diff --git a/data/25/31/08/25310872FFB4FFB3FC6AF99CFE8EFECD.xml b/data/25/31/08/25310872FFB4FFB3FC6AF99CFE8EFECD.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..642de592c53 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/25/31/08/25310872FFB4FFB3FC6AF99CFE8EFECD.xml @@ -0,0 +1,385 @@ + + + +Validity of Moobradopterogius hauthali von Huene, 1927 (Ichthyosauria: Ophthalmosauria) from the Early Cretaceous of Chile and Argentina + + + +Author + +Pardo-Pérez, Judith +Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Teniente Muñoz 166, Puerto Williams, Chile + + + +Author + +Zambrano, Patricio +Septos Asesorías Geológicas, Avenida Costanera 7488, San Pedro de la Paz, Concepción, 4130000, Chile + + + +Author + +Malkowski, Matthew +Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2275 Speedway Stop C 9000, Austin, TX 78712 - 1722, USA + + + +Author + +Lomax, Dean +Palaeobiology Research Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS 8 1 TQ, UK & Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M 13 9 PL, UK + + + +Author + +Villa-Martínez, Rodrigo +Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Teniente Muñoz 166, Puerto Williams, Chile + + + +Author + +Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang +Instutut für Geowissenschassen, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234 - 236 69120, Heidelberg, Germany + + + +Author + +Frey, Eberhard +Sonnenbergstrasse 27, 75189 Pforheim, Germany + + + +Author + +Scapini, Francisca +Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Teniente Muñoz 166, Puerto Williams, Chile + + + +Author + +Gascó, Cristina + + + +Author + +Maxwell, Erin E. + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-10-05 + + +202 + + +2 + + +1 +20 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae106 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae106 +0024-4082 + + + + +Subfamily + + +Ophthalmosaurinae +Baur 1887 +sensu +Fischer + +et al. +(2012) + + + + + + +Ophthalmosaurinae +indet. + + + + + +Material + + + +TY53: +An incomplete specimen preserving cranial and postcranial bones ( +Fig. 7 +; Supporting Information, Model S2). + + + + + +Description + + +Proportions: +TY53 is exposed in less lateral view. The exposed portion is +2.88 m +long and constitutes a partly embedded articulated specimen including the skull, a partial axial skeleton, portions of a forefin, the pectoral girdle, and a portion of the pelvic girdle. Prior to glacial erosion, the specimen probably was virtually complete. The eroded caudal vertebrae of the tail and the complete skull could have measured an additional + +2 m +. + +Thus, the animal might have had an estimated total length of + +5 m +. + + + +Skull: +The skull is preserved as three discrete sections, which are cut at different angles and showing perimortem breakage, probably incurred during head-first arrival at the seafloor. These sections are: (i) the anterior rostrum; (ii) nasals and the palate in the region of the external nares; and (iii) the right lower jaw ramus. + + + +Figure 6. +Phylogenetic position of + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +under extended implied weighting ( +k += 12) with unsupported nodes collapsed. Taxon names have been edited to be consistent across authors. A, matrix of + +Cortés +et al. +(2021) + +. B, matrix of + +Campos +et al. +(2021) + +. C, matrix of +Zverkov and Jacobs (2020) +. D, matrix of + +Campos +et al. +(2024) + +reanalysed without rescoring of + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +. + + + + +Figure 7. +A complete view of the exposed skeleton of TY53. A, image from the photogrammetric reconstruction. B, schematic interpretation. + + +The first segment (i) is from the anterior rostrum. This is preserved in cross-section at a point estimated to be approximately halfway between the orbit and the anterior tip of the rostrum. The best-preserved components are the less premaxilla and nasal. The latter is exceedingly small and forms a right angle in cross-section, forming dorsal and ventral rami. It is likely that the section is close to its anteriormost extent, and is largely, but not entirely, covered by the premaxilla externally. The premaxilla shows a well-developed premaxillary fossa, defined dorsally by a sharp ridge and the alveolar groove. Medial to the alveolar wall, there is an element with an oval cross-section inferred to be a vomer. The right premaxilla and nasal have been abraded at a lower angle and are thus more difficult to interpret. Ventral to the less upper jaw ramus, there is a semicircular structure, which is likely to correspond to the less mandibular ramus. A notch in its lateral margin is interpreted as the dentary fossa, but aside from this, no anatomical information can be extracted. + +The rostrum posterior to the cross-section described above has been abraded at an angle near to the horizontal plane. The palate is exposed in dorsal view and appears as a series of elongate, roughly parallel elements. This makes the interpretation of the palate difficult. Posterior to this cluster of bones, however, a broken fragment of the right nasal is preserved, which runs at a slightly different angle to the palate. The nasal fragment must come from the portion anterior to the excavatio internasalis, because it shows a vertically oriented internasal suture and a convex external surface ( +Fig. 8A, B +). + + +The second skull section (ii) is a posterior section through the rostrum in the region of the external nares. Both nasals are preserved in cross-section. The right one has shissed slightly anteriorly relative to the less, such that they are not in articulation nor do they show the same anatomical structures. The right nasal is from a cut anterior to the excavatio internasalis and shows a vertically oriented internasal suture and convex external surface. The less nasal is sectioned across the external narial opening and shows the development of a prominent lateral wing roofing the narial opening. It forms a convex bulge dorsally, indicating a well-developed excavatio internasalis. Both nasals show a compact outer cortex and an extremely spongiose inner surface. Ventral to the nasals is a pair of dorsoventrally deep elements, which are laterally flat and medially concave, forming a tube. These elements articulate with the nasals via a weakly ossified connection and are interpreted as the vomers. On the right, a smaller quadrangular element is preserved, potentially representing the palatine but sectioned almost parallel to the long axis. On the less is a plate-like element, here interpreted as the less palatine in cross-section, and lateral to this is a hatchet-shaped element, potentially part of the maxilla or nasal ( +Fig. 8C, D +). + + + +Figure 8. +Preserved elements of the skull of TY53 in dorsal view. A, B, rostrum bones (A) and interpretation (B). C, D, narial section (C) and interpretation (D). E, F, lower jaw elements (E) and interpretation (F). Abbreviations: an, angular; d, dentary; m, maxilla; n, nasal; p, premaxilla; pal, palatine; sa, surangular; sp, splenial; v, vomer. + + + +The third component (iii) is here interpreted as a cross-section through the right mandibular ramus. A round element preserved laterodorsally might represent the right jugal in cross-section, although this is uncertain. The mandible consists of the surangular dorsally and laterally, forming the roof of the Meckelian canal and approximately one-third of the lateral surface of the lower jaw. Ventral and internal to the surangular is the angular, which forms the entire medial wall of the Meckelian canal. The angular forms a robust ventromedial articulation with the splenial. The medial surface of the splenial appears to be pierced by several foramina, which appear as bony projections in section. The dentary has not been identified, although a thin fragment of bone between the lateral and dorsal portions of the surangular might represent its posterior extent. Additional elements exposed ventrolateral to the splenial might represent palatal elements ( +Fig. 8E, F +). + + +Postcranial axial skeleton: +The exposed elements of the postcranium consist of a portion of the anterior dorsal vertebral column with articulated ribs and gastralia, a preflexural portion of the caudal vertebral column, the articulated coracoids, a partial forefin, and pelvic girdle elements ( +Figs 7 +, +9 +). The vertebral column is not completely exposed, but the visible part of the vertebral column is articulated. No apophyses or neural spines are preserved, but a series of 10 articulated centra are associated with dorsal ribs ( +Fig. 9C, D +). The vertebrae are polished owing to erosion, but traces of the dorsal portion of ribs are identified, which covered the vertebrae before being polished by the glacier. Vertebrae increase in length along the preserved series, from +39 mm +long in the first centrum where the length can be measured accurately to +46 mm +in the last measurable dorsal centrum (for measurements, see Supporting Information, Table S3). The height of the last preserved vertebral centrum is +89 mm +, giving a height-to-length ratio of 1.9 for the anterior dorsal region. Posteriorly, 22 articulated preflexural caudal vertebrae are preserved. Anteriorly, the centrum length starts at +40 mm +and gradually decreases along the preserved series to +32 mm +posteriorly. In contrast, the centrum height of the caudal series begins at +94 mm +anteriorly, increases slightly to +105 mm +in the tallest centrum, then decreases steadily to +80 mm +posteriorly. The maximum height-to-length ratio in the anterior caudal region is 3.2, suggesting a relatively non-regionalized vertebral column. + + +The dorsal ribs exposed in TY53 are dorsoventrally deep with respect to their anteroposterior length and have an hourglass-shaped cross-section ( +Fig. 9E +). Approximately 27 disarticulated gastralia are also preserved and, based on articulation patterns, were arranged as a dorsal and a ventral element on either side of the body, lacking a medial component. No caudal ribs could be identified. + + +Appendicular skeleton + + +Pectoral girdle: +The coracoids are preserved in articulation, but glacial abrasion makes the shape difficult to discern with accuracy. They appear to be approximately equidimensional or slightly broader than long. The less coracoid preserves the remnants of an anterior notch. The less coracoid overlaps the proximal margin of the less humerus ( +Fig. 9A, B +). + + +Forefin: +The humerus, zeugopodial elements, and part of the posterodistal fin of one of the two forefins are partly exposed in TY53. Based on embedding position and exposure, this is likely to corresponds to the less forelimb ( +Fig. 9A, B +). The humerus is preserved, possibly in dorsoposterior view. Owing to the twisted embedding angle, little detail can be added. + + +The radius is only partly exposed, but it is clear that it articulates directly with the anterodorsal margin of the ulna. The radius is ≥ +53 mm +in anteroposterior width and +38 mm +in proximodistal length but is not completely exposed. The ulna is completely exposed, possibly in dorsal view, and has a proximodistal length of +72 mm +a nd a maximum anteroposterior width of +69mm +.The posterior margin is concave, indicating that a posterior zeugopodial element was absent. The ulna articulates anterodistally with an anterior mesopodial element (presumably the intermedium, which is not preserved) and distally with the ulnare. The ulnare is proximodistally shorter and anteroposteriorly narrower than the ulna ( +56 mm +wide and +50 mm +long). Its posterior margin is rounded, whereas the anterior margin is straight. Distally, a straight margin contacts metacarpal +V +, which is even shorter and narrower than the ulnare ( +41 mm +wide and +34 mm +long). It is posteriorly rounded and is anteriorly concave, although the latter is attributable to erosion. A distally exposed phalanx measures +30 mm +in proximodistal length. Its anterior margin is not completely preserved. The distal-most element (a distal phalanx) is the smallest. The exposed section is about twice as proximodistally long as anteroposteriorly wide. + + +Pelvic girdle: +Portions of four bones are exposed in the pelvic girdle area. The largest bone corresponds to the ischiopubis in external view. The ischiopubis is +96 mm +in length and +48 mm +wide at the medial end; the proximal end is incompletely preserved. The ischiopubis shows a slight constriction at the midpoint and a small foramen at its anterodistal margin. No ischiopubic foramen is observed. A second element preserved next to the ischiopubis is roughly triangular in outline. This bone is tentatively identified as the proximal end of the femur ( +Fig. 9F, G +). The last two bone fragments aligned close to those previously described are indeterminate. + + +Comparison + + +TY53 is referred to +Ophthalmosaurinae +because of the large ulna with a concave and ‘edgy’ posterior surface ( +sensu + +Fischer +et al. +2012 + +). Ichthyosaurs showing this morphology include the Middle–Late Jurassic taxa + +Ophthalmosaurus icenicus + +(Seeley, 1874; +Moon and Kirton, 2016 +), + +Baptanodon natans +(Marsh, 1880) + +, +Nannopterogius +spp. ( +Zverkov and Jacobs, 2020 +), +Ŋalassodraco etchesi +Jacobs and Martill (2020) +and the Hauterivian species + +Acamptonectes densus + +Fischer +et al +. (2012) + + +. TY53 also shows rounded forefin elements, as in many of these taxa. + +Acamptonectes densus + +is the only named ophthalmosaurine from the Valanginian–Barremian interval showing a consistent morphology of the posterior margin of the ulna. However, this genus clearly differs from TY +53 in +having ribs that are rounded in cross-section, with a single deep groove ( + +Fischer +et al. +2012 + +), unlike the clearly hourglass-shaped cross-sections observed in TY53. Therefore, we refer TY53 to +Ophthalmosaurinae +indet., pending excavation and further preparation. + + + +Figure 9. +Close-up of preserved anatomical units of TY53. A, B, image of forefin and coracoids (A) and an interpretative drawing (B). C, D, image of preserved vertebral column section with ribs (C) and interpretation (D). E, image showing the prominent eight-shape of ribs in crosssection. F, G, pelvic girdle elements (F) and interpretation (G). Abbreviations: dph, distal phalange; f, femur; h, humerus; is, ischiopubis; lco, less coracoid; mcV, metacarpal five; na, neural arch; r, radius; rb, ribs; rco, right coracoid; u, ulna; ul, ulnare; vc, vertebral column. + + + +Taphonomy + + +According to the preservation of the skeleton, including perimortem fracturing of the skull elements, the angle of the skull relative to the body, and the ‘hunch-backed’ proximal dorsal region ( +von Huene 1922 +), a head-first arrival ( +Wahl 2009 +) on the probably somewhat soupy ( +sensu +Martill 1993 +) seafloor is plausible. The strength of the fall broke the snout into at least two pieces, which now are exposed in the posterior cross-section and the anterior dorsal-to-cross-sectional view ( +Fig. 10 +), suggesting that the soss substrate was thin and underlain by a consolidated seafloor. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/25/31/08/25310872FFB9FFAAFC69FDA7FC33FA65.xml b/data/25/31/08/25310872FFB9FFAAFC69FDA7FC33FA65.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f517dfdec6a --- /dev/null +++ b/data/25/31/08/25310872FFB9FFAAFC69FDA7FC33FA65.xml @@ -0,0 +1,818 @@ + + + +Validity of Moobradopterogius hauthali von Huene, 1927 (Ichthyosauria: Ophthalmosauria) from the Early Cretaceous of Chile and Argentina + + + +Author + +Pardo-Pérez, Judith +Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Teniente Muñoz 166, Puerto Williams, Chile + + + +Author + +Zambrano, Patricio +Septos Asesorías Geológicas, Avenida Costanera 7488, San Pedro de la Paz, Concepción, 4130000, Chile + + + +Author + +Malkowski, Matthew +Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2275 Speedway Stop C 9000, Austin, TX 78712 - 1722, USA + + + +Author + +Lomax, Dean +Palaeobiology Research Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS 8 1 TQ, UK & Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M 13 9 PL, UK + + + +Author + +Villa-Martínez, Rodrigo +Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Teniente Muñoz 166, Puerto Williams, Chile + + + +Author + +Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang +Instutut für Geowissenschassen, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234 - 236 69120, Heidelberg, Germany + + + +Author + +Frey, Eberhard +Sonnenbergstrasse 27, 75189 Pforheim, Germany + + + +Author + +Scapini, Francisca +Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Teniente Muñoz 166, Puerto Williams, Chile + + + +Author + +Gascó, Cristina + + + +Author + +Maxwell, Erin E. + +text + + +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society + + +2024 + +2024-10-05 + + +202 + + +2 + + +1 +20 + + + + +https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae106 + +journal article +10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae106 +0024-4082 + + + + + +Myobradypterygius hauthali +von Huene, 1927 + + + + + +Diagnosis: +(Expanded from that of +Fernández and Aguirre-Urreta (2005) +based on referred material.) Differing from other ophthalmosaurians by the following combination of characters: tooth roots quadrangular (as in many platypterygiines); plicidentine present and well developed in cross-section but not visible on the external surface of the root (plicidentine absent in + +Platopterogius australis +(McCoy, 1867) + +; scapula with strap-like shass (rod-like in + +Kohotosuka sachicarum + +, + +Platopterogius americanus +(Nace, 1939) + +, + +P. australis +, +Platopterogius + + +herconicus +(Kuhn, 1946) + +, and probably + +Platopterogius + + +platodactolus +( +Broili, 1907 +) + +; humerus with three distal facets, including a small facet for an extrazeugopodial element anterior to the radius (unlike in +Brachopterogius +, + +Aegirosaurus + +, and + +P. americanus + +); hexagonal intermedium articulating distally with two digits (unlike in + +K. +sachicarum + +, + +P +. +americanus + +, + +P +. +australis + +, and + +P +. +platodactolus + +); rectangular and tightly packed phalanges (as in +Caopullisaurus +, + +P +. +australis + +, and + +P +. +platodactolus + +); ulnare distally articulating with metacarpal +V +(as in +Brachopterogius extremus +(Boulenger, 1904) and + +Catutosaurus + +, but unlike +Caopullisaurus +, + +P. australis + +, and + +P. platodactolus + +); multiple postaxial digits (unlike +Brachopterogius extremus +). + + + + + +Holotope: MLP 79-I-30-1 +, humerus and partial forelimb ( +von Huene 1927: 29 +, fig. 3). + + + +Tope localito and age: +Cerro Belgrano, +Santa Cruz province +, +Argentina, Río Belgrano Formation (Barremian) +. + + +Other referred material: + +MLP 79-I-30-2 from the +type +locality ( +Fernández and Aguirre-Urreta 2005: 585 +, fig. 2c); TY61 and CPAP-2011-0019 from the Tyndall locality, Zapata Formation. + + + +Occurrence: +Santa Cruz Province +, +Argentina +; Tyndall locality ( +Magallanes +, +Chile +). + + + + +Remarks: +Reinterpretation of the + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +forelimb material. All previous interpretations of +MLP 79-I-30-1 +( +Huene 1927 +, +Fernández and Aguirre-Urreta 2005 +, + +Pardo-Pérez +et al. +2012 + +) identify the preserved zeugopodial element as the radius, following the preliminary interpretation by +von Huene (1925) +. Here, we follow + +Campos +et al. +(2024) + +in considering this element to be the ulna, based on detailed comparisons between +MLP 79-I-30-1 +and the Chilean specimens CPAP-2011- 0019 and TY61 ( +Fig. 3B–G +). Given that + +Campos +et al. +(2024) + +did not elaborate on their reinterpretation of +MLP 79-I-30-1 +, we briefly summarize the reasons here: the proximal carpal distal to the zeugopodial element in +MLP 79-I-30-1 +primarily supports one digit rather than two, which is observed in the ulnare but not the radiale in the more complete Chilean material. The radiale in the Chilean + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +material has parallel proximal and distal edges, such that its distal facet is oriented anterodistally rather than purely distally as in the ulnare, and thus supports two digits. +Von Huene (1925) +based his orientation on the logic that the digit, here interpreted as the anterior accessory digit, could not be digit I. The reasons for this interpretation are unclear, but probably relate to the absence of anterior accessory ossicles in the ichthyosaurian taxa with which he was familiar. + + +Accordingly, we interpret MLP-79-I-30-2 as preserving the posterior portion of the proximal forefin based on the shape of the proximal carpals. This interpretation differs from that proposed by +von Huene (1927) +but has previously been suggested by + +Pardo-Pérez +et al. +(2012) + +and + +Campos +et al. +(2024) + +. + + + + +Referral of the Chilean material + + + +Pardo-Pérez +et al. +(2012) + +and + +Stinnesbeck +et al. +(2014) + +did not refer the forefin CPAP-2011-0019 from the Tyndall locality to + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +, despite noting similarities, but it was suggested in the PhD thesis of +Pardo-Pérez (2015) +, among other specimens classified as + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +from the Tyndall fossil locality. This referral was later adopted by + +Campos +et al. +(2024) + +; however, those authors never addressed the morphological differences listed by + +Pardo-Pérez +et al. +(2012) + +differentiating the Chilean and Argentinian material. + +Stinnesbeck +et al. +(2014) + +referred TY61, a specimen with good exposure of an articulated forefin, to + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +, among other specimens, but did not provide a morphological discussion. Given the good preservation and exposure of the TY61 forefin, it is ideal for comparisons with CPAP-2011- 0019 and the reoriented +type +material. This comparison will address: (i) whether + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +was present in the Hauterivian of +Chile +; and (ii) which characteristics cited by + +Pardo-Pérez +et al. +(2012) + +appear to be variable intraspecifically. + + + +Pardo-Pérez +et al. +(2012) + +raised seven key features in which CPAP-2011-2019 differs from + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +, which we address in detail here. + + +(i) A facet for an articulation with a preradial element is absent in the humerus of CPAP-2011-0019, but present in the +holotype +of + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +. This cannot be assessed in CPAP-2011-0019 because the anterior margin is not exposed, but a preradial element articulating with the humerus is present in TY61. In the + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +holotype +, however, this facet is described as being fairly flat, whereas in TY61 it is clear that it is deeply concave. This difference might be related to superficial erosion of the humerus in TY61. + + +(ii) The proximal humerus is flattened in CPAP-2011- 0019 and TY61, but deeply convex in the +holotype +of + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +. Based on the much larger size of the Tyndall specimens relative to the +holotype +, this difference is unlikely to be of ontogenetic origin [ +94 mm +long (CPAP-2011-0019), +96 mm +long (TY61) vs. +72 mm +long ( +MLP 79-I-30-1 +); +Fernández and Aguirre-Urreta 2005 +, + +Pardo-Pérez +et al. +2012 + +]. Moreover, the humerus in the +holotype +of + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +is more massive proximally than distally, although the total width between the two ends is similar ( +von Huene 1927 +). The latter is not observed in TY61 but is present in CPAP-2011-0019. The difference between the two Chilean specimens suggests that this character is likely to be an artefact that relates to how the humerus is exposed, and the proximal convexity is likely to be affected by similar factors. Thus, at present, we do not consider these differences to be taxonomically significant. However, further preparation of the Tyndall material might reveal this difference to be of importance. + + +(iii) CPAP-2011-0019 has one preaxial digit and three postaxial digits with a posterior row of accessory ossicles, whereas the +holotype + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +has at least three preaxial digits. Based on our proposed reorientation, +MLP 79-I-30-1 +preserves one preaxial digit and some anterior accessory ossicles, similar to TY61, which is consistent with the exposed portion of CPAP-2011-0019. At least two postaxial digits are present in the Argentinian + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +material, with the number of digits being limited by preservation rather than by morphology. At least two postaxial digits and either a posterior row of accessory ossicles or a third postaxial digit are present in TY61. + + +(iv) The intermedium has a distal facet for the articulation of distal carpal four that is twice as long as the facet for distal carpal three in CPAP-2011-0019, whereas in + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +these facets are subequal in length. This difference is considered here to be part of normal intraspecific variation. The length difference between the facets is much less pronounced in TY61. + + +(v) Distal carpal three has six articular facets in CPAP-2011- 0019, whereas in the +holotype +of + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +there are seven (specimen +MLP 79-I-30-1 +), with the additional facet articulating with metacarpal four. In CPAP-2011-0019, distal carpal three articulates with the intermedium, radiale, distal carpal two, metacarpal three, and distal carpal four. A contact with metacarpal two was probably present but substantially reduced. Following reorientation, the elements contacting distal carpal three in +MLP 79-I-30-1 +do not differ from the configuration of CPAP-2011-0019, including the probable small contact with metacarpal two. However, the contact between distal carpal three and metacarpal two is absent in TY61, indicating that intraspecific variation in this character is likely. + + +(vi) The posterior facets of metacarpal three articulate posteroproximally with distal carpal four and posterodistally with metacarpal four in CPAP-2011- 0019, which is not the case in + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +. Asser reorientation of +MLP 79-I-30-1 +, metacarpal three articulates with both distal carpal four and metacarpal +IV +, which also holds true for TY61. + + +(vii)Metacarpal four articulates with six elements in CPAP-2011-0019, whereas in + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +it articulates with five. Metacarpal four has been portrayed as articulating with five ( +Huene 1927 +) or six ( +Fernández and Aguirre-Urreta 2005 +) elements in + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +, depending on the observer. However, in + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +the posterior facet of metacarpal four contacts the first phalanx of digit five and possibly also the second phalanx but never with metacarpal five. In both CPAP-2011-0019 and TY61, metacarpal four contacts metacarpal five and the first phalanx of digit five, i.e. metacarpal four is situated more proximally in the limb. This change is slight; in all materials, the largest contact is with the first phalanx, and at present, it is considered to represent intraspecific variation. + + +Based on these observations, both CPAP-2011-0019 and TY61 are here referred to + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +(as previously suggested for the former specimen by + +Campos +et al. +2024 + +), + +although further preparation might reveal potential differences in humeral morphology. + +Description of TY61: a complete ichthyosaur skeleton including cranium and postcranium + + + +( +Fig. 2 +; Supporting Information, Model S1) + + + +The specimen is exposed from skull to tail in ventrolateral to ventral view and has a total estimated length of + +3 m +. + +Glacial erosion has exposed the skull from the narial region to the occipital region. Given that the posterior skull is wider, more bone has been eroded posteriorly, leading to exposure of braincase elements. The anterior rostrum is covered by sediment. Both forefins are exposed in ventral view. The dorsal vertebral column lies inside the matrix, hence only the ventral ends of the ribs are exposed. The anterior part of the caudal vertebral column is also exposed. + + +Skull + + +Basioccipital: +The ventrolateral exposition of the basioccipital of the specimen TY61 shows a convex occipital condyle and an almost straight anterior margin marked by a groove for the notochordal remnant. A constriction with a diameter of +5 mm +markstheseparationbetweentheextracondylarareaandthecondyle ( +Fig. 3D +). The basioccipital is rather long anteroposteriorly, but the extracondylar area is only slightly wider than the occipital condyle. A clear anterolaterally directed facet is visible on the less side of the anterior basioccipital; a similar facet on the right is not as clearly exposed. These facets are interpreted here as stapedial facets. + + + +Figure 3. +A, B, photograph of the skull and part of the pectoral girdle of TY61 (A) and an interpretative drawing (B). C, a close-up of teeth + +of TY61. D, a close-up of basioccipital of TY61. Abbreviations: an, angular; bo, basioccipital; cl, clavicula; d, dentary; de, dentine; dl, dentine lamellae; ic, interclavicular; l, lachrymal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; oc, osteocementum; p, premaxilla; pc, plicidentine; sa, surangular; sc, scapula; sp, splenial; st, stapes. + + +Stapes: +The stapes is rotated 90° from its original position, and it is now located adjacent to the basioccipital condyle. It appears to be preserved in dorsal view. The medial head is anteroposteriorly three times wider than the quadrate facet. The quadrate facet is not expanded relative to the stapedial shass. The posterior edge of the stapes is concave, and the anterior edge is straight, with the quadrate facet offset by an obtuse angle ( +Fig. 3D +). + + +Dermatocranium: +Additional skull bones are preserved (e.g. the less lacrimal, less sclerotic ring, and less nasal). Despite the quality of preservation appearing to be fairly good, the limited exposure of many of these bones makes identification difficult ( +Fig. 3A, B +). The lacrimal is relatively anteroposteriorly broad. One area of particular interest is the region surrounding the external nares. Although preservation of this region makes interpretation difficult, it appears that the maxilla is dorsoventrally deep, with a broad dorsal process forming an anteroposteriorly elongated contact with the nasal. Although the position and shape of the posterior external narial opening cannot be discerned, this configuration seems likely to result in the complete subdivision of the narial opening. The subnarial process of the premaxilla appears to extend almost as far posteriorly as the nasomaxillary pillar. The anterior maxilla has a short exposure in lateral view relative to the inferred length of the nares ( +Fig. 3A, B +). + + +Dentition: +The maxilla is dentigerous, and several teeth are preserved, although unfortunately, none preserve the enamel. The teeth have quadrangular roots in cross-section, with a thick osteocementum layer covering the dentine. Plicidentine is extremely well developed, although not visible externally on the tooth root ( +Fig. 3C +). + + +Postcranial axial skeleton: +The vertebral column as exposed consists of 21 articulated vertebrae in ventrolateral view ( +Fig. 2 +; for measurements, see Supporting Information, Table S1). Some apophyses are visible; however, it is unclear whether these correspond to parapophyses or synapophyses. Neural arches and spines, in addition to most of the ribs, are not exposed. According to the size of the exposed vertebral series and its topographic location in the skeleton, the vertebral segment is likely to represent the posterior dorsal and anterior preflexural caudal vertebral column. The anteriormost vertebrae have a width or height-to-length ratio of 2.2, which decreases rapidly along the exposed length of the preflexural vertebrae and suggests a relatively low degree of vertebral regionalization. The posteriormost section of the last exposed vertebrae is embedded, which suggests that the rest of the caudal series, including the tail bend, are still contained in the sediment. The ventralmost section of 22 dorsal ribs from the right side of the skeleton is exposed. Four ribs lie across the phalanges of the less forefin. Robust gastralia overlap the right forefin; these are arrayed with at least one dorsal and one ventral element per row per side. + + +Appendicular skeleton + + +Pectoral girdle: +One coracoid is preserved, probably in ventral view. Its poor preservation and incomplete exposure prevent further description. A bone fragment lateral to the coracoid might represent a piece of the right scapula. The less clavicle is also preserved, as a section through the median stem of the interclavicle. By far the best-preserved element of the pectoral girdle is the less scapula. It is exposed in external view and is preserved in three dimensions ( +Fig. 4A +). The distal blade of the scapula is strap-like, and the distal-most end is thickened and roughened. The anterior edge is flattened, bearing a prominent facet for the clavicle. The proximal end is concave, and the concavity remains covered in sediment ( +Fig. 4B +). An acromion process is present. Although the glenoid facet is exposed, preservation does not permit an accurate assessment of the relative sizes of the glenoid and coracoid facets. + + + +Figure 4. +A, B, close-up of the less scapula of TY61 in external view (A) and an interpretation (B). The arrow indicates the slightly concave lateral surface of the shass. C, D, less scapula of the type specimen of + +Platopterogius americanus + +(UW 5547) in anterior view (C) and external view for comparison (D). The arrow indicates clear convexity of the shass distal to the proximal blade. Abbreviation: cl, clavicula. + + + +Forefin: +Both forefins of TY61 are exposed in ventral view. The right forefin is preserved more completely than the left one; therefore, the following description is based mainly on the right forefin. The exposed portion of the right forefin measures +261 mm +in proximodistal length and +142 mm +in anteroposterior width. The distal margins of the distal-most phalanges are not exposed, indicating that the distal-most portion of the forefin continues into the matrix. The forefin bears seven digits (digits +II +, +III +, + +IV +, and +V +, according to +Motani 1999 +, in addition to one preaxial and two postaxial digits), in addition to one row of preaxial and one row of postaxial accessory ossicles. Only a portion of the left forefin of TY61 is exposed. The phalanges are rectangular in shape, but they lie separate from each other. The left forefin shows seven digits ( +Figs 2 +, +5F, G + +). + + + +Figure 5. +Comparative scheme of + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +forefins with Tyndall specimens forefins. A, B, +MLP 79-I-30-1 +humerus in dorsal view (A) and fragment of forefin (B). C, MLP 79-I-30-2 fragment of forefin. D, image of CPAP-2011-0019 and interpretation (E). F, image + +of TY61 and interpretation (G). Abbreviations: acc, anterior accessory phalanges; dp, dorsal process; ex, extrazeugopodial element; exf, extrazeugopodial facet; h, humerus; i, intermedium; II, digit two; III, digit three; IV, digit four; r, radius; ra, radiale; rf, radius facet; p, pisiform; pa1, preaxial digit one; u, ulna; uf, ulna facet; ul, ulnare; V, digit five; VI, digit six; VII, digit seven. Arabic numbers are distal carpals. Lowercase roman numerals are metacarpals. Uppercase roman numerals are digits. + + +Humerus: +The right humerus is exposed in TY61. The humerus is proximodistally longer than its maximum anteroposterior width ( +96 mm +long vs. +76 mm +maximum wide), and its distal margin is wider than its proximal one (68 vs. +76 mm +). The humerus has three distal articular facets for articulation with the ulna, radius, and an anterior extrazeugopodial element. The facets of the radius and ulna are similar in length, and the facet for the extrazeugopodial element is the shortest one. The three distal articular facets are markedly concave. It is not possible to recognize humeral processes owing to abrasion of the exposed bones. For further details, see the comparisons with CPAP-2011-0019 in the section ‘Referral of the Chilean material’. + + +Zeugopodium: +The radius is hexagonal in outline, with the anterior and posterior facets being the shortest. The radius articulates with the humerus proximally, the extrazeugopodial element anteriorly, and the ulna posteriorly. Distally, the radius is divided into two subequal facets forming an angle of 125°. The anterodistal facet articulates with the radiale, and the posterodistal one articulates with the intermedium. The radius is 1.4 times anteroposteriorly wider than its proximodistal length (see Supporting Information, Table S2). + +The ulna is roughly pentagonal in outline, and it is proximodistally longer and anteroposteriorly wider than the radius. Proximally, it articulates with the humerus. The anterodistal facet articulates with the intermedium and the posterodistal facet with the ulnare. The ulna articulates posterodistally with the pisiform. + +The anterior extrazeugopodial element appears flask shaped and is proximodistally longer than anteroposteriorly wide ( +22 mm +long vs. +13 mm +wide). Proximally, it articulates with the distal facet of the humerus. The posterior margin of the anterior extrazeugopodial element articulates with both the radius and the radiale. As preserved, the radius and radiale do not directly contact the extrazeugopodial element. The gap between the bones was probably filled with cartilage or connective tissue. The distal margin of the extrazeugopodial element articulates with the preaxial element of the proximal carpal row. + + +Taphonomy + + +The anterior rostrum remains covered by sediment and appears to be directed downwards. However, given that the sedimentary laminae are not horizontal and erosion did not occur parallel to the bedding plane, it is unclear how deeply the skull penetrated into the sediment. The specimen does not show obvious signs of head-first arrival at the seafloor, such as the basioccipital being displaced into the cranial cavity. Additionally, the less forefin, which lies higher in the sediment, is positioned slightly anterior to the lower right forefin, which is inconsistent with a rostrumfirst penetration into the sediment ( +Hofmann 1958 +). In the caudal region, the sedimentary laminae are evenly draped over the bones. This effect is likely to be attributable to slow sedimentation, but late diagenetic differential compaction cannot be ruled out. The bones themselves maintain a high degree of three-dimensionality. + + +Results of the phylogenetic analysis + + +Under equal-weights parsimony, analysis of the matrix of + +Campos +et al. +(2021) + +resulted in 3500 most parsimonious trees (MPTs) of length 234. + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +was resolved within + + +an unresolved +Platypterygiinae +clade. ITERPCR did not improve resolution of this clade further. The analysis of the matrix of +Zverkov and Jacobs (2020) +resulted in 148 MPTs of length 430. +Platypterygiinae +was not resolved as a clade, collapsing into a polytomy at the base of +Ophthalmosauria +. ITERPCR resolved +Platypterygiinae +as a clade but provided little internal resolution. The analysis of the matrix of + +Cortés +et al. +(2021) + +resulted in 60 MPTs of length 303. + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +was resolved within +Platypterygiinae +as part of a clade comprising large platypterygiines with brick-like phalanges, but excluding +Maiaspondolus lindoei +and + +Platopterogius +platodactolus + +. ITERPCR resolved the latter species as forming a separate clade near the base of +Platypterygiinae +, but did not further resolve the position of + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +(Supporting Information, +Fig. S1 +). + + +The results of these three analyses support the conclusion that + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +is a platypterygiine ichthyosaur but do not provide additional information on its phylogenetic position. + + +Under extended implied weighting, with collapse of nodes supported by only one step, resolution was improved considerably for two of the four matrices analysed ( +Fig. 6A, C +). The analysis of the matrix of +Zverkov and Jacobs (2020) +resulted in three trees of length 17.38712. + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +was resolved within +Platypterygiinae +as sister to the Late Cretaceous taxon + +Sisteronia seeleoi + +. ITERPCR was not required to increase resolution. The analysis of the matrix of + +Cortés +et al. +(2021) + +resulted in 51 MPTs of length 12.56302. ITERPCR was used to prune three unstable taxa. + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +was resolved within +Platypterygiinae +as part of a clade comprising large platypterygiines with brick-like phalanges, but excluding +Maiaspondolus lindoei +and + +P. platodactolus + +. Analysis of the matrix of + +Campos +et al. +(2021) + +resulted in>10 000 trees of length 9.5921. ITERPCR was used to place + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +within an unresolved +Platypterygiinae +clade. Analysis of the matrix of + +Campos +et al. +(2024) + +with no rescoring of + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +resulted in>10 000 trees of length 24.33043. ITERPCR was used to place + +Moobradopterogius hauthali + +within an unresolved +Platypterygiinae +clade, but not as either closely related to + +Sisteronia + +(as in Zverkov and Jacobs) or the large platypterygiines with brick-like phalanges (as by + +Cortés +et al. +2021 + +). It is clear that even with the use of extended implied weighting, the three matrices fail to converge on a consensus solution. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFC0D435FD5CFDF3FF50FEC4.xml b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFC0D435FD5CFDF3FF50FEC4.xml index b5c76003b83..2528cb014ad 100644 --- a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFC0D435FD5CFDF3FF50FEC4.xml +++ b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFC0D435FD5CFDF3FF50FEC4.xml @@ -1,66 +1,66 @@ - - - -Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species + + + +Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species - - -Author + + +Author -Ruiz-C, Raquel I. +Ruiz-C, Raquel I. - - -Author + + +Author -Román-Valencia, César +Román-Valencia, César - - -Author + + +Author -Taphorn, Donald C. +Taphorn, Donald C. - - -Author + + +Author -Buckup, Paulo A. +Buckup, Paulo A. - - -Author + + +Author -Ortega, Hernán +Ortega, Hernán -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2018 - -2018-02-08 + +2018 + +2018-02-08 - -402 + +402 - -1 -45 + +1 +45 -journal article -30789 -10.5852/ejt.2018.402 -8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b -1169559 -A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2018.402 +8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b +2118-9773 +1169559 +A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B - - + + @@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ sp. nov. -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B1792A8-70D6-4167-9136-0DD74844B040 - + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B1792A8-70D6-4167-9136-0DD74844B040 Figs 2 , @@ -181,22 +181,22 @@ locality of this new taxon. Holotype - + COLOMBIA : 83.0 mm SL, Nariño Department , -Barbacoas Municipality +Barbacoas Municipality , - + Patía River Basin (Pacific Coast), Telembí River drainage, in Telembí River at mouth of Yamunde River, 1 km below Barbacoas , -01°39′56″ N +01°39′56″ N , -78°09′12″ W +78°09′12″ W , 61 m @@ -211,21 +211,23 @@ a.s.l. Paratypes - + COLOMBIA : all from Nariño Department , -Barbacoas Municipality, Patía River Basin, Telembi River Drainage +Barbacoas Municipality +, +Patía River Basin, Telembi River Drainage : -9 ♂♂ +9 ♂♂ , 40.3–52.3 mm SL, -La Tundera Brook, Barbacoas, Nariño +La Tundera Brook, Barbacoas, Nariño , -01°39′03″S -78°10′33″W +01°39′03″S +78°10′33″W , 41 m @@ -236,23 +238,21 @@ a.s.l. ) ; - -4 ♂♂ + +4 ♂♂ , -5 ♀♀ +5 ♀♀ , 45.6–89.8 mm -SL, 4C&S (sex unknown), 52.8–63.0 mm SL, same locality as for -holotype -( +SL, 4C&S (sex unknown), 52.8–63.0 mm SL, same locality as for holotype ( IUQ 701 ) ; - -36 ♂♂ + +36 ♂♂ , -11♀♀ +11♀♀ , 43.2–62.7 mm SL, 4C&S (sex unknown), 39.2– 68.0 mm SL, @@ -261,20 +261,18 @@ SL, 4C&S (sex unknown), 39.2– 68.0 mm SL, IUQ 2252 ); - -11 ♂♂ + +11 ♂♂ , -8 ♀♀ +8 ♀♀ , 38.61–50.63 mm SL, -Barbacoas +Barbacoas, Yamunde River , -Yamunde River +01°39′39″ N , -01°39′39″ N -, -78°09′04″ W +78°09′04″ W , 43 m @@ -285,8 +283,8 @@ a.s.l. ) ; - -3 ♂♂ + +3 ♂♂ , 52.6–85.5 mm SL, collected with holotype ( @@ -294,8 +292,8 @@ SL, collected with holotype ( ) ; - -1 specimen + +1 specimen (sex unknown) C&S, 53.8 mm SL, collected with holotype ( diff --git a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFC9D432FDA9FAF8FA2FFAB0.xml b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFC9D432FDA9FAF8FA2FFAB0.xml index e7afb19aeef..46a8316e687 100644 --- a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFC9D432FDA9FAF8FA2FFAB0.xml +++ b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFC9D432FDA9FAF8FA2FFAB0.xml @@ -1,66 +1,66 @@ - - - -Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species + + + +Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species - - -Author + + +Author -Ruiz-C, Raquel I. +Ruiz-C, Raquel I. - - -Author + + +Author -Román-Valencia, César +Román-Valencia, César - - -Author + + +Author -Taphorn, Donald C. +Taphorn, Donald C. - - -Author + + +Author -Buckup, Paulo A. +Buckup, Paulo A. - - -Author + + +Author -Ortega, Hernán +Ortega, Hernán -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2018 - -2018-02-08 + +2018 + +2018-02-08 - -402 + +402 - -1 -45 + +1 +45 -journal article -30789 -10.5852/ejt.2018.402 -8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b -1169559 -A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2018.402 +8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b +2118-9773 +1169559 +A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B - - + + @@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ sp. nov. -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DB1A95AA-8E70-40F4-B739-043872A32906 - + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DB1A95AA-8E70-40F4-B739-043872A32906 Figs 4 , @@ -162,18 +162,20 @@ for dorsal-fin-hypural distance less than 45% SL(vs more than 50), by dorsalpect Holotype - + PERU : 89.4 mm SL, Department of Amazonas , -Condorcanqui Province, Marañon River Basin, upper Cenepa River drainage +Condorcanqui Province , -3°58′15″ S +Marañon River Basin, upper Cenepa River drainage , -78°41′15″ W +3°58′15″ S +, +78°41′15″ W ( MUSM 46845 ) @@ -191,11 +193,11 @@ SL, Department of , Amazon River Basin, Condorcanqui, upper Cenepa River drainage : -14 specimens +14 specimens (sex unknown), 62.1–109.6 mm SL, -Quebrada Capitán +Quebrada Capitán ( MUSM 20891 , @@ -204,7 +206,7 @@ SL, ; -2 specimens +2 specimens (sex unknown), 56.1–68.7 mm SL, @@ -214,12 +216,12 @@ SL, ) ; - -2 specimens + +2 specimens (sex unknown), 85.9–97.1 mm SL, -Quebrada Capitán Ponce +Quebrada Capitán Ponce , 750 m @@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ a.s.l. ; -1 specimen +1 specimen (sex unknown), 85.7 mm SL, collected with holotype ( @@ -240,35 +242,35 @@ SL, collected with holotype ( ; -1 specimen +1 specimen (sex unknown), 65.4 mm SL, Capitan Ponce Bravo Quebrada , -3°46′41.40″ S +3°46′41.40″ S , -78°20′4.61″ W +78°20′4.61″ W ( MUSM 21312 ) ; -1 specimen +1 specimen (sex unknown), 64.0 mm SL, Quebrada Platanal , -3°38′24.94″ S +3°38′24.94″ S , -72°18′40.81″ W +72°18′40.81″ W ( MUSM 21372 ) ; -11 specimens +11 specimens (sex unknown), 38.7–49.3 mm SL, @@ -280,9 +282,9 @@ department, , Lazaro Creek, tributary of Mishahua River, Ucayali River Basin , -11°14′15.87″ S +11°14′15.87″ S , -72°58′26.65″ W +72°58′26.65″ W , 248 m @@ -294,7 +296,7 @@ a.s.l. ; -1 specimen +1 specimen (sex unknown), 44.5 mm SL, @@ -304,19 +306,19 @@ SL, ) ; - -1 specimen + +1 specimen (sex unknown), 93.9 mm SL , - -2 specimens + +2 specimens (sex unknown) C&S, 59.0– 61.2 mm SL, -Víbora Creek, tributary of Pisqui River +Víbora Creek, tributary of Pisqui River , Loreto , @@ -327,7 +329,7 @@ SL, ; -3 specimens +3 specimens (sex unknown), 50.0– 98.6 mm SL, diff --git a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFCAD42EFDB4FEDBFB39FC2E.xml b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFCAD42EFDB4FEDBFB39FC2E.xml index 977e799855f..8ea4ec95a4e 100644 --- a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFCAD42EFDB4FEDBFB39FC2E.xml +++ b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFCAD42EFDB4FEDBFB39FC2E.xml @@ -1,65 +1,65 @@ - - - -Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species + + + +Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species - - -Author + + +Author -Ruiz-C, Raquel I. +Ruiz-C, Raquel I. - - -Author + + +Author -Román-Valencia, César +Román-Valencia, César - - -Author + + +Author -Taphorn, Donald C. +Taphorn, Donald C. - - -Author + + +Author -Buckup, Paulo A. +Buckup, Paulo A. - - -Author + + +Author -Ortega, Hernán +Ortega, Hernán -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2018 - -2018-02-08 + +2018 + +2018-02-08 - -402 + +402 - -1 -45 + +1 +45 -journal article -30789 -10.5852/ejt.2018.402 -8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b -1169559 -A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2018.402 +8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b +2118-9773 +1169559 +A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B - + @@ -159,12 +159,12 @@ SL, Paralectotypes - + BOLIVIA : (sex unknown) 79.8–122.9 mm SL, -Río Colorado, Lower Bopi +Río Colorado, Lower Bopi ( CAS 236977 ) @@ -175,11 +175,9 @@ SL, - -PERU - +PERU : -1 specimen +1 specimen (sex unknown), Puno , @@ -199,7 +197,7 @@ SL, ; -1 specimen +1 specimen (sex unknown), 143.9 mm SL ( @@ -207,48 +205,34 @@ SL ( ); -2 specimens +2 specimens (sex unknown), 49.4– 50.5 mm SL , - -1 specimen + +1 specimen (sex unknown) C&S, Puno , -Sandia Tavara River -, -Zona Reservada -Tambopata- -Candamo +Sandia Tavara River, Zona Reservada Tambopata- Candamo ( MUSM 3410 ) ; -5 specimens +5 specimens (sex unknown), 38.9–57.3 mm SL , - -2 specimens + +2 specimens (sex unknown) C&S, -Culli Creek -, - -Alto -Madre de Dios -River - -, -Madre de Dios River Basin -, -Manu +Culli Creek, Alto Madre de Dios River, Madre de Dios River Basin, Manu , Madre de Dios ( @@ -256,20 +240,14 @@ River ) ; - -1 specimen + +1 specimen (sex unknown), 143.9 mm SL, Madre de Dios , -Manu -, -Culli stream -, -Madre de Dios River -, -Upper Amazon River +Manu, Culli stream, Madre de Dios River, Upper Amazon River ( MUSM 3758 ) diff --git a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFCCD430FDB1FE6AFD09FB54.xml b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFCCD430FDB1FE6AFD09FB54.xml index ec045cdc266..e4f79287cab 100644 --- a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFCCD430FDB1FE6AFD09FB54.xml +++ b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFCCD430FDB1FE6AFD09FB54.xml @@ -1,66 +1,66 @@ - - - -Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species + + + +Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species - - -Author + + +Author -Ruiz-C, Raquel I. +Ruiz-C, Raquel I. - - -Author + + +Author -Román-Valencia, César +Román-Valencia, César - - -Author + + +Author -Taphorn, Donald C. +Taphorn, Donald C. - - -Author + + +Author -Buckup, Paulo A. +Buckup, Paulo A. - - -Author + + +Author -Ortega, Hernán +Ortega, Hernán -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2018 - -2018-02-08 + +2018 + +2018-02-08 - -402 + +402 - -1 -45 + +1 +45 -journal article -30789 -10.5852/ejt.2018.402 -8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b -1169559 -A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2018.402 +8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b +2118-9773 +1169559 +A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B - - + + @@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ sp. nov. -urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A4DF0719-0A75-4401-9F8D-D52AA7FFDDF6 - + +urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A4DF0719-0A75-4401-9F8D-D52AA7FFDDF6 Figs 4–5 , @@ -176,9 +176,9 @@ SL, , Amazon River Basin, Madeira-Beni-Madidi- Candelaria River drainages, Candelaria River at La Candelaria , -13º35′21.88″ S +13º35′21.88″ S , -68º41′31.06″ W +68º41′31.06″ W , 304 m @@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ a.s.l. , La Candelaria, Ami National Park, Madidi River drainage : -5 specimens +5 specimens (sex unknown), 33.1–89.5 mm SL ( @@ -209,13 +209,13 @@ SL ( ; -8 specimens +8 specimens (sex unknown), 57.0– 72.6 mm SL, -2 specimens +2 specimens (sex unknown) C&S, 49.0– 75.2 mm SL ( @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ SL ( ); -12 specimens +12 specimens (sex unknown), 32.3–76.7 mm SL ( @@ -231,11 +231,11 @@ SL ( ); -4 specimens +4 specimens (sex unknown), 43.6–63.3 mm SL, -1 specimen +1 specimen (sex unknown) C&S, 72.2 mm SL, @@ -246,21 +246,21 @@ SL, ) . – - -Isiboro, Mamoré River drainage + +Isiboro, Mamoré River drainage : -8 specimens +8 specimens (sex unknown), 44.7–58.1 mm SL, -de Villa River +de Villa River ( UMSS 4692 ) ; -4 specimens +4 specimens (sex unknown), 49.4–86.0 mm SL, Rancho Cuatro Esquinas ( @@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ SL, ); -15 specimens +15 specimens (sex unknown), 54.7–79.0 mm SL, Colonia River San Carlos ( @@ -278,27 +278,30 @@ SL, . - + PERU : Puno , -Sandia province +Sandia province : -2 specimens +2 specimens (sex unknown), 40.9–73.9 mm SL , - -2 specimens + +2 specimens (sex unknown) C&S, 70.3 mm SL, -Tavara River + +Tavara River 2 km -from the mouth of Quebrada Grande, Zona Reservada, Tambopata-Candamo ( +from the mouth of Quebrada Grande, Zona Reservada, Tambopata-Candamo + +( MUSM 3410 ) diff --git a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD0D42BFD85FABCFC0DF8B5.xml b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD0D42BFD85FABCFC0DF8B5.xml index f922c78c20f..3503618368b 100644 --- a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD0D42BFD85FABCFC0DF8B5.xml +++ b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD0D42BFD85FABCFC0DF8B5.xml @@ -1,65 +1,65 @@ - - - -Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species + + + +Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species - - -Author + + +Author -Ruiz-C, Raquel I. +Ruiz-C, Raquel I. - - -Author + + +Author -Román-Valencia, César +Román-Valencia, César - - -Author + + +Author -Taphorn, Donald C. +Taphorn, Donald C. - - -Author + + +Author -Buckup, Paulo A. +Buckup, Paulo A. - - -Author + + +Author -Ortega, Hernán +Ortega, Hernán -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2018 - -2018-02-08 + +2018 + +2018-02-08 - -402 + +402 - -1 -45 + +1 +45 -journal article -30789 -10.5852/ejt.2018.402 -8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b -1169559 -A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2018.402 +8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b +2118-9773 +1169559 +A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B - + @@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ state, Diagnosis - + Astyanax superbus @@ -160,8 +160,8 @@ group (31–32 vs 33–34). It is distinguished from A. moorii comb. nov. +by having the preanal distance less than 63% SL (vs more than 63% SL), the interorbital distance more 32% SL (vs less than 32% SL) and the length of the upper jaw less than 32 HL (vs more than 46% HL). -by having the preanal distance less than 63% SL (vs more than 63% SL), the interorbital distance more 32% SL (vs less than 32% SL) and the length of the upper jaw less than 32 HL (vs more than 46% HL). @@ -187,12 +187,12 @@ was not explained in the original description. It is based on the Latin adjectiv Holotype - + VENEZUELA : 79.4 mm SL, -Cojedes State +Cojedes State , Orinoco River Basin, small brook tributary to Tamanaco River at Camoruco , @@ -213,60 +213,52 @@ NE of San Carlos VENEZUELA : -1 specimen +1 specimen (sex unknown), 43.3 mm SL , - -2 specimens + +2 specimens (sex unknown) C&S, 45.7– 49.8 mm SL, Portuguesa State , -Guache River -, -Portuguesa River drainage +Guache River, Portuguesa River drainage ( INHS 28666 ); -2 specimens +2 specimens (sex unknown), 64.1–87.8 mm SL , - -2 specimens + +2 specimens (sex unknown) C&S, 65.7–68.8 mm SL, Barinas State, -Musao Uno Creek -, -Socopo-Barinas +Musao Uno Creek, Socopo-Barinas highway ( MCNG 6350 ) ; - -3 specimens + +3 specimens (sex unknown), 67.3– 70.4 mm SL, Portuguesa -State, -Guanare -, -Guache River -at -Garabote +State, Guanare, +Guache River at Garabote ( MCNG 36349 ) diff --git a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD2D421FDF5F899FF87FD87.xml b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD2D421FDF5F899FF87FD87.xml deleted file mode 100644 index b6b47a7374f..00000000000 --- a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD2D421FDF5F899FF87FD87.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1040 +0,0 @@ - - - -Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species - - - -Author - -Ruiz-C, Raquel I. - - - -Author - -Román-Valencia, César - - - -Author - -Taphorn, Donald C. - - - -Author - -Buckup, Paulo A. - - - -Author - -Ortega, Hernán - -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy - - -2018 - -2018-02-08 - - -402 - - -1 -45 - - - -journal article -30789 -10.5852/ejt.2018.402 -8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b -1169559 -A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B - - - - - - -Astyanax villwocki -Zarske & Géry, 1999 - - - - - - -Figs 4 -, -11 -, -Table 2 - - - - - -Astyanax villwocki -Zarske & Géry, 1999 -: 200 - -, figs 1–2. Original description, -type -locality: -Rio Pacal -, -Rio Pachitea Basin -, Departamento -Ucayali -, -Peru -. - - - - - -Diagnosis - - - - -Astyanax villwocki - -is a member of the - -orthodus - -species-group of - -Astyanax - -differing from the other members of the group by the absence of a distinct caudal-peduncle spot (vs present) and having instead a dark stripe, continuing anteriorly to the humeral region (vs absent). - - - - - -Etymology - - - -Named after Prof. Wolfgang Villwock, Hamburg, who collected some of the first specimens of the -type -material, including the -holotype -, and made them available for study. - - - - - -Material examined - - - -Holotype - - - -PERU -: -98.1 mm -SL, -Ucayali -, -Peruvian Amazon Basin, Pachitea River drainage, Pacal River -( -MTD F 22400 -). - - - -Other material - - - - -PERU - -: -1 ♀ -, -118.8 mm -SL, -Ucayali -department, -Coronel Portillo province -, -Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales -y -de Altura -( -IVITA -) Ivita Piscigranja, Pucallpa, - -Ucayali - -( -MUSM 148 -) - -; - -1 ♀ -, -43.6 mm -SL, -Madre de Dios -department, -Manu Province -, - -Manu -National Park Manu River - -, -Pakitza Lavandería Creek -( -MUSM 2285 -) - -; - -4 ♀♀ -, -43.4–54.4 mm -SL, -Madre de Dios -, -Manu -, -Manu National Park -, -Picaflor Creek -( -MUSM 2499 -) - -; - -8 ♀♀ -, -33.2–42.6 mm -SL, -Madre de Dios -, -Manu -, -PNM -, -Picaflor Creek -( -MUSM 4288 -) - -; - -2 ♀♀ -, -50.4–101.6 mm -SL, -Cusco -, -La Convención -, -Echarate -, -Urubamba River -, quebrada -Hayanamato -( -MUSM 14461 -) - -; - -16 ♀♀ -, -55.1–95.5 mm -SL, -Loreto -, - -Ucayali - -, -Rashaya -,Víbora Creek, Pisqui -River Basin -( -MUSM 15881 -) - -; - -1 ♀ -, -69.3 mm -SL, -Loreto -, -Corrientes River -, -Andoas -( -MUSM 28664 -) - -; - -2 ♂♂ -, -2 ♀♀ -, 95.0– -110.2 mm -SL, -Ucayali -, department, -Coronel Portillo province -, Yucamia River, - -Ucayali -River - -Basin ( -MUSM 33560 -) - -; - -1 ♂ -, -4 ♀♀ -, -98.2–112.5 mm -SL, -Ucayali -, -Coronel Portillo -, - -Pucallpa -Pichaya River - -( -MUSM 33609 -) - -; - -1 ♂ -, -122.3 mm -SL, -Loreto -, Maynas, -Pucacuro River -, - -175 m -a.s.l. - -( -MUSM 34168 -) - -; - -1 ♀ -, -75.5 mm -SL, -Ucayali -department, -Coronel Portillo -( -MUSM 34977 -) - -; - -2 ♂♂ -, -114.6–115.8 mm -SL, -Ucayali -, -Coronel Portillo -, -Blanca -stream, - -Ucayali River - -Basin ( -MUSM 34994 -) - -. - - - -COLOMBIA -: -1 ♀ -, -87.9 mm -SL, -Caquetá -, Yurayaco, Amazon -River Basin -, -Inchiyaco River -, on the road from -Villa Garzón -to -San José de Fragua -( -IUQ 121 -) - -; - -1 ♀ -, -84.3 mm -SL, -Caquetá -, -Yurayaco River -, on the road from -Yurayaco -to -Villa Garzón -( -IUQ 180 -) - -; - -1 ♀ -C&S, -60.4 mm -SL, -Caquetá -, -Creek -tributary -Yurayaco River -, road -Villa Garzón -( -IUQ 1218 -) - -; - -1 ♂ -, -96.5 mm -SL, -Putumayo -, -Amazon River -Basin, Orito Creek, south of the farm -La Palma -, ca -1 km -from the -Guamez River -, vereda Calimonte, Orito ( -IUQ 1871 -) - -; - -1 ♂ -, -47.4 mm -SL, -Caquetá -, -Amazon River -Basin, Yurayaco River, in the village -Yurayaco -( -IUQ 1893 -) - -; - -1 ♂ -, -63.5 mm -SL, -Pazalosa Creek -, village in -Usmo -, -Caquetá -River ( -IUQ 1888 -) - -; - -1 ♀ -, -77.7 mm -SL, -Caquetá -( -IUQ 3593 -) - -. - - - -Fig. 11. - -Astyanax villwocki -Zarske & Géry, 1999 - -, 74.7 mm SL, Caquetá River, Colombia (IUQ 3593). Scale bar = 1 cm. - - - - -ECUADOR -: -1 ♂ -, -2 ♀♀ -, -71.3–80.4 mm -SL, -Napo -, -Sunka flooded area (“estero”) at 20 minutos or 0.5 Km from Sunka Well -( -MEPN 2723 -) - -; - -3 ♀♀ -, -72.3 mm -SL, -Napo -, -Sunka -flooded area (“estero”) at 20 minutos or 0.5 -Km -from -Sunka Well -( -MEPN 2769 -) - -; - -1 ♀ -, -13.4 mm -SL, -Pastaza -, -Santi -flooded area (“estero”) at 2 -Km -from -Manalí Well -at -la Trucha No. -3 ( -MEPN 6176 -) - -; - -2 ♀♀ -, 116.0– -118.9 mm -SL, -1 ♀ -C&S, -111.5 mm -SL, -Pastaza -, -Danta River - -500 m -from the exploration platform - -( -MEPN 6180 -) - -; - -1 ♂ -, -3 ♀♀ -, -81.5–91.7 mm -SL, -1 ♂ -C&S, -72.3 mm -SL, -Amazon River Basin, Sovelca flooded area (“estero”), tributary Napo River -( -MEPN 6186 -) - -; - -1 ♀ -, -88.52 mm -SL, -Sucumbios -, - -300 m - -, -Bocapore River -to -2 km -, at - -50 m - -de la valvula del pozo -Capiron -, -00°31′18″ S -, -76°29′28″ W -( -MEPN 8422 -) - -; - -2 ♀♀ -, -116.3–119.3 mm -SL, -Yeye River -, - -200 m - -from head of -Ginta Well -, -Sucumbios -( -MEPN 9560 -) - -. - - - - - -Description - - -Body compressed, greatest body depth at or anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Mouth terminal. Dorsal profile straight between snout tip and posterior tip of supraoccipital spine, straight between supraoccipital spine and dorsal-fin origin, convex between head and at base of dorsal fin, convex between last dorsal-fin ray and adipose-fin origin. Caudal peduncle arched, with dorsal profile concave, ventral profile convex. Ventral profile convex from tip of snout to pelvic-fin insertion. -Premaxillary teeth in two series; outer series with four tricuspid teeth covering three most medial teeth of inner series; inner row with five pentacuspid teeth. Maxilla long, of same width along entire length, with 3–5 tricuspid teeth set in anterior most part of ventral margin. Dentary with anterior four teeth pentacuspid, followed by 7–9 teeth smaller, progressively inclined posteromedially, varying from tri- to unicuspid; proportion of tri- vs unicuspid teeth quite variable. - -Pored scales of lateral line 39(4), 40(4), 41(6), 42(3), 44(1) (n = 18); transverse scales between lateral line and origin of dorsal fin 7(18), 8(1) (n = 19); scales between lateral line and origin of anal fin 6(3), 7(15) (n = 18); scales between lateral line and insertion of pelvic fin 6(13), 7(5) (n = 18). Predorsal midline covered with bilobed medial scales for more than ¾ of its length, naked anteriorly. Rays of dorsal fin -iii 9 -(n = 18); first simple ray small, easily visible only in C&S specimens, detectable with dissecting needle in non-C&S specimens; second simple ray about half length of third simple ray. Distal margin of dorsal fin slightly convex. Origin of adipose fin anterior to vertical line through insertion of last anal-fin ray. Rays of pectoral fin -i 12 -(8), -i 13 -(10) (n = 18). Rays of anal fin -iii 25 -(10), -iii 26 -(7), -iii 27 -(2); first simple rays only visible in C&S material. Origin of anal fin posterior to vertical line through insertion of last ray of dorsal fin. Caudal fin with 9(1), 10(2) principal rays in dorsal lobe and 10(1), 11(2) in ventral lobe, dorsal lobe with 10(3) procurrent rays, ventral with 8(2), 9(1). Principal rays of dorsal lobe associated with four dorsal hypurals, those of ventral lobe associated with three ventral hypurals. - -Total vertebrae 36(1), 37(2), including those of the Weberian apparatus: precaudal centra 17(1), 18(2); last two vertebrae modified with elongate transverse process not in contact with dorsal tip of its rib; caudal centra 19(3). Epipleurals 21(1), 22(2). Epineurals 30(1), 32(2), posterior-most epineural occasionally reaching anterior surface of urostyle. Hypurals 7(3); first dorsal hypural with anterior margin swollen, without projections that articulate the urostyle; second and third hypural dorsal with anterior margin swollen that contacting urostyle. - - -Pigmentation in alcohol - - - -Sides of body yellowish, without reticulated pattern over the lateral surface of the body. Dark lateral stripe from humeral region to caudal-peduncle base, overlain by series of chevron-shaped marks formed by dark lines along myosepta between myotomes extending from anterior third of anal fin; only distal tips of chevrons located to midlateral stripe visible, chevron-shaped marks less evident in adults (≥ -3 cm -SL). Pigmented muscle septae that form series of chevrons not coinciding with horizontal rows of scales, not aligned with scale edges. Chevrons present in juveniles, immature specimens and adults, without distal extensions. - - -Dorsal region of head and body chestnut brown. Sides of cranium and ventral surface of body light brown, not silvery. Melanophores of humeral region forming two spots. Anterior spot formed by two layers of pigment: brown melanophores distributed in thin superficial layer of the epithelium (Layer 1, -Fig. 1 -), deeper layer of dark melanophores (Layer 2, -Fig. 1 -). Layer 2 forms a polygon-shaped spot consisting of two groups of melanophores that do not precisely overlap, typically forming four-sided spot. Second humeral spot located one scale posterior to anterior humeral spot, arc- or sigmoid-shaped, inconspicuous, covering two to three scales above lateral line. Spot on caudal peduncle absent. Pectoral fins mostly hyaline; melanophores present on distal tips of pelvic-fin rays and interradial membranes of dorsal, caudal and anal fins. - - - -Sexual dimorphism - - - -Distribution of hooks on fins varying from -12–16 in -the pelvic fin, -15–17 in -the anal fin; males with longer unbranched rays in dorsal, pectoral and pelvic fins; distal tips of latter two fins extend posteriorly to pelvic-fin origin and anal-fin insertion, respectively. - - - - - -Distribution - - - -Amazon River drainages of -Peru -, -Ecuador -and -Colombia -( -Fig. 4 -). - - - - - - -Comments on type specimens of - -Astyanax villwocki - - - - - - -Astyanax villwocki - -was described by -Zarske & Géry (1999) -based on specimens from the drainages of the Pachitea River in -Peru -, the -Beni -River in -Bolivia -and the Madeira River. However, examination of the -type -specimens revealed differences among specimens included in the original description. Specimens from the Madeira River (MTDF 2214- 22115; ZFMK 20781) do not have the diagnostic characters of -A. villwocki -; they lack the lateral stripe (vs dark lateral stripe present) and have a series of chevrons extending along the entire lateral stripe (vs chevron series not surpassing anterior third of anal fin). We therefore re-identify the specimens from the Madeira River as - -Astyanax boliviensis - -sp. nov. - - - - - - -Astyanax yariguies -( -Torres-Mejía, Hernández & Senechal, 2012 -) - -comb. nov. - - - - - -Figs 4 -, -12 -, -Table 1 - - - - - -Astyanacinus yariguies -Torres-Mejía, Hernández & Senechal, 2012 -: 501 - -–506, figs 1–2. Original description, type locality: Rio Cascajales, Colombia. - - - - - -Diagnosis - - - - -Astyanax yariguies - -is a member of the - -orthodus - -species-group of - -Astyanax - -, differing from the other members of the group, except for - -A. orthodus - -, in having a short polygonal caudal-peduncle spot (vs a cane-shaped mark that extends anteriorly to a vertical through the posterior anal-fin tip in - -A. superbus - -, an elongate mark that extends anteriorly to the humeral region in -A. villwocki -, and a short nail-shaped spot in - -A. bopiensis - -nom. nov. -and - -A. boliviensis - -sp. nov. -; spot on caudal peduncle inconspicuous in - -A. gandhiae - -sp. nov. -, and spot on caudal peduncle pentagonal, but extended towards dorsal and ventral margins of peduncle in - -A. embera - -sp. nov. -). It differs from - -A. orthodus - -by the greater number of maxillary teeth (6 vs 2–3). It differs from most species of the - -orthodus - --group in having 9–10 series of scales between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line (vs 7–8, except for - -A. bopiensis - -nom. nov. -with 7–10). It is distinguished from - -A. moorii - -comb. nov. -by orbital diameter greater than 31% HL (vs less than 31% HL), interorbital distance more 32% HL (vs less than 32% HL) and upper jaw length less than 35% HL (vs more than 45% HL). - - - - - -Etymology - - - -The species name refers to the Yariguíes, the indigenous group that inhabited an area that includes the watershed of the Cascajales River. They fiercely defended their pristine territory for more than 400 years, which likely contributed to the preservation of the species described here. The Yariguíes finally succumbed to invasion and extermination in the mid-20th century. The species name is treated as a noun in apposition ( - -Torres-Mejía -et al. -2012 - -). - - - - -Type material - - -Holotype -(not examined) - - - -COLOMBIA -: -61.9 mm -SL, -Santander -, -El Carmen -, -Magdalena River system (Atlantic coast), Cascajales River drainage, Sucio River, under bridge on the road from El Carmen to Vereda Island -( -UIST 1752 -) - -. - - - -Material examined - - - -Paratypes - - - -COLOMBIA -: -1 ♂ -, -6 ♀♀ -, -41.9–72.2 mm -SL, -Santander -, -Islandia locality -, -Magdalena River Basin, La Concordia Creek -, -6°35′22.3″ N -, -73°34′58.1″ W -( -ICNMNH 17642 -) - -. - - - - - -Description - - -Body compressed, greatest body depth at or anterior to origin of dorsal fin. Mouth terminal. Dorsal profile sigmoid between snout tip and posterior margin of supraoccipital spine (anterior part convex, posterior part concave), convex between head and dorsal fin, convex between head and at dorsal-fin base, convex between last ray of dorsal fin and origin of adipose fin. Caudal peduncle with straight dorsal and ventral profiles. Ventral profile convex between snout tip and insertion of pelvic fin. - - -Fig. 12. - -Astyanax yariguies -(Torres-Mejía, Hernández & Senechal, 2012) - -comb. nov. -, paratype, 75.5 mm SL, La Concordia Creek, Santander, Colombia (ICNMNH 17642). Scale bar = 1 cm. - - -Premaxillary teeth in two series; outer series with four tricuspid teeth covering three most medial teeth of inner series; inner row with five pentacuspid teeth. Maxilla long, of same width along entire length, with 2–3 tricuspid teeth set in anterior most part of ventral margin. Dentary with anterior four pentacuspid teeth, followed laterally by 8–10 teeth smaller, progressively inclined posteromedially, varying from tri- to unicuspid; proportion of tri- vs unicuspid teeth quite variable. - -Pored lateral line scales 39(2), 40 (4); transverse scales from lateral line to dorsal-fin origin 9(1), 10 (5); scales from lateral line to anal-fin origin 7(1), 8(3), 9 (2); scales from lateral line to pelvic-fin insertion 6(1), 7(3), 8(2). Predorsal midline covered with bilobed medial scales for more than ¾ of its length, naked anteriorly. Dorsal-fin rays -iii 9 -(6), first simple ray small, easily visible only in C&S specimens, detectable with dissecting needle in non-C&S specimens; second simple ray about half length of third simple ray. Distal margin of dorsal fin slightly convex. Origin of adipose fin anterior to vertical through insertion of last ray of anal fin. Rays of pectoral fin -i 10 -(1), -i 11 -(1). Rays of pelvic fin -i 7 -(2). Rays of anal fin -iii 28–30 -(8), first simple rays only visible in cleared and stained material ( -Table 1 -). Origin of anal fin posterior to vertical line through insertion of last dorsal-fin ray. - -Total vertebrae 32(1), 35(1), including those of the Weberian apparatus: precaudal centra 16(1), 17(1); last three without pleural ribs; caudal centra 17(1)–19(1). Epipleurals 19–20. Epineurals 30–31, posterior-most epineural occasionally reaching anterior surface of urostyle. Hypurals 7 (2); first dorsal hypural with anterior margin swollen, without projections articulating with urostyle; second and third hypural with anterior margin swollen, contacting urostyle. - - -Pigmentation in alcohol - - -Sides of body yellowish, with reticulated pattern predominant over the lateral surface of the body. Silvery stripe between humeral region and caudal fin, overlain by series of chevron-shaped marks formed by dark lines along myosepta between myotomes extending from upper region of coelomic cavity to caudal peduncle; pigmented muscle septae forming chevrons not coinciding with scale rows. Chevrons without distal extensions both in juvenile and adult specimens. - -Dorsal region of head and body chestnut brown. Sides of cranium and ventral surface of body light brown, not silvery. Melanophores of humeral region forming two spots. Anterior spot formed by two layers of pigment: brown melanophores distributed in a thin superficial layer of the epithelium (Layer 1, -Fig. 1 -), deeper layer consisting of dark melanophores (Layer 2, -Fig. 1 -). Layer 2 forms a polygon shaped spot, consisting of two groups of melanophores that do not precisely overlap, typically forming foursided spot extending from third to sixth or seventh scale of lateral series. Posterior humeral spot situated two or three scales posterior to the anterior humeral spot, arc- or sigmoid-shaped, inconspicuous, covering two to three scales above lateral-line. Caudal-peduncle spot short, elliptical in shape, not extending anteriorly to vertical through posterior margin of adipose fin. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal and anal fins hyaline. Pigment present on interradial membranes of middle caudal-fin rays. - - - -Sexual dimorphism - - -Males with small hooks on distal tips of rays of all fins: dorsal fin with hooks on third simple ray and on all branched rays; pelvic, anal and pectoral fins with hooks on branched rays; caudal fin with hooks on four middle rays. - - -Taxonomic comments - - - -This species is transferred from - -Astyanacinus - -to - -Astyanax - -because it shares the anteriorly directed V-shaped chevrons along myomere junctions with members of the - -orthodus - -species-group. The conspicuous polygon-shaped humeral spot is also similar ( -Fig. 1 -), consisting of dark melanophores. - - - - - -Distribution - - - - -Astyanax yariguies - -is known from -Colombia -, the -Magdalena -River Basin -and the -Cascajales River -drainage ( -Fig. 4 -). - - - - \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD7D429FE64FC00FFF8FA93.xml b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD7D429FE64FC00FFF8FA93.xml index d6b123c453a..7f953145ea3 100644 --- a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD7D429FE64FC00FFF8FA93.xml +++ b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD7D429FE64FC00FFF8FA93.xml @@ -1,65 +1,65 @@ - - - -Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species + + + +Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species - - -Author + + +Author -Ruiz-C, Raquel I. +Ruiz-C, Raquel I. - - -Author + + +Author -Román-Valencia, César +Román-Valencia, César - - -Author + + +Author -Taphorn, Donald C. +Taphorn, Donald C. - - -Author + + +Author -Buckup, Paulo A. +Buckup, Paulo A. - - -Author + + +Author -Ortega, Hernán +Ortega, Hernán -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2018 - -2018-02-08 + +2018 + +2018-02-08 - -402 + +402 - -1 -45 + +1 +45 -journal article -30789 -10.5852/ejt.2018.402 -8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b -1169559 -A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2018.402 +8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b +2118-9773 +1169559 +A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B - + @@ -209,18 +209,16 @@ from (examined from photograph) - + COLOMBIA : 88.3 mm -SL, NW -Colombia -, +SL, NW Colombia, Department of Chocó , Rio Sucio Municipality , -Urabá, Truandó River, lower Atrato River Basin, Caribbean coast +Urabá, Truandó River, lower Atrato River Basin, Caribbean coast ( USNM 55655 ). @@ -230,69 +228,63 @@ SL, NW Other material - + COLOMBIA : Chocó : -2 ♀♀ +2 ♀♀ , 66.1–71.6 mm SL, -Atrato River -Basin, Truandó River, tributary -Atrato River +Atrato River Basin, Truandó River, tributary Atrato River ( AMNH 5370 ) ; - -2 ♀♀ + +2 ♀♀ , 86.9 mm -SL, Yuto, Atrato -River Basin -, -Yuto River -, tributary -Atrato River +SL, Yuto, +Atrato River Basin, Yuto River, tributary Atrato River (IAvHP 6494) ; - -16 ♀♀ + +16 ♀♀ , 32.3–100.7 mm SL, -2 ♂♂ +2 ♂♂ , -2 ♀♀ +2 ♀♀ , C&S, 51.4–67.8 mm SL, -Rio Sucio municipality +Rio Sucio municipality , -vereda Sautatá, Atrato River Basin,Tendal Creek -(IAvHP 7146) +vereda Sautatá, Atrato River Basin,Tendal Creek +( +IAvHP 7146 +) ; - -11 ♀♀ + +11 ♀♀ , 37.4–51.9 mm -SL, -Atrato River -Basin, Rio Sucio Municipality, -Sautata Strema -(“vereda”), -Tendal Creek +SL, Atrato River Basin, +Rio Sucio Municipality +, Sautata Strema (“vereda”), +Tendal Creek (“quebrada”), -Parque Natural Nacional Los Katios +Parque Natural Nacional Los Katios , -07°48′08″ N +07°48′08″ N , -77°10′22″ W +77°10′22″ W , 161 m @@ -301,49 +293,39 @@ a.s.l. (IAvHP 7208) ; - -8 ♀♀ + +8 ♀♀ , 32.6–76.1 mm SL, -2 ♀♀ +2 ♀♀ C&S, 56.8–61.3 mm SL, -rio Sucio Municipality -, -Sautata Stream (“vereda”) -, -Atrato River Basin, Tendal Creek, Parque Natural Nacional Los Katios +rio Sucio Municipality +, Sautata Stream (“vereda”), +Atrato River Basin, Tendal Creek, Parque Natural Nacional Los Katios ( IAvHP 7209 ) ; - -2 ♀♀ + +2 ♀♀ , 82,6– 99.4 mm -SL, -Sucio River -, -Sautata Stream -(“vereda”), -Atrato River -Basin,Tendal Creek, -Parque Natural Nacional Los Katios +SL, Sucio River, Sautata Stream (“vereda”), +Atrato River Basin,Tendal Creek, Parque Natural Nacional Los Katios (IAvHP 7210) ; - -1 ♂ + +1 ♂ , 71.5 mm -SL, Acandí, Atrato -River Basin -, tributary of -Nati River +SL, Acandí, +Atrato River Basin, tributary of Nati River ( IUQ 1319 ). diff --git a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD8D423FDDFFDA8FD46FA9E.xml b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD8D423FDDFFDA8FD46FA9E.xml index 5c11ab5bfdf..6488f450d0c 100644 --- a/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD8D423FDDFFDA8FD46FA9E.xml +++ b/data/2C/07/87/2C0787E7FFD8D423FDDFFDA8FD46FA9E.xml @@ -1,65 +1,65 @@ - - - -Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species + + + +Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species - - -Author + + +Author -Ruiz-C, Raquel I. +Ruiz-C, Raquel I. - - -Author + + +Author -Román-Valencia, César +Román-Valencia, César - - -Author + + +Author -Taphorn, Donald C. +Taphorn, Donald C. - - -Author + + +Author -Buckup, Paulo A. +Buckup, Paulo A. - - -Author + + +Author -Ortega, Hernán +Ortega, Hernán -text - - -European Journal of Taxonomy +text + + +European Journal of Taxonomy - -2018 - -2018-02-08 + +2018 + +2018-02-08 - -402 + +402 - -1 -45 + +1 +45 -journal article -30789 -10.5852/ejt.2018.402 -8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b -1169559 -A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B +journal article +10.5852/ejt.2018.402 +8f1510f6-1b79-467f-9e8d-f193ac82cc4b +2118-9773 +1169559 +A3CE68AA-C5C6-40B7-B57C-6EF6D949149B - + @@ -224,14 +224,16 @@ material of BRAZIL : -1 specimen +1 specimen , 65.2 mm SL; Upper Paraguay Chapala Plateau , Mato Grosso -State (BMNH 1892.4.20.51; photo +State ( +BMNH +1892.4.20.51; photo BMNH 1892-4-20-51-2 2 ) @@ -244,12 +246,14 @@ State (BMNH 1892.4.20.51; photo BRAZIL : -1 specimen +1 specimen , SL unknown; Upper Paraguay Chapala Plateau , Mato Grosso -State (BMNH 1892.4.20.52; photo +State ( +BMNH +1892.4.20.52; photo BMNH 1892-4-20-51-2 1 ) @@ -261,47 +265,29 @@ State (BMNH 1892.4.20.52; photo - + BRAZIL : State of Mato Grosso : -2 specimens +2 specimens (sex unknown), 50.3–64.7 mm -SL, stream ("riacho") near -Manso Hydro-Electric Plant -, - - -Cuiabá -River - -Basin - -, in the region of +SL, stream ("riacho") +near Manso Hydro-Electric Plant +, Cuiabá River Basin, in the region of Fazenda Nova ( MNRJ 29284 ) ; - -3 specimens + +3 specimens (sex unknown), 43.2–59.0 mm SL, -Forte Stream -("ribeirão"), tributary of the -Coxipó-Açu River -, - - -Cuiabá -River - -Basin - -, -Municipality of Cuiabá +Forte Stream +("ribeirão"), tributary of the Coxipó-Açu River, Cuiabá River Basin, Municipality of +Cuiabá ( MNRJ 1190 )