) 3 (Notes et revue 1), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1904">Jäderholm, 1904</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295AFF982CA91AD53E2FFD0B" blockId="23.[151,579,620,679]" box="[151,286,654,679]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">
(
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295AFF982CA11AD53FD1FD0B" box="[159,224,654,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E–K)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="FED1657D295AFF982CA91A8D3BEFFCCB" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="B67436F6295AFF982CA91A8D3E16FCA7" blockId="23.[151,1436,726,871]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">
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<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295AFF982CA91A8D3ECBFD40" ID-CoL="3JB5Y" authority="Jaderholm, 1904" authorityName="Jaderholm" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,506,726,748]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982CA91A8D3E79FD40" box="[151,328,726,748]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Halecium pallens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982D701A8D3ECBFD40" author="Jaderholm" box="[334,506,726,748]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1904) Mitteilungen ueber einige von der Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition 1901 - 1903 eingesammelte Hydroiden. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, (4) 3 (Notes et revue 1), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1904">Jäderholm, 1904</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: iv; 1905: 4, 12–13, 38, pl. 5 figs 1–3;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295AFF982FBF1A8D3B79FD40" author="Blanco" box="[897,1096,726,748]" page="156" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982FBF1A8D3B26FD40" author="Blanco" box="[897,1047,726,748]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1994 a) Enumeracion sistematica y distribucion geografica preliminar de los Hydroida de la Republica Argentina suborden Athecata (Gymnoblastea, Anthomedusae), Thecata (Calyptoblastea, Leptomedusae) y Limnomedusae. Revista del Museo de La Plata (Zoologia), 14 (161), 181 - 216." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Blanco, 1994a</bibRefCitation>
: 156
</treatmentCitation>
; 1994b: 187;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295AFF9828EC1A8C3E12FCA7" author="Vervoort" page="86" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF9828EC1A8C3FCCFCA7" author="Vervoort" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538, figs. 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 86
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295AFF982CA91B4E3BEFFCCB" blockId="23.[151,1436,726,871]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">
Not
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295AFF982CFA1B4F3E47FC86" ID-CoL="3JB5Y" box="[196,374,788,810]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982CFA1B4F3E47FC86" box="[196,374,788,810]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Halecium pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982DAE1B4F3D21FC86" author="Broch" box="[400,528,788,810]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Broch, H. (1948) Antarctic Hydroids. Scientific Results of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition 1927 - 1928, et sqq., 28, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1948">Broch, 1948</bibRefCitation>
: 4, 7–8, fig. 1;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982E951B4F3C52FC86" author="Stepanjants" box="[683,867,788,810]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants, 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 105, pl. 20 fig. 2;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF98281B1B4E3BC0FC86" author="Pena" box="[1061,1265,788,810]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2004) How rich is the deep-sea Antarctic benthic hydroid fauna? Polar Biology, 27, 767 - 774. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 004 - 0654 - 9" type="journal article" year="2004">Peña Cantero, 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 769; 2006: 935, fig. 3B; 2008: 455, fig. 1h, i; 2010: 766, fig.4;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982EA31B683CD1FCE4" author="Pena" box="[669,992,818,840]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2009) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bransfield Strait area (Antarctica) collected by Brazilian expeditions, with the description of a new species. Polar Biology, 32, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 008 - 0506 - 0" type="journal article" year="2009">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort, 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 85, fig.
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, h (=
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295AFF9828B31B683AA3FCE4" ID-CoL="3JB35" authority="Watson, 2008" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2008" box="[1165,1426,818,840]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF9828B31B683BCDFCE4" box="[1165,1276,818,840]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">H. banzare</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF98293D1B683AA3FCE4" author="Watson" box="[1283,1426,818,840]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). Not
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295AFF982CFD1B0A3E45FCCB" ID-CoL="3JB5Y" box="[195,372,849,871]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982CFD1B0A3E45FCCB" box="[195,372,849,871]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Halecium pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF982DB11B0A3DBEFCCB" author="Galea" box="[399,655,849,871]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Galea, H. R. &amp; Schories, D. (2012 a) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from Central Chile and the Strait of Magellan. Zootaxa, 3296, 19 - 67." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">Galea &amp; Schories, 2012a</bibRefCitation>
: 36, pl. 3A, B, fig. 3G–M. (=?
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295AFF982FF01B093BE2FCCB" ID-CoL="3JB35" authority="Watson, 2008" authorityName="Watson" authorityYear="2008" box="[974,1235,849,871]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982FF01B093B0FFCCB" box="[974,1086,849,871]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">H. banzare</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295AFF98287A1B093BE2FCCB" author="Watson" box="[1092,1235,849,871]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982CA91BCF3EB2FC01" bold="true" box="[151,387,916,941]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="69708854295AFF982DB21BCF3EDAFC00" box="[396,491,916,940]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
,
<collectionCode id="D0DAAE33295AFF982DC71BCF3D7BFC00" box="[505,586,916,940]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8z6v-f8is" name="Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">SMNH</collectionCode>
Type-7947 (old no. 436),
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982F431BCF3AA4FC00" box="[893,1429,916,941]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">
Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition
<date id="C2751036295AFF9829291BCF3AA4FC00" box="[1303,1429,916,940]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" value="1901" valueMax="1903">1901–1903</date>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982CA91BEC3FD0FC7C" bold="true" box="[151,225,951,976]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Stn 34</emphasis>
,
<date id="C2751036295AFF982CCE1BEC3E4EFC7C" box="[240,383,951,976]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" value="1902-06-05">05–06–1902</date>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF5031295AFF982DB51BEC3ED7FC7C" box="[395,486,951,976]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" precision="925" value="-54.183334">54°11’S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF5031295AFF982DD01BEC3D64FC7C" box="[494,597,951,976]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" precision="925" value="-36.3">36°18’W</geoCoordinate>
(mouth of Cumberland Bay,
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295AFF982F9F1BEC3B79FC7C" box="[929,1096,951,976]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">South Georgia</collectingCountry>
),
<quantity id="71339B13295AFF9828621BEC3BEFFC63" box="[1116,1246,951,976]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.81" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="2.52" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" unit="m" value="281.0" valueMax="310.0" valueMin="252.0">252–310 m</quantity>
, one stem c.
<quantity id="71339B13295AFF98294C1BE33FF2FC58" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
high.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D295AFF982CF91BA43B70FB5C" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B67436F6295AFF982CF91BA43B70FB5C" blockId="23.[151,1437,916,2021]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982CF91BA43E70FBB4" bold="true" box="[199,321,1023,1048]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Polysiphonic stems, at least
<quantity id="71339B13295AFF982EAE1C5B3DDEFBBB" box="[656,751,1024,1048]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
high. Branching regular, stem giving rise alternately, likely every third hydrotheca, to paired branches forming two distinct, longitudinal series, approximately arranged in one plane. Branches originating from hydrophore of primary hydrotheca. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane. Hydrotheca at the end of long, free hydrophore lacking pseudodiaphragm, but with strong adcauline perisarc development. Hydrothecal diameter slightly increasing distally. Very slightly everted rim. Up to third-order hydrothecae present. Female gonotheca flattened, pear-shaped, with short distal neck. With acrocyst (up to eight eggs). Cnidome consisting of microbasic mastigophores? and microbasic euryteles?
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982CF91CA73E68FAB9" bold="true" box="[199,345,1276,1301]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Description.</emphasis>
Completely polysiphonic stem, at least
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high (probably a little higher since it is distally broken). Diameter slightly decreasing distally (c.
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at base). Hydrorhiza much developed, rhizoidal, composed of numerous thin stolons.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295AFF982CF91D333CCCFA41" blockId="23.[151,1437,916,2021]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">
Stem giving rise to side-branches, alternately arranged in approximately one plane and resting more or less perpendicular to it. Side-branches polysiphonic in part of their extension. Some much developed, reaching up to
<quantity id="71339B13295AFF9829BE1DD73FF2FA6B" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="23" pageNumber="266" unit="mm" value="38.0">38 mm</quantity>
long, and strongly polysiphonic. Side-branches paired (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295AFF982F071DF43C4AFA64" box="[825,891,1455,1480]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E), although in many cases one lost, particularly at basal part. Paired side-branches particularly present at distal part of colony.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295AFF982CF91DA33C72F9D0" blockId="23.[151,1437,916,2021]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">
Stem branching regular, at a more or less constant interval; probably every third hydrotheca, although large polysiphonic development prevents from confirming this. Branching ocurring every third hydrotheca in sidebranches. These giving rise to short, little-developed secondary branches. Stem and branches divided into internodes by alternately arranged oblique nodes (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295AFF982EF91E3F3C38F9D0" box="[711,777,1636,1661]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E–I).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295AFF982CF91EDC3CAEF944" blockId="23.[151,1437,916,2021]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">
Hydrothecae placed at the end of long free hydrophores (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295AFF982F401EDC3CF7F90C" box="[894,966,1671,1696]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E–I); ratio between adcauline length of hydrophore and diameter at diaphragm 1.0–1.5. Hydrophores straight, regularly diverging from internode (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295AFF9829511EF73F95F944" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E–I). Hydrothecae considerably surpassing distal node of internode.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295AFF982CF91EAF3B8DF8F8" blockId="23.[151,1437,916,2021]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">
Hydrotheca low, slightly widening distally, a little more at adcauline side (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295AFF9828091EAF3B4CF8A0" box="[1079,1149,1780,1805]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
F–I). Hydrothecal height slightly smaller at adcauline side. No pseudodiaphragm observed, although a strong perisarc development present at adcauline side of hydrophore (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295AFF982E391F673D78F8F8" box="[519,585,1852,1877]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
F–I). Up to third-order hydrothecae present (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295AFF9828001F673B4EF8F8" box="[1086,1151,1852,1877]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
H–I).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295AFF982CF91F3A3C16F831" blockId="23.[151,1437,916,2021]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">
Numerous female gonothecae present (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295AFF982EBE1F043DF2F8D4" box="[640,707,1887,1912]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[182,1381,191,1904]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,169,1908]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Halecium banzare Watson, 2008. (A – C) internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (D) male gonotheca. Halecium pallens Jäderholm, 1904. (E) cauline internode showing basal part of paired branches and axillary hydrotheca; (F – I), internodes showing primary and lower-order hydrothecae; (J) female gonotheca (frontal view); (K) female gonotheca (lateral view). (A – C, E – K from holotypes; D from Stn Low 46). Scale bar: 250 µm (A – C, E – I), 500 µm (D, J – K)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226893/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
J–K), provided with distal, large acrocyst, with up to eight eggs. Gonotheca flattened, pear-shaped, with a short distal neck.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295AFF972CF91FF33B6EFEB0" blockId="23.[151,1437,916,2021]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,1725]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="267" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982CF91FF33EEFF86D" bold="true" box="[199,478,1960,1985]" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982DD81FF33D44F86D" box="[486,629,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture 125–145, diameter at diaphragm 100–115, height abcauline side 40–50, height adcauline side 30–40.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF982EC81F973C4CF849" box="[758,893,1996,2021]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Hydrophore</emphasis>
: adcauline length 110–170.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295AFF9828F51F973A72F849" box="[1227,1347,1996,2021]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="266">Internodes</emphasis>
: length 650–800, diameter 100–160.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972DD918CC3D5FFF1C" box="[487,622,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">Gonothecae</emphasis>
: height 1800–2100, maximum diameter 820–970 (frontal view) and c. 440 (lateral view), length of distal neck c. 90, diameter at aperture c. 140.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972FC018E73B52FF79" box="[1022,1123,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">Cnidome</emphasis>
: very abundant microbasic euryteles? with rounded ends [range 6.5–7
<date id="C27510362955FF972EB518BB3D81FF54" box="[651,688,223,248]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">x 3</date>
–3.5, mean 6.8±0.2 x 3.2±0.2 (n=10); ratio, range 2.0–2.3, mean 2.2±0.1 (n=10)] and abundant microbasic mastigophores? with sharp ends (6–7.5
<date id="C27510362955FF972812195E3B63FEB0" box="[1068,1106,260,284]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">x 2</date>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D2955FF972CF9197C3EAEF910" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B67436F62955FF972CF9197C3D20FD28" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972CF9197C3E0AFEEC" bold="true" box="[199,315,295,320]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">Remarks.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662955FF972D7219733E5AFEEC" box="[332,363,296,320]" name="American Samoa" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">As</collectingCountry>
indicated above,
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972E70197C3C14FEEC" box="[590,805,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972E70197C3C14FEEC" box="[590,805,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">Halecium banzare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972FE019723B6AFEEC" box="[990,1115,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972FE019723B6AFEEC" box="[990,1115,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In fact, they are almost indistinguishable concerning the trophosome. They are similar in colony structure, with strongly polysiphonic stems, alternately branched every third hydrotheca, giving rise to paired side-branches. They also agree in the structure of internodes, with the hydrotheca placed at the end of a long free hydrophore, and in the shape of the hydrotheca. The only difference concerns the absence of pseudiaphragm in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972FCC19E23B56FE7C" box="[1010,1127,439,464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972FCC19E23B56FE7C" box="[1010,1127,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although a strong perisarc development is present at the adcauline side of the hydrophore. In material from Low
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662955FF97286919873BAAFE59" box="[1111,1179,476,501]" name="Iceland" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">Island</collectingCountry>
previously assigned to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972CA91A5A3E3AFDB4" box="[151,267,511,536]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972CA91A5A3E3AFDB4" box="[151,267,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf. Peña Cantero 2013), the pseudodiaphragm is usually absent in the hydrothecae from the branches, although it is clearly visible in the stem hydrothecae. Although information about the cnidome in the
<typeStatus id="697088542955FF9729371A7E3A08FD91" box="[1289,1337,549,573]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972C871A123E09FDCC" box="[185,312,583,608]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972C871A123E09FDCC" box="[185,312,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. banzare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is non-existent, it is known in material brought here to that species (see above) and there is no difference with that of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972DA91A363D3BFD29" box="[407,522,620,645]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972DA91A363D3BFD29" box="[407,522,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62955FF972CF91AD43FDEFC64" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">
Both species are, however, clearly distinguishable by the shape and size of the female gonothecae. They are inverted conical, contain large scattered ova (seven in Watson’s figure) and are distinctly smaller (1027 µm high and 948 µm wide) in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972DB61A823D35FD5C" box="[392,516,727,752]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972DB61A823D35FD5C" box="[392,516,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. banzare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas they are pear-shaped, with a short distal neck, and a large acrocyst, with up to eight eggs, in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972D471AA63EDFFCB9" box="[377,494,764,789]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972D471AA63EDFFCB9" box="[377,494,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It could also be possible that the described female gonothecae in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF9728DF1AA63A6CFCB9" box="[1249,1373,764,789]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF9728DF1AA63A6CFCB9" box="[1249,1373,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. banzare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were incompletely developed, later developing the acrocyst to complete egg development, as it happens in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF97291E1B7A3AA4FC94" box="[1312,1429,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF97291E1B7A3AA4FC94" box="[1312,1429,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Nevertheless, it should be indicated that in the
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972E971B1E3DCCFCF0" box="[681,765,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">Bentart</emphasis>
material (see above), the female gonothecae are apparently completely developed, with the aperture in frontal view extending the entire diameter, from the widest part upwards. Therefore, they are different from those of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972F3A1BD63C4DFC09" box="[772,892,908,933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972F3A1BD63C4DFC09" box="[772,892,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which indicates the presence of two different species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62955FF972CF91B8F3C22FBBC" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662955FF972CF91B8F3FD7FC40" box="[199,230,980,1004]" name="American Samoa" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">As</collectingCountry>
indicated above,
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662955FF972D931B8F3D24FC41" box="[429,533,980,1005]" name="Antarctica" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
material previously assigned to Jäderholm’s species could actually belong to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF9729BF1B8E3FC1FBBC" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF9729BF1B8E3FC1FBBC" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. banzare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, being undistinguishable from Watson’s species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62955FF972CF91C473D9EF9FC" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">
On the other hand,
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072955FF972DA11C473DF2FB98" author="Galea" box="[415,707,1052,1077]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" refString="Galea, H. R. &amp; Schories, D. (2012 a) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from Central Chile and the Strait of Magellan. Zootaxa, 3296, 19 - 67." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">Galea &amp; Schories (2012a)</bibRefCitation>
assigned to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972F701C463CF3FB99" box="[846,962,1052,1077]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972F701C463CF3FB99" box="[846,962,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
material from the sub-Antarctic Magellan Strait that has some distinct differences with Jäderholm’s species. According to these authors (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072955FF9728EF1C643E3BFBD1" author="Galea" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" refString="Galea, H. R. &amp; Schories, D. (2012 a) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from Central Chile and the Strait of Magellan. Zootaxa, 3296, 19 - 67." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">Galea &amp; Schories 2012a: 36</bibRefCitation>
) “Pseudodiaphragm seen in most hydrophores; considerably hypertrophied in basalmost hydrophores, often present in secondary or even tertiary hydrophores; reaching abaxial side of hydrophore as a thick belt”, whereas a psedodiaphragm is absent in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972E6A1CF63DF9FB69" box="[596,712,1196,1221]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972E6A1CF63DF9FB69" box="[596,712,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. pallens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The material also differs from Jäderholm’s species in the shape and size of the female gonotheca. According to
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072955FF972E8D1C943B32FB44" author="Galea" box="[691,1027,1231,1256]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" refString="Galea, H. R. &amp; Schories, D. (2012 a) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from Central Chile and the Strait of Magellan. Zootaxa, 3296, 19 - 67." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">Galea &amp; Schories (2012a: 36)</bibRefCitation>
the female gonotheca is “seemingly composed of two halves &quot;fused&quot; along a crease line following the perimeter of gonotheca”, there are “four to five eggs per gonotheca” and the “perisarc dissolved upon formation of acrocysts, leaving a large apical aperture for passage of egg mass”. In Jäderholm’s species the gonothecae is apparently not composed of two valves, there is no sign of any crease line along the perimeter of the gonotheca, there are up to eight eggs, and the gonothecal aperture is formed by a small distal neck, so that eggs and acrocyst must go out when they are small and little developed, contrary to what is clearly visible in the material of
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072955FF972ED01DFC3B2BFA6C" author="Galea" box="[750,1050,1447,1472]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" refString="Galea, H. R. &amp; Schories, D. (2012 a) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from Central Chile and the Strait of Magellan. Zootaxa, 3296, 19 - 67." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">Galea &amp; Schories (2012a)</bibRefCitation>
. This material could belong to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF9729BF1DF23FC1FA49" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF9729BF1DF23FC1FA49" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. banzare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it seems to have a different female gonotheca, since no acrocyst has been observed in any material assigned to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972D221DAA3EA9F9A4" box="[284,408,1519,1544]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972D221DAA3EA9F9A4" box="[284,408,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">H. banzare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the aperture is formed by the distal part of the gonothecae, contrary to the large apical aperture formed by the dissolution of the perisarc indicated by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072955FF972F631E4F3BB7F980" author="Galea" box="[861,1158,1556,1581]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" refString="Galea, H. R. &amp; Schories, D. (2012 a) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from Central Chile and the Strait of Magellan. Zootaxa, 3296, 19 - 67." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="a">Galea &amp; Schories (2012a)</bibRefCitation>
. The material studied by these authors could be a new species to science.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972CF91E073EC7F9D9" bold="true" box="[199,502,1628,1653]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752955FF972DC31E073DF2F9D9" box="[509,707,1628,1653]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pallens">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42955FF972DC31E073DF2F9D9" box="[509,707,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">Halecium pallens</emphasis>
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was collected at a depth between 160 (
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) and
<quantity id="71339B132955FF97294C1E073F9CF934" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" unit="m" value="310.0">310 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072955FF972C851E243E45F934" author="Jaderholm" box="[187,372,1663,1688]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1904) Mitteilungen ueber einige von der Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition 1901 - 1903 eingesammelte Hydroiden. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, (4) 3 (Notes et revue 1), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1904">Jäderholm 1904</bibRefCitation>
), off
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662955FF972D911E243D60F934" box="[431,593,1663,1688]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="24" pageNumber="267">South Georgia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072955FF972E611E243C26F934" author="Jaderholm" box="[607,791,1663,1688]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1904) Mitteilungen ueber einige von der Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition 1901 - 1903 eingesammelte Hydroiden. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, (4) 3 (Notes et revue 1), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1904">Jäderholm 1904</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072955FF972F1C1E243C6AF934" author="Jaderholm" box="[802,859,1663,1688]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1905) Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, gesammelt von der schwedischen Sudpolarexpedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 5 (8), 1 - 41, pls 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1905">1905</bibRefCitation>
) and Shag Rocks (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072955FF9728131E243BD7F934" author="Jaderholm" box="[1069,1254,1663,1688]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1905) Hydroiden aus antarktischen und subantarktischen Meeren, gesammelt von der schwedischen Sudpolarexpedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903, 5 (8), 1 - 41, pls 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1905">Jäderholm 1905</bibRefCitation>
). Gonothecae in June (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072955FF972CE61EFF3EA3F910" author="Jaderholm" box="[216,402,1700,1725]" pageId="24" pageNumber="267" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1904) Mitteilungen ueber einige von der Schwedischen Antarctic-Expedition 1901 - 1903 eingesammelte Hydroiden. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, (4) 3 (Notes et revue 1), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1904">Jäderholm 1904</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2CA91B443E83FC95" bold="true" box="[151,434,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Halecium interpolatum</emphasis>
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(
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295FFF9D2CA11B193FD5FCF7" box="[159,228,834,859]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Figs 5</figureCitation>
G–J, 8A–B)
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<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2CA91BD13EB5FC0C" box="[151,388,906,928]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Halecium interpolatum</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D2DB21BD13D7CFC0C" author="Ritchie" box="[396,589,906,928]" page="526" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="1907">
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: 526
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, pl. 1 fig. 3, pl. 2 fig. 3;
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: 107
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, 197;
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<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D28F61BD13E0DFC13" author="Smaldon" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Smaldon, G., Heppell, D. &amp; Watt, K. R. (1976) Type specimens of invertebrates (excluding Insects) held at the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. Information Series Royal Scottish Museum (Natural History), 4, i - iv, 1 - 118." type="journal article" year="1976">Smaldon, Heppell &amp; Watt, 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 17
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;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D2D4C1BF23D50FC13" author="Stepanjants" box="[370,609,937,959]" page="103" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="1979">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2D4C1BF23D1DFC13" author="Stepanjants" box="[370,556,937,959]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants, 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 103
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, pl. 16 fig. 7;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D2EC31BF23CFAFC13" author="Blanco" box="[765,971,937,959]" page="156" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2EC31BF23CA7FC13" author="Blanco" box="[765,918,937,959]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1994 a) Enumeracion sistematica y distribucion geografica preliminar de los Hydroida de la Republica Argentina suborden Athecata (Gymnoblastea, Anthomedusae), Thecata (Calyptoblastea, Leptomedusae) y Limnomedusae. Revista del Museo de La Plata (Zoologia), 14 (161), 181 - 216." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Blanco, 1994a</bibRefCitation>
: 156
</treatmentCitation>
; 1994b: 186;
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<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D28611BF13A5FFC13" author="Vervoort" box="[1119,1390,937,959]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538, figs. 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 86
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;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D2CF91B923EB5FC72" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4630629" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4630629" author="Watson" box="[199,388,968,990]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D5126FFA0FFBB1B3DFCAB184896D6" page="171" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2CF91B923E64FC72" author="Watson" box="[199,341,968,990]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 171
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–172, fig. 7A, B.
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2CA91BBD3D23FC50" ID-CoL="3JB5X" authority="Totton, 1930: 143" authorityName="Totton" authorityPageNumber="143" authorityYear="1930" box="[151,530,998,1021]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2CA91BBD3E7CFC51" box="[151,333,998,1021]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Halecium ovatum</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D2D681BBC3D23FC50" author="Totton" box="[342,530,998,1020]" page="143" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="1930">
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: 143
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 3;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D2E561BBC3C79FC50" author="Vervoort" box="[616,840,998,1020]" page="339" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2E561BBC3C22FC50" author="Vervoort" box="[616,787,998,1020]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Vervoort, W. (1972 b) Hydroids from submarine cliffs near Arthur Harbour, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Zoologische Mededelingen, 47 (25), 337 - 357." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">Vervoort, 1972b</bibRefCitation>
: 339
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D2FA01BBD3BBCFC50" author="Stepanjants" box="[926,1165,998,1020]" page="103" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="1979">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2FA01BBD3B68FC50" author="Stepanjants" box="[926,1113,998,1020]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants, 1979</bibRefCitation>
: 103
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 20 fig. 1a–g;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D29731BBD3E0FFBB7" author="Blanco" page="156" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D29731BBD3E38FBB7" author="Blanco" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1994 a) Enumeracion sistematica y distribucion geografica preliminar de los Hydroida de la Republica Argentina suborden Athecata (Gymnoblastea, Anthomedusae), Thecata (Calyptoblastea, Leptomedusae) y Limnomedusae. Revista del Museo de La Plata (Zoologia), 14 (161), 181 - 216." type="journal article" year="1994" yearSuffix="a">Blanco, 1994a</bibRefCitation>
: 156
</treatmentCitation>
; 1994b: 187;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D2DED1C5D3C9FFBB7" author="Pena" box="[467,942,1029,1051]" page="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2DED1C5D3CB6FBB7" author="Pena" box="[467,903,1029,1051]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (1995) Hidrozoos bentonicos de la campana Antartida 8611. Publicaciones Especiales del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, 19, 1 - 148." type="journal article" year="1995">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa, 1995</bibRefCitation>
: 12
</treatmentCitation>
–13, fig. 2G–H; 1999: 212 et seq.;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D29181C5D3E4CFB96" author="Vervoort" page="86" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D29181C5D3E67FB96" author="Vervoort" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Vervoort, W. &amp; Watson, J. E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1 - 538, figs. 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="2003">Vervoort &amp; Watson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 86
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D2DB71C7E3DBBFB96" author="Pena" box="[393,650,1060,1082]" page="769" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2DB71C7E3D67FB96" author="Pena" box="[393,598,1060,1082]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2004) How rich is the deep-sea Antarctic benthic hydroid fauna? Polar Biology, 27, 767 - 774. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 004 - 0654 - 9" type="journal article" year="2004">Peña Cantero, 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 769
</treatmentCitation>
; 2008: 455, fig. 1e–g; 2009: 1747, fig. 2f; 2013: 128, fig. 3e;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D29371C7E3FDFFBF4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4630631" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4630631" author="Watson" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D5126FFA1FFBB1B25FDF91952904F" page="172" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D29371C7E3AA9FB96" author="Watson" box="[1289,1432,1060,1082]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 172
</treatmentCitation>
–173, fig. 8A, B;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D2D9F1C183C3CFBF4" author="Pena" box="[417,781,1090,1112]" page="85" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2D9F1C183DD6FBF4" author="Pena" box="[417,743,1090,1112]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2009) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bransfield Strait area (Antarctica) collected by Brazilian expeditions, with the description of a new species. Polar Biology, 32, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 008 - 0506 - 0" type="journal article" year="2009">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort, 2009</bibRefCitation>
: 85
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1f;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D2F5B1C193BB0FBF4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3508417" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3508417" author="Galea" box="[869,1153,1090,1112]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/170887E3F44E1617FF194B88ECAE274B" page="9" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2F5B1C193B58FBF4" author="Galea" box="[869,1129,1090,1112]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Galea, H. R. &amp; Schories, D. (2012 b) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Galea &amp; Schories, 2012b</bibRefCitation>
: 9
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 2J–K; Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D29B41C183FEAFBDB" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">et al</emphasis>
., 2013: 745–747, fig. 6b.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295FFF9D2CA91CDB3CECFB3A" blockId="18.[151,1437,906,1235]" box="[151,989,1152,1174]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D8295FFF9D2CA91CDB3CECFB3A" box="[151,989,1152,1174]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2CA91CDB3E66FB3A" ID-CoL="3JB7D" box="[151,343,1152,1174]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenellum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2CA91CDB3E66FB3A" box="[151,343,1152,1174]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Halecium tenellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Stepanjants, 1972: 72;
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D2E661CDB3C37FB3A" author="Blanco" box="[600,774,1152,1174]" page="10" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2E661CDB3DD3FB3A" author="Blanco" box="[600,738,1152,1174]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1984) Contribucion al conocimiento de hidrozoos antarticos y subantarticos. Contribuciones del Instituto Antartico Argentino, 294, 1 - 53, pls. 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1984">Blanco, 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 10
</treatmentCitation>
–11, pl. 6 figs 14–15.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295FFF9D2CA91CC53C19FB18" blockId="18.[151,1437,906,1235]" box="[151,808,1182,1204]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="96DB11D8295FFF9D2CA91CC53C19FB18" box="[151,808,1182,1204]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2CA91CC53D29FB18" ID-CoL="3JB7M" authority="Watson, 2008: 174" authorityName="Watson" authorityPageNumber="174" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,536,1182,1204]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2CA91CC53E62FB18" box="[151,339,1182,1204]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Halecium tubatum</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="376A10E7295FFF9D2D671CC43D29FB18" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4630635" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4630635" author="Watson" box="[345,536,1182,1204]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D5126FFAFFFB61B25FAD11FF896B3" page="174" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2D671CC43ED9FB18" author="Watson" box="[345,488,1182,1204]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 174
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–175, fig. 10A, B (in part).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295FFF9D2CA91CE63D86FB7F" blockId="18.[151,1437,906,1235]" box="[151,695,1213,1235]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
?
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2C961CE63E6DFB7F" ID-CoL="3JB5X" box="[168,348,1213,1235]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2C961CE63E6DFB7F" box="[168,348,1213,1235]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Halecium ovatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Watson, 2003: 166, fig. 15D, E.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D295FFF9D2CA91CA13C22F9FB" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B67436F6295FFF9D2CA91CA13C22F9FB" blockId="18.[151,1437,1274,1983]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2CA91CA13EB1FABF" bold="true" box="[151,384,1274,1299]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2DB91CA13C8CFABF" box="[391,957,1274,1299]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
Scottish National
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295FFF9D2E6E1CA03D86FABE" box="[592,695,1275,1298]" name="Antarctica" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Expedition
<date id="C2751036295FFF9D2F011CA03C8CFABF" box="[831,957,1275,1299]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" value="1902" valueMax="1904">1902–1904</date>
</emphasis>
:
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295FFF9D2FF21CA13B23FABF" box="[972,1042,1274,1299]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Scotia</collectingCountry>
Bay, South Orkneys,
<date id="C2751036295FFF9D29361CA13AA6FABF" box="[1288,1431,1274,1299]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" value="1903-12-06">06–12–1903</date>
;
<collectionCode id="D0DAAE33295FFF9D2CA91D443FE3FA9B" box="[151,210,1311,1335]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7sv4-pazk" name="Royal Saskatchewan Museum" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">RSM</collectionCode>
1921.143.1328 Leptotype of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2E1A1D443DE9FA9B" box="[548,728,1310,1335]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2E1A1D443DE9FA9B" box="[548,728,1310,1335]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">H. interpolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, several stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B13295FFF9D2FEE1D453B10FA9A" box="[976,1057,1310,1335]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
high [in addition, one microslide (1959.33.153) with one stem, c.
<quantity id="71339B13295FFF9D2E3B1D183D64FAF6" box="[517,597,1347,1371]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" unit="mm" value="23.0">23 mm</quantity>
high];
<collectionCode id="D0DAAE33295FFF9D2E981D183DD0FAF7" box="[678,737,1347,1371]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7sv4-pazk" name="Royal Saskatchewan Museum" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">RSM</collectionCode>
1921.143.1328A,
<typeStatus id="69708854295FFF9D2F8A1D183B27FAF7" box="[948,1046,1347,1371]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D28021D1F3BC1FAF7" box="[1084,1264,1346,1371]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D28021D1F3BC1FAF7" box="[1084,1264,1346,1371]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">H. interpolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, several stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B13295FFF9D2CE01D3D3E00FAD2" box="[222,305,1382,1407]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
high.
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2D401D3C3EC7FAD2" box="[382,502,1383,1406]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="275" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="banzare">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2D401D3C3EC7FAD2" box="[382,502,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">BANZARE</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[as
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2E121D3C3D9FFAD3" box="[556,686,1382,1407]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2E121D3C3D9FFAD3" box="[556,686,1382,1407]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">H. tubatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D2EE11D3C3CBDFAD3" author="Watson" box="[735,908,1383,1407]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
],
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2F9D1D3D3CCFFAD3" bold="true" box="[931,1022,1382,1407]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Stn 105</emphasis>
,
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF5031295FFF9D282F1D3D3B58FAD3" box="[1041,1129,1382,1407]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" precision="925" value="-67.76667">67°46'S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="D3FF5031295FFF9D284D1D3D3BFCFAD3" box="[1139,1229,1382,1407]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" precision="925" value="67.05">67°03'E</geoCoordinate>
(Mawson Coast),
<date id="C2751036295FFF9D2CA91DD03E17FA0F" box="[151,294,1419,1443]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" value="1931-02-13">
13–02–
<quantity id="71339B13295FFF9D2CD01DD03E17FA0F" box="[238,294,1419,1443]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9311629999999997" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" unit="m" value="1931163.0">1931</quantity>
</date>
, 163 m; two microslides (Hydr. 710/12): F147470.2, a few incipient stems in bad condition, and F147470.3, hydrorhiza with just two incipient stems.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2ED11DF53B84FA6B" box="[751,1205,1454,1479]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
Spanish
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295FFF9D2F711DF43C87FA6A" box="[847,950,1455,1478]" name="Antarctica" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Expedition Bentart 95
</emphasis>
[
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D28F81DF43A0AFA6A" box="[1222,1339,1455,1478]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D28F81DF43A0AFA6A" box="[1222,1339,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">H. ovatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295FFF9D295B1DF43E78FA47" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article">Peña Cantero (2008)</bibRefCitation>
]:
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2D621D893E8AFA47" bold="true" box="[348,443,1490,1515]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Stn 27A</emphasis>
, several stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B13295FFF9D2E8D1D893C35FA46" box="[691,772,1490,1515]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
high, with gonothecae.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D282B1D8F3E31F9A3" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295FFF9D282B1D8F3B9AFA47" box="[1045,1195,1490,1515]" name="New Zealand" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295FFF9D288D1D883A2BFA46" box="[1203,1306,1491,1514]" name="Antarctica" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Expedition TAN0402
</emphasis>
[
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2D2C1DAC3EB9F9A2" box="[274,392,1527,1550]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2D2C1DAC3EB9F9A2" box="[274,392,1527,1550]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">H. ovatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Peña Cantero (2009)]:
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2E821DAD3C75F9A3" bold="true" box="[700,836,1526,1551]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Stn 239 VV</emphasis>
, an old, strongly polysiphonic stem, c.
<quantity id="71339B13295FFF9D29341DAC3A6AF9A2" box="[1290,1371,1527,1551]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
high.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2CA91E413D48F99F" box="[151,633,1562,1587]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
Spanish
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295FFF9D2CC91E403E6FF99E" box="[247,350,1563,1586]" name="Antarctica" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Expedition Bentart 2006
</emphasis>
[
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2EB41E473DCEF99F" box="[650,767,1564,1587]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2EB41E473DCEF99F" box="[650,767,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">H. ovatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Peña Cantero (2013)]:
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D28141E413B81F99F" bold="true" box="[1066,1200,1562,1587]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Stn Low 44</emphasis>
, several stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B13295FFF9D2CA91E643FD7F9FA" box="[151,230,1599,1623]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
high;
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2D131E653E82F9FB" bold="true" box="[301,435,1598,1623]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Stn Low 45</emphasis>
, four stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B13295FFF9D2EBA1E643DE2F9FA" box="[644,723,1599,1623]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
high.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D295FFF9D2CF91E393E39F883" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="B67436F6295FFF9D2CF91E393E39F883" blockId="18.[151,1437,1274,1983]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2CF91E393E70F9D7" bold="true" box="[199,321,1634,1659]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Basally polysiphonic, slightly geniculate stems, up to
<quantity id="71339B13295FFF9D2FF91E393B2AF9D6" box="[967,1051,1634,1659]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
high. Stem giving rise to paired branches originating from hydrophore of primary hydrotheca. Intenodes with a characteristic long and straight basal part, followed by one or two annulations. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane. Hydrotheca at the end of free hydrophore. Hydrothecal diameter strongly increasing distally; rim everted. Gonothecae flattened, bivalve-shaped, developing from hydrotheca. Cnidome consisting of microbasic mastigophores? and microbasic euryteles?
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D295FFF9C2CF91F613ED9FA61" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="262" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" type="description">
<paragraph id="B67436F6295FFF9D2CF91F613EB9F813" blockId="18.[151,1437,1274,1983]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2CF91F613E60F8FF" bold="true" box="[199,337,1850,1875]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Description</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="69708854295FFF9D2D5C1F603EA5F8FF" box="[354,404,1851,1875]" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295FFF9D2E1E1F673DE4F8FF" box="[544,725,1850,1875]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295FFF9D2E1E1F673DE4F8FF" box="[544,725,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">H. interpolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Stems up to
<quantity id="71339B13295FFF9D2F431F613CFFF8FE" box="[893,974,1850,1875]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="261" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
high, in very bad condition, deprived of coenosarc and overgrown by bryozoans over much of its extension. Stems slightly geniculate and weakly polysiphonic basally. Perisarc very fragile. Stems having lost most paired-branches, although their origin still visible (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295FFF9D2CCE1FFD3E07F813" box="[240,310,1958,1983]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="261">Figs 5</figureCitation>
G, 8A).
</paragraph>
<caption id="E2B4667E295EFF9C2CA91C683DACFBC4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226898/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" targetBox="[163,1429,207,1042]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="B67436F6295EFF9C2CA91C683DACFBC4" blockId="19.[151,1436,1075,1128]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C2CA91C683E23FBE4" bold="true" box="[151,274,1075,1097]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295EFF9C2D261C683DA2FBE5" authority="Ritchie, 1907" authorityName="Ritchie" authorityYear="1907" box="[280,659,1075,1097]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C2D261C683D32FBE5" box="[280,515,1075,1097]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">Halecium interpolatum</emphasis>
Ritchie, 1907
</taxonomicName>
. (A) fragment of stem showing branching; (B) hydrothecae and polyp. (From type material). Scale bar: 100 µm (B), 200 µm (A).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295EFF9C2CF91CCF3C2EFB5A" blockId="19.[151,1436,1172,2025]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">
Successive internodes forming at some distance below hydrothecae, which are consequently free (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295EFF9C290D1CCF3A49FB01" box="[1331,1400,1172,1197]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1075,1097]" captionTargetBox="[163,1429,207,1042]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,195,1054]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (A) fragment of stem showing branching; (B) hydrothecae and polyp. (From type material). Scale bar: 100 µm (B), 200 µm (A)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226898/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
A). Internodes with a distinct, long and straight basal part, usually interrupted distally, forming one or two rings far below hydrotheca. Internode complete in other occasions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295EFF9C2CF91D5B3E6FFA91" blockId="19.[151,1436,1172,2025]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">
Hydrothecae almost completely absent and in very bad condition. Hydrotheca strongly widening distally; rim everted (
<figureCitation id="2EF02A73295EFF9C2CC71D7E3E0AFA91" box="[249,315,1317,1342]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1075,1097]" captionTargetBox="[163,1429,207,1042]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,195,1054]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (A) fragment of stem showing branching; (B) hydrothecae and polyp. (From type material). Scale bar: 100 µm (B), 200 µm (A)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226898/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295EFF9C2CF91D133DD4FACD" blockId="19.[151,1436,1172,2025]" box="[199,741,1352,1377]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">
Only one
<typeStatus id="69708854295EFF9C2D0B1D123E54FACC" box="[309,357,1353,1376]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">type</typeStatus>
of nematocyst could be observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295EFF9C2CF91D363ED9FA61" blockId="19.[151,1436,1172,2025]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C2CF91D363EEFFA2A" bold="true" box="[199,478,1389,1414]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">Measurements (in µm).</emphasis>
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C2DD81D363D44FA2A" box="[486,629,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">Hydrothecae</emphasis>
: diameter at aperture 210–280, diameter at diaphragm 130–150, height c. 80.
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C2CD81DCB3E7AFA05" box="[230,331,1424,1449]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">Cnidome</emphasis>
: microbasic euryteles? [range 10–10.5 x 5.5–6, mean 10.3±0.3 x 5.6±0.2 (n=4); ratio, range 1.8–1.9, mean 1.8±0.1 (n=4)].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FED1657D295EFF9B2CF91D833A39FBF4" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="263" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="B67436F6295EFF9C2CF91D833BF4F995" blockId="19.[151,1436,1172,2025]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C2CF91D833E0AFA5D" bold="true" box="[199,315,1496,1521]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">Remarks.</emphasis>
The leptotype was designated by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295EFF9C2EF91D823CC5FA5D" author="Rees" box="[711,1012,1496,1521]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" refString="Rees, W. J. &amp; Thursfield, S. (1965) The hydroid collection of James Ritchie. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, (B), 69 (1 - 2), 34 - 220. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080455 x 00010122" type="journal article" year="1965">Rees &amp; Thursfield (1965)</bibRefCitation>
. Apart from Watson’s (2008) record,
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295EFF9C2CA91DA63E90F9BA" box="[151,417,1533,1558]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C2CA91DA63E90F9BA" box="[151,417,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">Halecium interpolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has never been reported since the original description by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295EFF9C28601DA63A38F9B9" author="Ritchie" box="[1118,1289,1533,1558]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" refString="Ritchie, J. (1907) The hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45 (2), 519 - 545, pls 1 - 3. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080456800022821" type="journal article" year="1907">Ritchie (1907)</bibRefCitation>
. Apparently, however, it has been found again several times, but recorded as
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295EFF9C2F5C1E7B3BF3F995" authority="Totton, 1930" authorityName="Totton" authorityYear="1930" box="[866,1218,1568,1593]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C2F5C1E7B3B19F995" box="[866,1064,1568,1593]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">Halecium ovatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295EFF9C28111E7A3BF3F995" author="Totton" box="[1071,1218,1569,1593]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton, 1930</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F6295EFF9C2CF91E1E3AADF845" blockId="19.[151,1436,1172,2025]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">
After examining the
<typeStatus id="69708854295EFF9C2D8C1E1D3ED3F9F2" box="[434,482,1606,1630]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295EFF9C2E521E1E3C40F9F2" box="[620,881,1605,1630]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C2E521E1E3C40F9F2" box="[620,881,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">Halecium interpolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, I believe that
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295EFF9C28251E1D3BA0F9F1" box="[1051,1169,1606,1629]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C28251E1D3BA0F9F1" box="[1051,1169,1606,1629]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">H. ovatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is conspecific with this species. The
<typeStatus id="69708854295EFF9C2D101E323E6FF92D" box="[302,350,1641,1665]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">type</typeStatus>
material of the latter has not been examined because it was studied by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295EFF9C289B1E323A5BF92D" author="Vervoort" box="[1189,1386,1640,1665]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" refString="Vervoort, W. (1972 b) Hydroids from submarine cliffs near Arthur Harbour, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Zoologische Mededelingen, 47 (25), 337 - 357." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">Vervoort (1972b)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295EFF9C2CA91ED53E70F909" author="Watson" box="[151,321,1677,1701]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
who provided enough information to characterize this species. Moreover, abundant additional material (see material examined) was available from several
<collectingCountry id="CEDC7666295EFF9C2F741EEB3C83F965" box="[842,946,1712,1737]" name="Antarctica" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
expeditions.
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295EFF9C28751EEB3A23F965" box="[1099,1298,1712,1737]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C28751EEB3A23F965" box="[1099,1298,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">Halecium ovatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
agrees with
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295EFF9C2CA91E8D3E7AF942" box="[151,331,1749,1774]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C2CA91E8D3E7AF942" box="[151,331,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">H. interpolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the shape and size of hydrotheca, the peculiar colony structure and the cnidome. In spite of the bad condition of the leptotype, it is possible to observe the origin of paired branches as typically occurs in
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295EFF9C29BF1EA13FDBF899" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C29BF1EA13FDBF899" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">H. ovatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as the peculiar structure of the internodes, with a long and straight basal part, usually interrupted distally and followed by one or two annulations.
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295EFF9C2EFF1F1B3C55F8F5" author="Ritchie" box="[705,868,1856,1881]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" refString="Ritchie, J. (1907) The hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45 (2), 519 - 545, pls 1 - 3. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080456800022821" type="journal article" year="1907">Ritchie (1907)</bibRefCitation>
already characterized this species by the presence of characteristic athecate intermediate internodes. In addition, according to
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B07295EFF9C28341F3D3B82F8D1" author="Watson" box="[1034,1203,1893,1917]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
the cnidome of the
<typeStatus id="69708854295EFF9C2CA91FD33FC8F80D" box="[151,249,1928,1953]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295EFF9C2D1F1FD13EA6F80D" box="[289,407,1930,1953]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C2D1F1FD13EA6F80D" box="[289,407,1930,1953]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">H. ovatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes a
<typeStatus id="69708854295EFF9C2E271FD23D78F80D" box="[537,585,1929,1953]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">type</typeStatus>
of nematocyst, doubtfully considered by her as anisorhizas, of similar size (
<date id="C2751036295EFF9C2CA11FF63FCFF869" box="[159,254,1965,1989]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" value="2011-10-12">11–12 x</date>
6–7 µm). Due to the bad condition of the
<typeStatus id="69708854295EFF9C2F3D1FF53C02F86A" box="[771,819,1966,1990]" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D75295EFF9C2FF61FF53B4EF86A" box="[968,1151,1965,1990]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="19" pageNumber="262" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE4295EFF9C2FF61FF53B4EF86A" box="[968,1151,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="262">H. interpolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(already pointed out by Ritchie), and the absence of coenosarc, I could observe only a few nematocysts, consisting of microbasic euryteles?
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62959FF9B2CF918CC3CC7FEC8" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2CF918CC3EABFF1C" author="Stepanjants" box="[199,410,151,176]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants (1979)</bibRefCitation>
already pointed out the great similarity between
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B2FF918C23B4DFF1C" box="[967,1148,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2FF918C23B4DFF1C" box="[967,1148,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">H. interpolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B288A18C23A18FF1C" box="[1204,1321,153,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B288A18C23A18FF1C" box="[1204,1321,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">H. ovatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in colony branching and hydrothecal constitution, indicating that the only difference was the presence of lateral stolons in the branches of
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B2D2118BA3EE3FF54" box="[287,466,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2D2118BA3EE3FF54" box="[287,466,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">H. interpolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It should be noted, however, that
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2F6B18843B01FF54" author="Ritchie" box="[853,1072,223,248]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Ritchie, J. (1907) The hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45 (2), 519 - 545, pls 1 - 3. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080456800022821" type="journal article" year="1907">Ritchie (1907: 526)</bibRefCitation>
stated that “One of the branches ended in peculiar, stolon-like outgrowths”.
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2EB2195F3C55FEB0" author="Stepanjants" box="[652,868,260,285]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants (1979)</bibRefCitation>
, finally, indicated that future studies could allow considering both conspecific. She also brought to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B2EFB19723C08FEEC" box="[709,825,297,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2EFB19723C08FEEC" box="[709,825,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">H. ovatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and, consequently, is brought to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B289519723A6FFEEC" box="[1195,1374,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B289519723A6FFEEC" box="[1195,1374,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">H. interpolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
here, the material previously considered by her (Stepanjants, 1972) as
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B2F5219163CDEFEC9" box="[876,1007,332,357]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenellum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2F5219163CDEFEC9" box="[876,1007,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">H. tenellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62959FF9B2CF9192B3BCAFE63" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
Part of the material assigned to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B2E1519343DCAFE24" box="[555,763,367,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2E1519343DCAFE24" box="[555,763,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Halecium tubatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2F1B192B3CFCFE24" author="Watson" box="[805,973,368,392]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson (2008)</bibRefCitation>
, in particular the material from the slides F147470.2 and F147470.3 (see material examined), actually belong to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B283319CE3BFBFE01" box="[1037,1226,404,429]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B283319CE3BFBFE01" box="[1037,1226,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">H. interpolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cf.
<figureCitation id="2EF02A732959FF9B292D19CF3A6CFE01" box="[1299,1373,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1847,1869]" captionTargetBox="[220,1357,204,1846]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[220,1373,193,1851]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5. Halecium elegantulum Watson, 2008. (A – B) complete stems; (C) fragment of stem showing hydrothecal arrangement; (E – F) detail of hydrothecae. Halecium interpolatum Ritchie, 1907. (G) fragment of stem showing branching and internode structure; (H, J) part of stems showing hydrotheca and internode structure; (I) incipient stem. Halecium tenellum (sensu Hartlaub, 1904). (K) fragment of stem showing internode structure and primary and second-order hydrothecae. Halecium tubatum Watson, 2008. (L) incipient stem. (A – G, L from type material; H – J from material originally described as H. tubatum). Scale bar: 125 µm (D – F), 250 µm (C, G – L), 500 µm (A – B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226895/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
H–J). Unfortunately no nematocysts were found. See the discussion below, when dealing with
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B284919E23BC4FE7C" box="[1143,1269,439,464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B284919E23BC4FE7C" box="[1143,1269,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">H. tubatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62959FF9B2CF919873D4DFDCC" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
The material assigned to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B2DCB19863D4DFE59" box="[501,636,476,501]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenellum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2DCB19863D4DFE59" box="[501,636,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">H. tenellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2E8F19873C66FE58" author="Blanco" box="[689,855,476,501]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1984) Contribucion al conocimiento de hidrozoos antarticos y subantarticos. Contribuciones del Instituto Antartico Argentino, 294, 1 - 53, pls. 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1984">Blanco (1984)</bibRefCitation>
also appears to belong to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B28A419863A62FE59" box="[1178,1363,476,501]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interpolatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B28A419863A62FE59" box="[1178,1363,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">H. interpolatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Peña Cantero (2013) already indicated that it could belong to
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B2F6A1A5A3CE3FDB4" box="[852,978,513,536]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ovatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2F6A1A5A3CE3FDB4" box="[852,978,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">H. ovatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(here considered conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B29BF1A5A3E02FD91" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="interporlatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B29BF1A5A3E02FD91" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">H. interporlatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). They agree in size and shape of the hydrothecae, the presence of paired branches and the structure of the internodes (cf. pl.
<quantity id="71339B132959FF9B2D951A1C3EE7FDCC" box="[427,470,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" unit="in" value="6.0">6 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2DE31A1C3D5EFDCC" author="Blanco" box="[477,623,583,608]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1984) Contribucion al conocimiento de hidrozoos antarticos y subantarticos. Contribuciones del Instituto Antartico Argentino, 294, 1 - 53, pls. 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1984">Blanco 1984</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62959FF9B2CF91A373D5EFC94" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2CF91A373D30FD29" bold="true" box="[199,513,620,645]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
Shelf species found at depths from three (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B283B1A373BFCFD28" author="Stepanjants" box="[1029,1229,620,645]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
) to
<quantity id="71339B132959FF9B293A1A373A61FD28" box="[1284,1360,620,644]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.71" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" unit="m" value="471.0">471 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B295A1A373D05FD04" author="Pena" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (1995) Hidrozoos bentonicos de la campana Antartida 8611. Publicaciones Especiales del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, 19, 1 - 148." type="journal article" year="1995">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 1995</bibRefCitation>
). Frequently reported epibiotic on other species of hydroids (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B29381ACB3AA6FD04" author="Totton" box="[1286,1431,656,680]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2CA91AEF3E6AFD60" author="Stepanjants" box="[151,347,692,717]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2D571AEE3C0AFD61" author="Pena" box="[361,827,692,717]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (1995) Hidrozoos bentonicos de la campana Antartida 8611. Publicaciones Especiales del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, 19, 1 - 148." type="journal article" year="1995">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2F771AEE3B14FD60" author="Pena" box="[841,1061,692,716]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero 2008</bibRefCitation>
, 2013;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B28451AEE3FE2FD5C" author="Pena" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2009) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bransfield Strait area (Antarctica) collected by Brazilian expeditions, with the description of a new species. Polar Biology, 32, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 008 - 0506 - 0" type="journal article" year="2009">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort 2009</bibRefCitation>
), but also on algae (Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2E611A823DA3FD5C" box="[607,658,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">et al</emphasis>
. 2013), sponges (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2F601A8C3B14FD5C" author="Stepanjants" box="[862,1061,727,752]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
), polychaete tubes (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B29361A833AA6FD5C" author="Totton" box="[1288,1431,728,752]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2CA91AA73E6DFCB8" author="Stepanjants" box="[151,348,764,789]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
), and bryozoans (Peña Cantero 2013; Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2F911AA63CD3FCB9" box="[943,994,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">et al</emphasis>
. 2013). Used in turn as substratum for other hydroids (Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2DD91B7A3D29FC94" box="[487,536,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">et al</emphasis>
. 2013).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62959FF9B2CF91B1F3CB5FC2C" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
Gonothecae in January (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2DE01B1F3D5EFCF0" author="Totton" box="[478,623,836,860]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2E431B1F3C72FCF0" author="Stepanjants" box="[637,835,836,861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
; Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B2FCA1B1E3B19FCF1" box="[1012,1064,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">et al</emphasis>
. 2013), February (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B293F1B1F3FE2FC2C" author="Pena" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2CE31B3C3EC3FC2C" author="Galea" box="[221,498,871,896]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Galea, H. R. &amp; Schories, D. (2012 b) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Galea &amp; Schories 2012b</bibRefCitation>
) and December (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2E8F1B3C3C46FC2C" author="Stepanjants" box="[689,887,871,896]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B67436F62959FF9B2CF91BD73A39FBF4" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">
Circum-Antarctic distribution, reported from
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662959FF9B2EEA1BD73C2BFC09" box="[724,794,908,933]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Scotia</collectingCountry>
Bay, the South
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662959FF9B2FE51BD73BB8FC09" box="[987,1161,908,933]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Orkney Islands</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B28A21BD73A05FC08" author="Ritchie" box="[1180,1332,908,933]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Ritchie, J. (1907) The hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45 (2), 519 - 545, pls 1 - 3. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0080456800022821" type="journal article" year="1907">Ritchie 1907</bibRefCitation>
), Palmer Archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2D0E1BEB3ED4FC64" author="Vervoort" box="[304,485,943,968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Vervoort, W. (1972 b) Hydroids from submarine cliffs near Arthur Harbour, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Zoologische Mededelingen, 47 (25), 337 - 357." type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">Vervoort 1972b</bibRefCitation>
), off Elephant
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662959FF9B2EB51BF43DFEFC64" box="[651,719,943,968]" name="Iceland" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Island</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2EE01BEB3B98FC64" author="Pena" box="[734,1193,943,968]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (1995) Hidrozoos bentonicos de la campana Antartida 8611. Publicaciones Especiales del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, 19, 1 - 148." type="journal article" year="1995">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 1995</bibRefCitation>
), Low
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662959FF9B28C61BF43A0DFC64" box="[1272,1340,943,968]" name="Iceland" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Island</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B29751BF43FE2FC40" author="Blanco" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Blanco, O. M. (1984) Contribucion al conocimiento de hidrozoos antarticos y subantarticos. Contribuciones del Instituto Antartico Argentino, 294, 1 - 53, pls. 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1984">Blanco 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2CDE1B8E3D7BFC40" author="Pena" box="[224,586,980,1004]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2009) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bransfield Strait area (Antarctica) collected by Brazilian expeditions, with the description of a new species. Polar Biology, 32, 83 - 92. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 008 - 0506 - 0" type="journal article" year="2009">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort 2009</bibRefCitation>
; Peña Cantero 2013), and from the South
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662959FF9B280B1B8F3BC1FC41" box="[1077,1264,980,1005]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Shetland Islands</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B293C1B8F3FE2FBBC" author="Pena" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2008) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Spanish Antarctic expedition Bentart 95. Polar Biology, 31, 451 - 464. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 007 - 0371 - 2" type="journal article" year="2008">Peña Cantero 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2CDF1BAC3D33FBBC" author="Galea" box="[225,514,1015,1040]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Galea, H. R. &amp; Schories, D. (2012 b) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012" yearSuffix="b">Galea &amp; Schories 2012b</bibRefCitation>
), in West
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662959FF9B2E451BAC3DC2FBBC" box="[635,755,1015,1040]" name="Antarctica" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
, and from the Ross Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B28231BA33B9FFBBC" author="Totton" box="[1053,1198,1016,1040]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton 1930</bibRefCitation>
; Peña Cantero
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B295E1BA23AA4FBBC" box="[1376,1429,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">et al</emphasis>
. 2013), Commonwealth Bay, George V Coast (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B2E901C473C7BFB98" author="Watson" box="[686,842,1052,1076]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">Watson 2008</bibRefCitation>
), Mawson Coast (
<bibRefCitation id="D25A4B072959FF9B28221C473A51FB99" author="Watson" box="[1052,1376,1052,1077]" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" refString="Watson, J. E. (2008) Hydroids of the BANZARE expeditions, 1929 - 1931: the family Haleciidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the Australian Antarctic Territory. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 65, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2008">
Watson 2008 as
<taxonomicName id="71CB4D752959FF9B28E01C463A51FB99" box="[1246,1376,1052,1077]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="20" pageNumber="263" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubatum">
<emphasis id="84BFEAE42959FF9B28E01C463A51FB99" box="[1246,1376,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">H. tubatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</bibRefCitation>
), the Davis Sea (Stepanjants 1972, 1979), and the Balleny Islands (Peña Cantero 2009), in East
<collectingCountry id="CEDC76662959FF9B28B21C643A35FBF4" box="[1164,1284,1087,1112]" name="Antarctica" pageId="20" pageNumber="263">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>