diff --git a/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F515C4804FF6F657E0B12A8E3.xml b/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F515C4804FF6F657E0B12A8E3.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..e165b565420 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F515C4804FF6F657E0B12A8E3.xml @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ + + + +Nymphs of the Northeastern Nearctic Species of Neoleptophlebia Kluge, 1997 and Paraleptophlebia Lestage, 1917 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) + + + +Author + +Burian, Steven K. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-11 + + +5521 + + +1 + + +1 +65 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5521.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5521.1.1 +1175-5334 +13917929 +950D9CB7-F9A2-4736-B581-FC0522F039CC + + + + + + + + + +Paraleptophlebia volitans +( +McDunnough, 1924: 95 +) + + + + + + + + + + +Leptophlebia volitans +McDunnough, 1924 + +(original description) + + + + +Description of Nymph: +Ide 1930: 204 +; +Gordon 1933: 123 + + +Nymphs of + +P. volitans + +can be recognized from other members of the northeast + +Paraleptophlebia + +that have posterolateral projections of abdominal segments VIII and IX (as in +Figs. 3b–d +) by the deeply forked abdominal gills with long, hair-like marginal setae ( +Fig. 17 +), legs uniform light brown with brown bands ( +Figs. 18a,b +), the ventral edge of femora with many long, hair-like setae (Figs. 19a,b), the first segment of maxillary palp short, with apex not reaching beyond outer corner of galea-lacinia and with patch of 10–13 sharp setae on the ventral surface (Figs. 21a,b), the posterolateral projections on segment IX distinctly larger than those on tergite VIII ( +Fig. 3c +), and the color pattern of abdominal tergites as in +Fig. 17 +with paired pale submedian spots and a single pale median spot with variable dark brown marks on tergites I–IX. The largest areas of dark brown are on tergites I, II, V, and VIII ( +Fig. 17 +), and abdominal gills have the membranous portion of gill filaments either clear or stained brown ( +Fig. 17 +). Most characters seem consistent on nymphs from mid-development to the final instar. The long marginal setae along the edges of the abdominal gills ( +Fig. 17 +) are widely spaced and usually clearly visible, but occasionally setae may be pressed against the surface of the gill filaments, making them difficult to observe (low-angle illumination is useful in viewing these setae). Legs are uniform light brown or yellow brown with darker brown bands ( +Figs. 18a,b +); bands on femora occur near the apices of the segments, whereas, those of the tibiae and tarsi occur near the bases of the respective segments. A small pale area also occurs between the brown bands on the tibiae and tarsi and their respective joints, as well as on the apices the femora. On some individuals brown bands on the femora can be diffuse. The ventral edge of forefemora has many long, hair-like setae, especially near the base (Figs. 19a,b). Long setae parallel the row of stout, sharp setae along the ventral edge of femora and on most specimens stop at the end of this row of stout setae. The ventral edge of mid and hind femora usually have fewer long, hair-like setae compared to the forefemora. The tibiae and tarsi of all legs have outer edge fringes of many hair-like setae that are shorter than occur on the femora. Longer setae on the outer edges of tibiae and tarsi, combined with rows of thicker, spine-like setae on their inner edges contributes to generally “hairy” appearance of the legs (Fig. 19b). Tarsal claws have distinct denticles that increase in size from base to the midpoint of claws. In addition to the long hair-like setae on the legs, both right and left mandibles have long setae along their outer edges and on their ventral surface (Figs. 20a,b). Segment 1 of the maxillary palp is short with its apex just reaching the tip of the outer corner of the galea-lacinia (Fig. 21a) and its ventral surface with a distinct patch of 10–13 sharp setae (Fig. 21b). Although the length of segment 1 of the maxillary palp can be determined without removing the maxilla from a specimen, however, to view the patch of setae usually requires slide mounting the maxilla to view it at high magnification. The posterolateral projections on segment IX are distinctly larger than those on tergite VIII ( +Fig. 3c +) and this character seems to be consistently expressed even on early instar nymphs. The color pattern of abdominal tergites usually is expressed as in +Fig. 17 +with paired pale submedian spots on the anterior margins of tergites and a single pale median spot or median streak on the posterior margin of tergites and with variable amount of dark brown marks. The color pattern shown in +Fig. 17 +represents the most ornate condition of dark and light spots on abdominal tergites observed among specimens studied. The least ornate condition is one where most dark brown marks are reduced or absent on tergites III, IV, VI, VII, and IX with some dark brown remaining on tergites I, II, V, and VIII. On some specimens reduced dark brown marks are only visible on tergites V, VI, and VIII. The amount of dark shading on tergites also seems to be more pronounced on female nymphs ( +Fig. 17 +is a female nymph) compared to male nymphs. On male nymphs, dark brown marks may be restricted to tergites VII and VIII, with tergites I–VI being mostly uniform brown except for dark shading along the posterior margins. Both male and female nymphs have small dark brown marks near the lateral margins of tergites anterior to gill insertions. Dark brown shading on abdominal tergites (in both sexes) is not retained on shed nymphal exuviae. Abdominal tergites of early instar nymphs may have a lighter yellow brown background color and dark brown shading medially and along the posterior margins of tergites I–VIII. The variability of dark shading on abdominal tergites seems quite high across the range of this species with specimens from +Florida +clearly within the range of pigmentation of specimens from ME. Abdominal gills also vary in the extent of pigmentation. Within a single population, gill membranes can range from clear without any dark shading to almost opaque brown ( +Fig. 17 +). Membranes of abdominal gills also taper symmetrically from base to tip without any distinct change in width over the outer portion of each filament. + + + +FIGS. 36a–d +: nymphs of + +Paraleptophlebia praepedita + +. 36a. dorsal view of abdominal color pattern of male nymph with median pale spots extending from tergite I–X, 36b. dorsal view of abdominal color pattern of male nymph with median pale spots absent on tergites V–VI, but present on tergites I–IV and VII–X, 36c. dorsal view of abdominal color pattern of female nymph with median pale spots extending from tergite I–X, 36d. dorsal view of abdominal color pattern of female nymph with median pale spots much reduced on tergites I–III, but present on tergites VI–X. + + + + +FIGS. 37a–c +: nymphs of + +Paraleptophlebia praepedita + +. 37a. female nymph after short term preservation in ethanol showing large white spots on sides of the pronotum, 36b. female nymph after long term preservation in ethanol showing medial pair of large white spots on the pronotum reduced, but lateral spots still distinct, 36c. male nymph after long term preservation in ethanol showing same pattern of pale spots on the pronotum as indicated for female. + + + +Nymphs of + +P. volitans + +are common throughout most of the northeast Nearctic region with records in 10 of the 14 states and provinces ( +Table 2 +). Only NH, VT, NL-I, and NL-Lab lack records. The absence of records for NH and VT is likely the result of sampling effort, but the lack of records from NL-I and NL-Lab may reflect actual absences. The presence of + +P. volitans + +on Martha’s Vineyard ( +Whitmore 2008 +), MA and on PE suggest that dispersal over water is possible. There are no published records of + +P. volitans + +from any area north of southern QC, which suggests that this may be the latitudinal limit of its continental range. Most records of + +P. volitans + +are from the southeastern +U.S. +( + +McCafferty +et al. +2010 + +) with only a few records from the upper midwestern +U.S. +( +Burks 1953 +; + +Lager +et al. +1982 + +; +Randolph & McCafferty 1998 +) and none further west than the Big Thicket area of eastern +Texas +( + +Baumgardner +et al. +1997 + +; +Wiersema 1998 +). This indicates that the southeastern +U.S. +likely represents the core of the continental range of + +P. volitans + +. In this part of its range, + +P. volitans + +is widespread and likely secure with regards to the potential effects of climate change on stream habitats. In the northeastern portion of its range + +P. volitans + +is common in streams ranging from small first order tributaries to large fourth (or>) order rivers. Nymphs of + +P. volitans + +seem able to tolerate a wide range of flow regimes and water quality conditions occurring in streams draining bogs and those used by Atlantic Salmon for spawning ( +Burian & Gibbs 1991 +). Thus, based on its current widespread northeastern distribution, which is indicative of its wide habitat tolerances and perhaps dispersal ability, + +P. volitans + +is expected to be secure where it now occurs with regards to the predicted effects of climate change on regional hydrology ( + +Hicke +et al. +2022 + +). + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F5170482EFF6F63BC0AEBAC4F.xml b/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F5170482EFF6F63BC0AEBAC4F.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..a19110f7bcf --- /dev/null +++ b/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F5170482EFF6F63BC0AEBAC4F.xml @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ + + + +Nymphs of the Northeastern Nearctic Species of Neoleptophlebia Kluge, 1997 and Paraleptophlebia Lestage, 1917 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) + + + +Author + +Burian, Steven K. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-11 + + +5521 + + +1 + + +1 +65 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5521.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5521.1.1 +1175-5334 +13917929 +950D9CB7-F9A2-4736-B581-FC0522F039CC + + + + + + + + + +Paraleptophlebia moerens +( +McDunnough, 1924: 94 +) + + + + + + + + + + +Leptophelebia moerens +McDunnough, 1924 + +(original description) + + + + +Description of Nymph: +Gordon 1933: 127 + + +Nymphs of + +P.moerens + +can be recognized from other members of the northeast + +Paraleptophlebia + +that have posterolateral projections of abdominal segments VIII and IX (as in +Figs. 3b–d +) by the deeply forked abdominal gills lacking long, hair-like marginal setae ( +Fig. 22a +), legs uniform light brown without bands ( +Figs. 23a,b +), ventral edge of femora with only a few short hair-like setae, lateral margins of abdominal sternites lacking distinct longitudinal brown bands ( +Figs. 39a,b +), first segment of maxillary palp long, with apex reaching beyond outer corner of galea-lacinia and with only few setae on ventral surface ( +Figs. 28a,b +), posterolateral projections on segments VIII and IX about equal in length ( +Fig. 3d +), color pattern of abdominal tergites brown with large median pale spots mostly restricted to tergites VI–X ( +Figs. 40a,b +) with a distinctive u-shaped spot on VII and pale lateral margins, and abdominal gills with the clear membranous portion of gill filaments tapering symmetrically to the tip of gill filaments ( +Figs. 22a +, +40a,b +). Most characters seem consistent on nymphs from mid-development to the final instar. Abdominal gills may appear to lack marginal setae or have a few short, widely spaced marginal setae, which are quite different from the alternate condition shown in +Fig. 17 +. Legs are uniform light brown except for pale areas near apex of femora ( +Figs. 23a,b +), which are most distinctive on live or freshly preserved specimens. The rounded apical corner of the femur is slightly darker than the rest of the segment ( +Fig. 23b +) and when this corner overlaps the basal edge of the tibia the zone of overlap can appear as a darker brown mark or diffuse band at this junction. On live specimens, pale areas near the apices of femora punctuate the overall uniform color of legs almost appearing as pale bands on these segments, but after preservation this distinctive condition rapidly fades. The ventral edge of the femora has only a few short, hair-like setae that are dispersed along the edge, with most occurring close to the base of the edge ( +Fig. 25c +). Segment 1 of the maxillary palp is long with its tip well above the outer corner of the galea-lacinia reaching to about the halfway point of the longest crown setae ( +Fig. 28a,b +). The ventral surface of segment 1 with only a few scattered hair-like setae and one or two small spine-like setae ( +Fig. 28b +). The color pattern of abdominal tergites is distinctive and similar between male and female nymphs, especially regarding the u-shaped spot on tergite VII ( +Figs. 40a,b +), but there are some differences. On male nymphs tergites I–VI are mostly brown with small paired medial pale spots and almost no evidence of a pale median streak ( +Fig. 40a +). All tergites have pale lateral margins and dark brown (almost black) marks adjacent to their posterolateral corners, on gill bearing segments these occur above the gill insertions. The most distinctive pale spots occur on tergites VII–X ( +Fig. 40a +). On tergite VII paired pale longitudinal spots merge along the posterior margin producing a pale u-shaped pattern and laterally dark brown extends longitudinally spanning from dark mark on the posterior margin almost to the anterior margin. On tergite VIII smaller paired pale spots meet only the anterior margin where they appear to join the base of the u-shaped spot on tergite VII, and lateral dark brown bands are well developed spanning the length of the tergite. The pattern on tergites IX and X are smaller versions of the pattern that occurs on tergite VIII. On female nymphs tergites I–VI may or may not have small pale paired medial spots and usually have some evidence of a pale medial streak that is usually flanked with dark brown ( +Fig. 40b +). All tergites have more extensive pale margins and usually a portion of each pale marginal spot extends into the brown medial area of tergites. Dark brown (almost black) marks occur adjacent to their posterolateral corners of all tergites and on gill bearing segments marks these occur above the gill insertions. The dark lateral marks on tergites VII–X often don’t become longitudinal dark bands as described for male nymphs. Large pale spots on tergites VII–X are like those described for male nymphs, but additional rectangular pale spots occur medially on the posterior margins of tergites V and VI at the base of the faint pale median streak. The pronotum has two pale spots laterally that are distinctive on live or recently preserved specimens ( +Fig. 41 +), but can fade after long term preservation. In addition, two to three small spine-like setae occur at the anterior corners of the pronotum. This character may be useful in separating early instar nymphs from those of + +P. praepedita +, + +which seem to have several large spine-like setae on the anterior corners of the pronotum. + + + + + +Paraleptophlebia moerens + +has been sporadically recorded across the northeast Nearctic region with records in 7 of the 14 states and provinces ( +Table 2 +). It has yet to be recorded from NB, NL-I, NL-Lab, NH, RI, VT, and PE. The occurrence of + +P. moerens + +in areas which border those with no records suggests that + +P. moerens + +should occur in most, if not all, of the states and provinces of the northeast Nearctic region. The lack of records for all mainland areas is likely the result of sampling effort. The lack of records from major islands (NL-I and PE) may reflect actual absences because of the difficulty of dispersal to islands across straits. Among all the species treated here + +P. moerens + +has the greatest continental range extending from the southeastern +U.S. +( + +McCafferty +et al. +2010 + +) to above the Arctic Circle ( +Harper & Harper 1981 +). Although the widespread distribution of + +P. moerens + +is indicative of its broad habitat and environmental tolerances, in the northeast Nearctic region it seems to prefer smaller sized streams. In CT ( +Burian & Bednarik 1994 +), ME ( +Burian & Gibbs 1991 +), PA ( + +Grant +et al. +1997 + +), and NY ( +Gordon 1933 +) all records are from first to third order stream channels. In CT it was reared from a small, first order stream that was the outlet of a small spring-fed pond in the southwestern part of the state (all CT records are from this same area). In the early spring, nymphs were particularly abundant in leaf packs and loose CPOM trapped under tree roots or under debris dams in shallow riffles or at the outlet of small pools. Currently most of the habitat information reported for records in CT, NY, and PA associates this species with small, cool, spring-fed stream systems. In +Kentucky +, + +P. moerens + +was also associated with a similar habitat ( +Minshall 1968 +). If these first and second order spring-fed systems are the primary habitats for this species, then this species may be vulnerable to climate change induced habitat disruption because spring-fed aquatic habitats are particularly vulnerable to changes in precipitation patterns predicted as part of a climate modified regional hydrology ( + +Hicke +et al. +2022 + +; +Richardson 2019 +). Although + +P. moerens + +may be vulnerable to habitat disruption, its occurrence both far to the south and north of the study area suggests that it is capable of dispersing widely and tolerating conditions that vary from the Arctic to the temperate southeastern +U.S. +Being able to occupy such a wide latitudinal range of conditions may provide + +P. moerens + +a hedge against the potential problems of climate induced habitat disruption. However, because our knowledge of the distribution and habitats of this species is incomplete it’s not possible to comment on how secure it may be in the northeast Nearctic region. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F5173482FFF6F60A109EEA8AB.xml b/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F5173482FFF6F60A109EEA8AB.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ccffe8f6af8 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F5173482FFF6F60A109EEA8AB.xml @@ -0,0 +1,248 @@ + + + +Nymphs of the Northeastern Nearctic Species of Neoleptophlebia Kluge, 1997 and Paraleptophlebia Lestage, 1917 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) + + + +Author + +Burian, Steven K. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-11 + + +5521 + + +1 + + +1 +65 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5521.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5521.1.1 +1175-5334 +13917929 +950D9CB7-F9A2-4736-B581-FC0522F039CC + + + + + + + + + +Paraleptophlebia ontario +( +McDunnough, 1926: 299 +) + + + + + + + + + + +Leptophlebia ontario +McDunnough, 1926 + +(original description) + + + + +Description of Nymph: +Burks 1953: 92 + + +Nymphs of + +P. ontario + +can be recognized from other members of the northeast + +Paraleptophlebia + +that have posterolateral projections of abdominal segments VIII and IX (as in +Figs. 3b–d +) by the deeply forked abdominal gills lacking long, hair-like marginal setae ( +Fig. 34 +), legs light brown with dark brown shading on femora forming partial bands and with dark brown marks on the basal inner edge of tibiae near joints with femora ( +Figs. 29a,b +, +33d +), ventral edge of femora with only a few short hair-like setae ( +Fig. 25a +), abdominal sternites with diffuse brown lateral longitudinal bands with darker brown area where diffuse lateral bands meet the posterior margins of sternites ( +Figs. 34 +), first segment of maxillary palp long, with apex reaching beyond outer corner of galea-lacinia and with only few setae on ventral surface ( +Figs. 27a,b +), posterolateral projections on segments VIII and IX about equal in length ( +Fig. 34 +), color pattern of abdominal tergites consisting of brown background with paired pale oval submedial spots at the anterior margins of tergites I–VIII and a thin pale median streak that is often margined with black ( +Figs. 33a–d +) and a variably sized pale spot that often occurs medially along the posterior margins of tergites IV–IX, and abdominal gills with the clear membranous portion of gill filaments tapering symmetrically from base to the tip ( +Fig. 34 +). Most characters seem consistent on nymphs from mid-development to the final instar as well as between sexes. Abdominal gills may appear to lack marginal setae or have a few short, widely spaced marginal setae. Legs are uniform light brown except for dark brown shading on femora and the dark brown mark on tibiae near joint with femora ( +Figs. 29a,b +). Dark brown shading on the dorsal surface of femora is restricted to the outer half of the surface and is occasionally bisected by a longitudinal pale streak. Brown shading does not completely encircle femora and thus is described as forming incomplete bands. Evidence of residual brown shading also occurs on legs of nymphal exuviae ( +Fig. 29a +). Legs also have small pale areas that occur near joints (including at the joint with claws) that break-up the uniform light brown background color of the leg segments. On some specimens these pale areas can appear to punctuate the background color of leg segments such that tibiae and tarsi may seem as if they are faintly banded. An important leg character is the dark brown mark on the inner edge of the base of tibiae ( +Fig. 29b +), which is even visible on shed exuviae ( +Fig. 29a +). This brown mark is clearly visible when the tibia is not folded inward against the femur, but when the base of the tibia is partially covered by the rounded apex of the femur the apparent intensity of the mark is greater because of the combined effect of the brown color of the rounded apex the femur overlapping the tibia ( +Fig. 29b +). The region of brown shading on the base of the tibia is not uniform around the circumference of the segment with the outer edge only lightly pigmented or pale. Thus, it is not the same as the basal band that occurs on the tibiae of + +P. debilis + +. Femora have few widely separated long hair-like setae along their ventral edge ( +Fig. 25a +), which can be difficult to view on intact legs. Abdominal sternites exhibit diffuse lateral brown bands with dark brown on each sternite where shading of each section of the lateral bands meets the posterior margins of sternites ( +Fig. 34 +). +Burks (1953) +did not mention this feature of the abdomen in his description of the nymph of + +P. ontario + +. Reexamination of the series of specimens from +Illinois +: Wolf Lake, Hutchins Creek +May 14-25, 1940 +, that +Burks (1953) +cited as material studied showed only extremely faint traces of lateral shading on sternite IX on two nymphs. It is likely that by the time these specimens were studied by Burks that more than 10 years of preservation in ethanol caused extensive fading. The study of nymphal exuviae of reared specimens from PA also showed only extremely faint traces of lateral band shading on sternite IX indicating that the color observed on nymphs ( +Fig. 34 +) is not retained on exuviae. Moreover, this feature seems to be variably expressed with abdominal sternites on some individuals showing brown lateral bands with dark dashes and others from the same location only showing evidence of the dark lateral dashes ( +Fig. 34 +). The maxillary palps on most specimens studied extended out beyond the edge of the mandible allowing a clear view of segment 1 (it is not usually necessary to slide mount this structure). Segment 1 is long with the apex clearly above the outer corner of the galea-lacinia and almost reaches the midpoint of the longest crown setae ( +Figs. 27a,b +). This character by itself is not uniquely diagnostic of + +P. ontario + +, but is useful as a supplemental character after couplet- +6 in +the new key. The color and patterning of abdominal tergites is distinctive among the northeastern species of + +Paraleptophlebia +, + +but poorly described in the literature ( +Burks 1953 +). Tergites have a medium brown background color that may have extensive gray overshading on their posterior half ( +Figs. 33a–d +). On some specimens dark gray shading can become intense on some tergites forming very dark (almost black) w-shaped margins around paired submedian pale spots on the anterior half of tergites. In addition, pale triangular spots may occur medially on the posterior margins of tergites IV–X that may merge at their apex with the pale median streak creating a pale area below the dark w-shaped margin emphasizing its appearance. Although tergites have pale margins, they usually lack the separate paired lateral pale spots that are obvious on the tergites of + +P. debilis + +. However, this condition varies between males and females with some female nymphs having distinct pale lateral spots that merge with the pale lateral margins. Lastly, abdominal gills are all deeply forked with long delicate filaments. The clear membranous portion of each gill filament is relatively thin and tapers symmetrically from the base of the gill to the tips of each filament ( +Fig. 34 +). + + + + + +Paraleptophlebia ontario + +is an uncommon (potentially rare) species in the northeast Nearctic region with records in only 4 of the 14 states and provinces ( +Table 2 +). Currently it has somewhat of an anomalous regional distribution with records in far western NY, central and western PA, southern QC, and central NB. Currently there is no obvious reason for the absence of records across the intervening states of ME, NH, and VT, or the province of NS. The stream systems in southern QC ( +Harper & Harper 1982 +) and NB ( +Giberson 2008 +), where adults of + +P. ontario + +were collected, do not seem to be regionally unique. Based on the habitat description of the QC ( +Harper & Cloutier 1979 +, +Harper & Harper 1982 +) and NB (Giberson person. comm.) sites, the streams appear similar to many streams of the same size that occur across the northern parts of VT, western and northern ME, and central NS. Therefore, the simplest explanation for the apparent disjunction across the northern distribution of + +P. ontario + +is lack of sampling effort at the appropriate time. Most records of + +P. ontario + +show it to be broadly distributed across parts of the midwestern and southeastern +U.S. +( +Randolph & McCafferty 1998 +; + +McCafferty +et al. +2010 + +; +Klubertanz 2016 +) as well as southern ON near Lakes Erie and + +Ontario ( +McDunnough 1926 +) + +suggesting that it is mostly a southern species that reaches its northern limit in QC and NB. Despite the bulk of records being in the southeastern and midwestern +U.S. +, almost all of what is known about the life history of + +P. ontario + +comes from studies in +Canada +( +Harper & Harper 1982 +; +Giberson 2008 +). Nymphs occur in second to third order channels with mineral substrates ranging from cobbles to gravel and some finer sediments. Channels where adults were collected in QC and NB were roughly mid-network in position and not high gradient with current velocities less than +0.5 m +/s. These +types +of stream habitats are particularly susceptible to high flow runoff events that cause extensive changes in channel morphology. Such events are predicted to become more prevalent across the northeast Nearctic region as a result of climate change ( + +Hicke +et al. +2022 + +). + +Paraleptophlebia ontario + +is likely secure in its distribution across the majority of its southern and midwestern range, however, its future across the northeastern Nearctic region is uncertain. Currently more populations of + +P. ontario + +have been recorded in PA than any of the other northeastern states or provinces; this greater occurrence may result in a higher level of habitat security. However, if the lack of records north of PA actually reflects a high level of regional rarity (i.e., that is not the result of sampling effort) it could mean that + +P. ontario + +is vulnerable to local extirpation across this part of its range. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F51754828FF6F60F909F1A880.xml b/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F51754828FF6F60F909F1A880.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..734f1e65669 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F51754828FF6F60F909F1A880.xml @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ + + + +Nymphs of the Northeastern Nearctic Species of Neoleptophlebia Kluge, 1997 and Paraleptophlebia Lestage, 1917 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) + + + +Author + +Burian, Steven K. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-11 + + +5521 + + +1 + + +1 +65 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5521.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5521.1.1 +1175-5334 +13917929 +950D9CB7-F9A2-4736-B581-FC0522F039CC + + + + + + + + + +Neoleptophlebia assimilis +( +Banks, 1914: 614 +) + + + + + + + + + + +Leptophlebia assimilis +Banks, 1914 + +(original description) + + + +Paraleptophlebia assimilis +( +Banks, 1914 +) + +(combination) + + + + +Description of Nymph: +Randolph and McCafferty 1996: 225 + + +Nymphs of + +N. assimilis + +are recognized from other northeast members of this genus by the presence of sharp posterolateral projections on abdominal segments VIII and IX ( +Fig. 3 +). Posterolateral projections on segment VIII are almost as long as those on segment IX. Nymphs are smaller, lighter colored, and more delicate compared to those of other northeast + +Neoleptophlebia + +, but they do have a large pale spot on the frons of the head capsule that is similar to the one on + +N. adoptiva + +nymphs. + + + + +Currently + +N. assimilis + +is rare in the northeast Nearctic region with occurrences recorded only from CT and PA. In CT, + +N. assimilis + +has only been found in one small spring-fed, first order stream (Burnhams Brook) and its receiving small second order river (Eightmile River) upstream from their confluence. In these habitats nymphs were found in deposits of small gravel and CPOM in riffles and at the outlets of small pools. In PA, + +N. assimilis + +was reported by +Markarian (1980) +from a small, spring-fed first order stream on the western edge of the Ridge and Valley physiographic region. The work of +Markarian (1980) +is the only detailed analysis of this species concerning the effects of stream water temperatures on nymphal growth. With so few documented occurrences, the distribution of this species in the northeast Nearctic region is poorly known. However, because the stream habitats of the two known occurrences are so similar, it seems clear that this species is restricted to small, cool headwater streams with primary groundwater sources in forested watersheds. This +type +of lotic habitat is poorly documented and highly vulnerable to disturbance from changes in regional precipitation patterns that are expected to occur because of climate change ( + +Hicke +et al. +2022 + +; +Richardson 2019 +). In addition, because these small streams often have seasonally interrupted flow, resulting from variation in groundwater elevation, they are poorly documented on maps and often lack the regulatory protection afforded permanently flowing streams concerning land use activities such as logging, mineral extraction, agriculture, and commercial/residential development. Any event, or activity, that adversely affects flow and/or chemical composition of source water or reduces riparian forest cover poses a serious threat to these vulnerable small spring-fed streams and species that depend on them. Because + +N. assimilis + +is only known from a highly vulnerable aquatic habitat it must be considered extremely vulnerable (possibly at risk of local extirpation) with regards to the predicted effects of climate change on regional hydrology. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F5176482CFF6F61E00B21A8F9.xml b/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F5176482CFF6F61E00B21A8F9.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d11039fe3f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F5176482CFF6F61E00B21A8F9.xml @@ -0,0 +1,634 @@ + + + +Nymphs of the Northeastern Nearctic Species of Neoleptophlebia Kluge, 1997 and Paraleptophlebia Lestage, 1917 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) + + + +Author + +Burian, Steven K. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-11 + + +5521 + + +1 + + +1 +65 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5521.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5521.1.1 +1175-5334 +13917929 +950D9CB7-F9A2-4736-B581-FC0522F039CC + + + + + + + + + +Paraleptophlebia guttata +( +McDunnough, 1924: 95 +) + + + + + + + + + + +Leptophlebia guttata +McDunnough, 1924 + +(original description) + + + + +Description of Nymph: +Ide 1930: 210 +; +Gordon 1933: 123 + + +Nymphs of + +P. guttata + +can be recognized from other members of the northeast + +Paraleptophlebia + +that only have posterolateral projections of abdominal segment IX ( +Figs. 4b +) by the extremely long maxillary palps ( +Figs. 9a,b +), tarsal claws without denticles ( +Fig. 12 +); posterolateral corners of abdominal tergites II–VI with a small dark spot at gill insertions ( +Figs. 10a–d +), and apex of femora with group of 3–4 large, blunt spine-like setae ( +Fig. 11 +). Structural characters seem consistent on nymphs from mid-development to the final instar. Color pattern characters of abdominal tergites vary between male to female nymphs, being most distinctive on male nymphs. The extremely long maxillary palps are clearly visible extending forward beyond the anterior edge of the head ( +Figs. 10a,b +), even on early instar nymphs. The first segment of the maxillary palp is longer than on any other species treated in this study and reaches to or beyond the tips of the longest crown setae of the galea-lacinia of maxillae ( +Figs. 9a,b +). In addition, maxillary palp segments 2 and 3 are also long, slender and have a relatively consistent width over their respective lengths ( +Fig. 9a +). Claws of all legs lack denticles ( +Fig. 12 +), but because claws are small, high magnification (i.e., 400x) is required to directly observe this character. The color pattern character of abdominal tergites has appeared in several of the previous keys ( +Burks 1953 +, + +McCafferty +et al. +2017 + +, and +Traver 1935 +) as an important key character. However, the interpretation of this character has been problematic for several reasons: (1) text descriptions vary as to what actually constitutes the small dark spot mentioned in those keys and its position relative to the corners of tergites, (2) this character has never been illustrated, (3) color patterns of abdominal tergites of + +P. guttata + +nymphs vary between males and females, but there is no mention of this in keys, and (4) + +P. guttata + +nymphs have a variable-width dark edge on the posterior margins of tergites II–VI that is not mentioned in any key, but on some specimens can be similar to the condition described in keys for nymphs of + +P. strigula + +, which have only short dark streaks on the posterior margins of tergites. Abdominal tergites of male and female + +P. guttata + +nymphs do have a dark spot that occurs in the posterolateral corner of tergites II–VI above the gill insertions ( +Figs. 10a–d +), but these spots are variable. The spot can vary in size and shape from a relatively distinct dark compact dot that is clearly separated from the coloration of the posterior margin and the area of the gill insertion to a larger and more diffuse dark blotch that is much less sharply defined and can appear to merge with dark shading at the gill insertion. Further, background color of tergites II–VI plays an important role in correctly observing this diagnostic dark spot ( +Figs. 10a,c +). Tergites II–VI can vary on male nymphs from light to medium brown. On lightly pigmented abdomens the dark lateral spots are clear, but on the darker abdomens these dark marks are much less distinctive. Observing these marks on female nymphs is even more problematic because they all have medium to dark brown abdominal tergites ( +Figs. 10b,c +). Although this color character is useful, it is often difficult to interpret across the full range of variation that exists in populations. It is used here as a character in support of the more decisive characters of the maxillary palp and tarsal claws. Finally, the group of large and blunt setae near the apex of femora is presented as another useful ancillary character. However, one potential problem with this character is that the large setae seem to be susceptible to damage. On several specimens studied one or more setae were broken, thus making it difficult to tell whether they were long and blunt, hence relegating this character to a supporting role as a key character. + + +Nymphs of + +P. guttata + +are widely distributed and common throughout the northeast Nearctic region with records in 11 of the 14 states and provinces ( +Table 2 +). Only RI, NL-I, and PE lack records. The absence of records for RI is likely the result of sampling effort, but the lack of records from major islands (NL-I and PE) may reflect actual absences because of the difficulty of dispersal across straits to offshore islands. The widespread distribution of + +P. guttata + +is indicative of its wide habitat tolerances being able to inhabit suitable microhabitats in both small first and second order streams and third order rivers ( +Burian & Gibbs 1991 +). In mid-summer, nymphs of + +P. guttata + +are particularly abundant in shallow riffles of second and third order stream channels where loose CPOM becomes trapped among cobble and gravel.The widespread distribution of + +P. guttata + +is indicative of its wide habitat tolerances, which allow it to occupy suitable microhabitats in a wide range of streams and rivers ( +Burian & Gibbs 1991 +). Thus, like + +N. adoptiva + +and + +N. mollis +, +P. guttata + +is likely secure across its northeastern range with regards to predicted changes in regional hydrology because of climate change ( + +Hicke +et al. +2022 + +). + + + +TABLE 2. +Regional distribution of northeastern Nearctic + +Neoleptophlebia + +and + +Paraleptophlebia +species. + +Geographic + + + +abbreviations are US States and Canadian Provinces (for province of Newfoundland & Labrador NL-I = island area and NL-Lab = mainland Labrador). Values given under S +Regions +heading is the sum of all occurrences across states and provinces. Column totals are species richness per state or province. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Species + +ME + +MA + +CT + +VT + +NH + +NY + +PA + +RI + +NB + +NS + +PE + +NL-I + +NL-Lab + +QC + +S +Regions +
+ +Neoleptophlebia adoptiva + + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +** + +1 + +1 + +1 + +12** +
+ +Neoleptophlebia assimilis + + +1 + +1 + +2 +
+ +Neoleptophlebia mollis + + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +12 +
+ +Paraleptophlebia debilis + + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +13 +
+ +Paraleptophlebia guttata + + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +11 +
+ +Paraleptophlebia moerens + + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +7 +
+ +Paraleptophlebia ontario + + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +4 +
+ +Paraleptophlebia praepedita + + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +5 +
+ +Paraleptophlebia strigula + + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +7 +
+ +Paraleptophlebia volitans + + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +10 +
Totals788448101783**249
+ + +**—Records for PE, not reviewed here, were discovered after this study was completed and listed + +Paraleptophlebia +sp. + +in: Eedy, R.I., & D.J. Giberson (2007) Macroinvertebrate distribution in a reach of a north temperate eastern Canadian river: Relative importance of detritus, substrate and flow. Fundamental and Applied Limnology (Archiv für Hydrobiologie) 169: 101-114. + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F517A4828FF6F651E0957ACF7.xml b/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F517A4828FF6F651E0957ACF7.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..056d933178c --- /dev/null +++ b/data/4C/79/CD/4C79CD1F517A4828FF6F651E0957ACF7.xml @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ + + + +Nymphs of the Northeastern Nearctic Species of Neoleptophlebia Kluge, 1997 and Paraleptophlebia Lestage, 1917 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) + + + +Author + +Burian, Steven K. + +text + + +Zootaxa + + +2024 + +2024-10-11 + + +5521 + + +1 + + +1 +65 + + + + +http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5521.1.1 + +journal article +10.11646/zootaxa.5521.1.1 +1175-5334 +13917929 +950D9CB7-F9A2-4736-B581-FC0522F039CC + + + + + + + + + +Neoleptophlebia adoptiva +( +McDunnough, 1929: 61 +) + + + + + + + + + + +Leptophlebia adoptiva +McDunnough, 1929 + +(original description) + + + +Paraleptophlebia adoptiva +( +McDunnough, 1929 +) + +(combination) + + + + +Description of Nymph: +Ide 1930: 209 +; +Gordon 1933: 123 +; +Leonard & Leonard 1962: 73 + + +Nymphs of + +N. adoptiva + +are relatively large and conspicuous compared to those of the other species of + +Neoleptophlebia + +in the study region. Among the northeastern species of + +Neoleptophlebia + +, nymphs of + +N. adoptiva + +can be recognized by the combination of having sharp posterolateral projections only on abdominal segment IX ( +Fig. 4a +); the base of mandibular incisors of the left mandible not extended above its anterior margin ( +Fig. 5b +) and incisors of the left mandible not strongly curved inward; and the large, somewhat rectangular, pale spot anterior to the median ocellus on the frons of the head capsule ( +Fig. 6 +). These characters seem consistent on nymphs from mid-development to the final instar. The posterolateral projections on abdominal segment IX are clear throughout development, but on some late instar nymphs the corners of the segment VIII tergite can appear to be somewhat acute giving the false impression that a posterolateral projection is present. Thus, simply having an acute tip to the corner of tergite VIII is not to be interpreted as a posterolateral projection. Correct interpretation of the mandibular incisor character requires locating the anterior margin of the mandible between the molar surface and the incisors. If a line drawn across the anterior margin would pass through or very close to the bases of the incisors, then the incisors are not considered to extend beyond the anterior margin. Although the incisor character can be observed on both mandibles ( +Figs. 5a,b +), it is best observed on the left mandible for comparative purposes with other species of this genus. Moreover, because the incisors of the left mandible are not extended beyond the anterior margin, they also do not distinctly curve inward. Mandibles can be observed without slide mounting by carefully using a pin-probe to severe the outer articulation point on each mandible, thus allowing them to be rotated outward for viewing. + + + +Neoleptophlebia adoptiva + +is widely distributed with records in 12** of the 14 states and provinces ( +Table 2 +). Only RI and PE** currently lack records. The presence of + +N. adoptiva + +in NL-I indicates that dispersal to offshore islands is possible and the lack of records from other areas is likely the result of sampling effort. The widespread distribution of + +N. adoptiva + +is the result of its ability to make use of suitable microhabitats in both small streams and larger rivers. Thus, because + +N. adoptiva + +occurs in such a wide range of stream habitats it is likely one of the most secure species in this genus across its range with regards to changes in regional hydrology predicted to occur because of climate change ( + +Hicke +et al. +2022 + +). + + +[**—Records of + +N. adoptiva + +for PE, not reviewed here, were discovered after this study was completed and reported as + +Paraleptophlebia +sp. + +in: Eedy, R.I., & D.J. Giberson (2007) Macroinvertebrate distribution in a reach of a north temperate eastern Canadian river: Relative importance of detritus, substrate and flow. Fundamental and Applied Limnology (Archiv für Hydrobiologie) 169: 101-114.] + + + + \ No newline at end of file