From 79dc4c16bda90dbe22da98ce8ea34c705b3eef80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggserver <ggserver@srv1.plazi.org> Date: Wed, 29 Jan 2025 13:40:39 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add updates up until 2025-01-29 13:35:34 --- .../87/167887CFFF93FFCCFEA1F8DE137AFDB1.xml | 141 ++++++++++++++++++ .../82/FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815.xml | 129 ++++++++-------- .../82/FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.xml | 139 ++++++++--------- 3 files changed, 276 insertions(+), 133 deletions(-) create mode 100644 data/16/78/87/167887CFFF93FFCCFEA1F8DE137AFDB1.xml diff --git a/data/16/78/87/167887CFFF93FFCCFEA1F8DE137AFDB1.xml b/data/16/78/87/167887CFFF93FFCCFEA1F8DE137AFDB1.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0c712114143 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/16/78/87/167887CFFF93FFCCFEA1F8DE137AFDB1.xml @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +<document id="7391F108B2C0CA19CE5C1B100270F24A" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae151" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-ZooBank="DBCF772-7EA4-4DAD-8D9F-F08A4CD76980" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1738157146686" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Perina, Giulia, Camacho, Ana I., White, Nicole E., Morgan, Liesel, Lawrie, Angus, Floeckner, Stephanie & Guzik, Michelle T." docDate="2024" docId="167887CFFF93FFCCFEA1F8DE137AFDB1" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae151.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (4)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae151" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.10:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="10" docTitle="Bathynellidae Grobben 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" masterDocId="EA41FFB7FF99FFC6FFA3FFD11727FF8E" masterDocTitle="Unveiling hidden Bathynellidae (Crustacea: Bathynellacea) diversity in Australia: an integrated study reveals remarkable diversity and a new subfamily from Queensland" updateTime="1738157730827" updateUser="GgImagineBatch"> +<mods:mods id="75E6A5DFA6DDD77587CDE13FADDEF3C5" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3"> +<mods:titleInfo id="3EF1332E5E4E2715E308D2C4ED0290FF"> +<mods:title id="D57A5A42605A6292FE7E1885E2F1B9E8">Unveiling hidden Bathynellidae (Crustacea: Bathynellacea) diversity in Australia: an integrated study reveals remarkable diversity and a new subfamily from Queensland</mods:title> +</mods:titleInfo> +<mods:name id="CC28C74D474FD98F15CB66B16075B4AA" type="personal"> +<mods:role id="C1F9A4691B65CEE9A3B1B09B7FF47632"> +<mods:roleTerm id="F5F7885E6E49A11A67477344A34B3128">Author</mods:roleTerm> +</mods:role> +<mods:namePart id="619F4E4F377F9D860B6F1328760361EF">Perina, Giulia</mods:namePart> +<mods:affiliation id="07C9AC416617E55108D48B893282C4F0">Western Australian Museum Collections and Research, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia & Biologic Environmental Survey, 24 - 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Marburg in Hessen: publisher unknown, 1905." type="book" year="1905">Grobben 1905</bibRefCitation> +: p. 456 by +<bibRefCitation id="FA404B28FF93FFCCFD33F8B11639F819" author="Drewes J & Schminke HK" pageId="10" pagination="1377 - 401" refId="ref27696" refString="Drewes J, Schminke HK. Number of families within Bathynellacea (Malacostraca) and year of publication of their names, with redescription of Baicalobathynella magna (Bazikalova, 1954) from Lake Baikal. Crustaceana 2011; 84: 1377 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 001121611 x 590120" type="journal article" year="2011">Drewes and Schminke 2011</bibRefCitation> +) when all species of +<taxonomicName id="59D14D5AFF93FFCCFE4EF8AE155DF819" authorityName="Chappuis" authorityYear="1915" box="[493,634,1919,1943]" class="Malacostraca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bathynellacea" pageId="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Bathynellacea</taxonomicName> +known at that time were included in a single family, +<taxonomicName id="59D14D5AFF93FFCCFE5CF84F15A8F838" authorityName="Grobben" authorityYear="1905" box="[511,655,1950,1974]" class="Malacostraca" family="Bathynellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bathynellacea" pageId="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bathynellidae</taxonomicName> +: body more Anisopoda-like, with eight free thoracic somites. Eyes absent. First antenna uniramous, with slender and unsegmented exopodite. Exopodites of thoracic limbs short, the seven anterior thoracic limbs with epipod. Abdominal appendages 2–5 absent. Sixth abdominal biramous appendages. Telson divided so that there is no tail fan. +<typeStatus id="416A887BFF93FFCCFC54FEFC130BFECB" box="[1015,1068,301,325]" pageId="10">Type</typeStatus> +species: +<taxonomicName id="59D14D5AFF93FFCCFB26FEFC1213FECA" authorityName="Vejdovsky" authorityYear="1882" box="[1157,1332,301,325]" class="Malacostraca" family="Bathynellidae" genus="Bathynella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bathynellacea" pageId="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans"> +<emphasis id="ACA5EACBFF93FFCCFB26FEFC1213FECA" box="[1157,1332,301,325]" italics="true" pageId="10">Bathynella natans</emphasis> +</taxonomicName> +from a well in +<collectingRegion id="5C15F83BFF93FFCCFC9AFE9D14A7FEEA" box="[825,896,332,356]" country="Czech Republic" name="Praha" pageId="10">Prague</collectingRegion> +( +<collectingCountry id="E6C67649FF93FFCCFC2FFE9D1310FEEA" box="[908,1079,332,356]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="10">Czech Republic</collectingCountry> +). +</paragraph> +<paragraph id="9E6E36D9FF93FFCCFCF6FEBA137AFDB1" blockId="10.[825,1477,144,575]" pageId="10"> +Diagnosis (translated from +<bibRefCitation id="FA404B28FF93FFCCFB21FEBA1269FE0D" author="Serban E & Coineau N & Delamare Deboutteville C" box="[1154,1358,363,387]" pageId="10" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref31010" refString="Serban E, Coineau N, Delamare Deboutteville C. 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Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 1972; Serie A, Zoologie: 1 - 107." type="book chapter" year="1972"> +Serban +<emphasis id="ACA5EACBFF93FFCCFB75FEBD122AFE0D" box="[1238,1293,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="10">et al.</emphasis> +1972 +</bibRefCitation> +) after the erection of three families ( +<taxonomicName id="59D14D5AFF93FFCCFBC7FE5A13D2FE2D" authorityName="Grobben" authorityYear="1905" box="[1124,1269,395,419]" class="Malacostraca" family="Bathynellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bathynellacea" pageId="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bathynellidae</taxonomicName> +, +<taxonomicName id="59D14D5AFF93FFCCFAA4FE5A1298FE2D" authorityName="Noodt" authorityYear="1965" box="[1287,1471,395,419]" class="Malacostraca" family="Parabathynellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bathynellacea" pageId="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Parabathynellidae</taxonomicName> +, and +<taxonomicName id="59D14D5AFF93FFCCFCD0FE7B131AFE4C" box="[883,1085,426,450]" family="Leptobathynellidae" pageId="10" rank="family">Leptobathynellidae</taxonomicName> +) within the order +<taxonomicName id="59D14D5AFF93FFCCFA8EFE7B1298FE4C" authorityName="Chappuis" authorityYear="1915" box="[1325,1471,426,450]" class="Malacostraca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bathynellacea" pageId="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Bathynellacea</taxonomicName> +: +<taxonomicName id="59D14D5AFF93FFCCFC9AFE1814E1FE6F" authorityName="Chappuis" authorityYear="1915" box="[825,966,457,481]" class="Malacostraca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bathynellacea" pageId="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Bathynellacea</taxonomicName> +with paragnathes and exopod on antenna, smooth-edged labrum, prehensile three-segmented mandibular palp; one-segmented exopod of thoracopods; one or two pairs of two-segmented pleopods. +</paragraph> +</subSubSection> +</treatment> +</document> \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815.xml b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815.xml index 28431ca1f29..058b90d6f67 100644 --- a/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815.xml +++ b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815.xml @@ -1,48 +1,49 @@ -<document id="A14390C027311A724C8E7D29AD6C19F4" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-ZooBank="4532A0E-7137-4BDA-A278-74E4DB433382" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1738156738642" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Omar, Atef & Jung, Jae-Ho" docDate="2024" docId="FF66823DFF956B0FFF4F8729FED1F815" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae144.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. 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Soc.) 202" docSource="http://zoobank.org/74532a0e-7137-4bda-a278-74e4db433382" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.10:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="10" docTitle="Apostylonychia notophorides Omar & Jung 2024, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" masterDocId="035FFA45FF9B6B00FFEF8206FD2DFFAF" masterDocTitle="Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach" updateTime="1738157695756" updateUser="ExternalLinkService"> +<mods:mods id="4A9659EB775515E4C63AC90CD71C6C98" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3"> +<mods:titleInfo id="5281A5106B03B9A78E92BEAF3BC1A43C"> +<mods:title id="F6B10A146805D78E33717D4AA84EA322">Disentangling the stylonychine ciliates (Ciliophora: Hypotricha): the establishment of two new genera using an integrative taxonomic approach</mods:title> </mods:titleInfo> -<mods:name id="C132FA2043DB541D44B337F795C1FDB2" type="personal"> -<mods:role id="D8163F0C1128BCF1F624EC71D1D508F4"> -<mods:roleTerm id="B6E34DF5A1C344EE5A1A87C3D8748337">Author</mods:roleTerm> +<mods:name id="F8753E4574F00834512262CE1CD9B7A2" type="personal"> +<mods:role id="0C949568A91863C21505A9210E567771"> +<mods:roleTerm id="1980F72F7BEA841987E2B2D806D26531">Author</mods:roleTerm> </mods:role> -<mods:namePart id="888E8767C2CF60D6BC800ADFF1ECFF6A">Omar, Atef</mods:namePart> -<mods:affiliation id="F9ACDFB356160A6979A07A8AEEACCAA1">EcoBio Research Center, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea</mods:affiliation> -<mods:nameIdentifier id="3AF62710F969646FC4AC0965B27D63EF" type="email">atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr</mods:nameIdentifier> +<mods:namePart id="68AACE1717795DA90269A2CFE2451452">Omar, Atef</mods:namePart> +<mods:affiliation id="08131C706E97E49E87FA4BF3CC8122AE">EcoBio Research Center, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea</mods:affiliation> +<mods:nameIdentifier id="69560F64C128B15E584025B672FB305C" type="email">atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr</mods:nameIdentifier> </mods:name> -<mods:name id="BB5D288CCCCFEB69B0245C7D1D3304DD" type="personal"> -<mods:role id="713F9502764D651EF6BAC81C3BC3164C"> -<mods:roleTerm id="2AA16A82BC7F0E8367B592094B0D4EED">Author</mods:roleTerm> +<mods:name id="E3CEBB352B847C9CE439390BB375B7B8" type="personal"> +<mods:role id="1FA92711D817586F77AEE8E66EC6489E"> +<mods:roleTerm id="97EE72366C950128544510910D48333C">Author</mods:roleTerm> </mods:role> -<mods:namePart id="C46B6BC153563CB286061D563BD9019C">Jung, Jae-Ho</mods:namePart> -<mods:affiliation id="59044699C0A2C2F0DD6F636815C8D33B">Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea</mods:affiliation> -<mods:nameIdentifier id="6EDD3BA39049F4F5CD8144EDCD3AA8EB" type="email">atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr</mods:nameIdentifier> +<mods:namePart id="51D8A737566B7DF0AFA3315EB0A62020">Jung, Jae-Ho</mods:namePart> +<mods:affiliation id="A00AC5ADAC538E4E024B507B05156C3F">Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea</mods:affiliation> +<mods:nameIdentifier id="4877A597751F0F275932B50022316138" type="email">atef.omar@gwnu.ac.kr</mods:nameIdentifier> </mods:name> -<mods:typeOfResource id="EFBB74736A5009FD0E5F0CDEDE7120BA">text</mods:typeOfResource> -<mods:relatedItem id="39DCB908FF15FA4AFF6DF6BE4669501F" type="host"> -<mods:titleInfo id="EC34E0662858AE1FE46DA8B94032D4E2"> -<mods:title id="276D2B8610037A6791AD595C83C17E41">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title> +<mods:typeOfResource id="AC0E9B3E462A96E5E835ED6EF20A8AFF">text</mods:typeOfResource> +<mods:relatedItem id="9F762D5D560F05C2EFE6633A231B7DB3" type="host"> +<mods:titleInfo id="7C79C2D7527FAC7325614A23C02C5761"> +<mods:title id="93E3E8558266F8A92F1EE863276B2AD2">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title> </mods:titleInfo> -<mods:part id="DD69B4FDA7BE748AAC45C7F9A18DF57C"> -<mods:date id="7162430C3EC61C1C8F8E45FA7C61D60E">2024</mods:date> -<mods:detail id="5AF614FC8D9B366E1D47CEB3D13F9741" type="series"> -<mods:title id="B6B4B7F8216B7D343A1C927E334181E6">Zool. 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Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." captionText-1="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." captionText-2="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." captionText-3="Figure 8. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation.A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing the dedifferentiation of cirrus IV/3 (double arrowhead). D, E, ventral view of an early divider, showing the formation of anlagen IV–VI of the proter from cirrus IV/3 and anlagen V and VI of the opisthe from cirrus V/4. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of a middle divider, showing the formation of anlage I of the proter from the paroral membrane, anlage II from the buccal cirrus, and anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the formation of the right marginal anlagen (arrowheads), and the formation of dorsal kineties anlagen apokinetally at two levels in each dorsal kinety.H, ventral view of a middle divider showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri and the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4A, dorsal kineties anlagen; I–VI, frontal–ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium. Scale bars: 20 μm." captionText-4="Figure 9. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a late mid-divider showing the complete formation of ventral cirri, the formation of dorsomarginal kineties (double arrowhead), and the extension of dorsal kineties’ anlagen. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of a late divider showing the migration of cirri to their final positions, the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 to form kinety 4, the new caudal cirri at the ends of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads), and the division of the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; 1–3A, dorsal kineties anlagen; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane. Scale bars: 20 μm." pageId="14">Figs 5–9</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFE848767FCE8FAD4" box="[363,453,1377,1404]" captionStart-0="Figure 5" captionStart-1="Figure 6" captionStart-2="Figure 7" captionStart-3="Figure 8" captionStart-4="Figure 9" captionStartId-0="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionStartId-1="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionStartId-2="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionStartId-3="18.[128,193,1498,1522]" captionStartId-4="19.[113,178,801,825]" captionTargetBox-0="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetBox-1="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetBox-2="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetBox-3="[130,1471,144,1468]" captionTargetBox-4="[115,1456,145,772]" captionTargetId-0="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetId-1="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId-2="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetId-3="figure-110@18.[129,1473,143,1470]" captionTargetId-4="figure-521@19.[114,1458,144,774]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="18" captionTargetPageId-4="19" captionText-0="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." captionText-1="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." captionText-2="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." captionText-3="Figure 8. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation.A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing the dedifferentiation of cirrus IV/3 (double arrowhead). D, E, ventral view of an early divider, showing the formation of anlagen IV–VI of the proter from cirrus IV/3 and anlagen V and VI of the opisthe from cirrus V/4. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of a middle divider, showing the formation of anlage I of the proter from the paroral membrane, anlage II from the buccal cirrus, and anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the formation of the right marginal anlagen (arrowheads), and the formation of dorsal kineties anlagen apokinetally at two levels in each dorsal kinety.H, ventral view of a middle divider showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri and the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4A, dorsal kineties anlagen; I–VI, frontal–ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium. Scale bars: 20 μm." captionText-4="Figure 9. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a late mid-divider showing the complete formation of ventral cirri, the formation of dorsomarginal kineties (double arrowhead), and the extension of dorsal kineties’ anlagen. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of a late divider showing the migration of cirri to their final positions, the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 to form kinety 4, the new caudal cirri at the ends of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads), and the division of the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; 1–3A, dorsal kineties anlagen; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane. Scale bars: 20 μm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764539" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764543" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764547" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764553" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764555" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14764539/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14764543/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14764547/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14764553/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/14764555/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Figs 5–9</figureCitation> ; <tableCitation id="3A4D0690FF956B0EFE3E8764FF33FAD4" box="[465,542,1377,1404]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[113,168,143,167]" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric data on Apostylonychia baugilensis (Apb), Apostylonychia notophorides (Apn), Antetetmemena minima (Anm), Tetmemena indica (Ti), and Tetmemena cf. pustulata (TP)." pageId="14">Table 1</tableCitation> ) @@ -104,27 +105,27 @@ Size 90–120 μm × 35–50 μm (usually ~110 μm × 45 μm, <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF956B0EFAAD8355F878FEC5" box="[1346,1365,339,362]" italics="true" pageId="14">N</emphasis> = 14) and 64–91 μm × 27–45 μm after protargol impregnation. Body moderately obovate, widest in mid of adoral zone of membranelles, wide frontal area, scutum hyaline, rounded and slightly narrowed anteriorly, obliquely truncated to left, body margins gradually converging posteriorly, both right and left margin straight or slightly convex. Length:width ratio 1.9–2.6:1, on average 2.2:1 ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFC23802BF915FDEA" box="[972,1080,557,581]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="14">Figs 5A–C</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFC23802BF915FDEA" box="[972,1080,557,581]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764539/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Figs 5A–C</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFBAD802BF954FDEA" box="[1090,1145,557,581]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." pageId="14">6A–F</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFBAD802BF954FDEA" box="[1090,1145,557,581]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764543/files/figure.png" pageId="14">6A–F</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFB6C8028F991FDE9" box="[1155,1212,558,582]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." pageId="14">7A–E</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFB6C8028F991FDE9" box="[1155,1212,558,582]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764547" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764547/files/figure.png" pageId="14">7A–E</figureCitation> ). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~23% of body length and ends at ~72%. Invariably two macronuclear nodules and two micronuclei; cells with a single micronucleus observed only during division. Individual macronuclear nodules broadly ellipsoidal, in or slightly left of the midline of the body, <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF956B0EFBE580CDF964FD4D" box="[1034,1097,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="14">in vivo</emphasis> 15–25 μm × 10–15 μm. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, ~4 μm across ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFC66810FFEF4FC8F" box="[905,985,776,801]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="14">Figs 5C</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFC66810FFEF4FC8F" box="[905,985,776,801]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764539/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Figs 5C</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFC0B810FFED3FC8E" box="[996,1022,777,801]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." pageId="14">6F</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFC0B810FFED3FC8E" box="[996,1022,777,801]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764543/files/figure.png" pageId="14">6F</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFBE5810FF96EFC8F" box="[1034,1091,777,801]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." pageId="14">7A, B</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFBE5810FF96EFC8F" box="[1034,1091,777,801]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764547" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764547/files/figure.png" pageId="14">7A, B</figureCitation> ). Contractile vacuole in mid-body at left cell margin; at end of diastole ~14 μm across. Collecting canals not recognizable ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFBCC8141F95DFCF0" box="[1059,1136,839,863]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="14">Figs 5A</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFBCC8141F95DFCF0" box="[1059,1136,839,863]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764539/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Figs 5A</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFB928141F99EFCF0" box="[1149,1203,839,863]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." pageId="14">6E, F</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFB928141F99EFCF0" box="[1149,1203,839,863]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764543/files/figure.png" pageId="14">6E, F</figureCitation> ). Cortex rigid and colourless; cortical granules lacking. Cytoplasm hyaline, studded with lipid droplets, refractive crystals in posterior portion of cell, and food vacuoles ≤8 μm across containing bacteria, yeast, and occasionally ≤15 μm across containing flagellates and starch grains ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFCAB81E2FEBFFC53" box="[836,914,996,1020]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="14">Figs 5A</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFCAB81E2FEBFFC53" box="[836,914,996,1020]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764539/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Figs 5A</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFC7081E2FEF3FC53" box="[927,990,996,1020]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." pageId="14">6A–H</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFC7081E2FEF3FC53" box="[927,990,996,1020]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764543/files/figure.png" pageId="14">6A–H</figureCitation> ). Usually crawling slowly on bottom of culture dish or swimming by spiralling around long body axis. </paragraph> <paragraph id="7770332BFF956B0EFCBA8625F9C6F9C0" blockId="14.[824,1476,307,1960]" pageId="14"> @@ -145,17 +146,17 @@ pattern, i.e. 18 FVT cirri arranged as follows: three enlarged frontal cirri dis ; three postoral cirri in inverted L-shape pattern, with same length as frontoventral cirri, cirrus IV/2 placed more anteriorly than cirrus V/4; two obliquely arranged pretransverse cirri, with cilia ~20 μm long; and five transverse cirri arranged in two groups, two right and three left, subterminal, all cirri project from posterior body end, fringed distally, ~30 μm long <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF956B0EFB29877AF829FA3C" box="[1222,1284,1404,1427]" italics="true" pageId="14">in vivo</emphasis> ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFAFB877DF857FA3C" box="[1300,1402,1403,1427]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="14">Figs 5A, B</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFAFB877DF857FA3C" box="[1300,1402,1403,1427]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764539/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Figs 5A, B</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFA6A877DFE61FA1C" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." pageId="14">6A, B, G</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFA6A877DFE61FA1C" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764543/files/figure.png" pageId="14">6A, B, G</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFCB7879DFEE1FA1D" box="[856,972,1435,1459]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." pageId="14">7A, C, D, F</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFCB7879DFEE1FA1D" box="[856,972,1435,1459]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764547" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764547/files/figure.png" pageId="14">7A, C, D, F</figureCitation> ). Marginal cirri fine and of same length, ~18–20 μm long. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~14% of body length and ends posteriorly at ~94% of body length, composed of 10–15 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~47% of body length and ends at ~98% of body length, composed of 9–12 cirri. Gap between posterior ends of marginal rows slightly shifted to the right ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFBEA8451F962F9C1" box="[1029,1103,1622,1647]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="14">Figs 5B</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFBEA8451F962F9C1" box="[1029,1103,1622,1647]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764539/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Figs 5B</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFBB58451F95AF9C0" box="[1114,1143,1623,1647]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." pageId="14">6B</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFBB58451F95AF9C0" box="[1114,1143,1623,1647]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764543/files/figure.png" pageId="14">6B</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFB6E8451F9F6F9C1" box="[1153,1243,1623,1647]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." pageId="14">7A, C, D</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFB6E8451F9F6F9C1" box="[1153,1243,1623,1647]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764547" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764547/files/figure.png" pageId="14">7A, C, D</figureCitation> ). </paragraph> <paragraph id="7770332BFF956B0FFCBA8470FCD7F98C" blockId="14.[824,1476,307,1960]" lastBlockId="15.[112,764,1484,1978]" lastPageId="15" pageId="14"> @@ -164,14 +165,14 @@ Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones, with bristles ~4 μm long . Kineties 1–3 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 22–26, 17–21, and 14–18 dikinetids, respectively; kinety 1 slightly shortened anteriorly, i.e. usually ~5 μm shorter than kineties 2 and 3 after protargol impregnation; kinety 4 slightly shortened anteriorly, i.e. ~7 μm shorter than kineties 2 and 3 anteriorly and possesses 10–16 dikinetids. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over about half and first quarter of cell length and possess 6–10 and 3–6 dikinetids, respectively. Three caudal cirri, ~35 μm long <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF956B0EFA928597F890F807" box="[1405,1469,1937,1960]" italics="true" pageId="14">in vivo</emphasis> , slightly shifted to the right, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4; left caudal cirrus usually straight or beating slower than the other two cirri ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFF37840CFC0BF98D" box="[216,294,1546,1570]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="15">Figs 5C</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFF37840CFC0BF98D" box="[216,294,1546,1570]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764539/files/figure.png" pageId="15">Figs 5C</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFEDE840CFC41F98D" box="[305,364,1546,1570]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." pageId="15">6E, H</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFEDE840CFC41F98D" box="[305,364,1546,1570]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764543/files/figure.png" pageId="15">6E, H</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFE98840DFCC4F98D" box="[375,489,1547,1571]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." pageId="15">7B, E, G, H</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFE98840DFCC4F98D" box="[375,489,1547,1571]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764547" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764547/files/figure.png" pageId="15">7B, E, G, H</figureCitation> ). </paragraph> -<caption id="23B063A3FF946B0FFF9E86C6F82BFA33" pageId="15" startId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" targetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure"> +<caption id="23B063A3FF946B0FFF9E86C6F82BFA33" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764539" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14764539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764539/files/figure.png" pageId="15" startId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" targetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure"> <paragraph id="7770332BFF946B0FFF9E86C6F82BFA33" blockId="15.[113,1441,1216,1436]" pageId="15"> <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF946B0FFF9E86C6FDE4FB77" bold="true" box="[113,201,1216,1240]" pageId="15">Figure 5.</emphasis> <taxonomicName id="B0CF48A8FF946B0FFF2186C6FCE2FB77" authorityName="Omar & Jung" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Foissner" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[206,463,1216,1240]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Apostylonychia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="15" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="notophorides"> @@ -188,21 +189,21 @@ pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transve Adoral zone occupies 49%–57% of body length and is composed of 29–32 membranelles. Distal end of adoral zone commences at an average of 10% of body length on right side (DE-value 0.19 on average). Cilia of membranelles ~20 μm long <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF946B0FFF9E84AEFD9DF910" box="[113,176,1704,1727]" italics="true" pageId="15">in vivo</emphasis> , bases of largest membranelles ~5 μm wide after protargol impregnation ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFEE284C0FC76F971" box="[269,347,1734,1758]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="15">Figs 5A</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFEE284C0FC76F971" box="[269,347,1734,1758]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764539/files/figure.png" pageId="15">Figs 5A</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFE8784C0FC8BF971" box="[360,422,1734,1758]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." pageId="15">6A–D</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFE8784C0FC8BF971" box="[360,422,1734,1758]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764543/files/figure.png" pageId="15">6A–D</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFE5D84C1FF23F971" box="[434,526,1735,1759]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." pageId="15">7A, C, D</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFE5D84C1FF23F971" box="[434,526,1735,1759]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764547" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764547/files/figure.png" pageId="15">7A, C, D</figureCitation> ). Buccal cavity, i.e. the transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane and the opposite adoral membranelle on the left side, 11–16 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly. Undulating membranes at the midline of the body, cilia 9–10 μm long, in <taxonomicName id="B0CF48A8FF946B0FFDF88542FFAAF8F3" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1830" box="[535,647,1860,1884]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Stylonychia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="15" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus"> <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF946B0FFDF88542FFAAF8F3" box="[535,647,1860,1884]" italics="true" pageId="15">Stylonychia</emphasis> </taxonomicName> pattern, i.e. parallel or slightly overlapping. Paroral membrane commences anterior to buccal cirrus at ~22% of body length, with a length of ~16 μm in protargol-impregnated specimens, and extends to near end of buccal vertex. Endoral membrane commences posterior to anterior end of paroral at ~26% of body length, with a length of ~16 μm after protargol impregnation, and extends to end of buccal vertex. Pharyngeal fibres extend transversely to right body margin ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFC1D844FF974F9CE" box="[1010,1113,1609,1633]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="15">Figs 5A, B</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFC1D844FF974F9CE" box="[1010,1113,1609,1633]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="15.[113,178,1216,1240]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1186]" captionTargetId="figure-331@15.[114,1458,144,1188]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 5. Apostylonychia notophorides from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen showing the obovate body with wide frontal area and frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, the distinctly narrowed posterior end, and the large adoral zone of membranelles. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of a voucher specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the frontal cirri located right of the midline of the body, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764539/files/figure.png" pageId="15">Figs 5A, B</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFB8B844FF9B0F9CE" box="[1124,1181,1609,1633]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." pageId="15">6A, B</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFB8B844FF9B0F9CE" box="[1124,1181,1609,1633]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764543/files/figure.png" pageId="15">6A, B</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFB47844FF9E8F9CE" box="[1192,1221,1609,1633]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." pageId="15">7A</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFB47844FF9E8F9CE" box="[1192,1221,1609,1633]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764547" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764547/files/figure.png" pageId="15">7A</figureCitation> ). </paragraph> <paragraph id="7770332BFF946B0FFCC5848FF942F892" blockId="15.[809,1461,1672,1853]" pageId="15"> @@ -216,9 +217,9 @@ spherical, size including spines ~45 μm across . Wall hyaline, ~3–4 μm thick <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF946B0FFC8B84C1FE88F971" box="[868,933,1735,1758]" italics="true" pageId="15">in vivo</emphasis> , ornamented by thick spines, 4–7 μm wide at base and each 5–10 μm long. Cytoplasm studded with lipid droplets; macronuclear nodules fuse to form a single macronuclear nodule in mature cysts ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFC3C8523F906F893" box="[979,1067,1828,1853]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." pageId="15">Figs 6I, J</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFC3C8523F906F893" box="[979,1067,1828,1853]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="16.[129,194,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-7@16.[129,1473,144,1606]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 6. Apostylonychia notophorides from life under differential interference contrast microscopy. A–F, ventral (A–D) and dorsal (E, F) views showing the obovate body shape with wide frontal area and narrowed posterior end, the transverse cirri (arrows), the location of the contractile vacuole (E, F), and the long caudal cirri (arrowheads). Note that dorsal kinety 4 is shortened anteriorly. G, ventral view showing the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).I, J, optical section (I) and surface view (J) of mature cysts, showing the spines on the cyst wall (arrows) and the macronuclear nodule (asterisk). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; BL, buccal lip, CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FV, food vacuoles; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–H; 20 μm in I, J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764543/files/figure.png" pageId="15">Figs 6I, J</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFBDA8523F973F893" box="[1077,1118,1829,1852]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." pageId="15">7I, J</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFBDA8523F973F893" box="[1077,1118,1829,1852]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[113,178,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-6@17.[114,1458,144,1637]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–J). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a voucher specimen, showing the body shape, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C–E, ventral (C, D) and dorsal (E) views, showing the body shape, the frontal cirri shifted to right of the midline of the body, and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and arrows mark the transverse cirri arranged in groups. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) views showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows) and the three narrowly spaces caudal cirri shifted to the right, each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). H, dorsal view showing the anterior end of the dorsal kineties.I, J, surface views of mature cysts showing the spines (arrows). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm in A–E; and 10 μm in F–J." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764547" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764547/files/figure.png" pageId="15">7I, J</figureCitation> ). </paragraph> <paragraph id="7770332BFF946B0FFCC58565FED1F815" blockId="15.[810,1459,1891,1978]" pageId="15"> @@ -231,9 +232,9 @@ divides in the same ontogenetic pattern as <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF946B0FFBF68585F830F834" box="[1049,1309,1923,1947]" italics="true" pageId="15">Apostylonychia baugilensis</emphasis> </taxonomicName> in all respects ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFCDA85A4FE8EF815" box="[821,931,1954,1978]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1498,1522]" captionTargetBox="[130,1471,144,1468]" captionTargetId="figure-110@18.[129,1473,143,1470]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation.A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing the dedifferentiation of cirrus IV/3 (double arrowhead). D, E, ventral view of an early divider, showing the formation of anlagen IV–VI of the proter from cirrus IV/3 and anlagen V and VI of the opisthe from cirrus V/4. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of a middle divider, showing the formation of anlage I of the proter from the paroral membrane, anlage II from the buccal cirrus, and anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the formation of the right marginal anlagen (arrowheads), and the formation of dorsal kineties anlagen apokinetally at two levels in each dorsal kinety.H, ventral view of a middle divider showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri and the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4A, dorsal kineties anlagen; I–VI, frontal–ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium. Scale bars: 20 μm." pageId="15">Figs 8A–H</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFCDA85A4FE8EF815" box="[821,931,1954,1978]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[128,193,1498,1522]" captionTargetBox="[130,1471,144,1468]" captionTargetId="figure-110@18.[129,1473,143,1470]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation.A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing the dedifferentiation of cirrus IV/3 (double arrowhead). D, E, ventral view of an early divider, showing the formation of anlagen IV–VI of the proter from cirrus IV/3 and anlagen V and VI of the opisthe from cirrus V/4. F, G, ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of a middle divider, showing the formation of anlage I of the proter from the paroral membrane, anlage II from the buccal cirrus, and anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the formation of the right marginal anlagen (arrowheads), and the formation of dorsal kineties anlagen apokinetally at two levels in each dorsal kinety.H, ventral view of a middle divider showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri and the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4A, dorsal kineties anlagen; I–VI, frontal–ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium. Scale bars: 20 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764553" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764553/files/figure.png" pageId="15">Figs 8A–H</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFC4185A4FEC6F815" box="[942,1003,1954,1978]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[113,178,801,825]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,772]" captionTargetId="figure-521@19.[114,1458,144,774]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a late mid-divider showing the complete formation of ventral cirri, the formation of dorsomarginal kineties (double arrowhead), and the extension of dorsal kineties’ anlagen. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of a late divider showing the migration of cirri to their final positions, the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 to form kinety 4, the new caudal cirri at the ends of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads), and the division of the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; 1–3A, dorsal kineties anlagen; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane. Scale bars: 20 μm." pageId="15">9A–D</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF946B0FFC4185A4FEC6F815" box="[942,1003,1954,1978]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[113,178,801,825]" captionTargetBox="[115,1456,145,772]" captionTargetId="figure-521@19.[114,1458,144,774]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Apostylonychia notophorides after protargol impregnation.A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of a late mid-divider showing the complete formation of ventral cirri, the formation of dorsomarginal kineties (double arrowhead), and the extension of dorsal kineties’ anlagen. C, D, ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of a late divider showing the migration of cirri to their final positions, the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 to form kinety 4, the new caudal cirri at the ends of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads), and the division of the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; 1–3A, dorsal kineties anlagen; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane. Scale bars: 20 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764555/files/figure.png" pageId="15">9A–D</figureCitation> ). </paragraph> </subSubSection> diff --git a/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.xml b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.xml index cfa36700f69..36639f6823c 100644 --- a/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.xml +++ b/data/FF/66/82/FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF.xml @@ -1,46 +1,47 @@ -<document id="42B623EC13D624B5ECD030B2C478DEAE" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae144" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-ZooBank="4532A0E-7137-4BDA-A278-74E4DB433382" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1738156738642" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Omar, Atef & Jung, Jae-Ho" docDate="2024" docId="FF66823DFF996B0EFC578765FF85FABF" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae144.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. 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Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." captionText-1="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." captionText-2="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." captionText-3="Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="2">Figs 1–4</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF996B02FBCB87A4F953FA13" box="[1060,1150,1442,1468]" captionStart-0="Figure 1" captionStart-1="Figure 2" captionStart-2="Figure 3" captionStart-3="Figure 4" captionStartId-0="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionStartId-1="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionStartId-2="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionStartId-3="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox-0="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetBox-1="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetBox-2="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetBox-3="[199,1403,144,1739]" captionTargetId-0="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetId-1="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId-2="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId-3="figure-6@6.[198,1404,143,1740]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionText-0="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." captionText-1="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." captionText-2="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." captionText-3="Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764529" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764531" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764533" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764537" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14764529/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14764531/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14764533/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/14764537/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs 1–4</figureCitation> ; <tableCitation id="3A4D0690FF996B02FB6587A4F9FAFA13" box="[1162,1239,1442,1468]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[113,168,143,167]" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric data on Apostylonychia baugilensis (Apb), Apostylonychia notophorides (Apn), Antetetmemena minima (Anm), Tetmemena indica (Ti), and Tetmemena cf. pustulata (TP)." pageId="2">Table 1</tableCitation> ) @@ -85,9 +86,9 @@ and 108–144 μm × 47–62 μm after protargol impregnation. Body length:width The slide containing the <typeStatus id="A8748D89FF996B02FB328544F814F8F5" box="[1245,1337,1858,1882]" pageId="2" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus> ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF996B02FAA28544F891F8F5" box="[1357,1468,1858,1882]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="2">Figs 1B, C</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF996B02FAA28544F891F8F5" box="[1357,1468,1858,1882]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764529/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs 1B, C</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF996B02FCD68564FEA0F8D6" box="[825,909,1890,1914]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="2">3A, B</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF996B02FCD68564FEA0F8D6" box="[825,909,1890,1914]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764533/files/figure.png" pageId="2">3A, B</figureCitation> ; <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF996B02FC5B8564F94EF8D5" box="[948,1123,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="2">NNIBRPR27176</emphasis> ) and @@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ laboratory ( </materialsCitation> . </paragraph> -<caption id="23B063A3FF986B03FF9D8683FFBBFACE" pageId="3" startId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" targetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure"> +<caption id="23B063A3FF986B03FF9D8683FFBBFACE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764529" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14764529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764529/files/figure.png" pageId="3" startId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" targetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure"> <paragraph id="7770332BFF986B03FF9D8683FFBBFACE" blockId="3.[113,1445,1157,1377]" pageId="3"> <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF986B03FF9D8683FCFEFB32" bold="true" box="[114,467,1157,1181]" pageId="3"> Figure 1. @@ -173,28 +174,28 @@ and </taxonomicName> <typeStatus id="A8748D89FF986B03FC348797F927FA06" box="[987,1034,1425,1449]" pageId="3">type</typeStatus> , i.e. flat, almost circular, and wide, shifting frontal cirri to the right of the ventral side; scutum hyaline, broadly rounded and truncated to left; body margins gradually converging posteriorly, usually both margins straight, sometimes slightly convex or concave. Length:width ratio 1.9–2.5:1, on average 2.2:1. Dorsoventrally flattened, with middle half of dorsal side distinctly convex, posterior portion strongly flattened ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF986B03FC96846AFEC6F92B" box="[889,1003,1644,1668]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="3">Figs 1A–C</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF986B03FC96846AFEC6F92B" box="[889,1003,1644,1668]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764529/files/figure.png" pageId="3">Figs 1A–C</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF986B03FC14846AF914F92B" box="[1019,1081,1644,1668]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." pageId="3">2A–C</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF986B03FC14846AF914F92B" box="[1019,1081,1644,1668]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764531/files/figure.png" pageId="3">2A–C</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF986B03FBA6846AF9B7F92B" box="[1097,1178,1644,1668]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="3">3A–F, I</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF986B03FBA6846AF9B7F92B" box="[1097,1178,1644,1668]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764533/files/figure.png" pageId="3">3A–F, I</figureCitation> ). Nuclear apparatus commences at ~23% of body length and ends at ~72%. Invariably two macronuclear nodules and two micronuclei. Individual macronuclear nodules ellipsoidal, in or left of the midline of the body, <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF986B03FC8684ECFE87F8AE" box="[873,938,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="3">in vivo</emphasis> ~30 μm × 15 μm. Micronuclei usually attached to macronuclear nodules, spherical, ~5 μm across ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF986B03FAC7850FF854F88E" box="[1320,1401,1801,1825]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="3">Figs 1C</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF986B03FAC7850FF854F88E" box="[1320,1401,1801,1825]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764529/files/figure.png" pageId="3">Figs 1C</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF986B03FA68850FF88FF88E" box="[1415,1442,1801,1825]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="3">3B</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF986B03FA68850FF88FF88E" box="[1415,1442,1801,1825]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764533/files/figure.png" pageId="3">3B</figureCitation> ). Contractile vacuole anterior to mid-body at left cell margin; ~17 μm across at end of diastole. Collecting canals present but hardly recognizable ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF986B03FC518561F920F8D0" box="[958,1037,1895,1919]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="3">Figs 1A</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF986B03FC518561F920F8D0" box="[958,1037,1895,1919]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764529/files/figure.png" pageId="3">Figs 1A</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF986B03FBF48561F955F8D1" box="[1051,1144,1895,1919]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." pageId="3">2B, C, H</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF986B03FBF48561F955F8D1" box="[1051,1144,1895,1919]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764531/files/figure.png" pageId="3">2B, C, H</figureCitation> ). Cortex rigid and colourless; cortical granules lacking. Cytoplasm hyaline, studded with lipid droplets, refractive crystals throughout cell, and food vacuoles ≤20 μm across containing bacteria, yeast, flagellates, and starch grains ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF9F6B04FF2084BFFC31F97E" box="[207,284,1721,1745]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="4">Figs 1A</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF9F6B04FF2084BFFC31F97E" box="[207,284,1721,1745]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764529/files/figure.png" pageId="4">Figs 1A</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF9F6B04FEC684BFFC45F97E" box="[297,360,1721,1745]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." pageId="4">2A–H</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF9F6B04FEC684BFFC45F97E" box="[297,360,1721,1745]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764531/files/figure.png" pageId="4">2A–H</figureCitation> ). Cells usually stand still or crawl slowly on the bottom of the culture dish, rarely swimming by spiralling around long body axis. </paragraph> -<caption id="23B063A3FF9F6B04FF6E878DFCA9F9E5" pageId="4" startId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" targetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure"> +<caption id="23B063A3FF9F6B04FF6E878DFCA9F9E5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764531" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14764531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764531/files/figure.png" pageId="4" startId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" targetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure"> <paragraph id="7770332BFF9F6B04FF6E878DF88DFA10" blockId="4.[129,1467,1418,1611]" pageId="4"> <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF9F6B04FF6E878DFCCFFA0D" bold="true" box="[129,482,1418,1443]" pageId="4"> Figure 2. @@ -224,18 +225,18 @@ pattern, i.e. 18 FVT cirri arranged as follows: three enlarged frontal cirri dis ; three postoral cirri in inverted L-shape pattern, with cilia as long as those of frontoventral cirri, cirrus IV/2 usually at the same level as cirrus V/4; two obliquely arranged pretransverse cirri, with cilia as long as those of postoral cirri; and five transverse cirri arranged in two groups, three left and two right, subterminal, only the two right cirri project from posterior body end, fringed distally, ~35 μm long <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF9F6B04FA408531FE4DF8C1" italics="true" pageId="4">in vivo</emphasis> ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF9F6B04FC9F8550FEFBF8C1" box="[880,982,1878,1902]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="4">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF9F6B04FC9F8550FEFBF8C1" box="[880,982,1878,1902]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764529/files/figure.png" pageId="4">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF9F6B04FC0E8550F934F8C1" box="[993,1049,1878,1902]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." pageId="4">2A, E</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF9F6B04FC0E8550F934F8C1" box="[993,1049,1878,1902]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764531/files/figure.png" pageId="4">2A, E</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF9F6B04FBCC8550F9A2F8C1" box="[1059,1167,1878,1902]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="4">3A, C, G, I</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF9F6B04FBCC8550F9A2F8C1" box="[1059,1167,1878,1902]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764533/files/figure.png" pageId="4">3A, C, G, I</figureCitation> ). Marginal cirri fine, gradually decreasing slightly in size posteriorly, i.e. anterior cirrus of right marginal row ~25 μm long and posterior cirrus ~20 μm long. Right marginal row commences subapically at ~18% of body length and ends at ~95% of body length, composed of 18–21 cirri. Left marginal row commences at ~48% of body length and ends at posterior body end, composed of 13–16 cirri. Gap between posterior end of marginal rows slightly shifted to right ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF9E6B05FCDA8599FEB1F818" box="[821,924,1951,1975]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="5">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF9E6B05FCDA8599FEB1F818" box="[821,924,1951,1975]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764529/files/figure.png" pageId="5">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF9E6B05FC488599F930F818" box="[935,1053,1951,1975]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="5">3A, C, F–H</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF9E6B05FC488599F930F818" box="[935,1053,1951,1975]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764533/files/figure.png" pageId="5">3A, C, F–H</figureCitation> ). </paragraph> -<caption id="23B063A3FF9E6B05FF9E841AF99EF89E" pageId="5" startId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" targetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure"> +<caption id="23B063A3FF9E6B05FF9E841AF99EF89E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764533" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14764533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764533/files/figure.png" pageId="5" startId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" targetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure"> <paragraph id="7770332BFF9E6B05FF9E841AF99EF89E" blockId="5.[113,1458,1564,1841]" pageId="5"> <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF9E6B05FF9E841AFCFEF99B" bold="true" box="[113,467,1564,1589]" pageId="5"> Figure 3. @@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ Figure 3. after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm. </paragraph> </caption> -<caption id="23B063A3FF9D6B06FF6E84EBF958F865" pageId="6" startId="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" targetBox="[199,1403,144,1739]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure"> +<caption id="23B063A3FF9D6B06FF6E84EBF958F865" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764537" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14764537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764537/files/figure.png" pageId="6" startId="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" targetBox="[199,1403,144,1739]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure"> <paragraph id="7770332BFF9D6B06FF6E84EBF958F865" blockId="6.[129,1463,1773,1994]" pageId="6"> <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF9D6B06FF6E84EBFCCFF8AA" bold="true" box="[129,482,1773,1797]" pageId="6"> Figure 4. @@ -4994,11 +4995,11 @@ Six dorsal kineties, including two dorsomarginal ones, with bristles ~4 μm long . Kineties 1–4 bipolar, not curved anteriorly, possessing 35–43, 29–35, 26–33, and 23–31 dikinetids, respectively. Dorsomarginal kineties 1 and 2 extend posteriorly over ~55% and 43% of cell length and possess 12–19 and 6–12 dikinetids, respectively. Three caudal cirri, ~35 μm long <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF966B0DFD5A842EFFD8F990" box="[693,757,1576,1599]" italics="true" pageId="13">in vivo</emphasis> , slightly shifted to the right, one each at end of kineties 1, 2, and 4; cirri usually beating fast ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFE648460FCF4F9D1" box="[395,473,1638,1662]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="13">Figs 1C</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFE648460FCF4F9D1" box="[395,473,1638,1662]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764529/files/figure.png" pageId="13">Figs 1C</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFE0B8460FF75F9D2" box="[484,600,1638,1662]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." pageId="13">2B, C, F–H</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFE0B8460FF75F9D2" box="[484,600,1638,1662]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764531/files/figure.png" pageId="13">2B, C, F–H</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFD8D8460FFFBF9D2" box="[610,726,1638,1662]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="13">3B, D–F, H</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFD8D8460FFFBF9D2" box="[610,726,1638,1662]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764533/files/figure.png" pageId="13">3B, D–F, H</figureCitation> ). </paragraph> <paragraph id="7770332BFF966B0DFF628483F91CF9D1" blockId="13.[113,763,1418,1975]" lastBlockId="13.[810,1462,1418,1662]" pageId="13"> @@ -5007,21 +5008,21 @@ Adoral zone occupies 48%–57% of body length and is composed of 42–46 membran )). Cilia of membranelles ~28 μm long <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF966B0DFDF784E2FF75F954" box="[536,600,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="13">in vivo</emphasis> , bases of largest membranelles ~7 μm wide after protargol impregnation. Buccal cavity wide, i.e. transverse distance between anterior end of paroral membrane to opposite adoral membranelle on left side, 24–33 μm wide and narrowing posteriorly ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFDD28566FF84F8D7" box="[573,681,1888,1913]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="13">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFDD28566FF84F8D7" box="[573,681,1888,1913]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764529/files/figure.png" pageId="13">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFD598567FFD9F8D7" box="[694,756,1889,1913]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." pageId="13">2A, D</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFD598567FFD9F8D7" box="[694,756,1889,1913]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764531/files/figure.png" pageId="13">2A, D</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFF9E8586FDCFF838" box="[113,226,1920,1944]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="13">3A, C, E, I</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFF9E8586FDCFF838" box="[113,226,1920,1944]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764533/files/figure.png" pageId="13">3A, C, E, I</figureCitation> ). Undulating membranes in <taxonomicName id="B0CF48A8FF966B0DFDFE8586FFACF837" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1830" box="[529,641,1920,1944]" class="Hypotrichea" family="Oxytrichidae" genus="Stylonychia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Oxytrichida" pageId="13" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus"> <emphasis id="45BBEF39FF966B0DFDFE8586FFACF837" box="[529,641,1920,1944]" italics="true" pageId="13">Stylonychia</emphasis> </taxonomicName> pattern, i.e. parallel or slightly overlapping. Paroral membrane commences anterior to buccal cirrus at ~25% of body length, with a length of ~30 μm in protargol-impregnated specimens, and extends to near buccal vertex. Endoral membrane commences posterior to anterior end of paroral at ~27% of body length, with a length of ~29 μm after protargol impregnation, and extends to buccal vertex. Membranes at the midline of the body, cilia ~13 μm long. Pharyngeal fibres extend transversely to the right body margin ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFCDA8460FEB1F9D2" box="[821,924,1638,1662]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="13">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFCDA8460FEB1F9D2" box="[821,924,1638,1662]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[114,179,1157,1181]" captionTargetBox="[116,1456,146,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-306@3.[114,1458,144,1129]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life (A) and after protargol impregnation (B, C). A, ventral view of a representative specimen, showing the obovate body with distinctly narrowed posterior end and the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right. B, C, ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the holotype specimen showing the body shape, the undulating membranes in Stylonychia pattern, the transverse cirri in two distinctly separated groups (dotted ellipses), the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. Abbreviations: 1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; III–V/2–4, numbering of cirri within a primordium; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; PF, pharyngeal fibres; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764529/files/figure.png" pageId="13">Figs 1A, B</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFC488460FEEAF9D1" box="[935,967,1638,1662]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." pageId="13">2D</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFC488460FEEAF9D1" box="[935,967,1638,1662]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[129,194,1419,1443]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-234@4.[129,1473,144,1391]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Apostylonychia baugilensis from life under differential interference contrast microscopy.A–C, ventral (A) and dorsal (B, C) views showing the body shape, the wide frontal area, the transverse cirri, the location of the contractile vacuole, and the caudal cirri (arrowheads). D, E, ventral views showing the wide frontal area and the scutum (D) and the transverse cirri arranged in two groups (arrows).F, G, dorsal views showing the posterior portion of the body and the narrowly spaced caudal cirri slightly shifted to the right (arrowheads).H, dorsal view of the anterior half of cell showing the bipolar dorsal kineties. Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; FA, frontal area; FV, food vacuoles; PM, paroral membrane; S, scutum. Scale bars: 50 μm in A–C; 30 μm in D–H." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764531/files/figure.png" pageId="13">2D</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFC3E8460F90DF9D2" box="[977,1056,1638,1662]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="13">3A, C, I</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFC3E8460F90DF9D2" box="[977,1056,1638,1662]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764533/files/figure.png" pageId="13">3A, C, I</figureCitation> ). </paragraph> <paragraph id="7770332BFF966B0EFCC584A3FE24FDD1" blockId="13.[810,1460,1701,1976]" lastBlockId="14.[128,780,144,1296]" lastPageId="14" pageId="13"> @@ -5040,20 +5041,20 @@ Wirnsberger (1985) </bibRefCitation> and is characterized as follows: in the very early dividers, the oral primordium originates apokinetally as a longitudinal line of basal bodies left and anterior to the leftmost transverse cirrus, then the line spreads anteriorly and becomes wider in outline ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFBC18567F958F8D6" box="[1070,1141,1889,1913]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="13">Figs 3I</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFBC18567F958F8D6" box="[1070,1141,1889,1913]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1564,1588]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetId="figure-72@5.[114,1458,144,1537]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation (A, B) and in the scanning electron microscope (C–I). A, B, ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of the holotype specimen, showing the body shape, the wide frontal area with frontal cirri shifted to the right, the infraciliature, and the nuclear apparatus. C, D, F, ventral (C) and dorsal (D, F) views, showing the body shape and the infraciliature. Arrowheads denote the caudal cirri, and double arrowheads mark the bacteria attaching to the body surface. E, right lateral view showing the body curvature of the dorsal side and the dorsoventrally flattened posterior portion. G, ventral view showing the arrangement of transverse cirri (arrows). H, dorsal view showing the caudal cirri each at the posterior end of kineties 1, 2, and 4 (arrowheads). I, an early divider showing the oral primordium and the dedifferentiation of cirri IV/3 and V/4 (arrowheads). Abbreviations:1–4, dorsal kineties; AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirrus; CC, caudal cirri; DM1, DM2, dorsomarginal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FA, frontal area; FC, frontal cirri; FVC, frontoventral cirri; LMR, left marginal row; MA, macronuclear nodules; MI, micronuclei; OP, oral primordium; PM, paroral membrane; PTVC, pretransverse cirri; PVC, postoral cirri; RMR, right marginal row; S, scutum; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764533/files/figure.png" pageId="13">Figs 3I</figureCitation> , -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFB6C8567F993F8D6" box="[1155,1214,1889,1913]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[199,1403,144,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[198,1404,143,1740]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="13">4A, B</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFB6C8567F993F8D6" box="[1155,1214,1889,1913]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[199,1403,144,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[198,1404,143,1740]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764537/files/figure.png" pageId="13">4A, B</figureCitation> ). The oral primordium widens anteriorly, and the new adoral membranelles start to develop in the anterior portion ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFB6485A6F9F4F817" box="[1163,1241,1952,1976]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[199,1403,144,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[198,1404,143,1740]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="13">Fig. 4C</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF966B0DFB6485A6F9F4F817" box="[1163,1241,1952,1976]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[199,1403,144,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[198,1404,143,1740]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764537/files/figure.png" pageId="13">Fig. 4C</figureCitation> ). At the same time, three short streaks separate from the right anterior portion of the oral primordium to form FVT anlagen I–III of the opisthe. Simultaneously, parental cirrus IV/3 dedifferentiates to form anlagen IV–VI of the proter, and cirrus V/4 disaggregates to form anlagen V and VI of the opisthe. The parental cirri III/2 and IV/2 also disaggregate at the same time to form anlagen III of the proter and IV of the opisthe, respectively. The partial reorganization of the undulating membranes commences at the anterior end to form anlage I of the proter, occurring simultaneously with the disaggregation of cirrus II/2 (buccal cirrus) to form anlage II of the proter ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFEC283CFFC55FE4E" box="[301,376,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[199,1403,144,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[198,1404,143,1740]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="14">Fig. 4C</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFEC283CFFC55FE4E" box="[301,376,457,481]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[199,1403,144,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[198,1404,143,1740]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764537/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Fig. 4C</figureCitation> ). The six anlagen in each of the proter and opisthe produce 18 cirri, as in other oxytrichid species. The three frontal cirri, two frontoventral cirri VI/3 and VI/4, postoral cirrus V/3, pretransverse cirri V/2 and VI/2, and the five transverse cirri do not participate in the anlagen formation and disappear at the late and very late stages of division ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFD5C8060FFD5FDD1" box="[691,760,614,638]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[199,1403,144,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[198,1404,143,1740]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="14">Fig. 4E</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFD5C8060FFD5FDD1" box="[691,760,614,638]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[199,1403,144,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[198,1404,143,1740]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764537/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Fig. 4E</figureCitation> ). </paragraph> <paragraph id="7770332BFF956B0EFF738083FFC7FC78" blockId="14.[128,780,144,1296]" pageId="14"> The right marginal anlagen appear at two levels by within-row anlagen formation in the middle stage of division, and the left marginal anlagen appear slightly later. The anterior right marginal anlage arises by the disintegration of the second cirrus and elongates posteriorly using several parental cirri. The posterior right marginal anlage arises slightly posterior to mid-body and extends anteriorly right to the old cirri and posteriorly within the row using a few cirri. The anterior left marginal anlage appears at the anterior end of the parental row and extends posteriorly using two cirri. The posterior left marginal anlage arises within the row and extends posteriorly using a few cirri ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFD9981B9FFF4FC79" box="[630,729,959,983]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[199,1403,144,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[198,1404,143,1740]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="14">Fig. 4C, E</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFD9981B9FFF4FC79" box="[630,729,959,983]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[199,1403,144,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[198,1404,143,1740]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764537/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Fig. 4C, E</figureCitation> ). </paragraph> <paragraph id="7770332BFF956B0EFF7381D8FF85FABF" blockId="14.[128,780,144,1296]" pageId="14"> @@ -5066,7 +5067,7 @@ pattern, i.e. kinety 3 anlagen arise in middle dividers ‘within-row’ at two both the proter and opisthe. In late dividers, anlage 3 fragments in the posterior region, forming anlage <quantity id="B0379ECEFF956B0EFEB9865DFC56FBDC" box="[342,379,1115,1139]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="14" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity> each daughter cell. Two dorsomarginal anlagen develop anterior and right of, and possibly by splitting from, the anterior end of the right marginal anlagen in both the proter and opisthe. A single caudal cirrus is formed at each posterior end of the new dorsal kineties 1, 2, and 4. The nuclear division occurs as in other oxytrichid ciliates ( -<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFDDB86FEFFBAFAA0" box="[564,663,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[199,1403,144,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[198,1404,143,1740]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." pageId="14">Fig. 4D, F</figureCitation> +<figureCitation id="EFF42FAEFF956B0EFDDB86FEFFBAFAA0" box="[564,663,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1773,1797]" captionTargetBox="[199,1403,144,1739]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[198,1404,143,1740]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 4. Apostylonychia baugilensis after protargol impregnation. A, B, ventral views of very early dividers show the apokinetal origin of the oral primordium left to the leftmost transverse cirrus. C, ventral view of an early divider, showing anlagen IV–VI of the proter originating from cirrus IV/3 and the anlagen I–III of the opisthe originating from the oral primordium. D, ventral view showing the formation of anlage IV of the opisthe from cirrus IV/2, the proliferation of basal bodies anterior to paroral membrane, buccal cirrus, and cirrus III/2, and the formation of right marginal cirral anlagen (arrowheads). E, F, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) view of a late divider, showing the differentiation of anlagen into cirri, the extension of marginal anlagen (arrowheads), the fragmentation of dorsal kinety 3 anlagen, and the formation of the new caudal cirri and dorsomarginal kineties. Abbreviations: 1–4A, dorsal kineties’ anlagen; CC, caudal cirri; D1A, D2A, dorsomarginal anlagen; I–VI, frontal– ventral–transverse anlagen; OP, oral primordium; PC, postoral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 30 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14764537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14764537/files/figure.png" pageId="14">Fig. 4D, F</figureCitation> ). </paragraph> </subSubSection>