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<mods:title id="B467CB5155216578A7445F78FE7715F8">Re-discovery and Re-description of Ansonia penangensis Stoliczka, 1870 (Anura: Bufonidae) from Penang Island, Malaysia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1AF6A82D2A229C6856B4B942FBCF98D6">Quah, Evan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4BCDB6C0B287F77193FE871603893E20">School of Biological Sciences, Univesiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia. E-mail: evanquah @ yahoo. com, sanuar @ usm. my Department of Biology, La Sierra University, 4500 Riverwalk Parkway, Riverside, California, 92515 - 8247 USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="54F0424BB5FACAD5C7D4852B586C18F2">Anuar, Shahrul</mods:namePart>
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@ -86,9 +89,9 @@ Wood
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<emphasis id="B9432251F65FFFF987CF76763770F635" bold="true" box="[199,335,1561,1586]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" reason="1">Coloration.</emphasis>
In life, dorsal surfaces are nearly uniformly black with small warts; small orange spots occur along the flank near the base of the limbs (more pronounced on hind leg); a white spot is present below the eye and two white warts occur at the base of the jaw; the upper portion of the limbs are prominently barred in orange (orange barring formed by a confluence of orange spots;
<figureCitation id="130CE2C6F65FFFF9841F76EA35BDF69A" box="[791,898,1669,1693]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1905,1928]" captionTargetBox="[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-85@3.[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) from Penang Hill, Penang, West Malaysia (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (b) Ventral view of Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (c) Tadpole of Ansonia penangensis clinging onto rock in stream of fast flowing stream (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (d) Partially metamorphosed froglet of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (e) Natural habitat of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.)." pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Figure 1a</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="130CE2C6F65FFFF9841F76EA35BDF69A" box="[791,898,1669,1693]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1905,1928]" captionTargetBox="[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-85@3.[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) from Penang Hill, Penang, West Malaysia (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (b) Ventral view of Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (c) Tadpole of Ansonia penangensis clinging onto rock in stream of fast flowing stream (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (d) Partially metamorphosed froglet of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (e) Natural habitat of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14017100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14017100/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Figure 1a</figureCitation>
). The ventral surfaces are gray with white spotting on the gular region but none on the forelimb; heavy, white spotting on the belly but only light spotting on the ventral surface of hind limbs (
<figureCitation id="130CE2C6F65FFFF986E376A23464F6E2" box="[491,603,1741,1765]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1905,1928]" captionTargetBox="[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-85@3.[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) from Penang Hill, Penang, West Malaysia (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (b) Ventral view of Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (c) Tadpole of Ansonia penangensis clinging onto rock in stream of fast flowing stream (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (d) Partially metamorphosed froglet of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (e) Natural habitat of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.)." pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Figure 1b</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="130CE2C6F65FFFF986E376A23464F6E2" box="[491,603,1741,1765]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1905,1928]" captionTargetBox="[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-85@3.[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) from Penang Hill, Penang, West Malaysia (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (b) Ventral view of Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (c) Tadpole of Ansonia penangensis clinging onto rock in stream of fast flowing stream (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (d) Partially metamorphosed froglet of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (e) Natural habitat of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14017100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14017100/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Figure 1b</figureCitation>
). The iris is uniformly red. The smaller specimens (USMHC 0002 0004) look similar to the largest specimen (USMHC 0001) in all aspects of morphology, the only difference being that the spotting on the belly and barring on the limbs are not as pronounced and the colors are not as bright.
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@ -98,7 +101,7 @@ In life, dorsal surfaces are nearly uniformly black with small warts; small oran
All individuals were collected between 1900 2100 h, following periods of afternoon precipitation. All specimens were found on the ground amongst leaf litter near a trail in evergreen forest with a thin canopy and gaps in the canopy, approximately
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from a river (
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Figure 1e;
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@ -107,7 +110,7 @@ Figure 1e;
,
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elevation). Tadpoles were found, clinging onto the rocks in fast flowing portions of the river (
<figureCitation id="130CE2C6F65FFFF9833677CA3293F7BA" box="[1086,1196,1957,1981]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1905,1928]" captionTargetBox="[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-85@3.[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) from Penang Hill, Penang, West Malaysia (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (b) Ventral view of Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (c) Tadpole of Ansonia penangensis clinging onto rock in stream of fast flowing stream (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (d) Partially metamorphosed froglet of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (e) Natural habitat of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.)." pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Figure 1c</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="130CE2C6F65FFFF9833677CA3293F7BA" box="[1086,1196,1957,1981]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1905,1928]" captionTargetBox="[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-85@3.[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) from Penang Hill, Penang, West Malaysia (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (b) Ventral view of Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (c) Tadpole of Ansonia penangensis clinging onto rock in stream of fast flowing stream (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (d) Partially metamorphosed froglet of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (e) Natural habitat of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14017100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14017100/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Figure 1c</figureCitation>
). These observations are similar to the remarks made by
<bibRefCitation id="EFA683B2F65FFFF9852B77A634D6F7E6" author="Boulenger, G. A." bookContentInfo="294 pp." box="[547,745,1993,2017]" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refId="ref4687" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1912) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus Kra to Singapore Including the Adjacent Islands. Taylor and Francis, London, 294 pp." title="A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus Kra to Singapore Including the Adjacent Islands" type="book" year="1912">Boulenger (1912)</bibRefCitation>
and
@ -117,7 +120,7 @@ who noted the tadpoles of
<emphasis id="B9432251F65FFFF983E777A633A6F7E6" box="[1263,1433,1993,2017]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">A. penangensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be found in swift-flowing hill-streams. A partially metamorphosed froglet was also observed (
<figureCitation id="130CE2C6F659FFFF83E2768F3365F6FF" box="[1258,1370,1760,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1905,1928]" captionTargetBox="[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-85@3.[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) from Penang Hill, Penang, West Malaysia (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (b) Ventral view of Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (c) Tadpole of Ansonia penangensis clinging onto rock in stream of fast flowing stream (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (d) Partially metamorphosed froglet of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (e) Natural habitat of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.)." pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Figure 1d</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="130CE2C6F659FFFF83E2768F3365F6FF" box="[1258,1370,1760,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1905,1928]" captionTargetBox="[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-85@3.[210,1358,195,1875]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) from Penang Hill, Penang, West Malaysia (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (b) Ventral view of Ansonia penangensis (USMHC 0001) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (c) Tadpole of Ansonia penangensis clinging onto rock in stream of fast flowing stream (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (d) Partially metamorphosed froglet of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (e) Natural habitat of Ansonia penangensis (photo: Evan Quah S.H.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14017100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14017100/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Figure 1d</figureCitation>
). The tadpole and the partially metamorphosed froglet were not collected, but these findings indicate breeding by
<taxonomicName id="4C3785C0F659FFFF8243776A36C6F747" authorityName="Stocliczka" authorityYear="1870" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Ansonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="penangensis">
<emphasis id="B9432251F659FFFF8243776A36C6F747" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">A. penangensis</emphasis>
@ -125,7 +128,7 @@ can be found in swift-flowing hill-streams. A partially metamorphosed froglet wa
in this river.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF48AECBF65EFFF8879F771E3244F7E4" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" startId="3.[151,250,1905,1928]" targetBox="[210,1358,195,1875]" targetPageId="3">
<caption id="DF48AECBF65EFFF8879F771E3244F7E4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14017100" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14017100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14017100/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" startId="3.[151,250,1905,1928]" targetBox="[210,1358,195,1875]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B88FE43F65EFFF8879F771E3244F7E4" blockId="3.[151,1436,1905,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B9432251F65EFFF8879F771E372CF78F" bold="true" box="[151,275,1905,1928]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
(a)
@ -151,7 +154,7 @@ clinging onto rock in stream of fast flowing stream (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (d)
(photo: Evan Quah S.H.).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF48AECBF659FFFF879F764D350EF6B3" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" startId="4.[151,250,1570,1593]" targetBox="[151,1436,182,1559]" targetPageId="4">
<caption id="DF48AECBF659FFFF879F764D350EF6B3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14017104" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14017104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14017104/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" startId="4.[151,250,1570,1593]" targetBox="[151,1436,182,1559]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B88FE43F659FFFF879F764D350EF6B3" blockId="4.[151,1436,1570,1716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B9432251F659FFFF879F764D372BF63E" bold="true" box="[151,276,1570,1593]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
(a) Dorsal view of
@ -224,9 +227,9 @@ given by
and inter-orbital distance (IOD) of
<quantity id="4CCF53A6F658FFFE857170D334F3F0D3" box="[633,716,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6mm</quantity>
. Viewed dorsally; the headbody is teardrop-shaped; the snout is very broadly rounded and widest just before the eyes and the body is dorso-ventrally flattened in lateral view. The eye-nares distance is similar to the the eye diameter; the internarial distance is narrower than the interorbital distance. The body starts to taper slightly behind the eyes; before narrowing abruptly posteriorly towards the tail. The eyes are located on top of the head; the nares are closer to the eyes than to the tip of the snout (
<figureCitation id="130CE2C6F658FFFE83A771233362F163" box="[1199,1373,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1570,1593]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-222@4.[151,1436,182,1559]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. (a) Dorsal view of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0005) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (b) Ventral view of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0005) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (c) Mouthparts of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0005) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (d) Mouthparts of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0006) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (e) Ansonia malayana from Maxwell’s Hill, Perak, West Malaysia (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (f) Ansonia jeetsukumarani from Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, West Malaysia (photo: L.L. Grismer)." pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Figure 2a &amp; 2b</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="130CE2C6F658FFFE83A771233362F163" box="[1199,1373,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1570,1593]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-222@4.[151,1436,182,1559]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. (a) Dorsal view of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0005) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (b) Ventral view of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0005) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (c) Mouthparts of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0005) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (d) Mouthparts of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0006) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (e) Ansonia malayana from Maxwell’s Hill, Perak, West Malaysia (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (f) Ansonia jeetsukumarani from Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, West Malaysia (photo: L.L. Grismer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14017104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14017104/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Figure 2a &amp; 2b</figureCitation>
). The oral disc is ventral and slightly narrower than the maximum width of the body. Both labia are broadly expanded and the anterior labium is separated by grove from the snout while the posterior labium has two rows of marginal papillae and the edges of the porsterior labium are fringed. The upper jaw has two rows of black uninterrupted minute dermal denticles while the lower jaw has three continuous rows. As such the labial tooth row formula is 2/3. The anterior rows are longer than the posterior rows and separated from the jaw sheaths. The beak is white and there are black diagonal marks on each side of the upper jaw; the lower jaw is edged with black (
<figureCitation id="130CE2C6F658FFFE8361724B3327F23B" box="[1129,1304,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1570,1593]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-222@4.[151,1436,182,1559]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. (a) Dorsal view of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0005) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (b) Ventral view of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0005) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (c) Mouthparts of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0005) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (d) Mouthparts of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0006) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (e) Ansonia malayana from Maxwell’s Hill, Perak, West Malaysia (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (f) Ansonia jeetsukumarani from Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, West Malaysia (photo: L.L. Grismer)." pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Figure 2c &amp; 2d</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="130CE2C6F658FFFE8361724B3327F23B" box="[1129,1304,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1570,1593]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-222@4.[151,1436,182,1559]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. (a) Dorsal view of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0005) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (b) Ventral view of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0005) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (c) Mouthparts of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0005) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (d) Mouthparts of Ansonia penangensis tadpole (USMHC 0006) (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (e) Ansonia malayana from Maxwell’s Hill, Perak, West Malaysia (photo: Evan Quah S.H.). (f) Ansonia jeetsukumarani from Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, West Malaysia (photo: L.L. Grismer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14017104" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14017104/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Figure 2c &amp; 2d</figureCitation>
). The tail is slender and thickest at the midsection. Both the dorsal and ventral fins are roughly equal in height but the dorsal fin terminates at the proximal two thirds of the tail. The tail musculature gradually tapers posteriorly to the pointed tail tip. The ground coloration on the dorsal surface is grey; darker blotching is present behind the eyes and before the tail. The belly is light cream colored.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>

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